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00:00 Yeah, yes, thank you right . Okay folks, welcome um anybody

01:28 what today is there? He According to my Chipotle app, it's

01:34 burrito Day, so should get some of with your anyway, so um

01:50 right. I got an email this and again with reminders. So uh

01:57 see. So that you quit That's gonna be more comprehensive. That

02:02 today. uh it was like 24 on there. It's kind of covering

02:09 of everything. We've covered this in unit. Uh Let's see. Smart

02:15 assignments. Do examine next week, course. Uh uh If you're

02:21 midterm grades posted that little column letters your midterm grades, your current

02:27 Uh Look at the april through monday's Every day, that was April four

02:35 4 email gives you all the details it. So um what else?

02:41 , you know, four? So started at four next week, so

02:45 that's not between three. Okay, we'll start with chapter 23 uh in

02:53 two parts. Well, curriculum three week. Um So it would be

02:59 a change from the window doesn't mean about all about different aspects of starting

03:07 medical microbiology, adaptive immune system. about vaccines. Talk about microbial pathogenesis

03:19 then with diseases. And so I'm worried about that. So if you

03:25 well, if you if you haven't , you probably haven't looked at it

03:28 , but if you look at Chapter 26. Okay. There's a

03:33 of diseases. Okay, infectious So look at the Chapter 26

03:42 The first couple of slides, Let's here's the list. All right.

03:47 you've got a list of pageants you to know. So that honestly type

03:51 26. That was just mostly memorization . Okay. Another pathogen, another

03:58 . A couple of interesting things about . That kind of stuff. So

04:01 all explained in the United States. the that's just the heads up.

04:07 . That exam for isn't for a time yet, still more than a

04:12 away. So, but just to Uh that's that that's a check for

04:18 . That's a little bit different from we've been doing stuff. So uh

04:21 , just just delusional about that. what else? Okay, so um

04:31 , so today we don't have a left to do to finish our business

04:34 finish up is you have um today mostly looking at different examples so we

04:40 just struggling on uh Iran control which always the I think the intro examples

04:52 deregulation. Um uh we don't really we don't go into you carry out

04:59 regulation, but you will likely face of that as you go on.

05:07 it is more complicated because you carry is more complicated. So um but

05:15 know, it's it's about controlling So this is just the we went

05:20 last time, right on the left on. So remember you should be

05:24 to compare and contrast this and black control. There's some questions that asked

05:31 that. Okay, so uh just you don't confuse opportunity, right?

05:37 remember the mechanism of control, you , it's inactivated accurately requests and that's

05:43 same move. Okay. But how occurs of course very different. So

05:48 sure you understand that. And you at his animations color with that

05:55 So on the left side to the of the controls, remember is a

06:03 synthetic. It's about making not breaking down as a it's about breaking down

06:10 . So uh here we are by uh okay. Um so we have

06:18 co repressor repressor relationship so that the and product of his catholic is actually

06:25 control. Okay, now, I think your book mentions this and you

06:31 need to know this for the But tryptophan not only interacts with the

06:36 to make it active okay. But also interact with that enzyme.

06:47 And the feedback. So you can to that enzyme that's actually the that's

06:52 the binds of that enzyme. Alistair uh inhibition. So we can

06:58 into the enzyme and the enzyme doesn't work. So that's also a way

07:02 control expression and also simultaneously just going while I was doing the activation of

07:09 oppressor. So uh again, just know, multiple levels of control.

07:15 . Um and so as mentioned that this side over here takes care of

07:22 bulk of the control. Okay, this, of this opera. But

07:25 do have this additional continuation mechanism. . That puts a clamp on any

07:33 expression that may occur or that may to be that you want to

07:37 And so that involves this sequence the leader sequence. So we went

07:43 this last time and so formation of transport from the leader sequence and this

07:52 is gonna form. Okay? And I don't know what they're going to

07:55 the 23 loop in here, but 23, right, would be in

08:03 and that's actually the anti continually Um And so remember the which loop

08:09 depend depend determinants will happen. So incinerated forms, it will simply will

08:16 off, memorize and remember the proximity the preliminaries that's running ahead.

08:23 So here versus here. Okay. much not there there versus here.

08:34 the is running ahead transcribing the dishes hits to the loop. Right?

08:40 the the and that's there's a physical that occurs knocking off here, There's

08:46 that that same distance. So the is not hindered what they can do

08:52 keep going. So it transcribes Um So they remember, you know

08:57 he performs this or this is all but defended the president's settled,

09:03 because in that that then determines what levels of charged tr itself.

09:11 then that goes back to you. , Because the riders don't stop or

09:16 at the to the stock total. so it's kind of the larger zone

09:24 determines what luke forms and that's all on the levels of redefining itself.

09:31 , so um It's kind of 11 . But so um but it is

09:41 is uh considered a transcription alone control . Okay, Because we're um allow

09:51 or not allowing the preliminaries to transcribe not transcribed here but not transcribed

09:56 So that's the transcription of control. is kind of the unusual in that

10:01 it's the conditioning of arrivals on this of causing this. Okay.

10:10 okay, so uh I'm not trying like a broken record but you look

10:15 the animations for this. I think helps turn on the turn on the

10:20 and even the text to kind of through. Or you just re watch

10:25 lecture video from Tuesday. Okay. case so um so we got through

10:33 little here. Okay, let me give you some exposure to other types

10:38 control beyond what we're seeing with the of trip. Okay, so these

10:43 stringent response phase variation. We'll come to this uh mention this again and

10:52 the context of diseases and microbial It's a it's a common thing among

10:59 pathogens to do this to alter their to the body. Okay. And

11:05 see what what that does uh then of sigma factors in regulatory armies.

11:11 so um okay, so stringent Uh so we talked about the trip

11:19 and that that continuation mechanism where the own stalls, there's local defending the

11:28 . It will stall at those tryptophan . Right? Because there's no there's

11:32 a lot of triple fan does a of trip to fan tr N.

11:38 . S. Right? So so what jumps into the coordinates that those

11:42 positions are T. RNA is that have any new asset attached to

11:46 So there's nothing to make a public type so that it stops the home

11:51 the whole system stalls. And so kind of if estelle is a

11:56 the microbes under starvation that will Okay but then what also is triggered

12:02 the installing microcosms installed will uh produce activity that involves this ram associated protein

12:16 called. Okay and so it's kind a succulent usually associated with the rival

12:29 . It's under starvation. Okay then triggers the formation of this signal molecule

12:35 guana seen. Tetra phosphate. Produced by um foreshortening GTP using a

12:43 . Okay through this rail a Okay enzyme. And so what that

12:51 is so into starvation mode lots of are gonna happen. And so okay

12:57 number one of course is going to into survival mode. Okay try to

13:02 its life as long as possible. it's gonna do things like conserving and

13:08 it so smaller have these kinds of . And so one of those is

13:12 put a client on on the rider's synthesis. Right? So think of

13:18 scenario where cells are rapidly growing, ? Lots of cell division. That's

13:22 scenario. Lots of protein synthesis. ? Make it a lot. And

13:26 do that, you need lots of . So um so, you

13:31 you're gonna have to sell under electron has arrival zones. And protein synthesis

13:41 from the so of course like this starting you don't want to keep synthesizing

13:48 lives and you don't need them. ? So um this helps to do

13:53 . So the signal molecule interacts with memories and reduces the bio meaning to

14:05 in a promoter's plants. Remember Robin her their genes skills because the product

14:12 on itself. So by all Floridians ability jeans, you don't make the

14:19 zones, right? Then you don't you don't have little Is this occurring

14:24 all in the starvation kind of. , so again, it's part of

14:29 whole so on a contribution or big to kind of let's not waste

14:35 I mean when I'm not eating anything relative nutrients, so gotta conserve

14:40 Right? So it's all kind of effort to do that. And this

14:44 and there's other things that the current into this response, but it's all

14:48 conserving resources. Uh that's hopefully write out until you can start going

14:55 Um Now this too would be called because you're you're manipulating plum race on

15:04 plum raise and whether you better get work or not and it is possible

15:09 the basket of transcription transcription control which this this would fall into that group

15:16 well. But we're altering whether we're to make transcripts or not and that's

15:23 control. Okay. Um Any questions it? Okay so um phase

15:35 So this uh this is uh so I looked at had a diagram of

15:43 expression. We had DNA transcription and many proteins. And at each of

15:50 steps you can you can alter So here is an example of at

15:54 very top D. N. Itself. How can you manipulate that

15:59 to control gene expression. Um And for his creation is very common amongst

16:06 pathogen types. Okay so as well ordering next week. Okay. Um

16:13 we get the uniform is that um pathogens that enter your body um your

16:23 can't sense that right? The are just our innate immune system but are

16:29 system. Like the one that produces . Okay that's one response. And

16:35 to be able to do that is on your body's cells recognizing that something

16:41 entered your body that doesn't quite fit what should be there. And we

16:45 a whole system that can determine things should be inviting. Things that should

16:51 you can think of it as are self antigens or are they foreign?

17:01 , so that's kind of what your adaptive immune system is based on what

17:04 recognizing what's supposed to be. There not supposed exactly. And of course

17:10 you can see on something that's not to be there is what you would

17:14 . So imagine your producers themselves had pair of eyeballs and you can

17:19 Right, but what are they gonna on an incoming microbe? That's a

17:25 ? They're gonna see what's on the that they're gonna see a grand right

17:33 . They're gonna see uh um they see a spike proteins on the

17:40 right? Things that are on the and the periphery. Right? Um

17:46 what else is? Oh, another . Okay, so these are all

17:50 in the history of south, the types of proteins, proteins that are

17:57 the surface. Right. So many these things are potential antigens. Okay

18:03 your body will go, that's how self you have your own are in

18:10 . It doesn't match. So Okay. And so a defense mechanism

18:19 the pathogen is okay, I'm going alter that. Ok. Um All

18:27 that. Uh Okay. So we go on hidden right now. It's

18:33 a scenario where it goes on hidden because it's your immune system. Um

18:41 . It's just it's not a good is um time dependent is the best

18:47 to think about it. Okay, immune system, what you're born is

18:54 ? It's just you think of the is one of your your party remain

18:58 your system. It's a physical right? It's it's there all the

19:01 . Right? You can stop stuff coming in, reliance on having to

19:09 defined and recognize these kind of foreign . And that's there's a time

19:18 So um so if you have a that maybe is changing the profile of

19:26 antigens that are visible, okay, have to become in this for a

19:32 of time because now everybody goes uh I was zero in on this

19:38 that this pattern that came in with I was separated from your response.

19:41 I am okay then the next generation these guys are growing in the body

19:46 now switched and have changed the forward . So temporarily nothing becomes invisible.

19:54 . But you can't make you can't the change instantaneously right? It takes

20:00 . Okay. Time to recognize it to it. They didn't create the

20:06 . And that takes time. So time going how And you cannot fast

20:09 growth. That's enough time for it multiply before it gets found out again

20:18 . So this that's what the media is all. Okay, so again

20:26 one of these um antigens present on periphery, right? Has a form

20:32 this proposed approach means middle classes. and there can be a slight change

20:38 the composition right? And that's enough throw off and use it themselves and

20:43 oh this doesn't I don't recognize this it becomes temporarily blinded to it.

20:50 . Um of course eventually it will will recognize and permanent response. But

20:57 it can be ours until that Okay And of course bacteria multiplying that

21:02 . So in a way that this is done okay for example here is

21:13 Different structures. 28. I'm just a job that could be maybe a

21:18 will be uh there could be a could be something else for regardless uh

21:25 mechanism is what kind of can create . Okay so this is the salmonella

21:33 is a good one causes uh gastrointestinal things like that. Um The uh

21:44 to of protein units together to make job and they can come in different

21:50 we don't watch it variations. And uh in this scenario so we have

21:57 . L. two forms each one each too. Okay so it's the

22:03 can be made out of just two or if you may have we

22:07 have just a 20. So we two forms. And so but at

22:13 given time just gonna be one in any single bacteria and median time to

22:18 one or the other. Okay so this scenario is producing age to them

22:24 protection of this blood. Okay so have that gene there. Okay,

22:30 a promoter. Okay, promoter And then another team. This is

22:35 regulatory genes. F. L. . Chef L. J.

22:40 J. Okay. Okay. So using regulatory protein that blocks expression of

22:47 H. two. Okay. So is Age two on the other

22:53 The other form. Okay. Two. Oh sorry, H.

23:00 backwards is H. One H. H. 2. Okay. So

23:05 is this guy here? Okay so pressure expressed in combination of H.

23:16 . So it wasn't here. So the other thing before I show you

23:21 , so kind of now look on side here getting green. This is

23:26 area uh him for its recombination. a second that come out and re

23:35 . Okay. So part of note that in this region Is where the

23:41 ? 40 H. two. that's a part of that second.

23:48 so these other two areas, our can occur. Okay. Um so

23:58 cutting it. And then the orientation you see here, the combination of

24:06 . So the point is that when does this because this promoter is a

24:10 of that sequence, it goes along it. Okay. So if you

24:15 is that there's no promoter in front genes that will not get transcribed,

24:21 but that's what the bottom line is . So by that promoter being part

24:26 this recombination segment, it rearranges analysis this orientation. Okay. So it's

24:34 combined. So this has been flipped ? Right? So that the motor

24:41 here. Okay right there. Okay here's here's the H. Two.

24:49 ? And so now it doesn't have it doesn't get so you don't express

24:54 gene or the refreshments. And so each one can be expressed.

25:00 And so this event happens one In to 1 in 10,000 times the

25:09 Um And so by doing this then next generation advise the next generation then

25:18 be have cells that will have to one. Okay so as soon as

25:24 that has a spontaneous event recombination H. two stops accumulating. So

25:30 generations itself have H. one. . And so that's how the body

25:37 . If if this if this sound is in the body body and this

25:41 happens then this next generation has to one which the body hasn't seen

25:48 Your nuisance themselves. Haven't seen And so it kind of makes it

25:52 for a period of time. So course it's more pleasant supplies And part

25:56 dizzy's. Okay. And seven. Let's uh this is okay. There's

26:03 view of this. Okay so we the H. Two Repressor protein made

26:09 H. one. Okay. And goes to the flip. Alright we

26:16 be combination event promoter goes away And we make H. one. Okay

26:23 knowing that we've just gone through. look at, is it just a

26:30 or no question? Okay so let's see what we got. Okay,

26:36 got our response is not even a up to you. Nostradamus, you

26:41 tell the future. Okay so uh we have Here's what is affected by

26:50 those salmon notes. Okay. Have each one have have h. two

26:57 by at the same time. So maybe the piece of food has

27:03 both both of these, this population there, you adjust it. So

27:09 see that half of each one, of 82. So is this gonna

27:12 this gonna be from the perspective not you but of the salmon started with

27:19 sound. This is smart. Well work for it. This work.

27:24 taking the law. Okay. From viewpoint of salmonella affecting benefit. Well

27:33 will this help in the long run will it not? Is it not

27:37 that good to do it this Okay. All right, okay,

28:40 , okay. Uh Better better than , 50. So um who said

28:50 ? Uh who said no who said over there? You said no over

28:58 ? Okay. Why did why is No, I was that age want

29:03 infect Yes. Right. Right. . Yeah I mean they could slip

29:17 it wouldn't make any difference because it's playing poker and you you showed your

29:23 to the beginning, Everybody sees Right, so you know what you

29:26 . Right, So the body is those uh salmonella has basically built all

29:31 cars. So the body goes, mrs themselves can see all the variations

29:37 present each one of these two. so yeah, although I say that

29:45 as successful in terms of causing disease in the long run, because your

29:50 immune system will recognize both of these and you know, I feel this

29:54 . Okay, so um from better be in a case where the majority

30:05 the cells are either one or the variation and not books. Okay.

30:10 and there and there's this is only two variations. There's some other pathogens

30:16 can have for a particular characteristic seven . We can actually switch between several

30:24 types because even more even better in of them, pathetic. Okay.

30:31 sorry? Yeah, it's better strategy to be mostly in one and the

30:36 that many things switch. Okay. you questioning that? Yeah.

30:49 Yeah, H y um a lot smearing, Let's let me just look

31:05 at this previous one. Yeah, a promoter here. Yeah, I

31:12 I didn't I didn't I didn't transfer just right there. I can't see

31:16 blind. Yeah, it's right So what prevents it? I would

31:22 . Oh because this this guy. that repressor is blocking that.

31:31 so, so so H two. it's expressed it's it's the one form

31:37 actually has a repressor with it. repressor jeans with it. So when

31:41 both transcribed the H. T. made and the repressors made and that's

31:46 blocks the promoter of the other Okay. Yeah. Yeah. Um

31:53 . Yes. Okay. So single factor regulations. So we kind

32:00 hinted at this before we looked at your lines. You know how can

32:07 control multiple operations and you can have significant that is common to all of

32:12 and control it that way. Uh an example of um uh using temperature

32:20 as as in control. Okay. the temperature is controlling the expression of

32:27 really controlling the translation of a Okay, so heat truck a signal

32:36 . So he chucked jeans obviously come play when the temperature becomes arrogated for

32:42 . Okay. And other temperature the nature of protein, the nature

32:49 then take acid. So obviously it's a situation somebody differently about it that

32:55 okay to protect their proteins etcetera. um 30 disease. So the sigma

33:03 factor is what controls expression of those . Okay, so get there super

33:11 in order to express those genes. super factor synthesis occurs from this gene

33:17 this is the first in the transcript course. And so um the the

33:23 does not get translated that thoroughly Okay, because the secondary structure assumed

33:32 the transcript. Right? So you that the these hairpin loops that form

33:38 first one actually covers up the rocks finding stuff. So it's covered

33:44 Can't find can't translate. Okay, you don't you don't express heat shock

33:50 and low temperature. It's only for attempts. So uh this is a

33:55 in which this can be done using control here right now. A little

34:02 of So remember these things are these of secondary structures and are not irreversible

34:10 at low camp, a little bit it can can be translated. There's

34:15 small part of time, you it may unravel, right? But

34:20 times like this, but there can some unwanted signal factor produced and that

34:25 be taken care of by these And so you have D.

34:32 E. K. These are proteins are floating around and they observed to

34:40 proteins that aren't needed anymore. They certainly take care of any person made

34:45 from the single factor because you don't it At this temperature. Okay,

34:51 what happens then when you elevate temperature also say 42°, um you will produce

34:59 signal factor that temp. It doesn't that secondary structure. So now you've

35:07 rajan blindsight, the derogations combined and and then translated into lots of uh

35:14 factor sigma H factor that can then on these different. Okay, and

35:20 now these guys the same teenage age you uh K. R now preoccupied

35:30 helping proteins that are in stress Okay, so of course at 42

35:36 instagram want to unravel tertiary structure And so to kind of help preserve

35:44 best we can. Their function is have these proteins called chaperone proteins and

35:50 of their functions to kind of bind them to kind of keep them from

35:55 nature and so they can keep their that elevated them. Okay, so

35:59 kind of what many of these products these drop tines do is to bind

36:04 other proteins that are under stress and and and help them maintain function.

36:11 , Presumably the 42 degree elevated temperatures something that's gonna be permanent.

36:17 so let's keep these proteins talking as we can. And um until perhaps

36:24 goes down. So uh but it's way to to the stress reaction kind

36:30 mechanism. But again, temperature is of what is the driving force

36:35 Okay, so this is uh um because we're dealing with, Right,

36:44 what we're doing is basically is controlling transcript For about three temperatures. It's

36:53 of how this is working. And so sorry, and then so

36:59 could call this, you know, have different names for different levels of

37:03 . So this is I would put the category of post transcript. All

37:10 , 49. Okay, so it be it would not be transcription

37:15 So that's remember that's a really rhyme um transcribed or not. That's transcription

37:23 . Once the transcripts made then it into that realm of post transcription control

37:30 this one. Okay. Um so . Kind of temperature is kind of

37:37 the fact any questions. Yeah, . Um Well through through really through

37:50 dysfunctional proteins at first. So as company that's one. It also has

37:56 of proteins in the in the in membrane ever. Well, it's a

38:07 . And so it can it before oftentimes these membrane proteins are connected with

38:15 member signal approach. In the 19 inside the cell is a protein kind

38:21 likely He's gonna change four on the rises. And so that's connected to

38:26 city molecules to work out. Okay, so regulatory RNA. Um

38:39 this is of course the widespread across platforms. We also have RNA.

38:45 that that served their purpose in regulating impression in us. Um uh think

38:54 having our neighbors as a as a michael. It's very efficient because now

39:00 not having to make a protein like . Use the the RNA itself is

39:05 product that can be used to control . That of course uses less energy

39:11 going onto the protein. Right? many teens aren't actually controlled this

39:16 Um And so smaller regulatory or R. N. A. So

39:22 True. Okay. Um these can involved in really promoting discussion blocking

39:36 Okay. Um they typically do so affecting translation. So these RNA is

39:45 for RNA is actually seek out and have hm apologies with transcripts. Okay

39:53 to them and then that can block or can in some cases and promote

40:00 they can buy proteins as well. there's a one of the slides next

40:07 has like an example of all kinds different mechanisms we'll look at here is

40:12 but um so again really the efficiency it. You're just just doing transcription

40:20 make the product double control rather than to go all the way to the

40:23 of proteins. Okay um and so example here is and so like these

40:32 will form these here and lose and have this kind of secondary structure.

40:38 RAT three is one of these. staph aureus is of course a

40:43 Um it will have uh many passages of all patterns, there are different

40:52 temporal elements to infection with a virulent than when they're actively causing disease.

40:58 so different genes are gonna be transcribed different times. Okay. During infection

41:04 so they often use RNA molecules to of help control what's expressed at what

41:10 . Okay and this is one example that. And so the target can

41:16 this RNA transcript right the targets are be pretty typically typically are different types

41:23 transcripts. Okay So these are the S. R. N.

41:29 Well um half apology to the target again it's just complementary base pair

41:37 U. G. C. And so by binding to the transcript

41:43 this fashion. Right. We cover binding site perhaps or it could just

41:48 a physical block. The line is trying to get further down the

41:53 In some cases you can promote or ace activity. So RNA basically chops

42:00 in half. Okay or fragments Okay so if of course if you

42:04 it you're not gonna be able to it. Okay so this example where

42:10 having translation transfer. So if you that of course you don't express the

42:14 . Okay. Um Here is just not memorize the slide. These are

42:21 examples of how um different types of . R. N. A.

42:26 . In some cases it headed so translation which is gonna inhibited expression or

42:35 activate. So in one scenario um a binding site. Right well it's

42:41 important on ages, plops right down top of it. Yeah you can't

42:46 translated. Conversely maybe if I was binding site is blocked by the transcript

42:53 structure itself. And so and so comes in and binds to it freeing

43:00 side up so you can go both . Okay um can promote our

43:05 RNA degradation. Okay can prevent MRT by state binding to and stabilizing.

43:13 uh promote processing lines. Um Here example F here's a transcript and there's

43:20 regulatory protein sitting on the binding site them from being translated. And here

43:26 the S. R. A. will be buying the proteins and now

43:32 free up the site to promote So the point here is targets are

43:38 the transcript itself but can be about positive or negative fashion in terms of

43:45 influencing expression or to bind to a . Okay like this to promote in

43:52 case of expression. Okay so very and again because there are n.

43:59 . S more efficient you have to the protein and you work for.

44:05 . Um and lots of genes in joking way. And these are on

44:10 order of I believe around 100-200 So that you know as the name

44:17 they're small. Um Now the uh last part of running for RNA is

44:26 example is what political anti sense Okay so these unlike the small

44:35 is that our two engines? These in um the gene it controls.

44:44 so I'm gonna show you an example that. So again fairly common controls

44:51 of genes ensuring other species. And um here's an example what I'm talking

44:58 . So here's the protein coding gene . So um so relationship. Right

45:06 the sense and antisense sort of coding coding coding template strand. So um

45:12 anti sense segment Okay. Would be that. That's strange. Right.

45:25 The are in a June so it's June. That's in a sense coding

45:32 . Okay. And I just drew 400 times in there just to show

45:36 the complimentary. Okay. So the sense trained of course would have the

45:44 eateries of sequence. Okay. So say we if we're going to synthesize

45:51 anti sense RNA, okay we're gonna that coding strand. Okay. And

45:58 we're gonna form that. So remember relationship. Right. So the antisense

46:04 is plus and we copy it into minus strands. Okay so again so

46:12 the box is the is the anti RNA. It was generated by transcribing

46:20 emphasis on a Okay. That's sitting the gene is going to control.

46:29 . So when we have transcription of this gene is. Okay we'll get

46:39 . Right. So here's our R. A. Right? So

46:43 say that that protein coding gene codes a membrane project. Okay. And

46:54 in order to transfer to produce it gonna produce a transcript mrk. Alright

47:00 then it was controlled by anti Sense . That anti sense RNA. Inside

47:08 membrane proteins just as an example. so we can control the expression by

47:16 anti sense RNA. Now it's going be complementary to it. Right.

47:21 so it will buy into it and about you won't be able to be

47:27 . Okay. So so it's gonna specific for just that. She so

47:35 controls the june his skin. And so lots of genes are

47:41 Nicola yeah. Um so again example they're they're in small ways and that

47:51 is within a gene. Okay. other ones are between genes. Ah

47:58 collection about that. Okay, so uh look at one final question

48:08 Okay, so this again is the kind of control is the control of

48:14 correctly with its uh particular um lot feature so which is not correctly

48:25 Right? Mhm mm hmm. We got mm hmm mm hmm.

49:58 , majority rules. It is B right. So um phase variation.

50:09 would really just turn it control at level of D. N.

50:13 Random but that's really no like catchy like one of these let's just say

50:18 of the level of D. A. Is what how you would

50:21 that. But transcription please call certainly away from mechanism because again confusion control

50:28 all that. Or you come back do this thing or not right.

50:33 that fits both to defend insinuation both transient response. Um P chuck was

50:40 already had this transcript made and so was temperature kind of manipulating it but

50:45 falls under post transcription. Okay if got a transcript already made it's going

50:48 be be fall under this term Okay. Um and then translation of

51:00 technically you know post transcription of control kind of the the more all encompassing

51:07 . And underneath that you could fit control as well. So you know

51:13 it's uh but then the post translational translational protein itself. Okay so ah

51:28 talk a lot. Yeah I don't . Normally it's that's also remember when

51:44 do transcription you're copying the minus strand DNA. No well the MRT is

51:56 be a plus strand. Right? it's a it's a copy of the

52:02 template strand. So it itself is to be a plus strand because the

52:06 . R. A. Is essentially copy of the code of the DNA

52:10 . Right? So the minus strand D. N. A. So

52:15 market is gonna be a plus Right. Right. And so then

52:19 we're gonna if if the control mechanism and we copy the plus antisense

52:26 Right? Because that and these insurgents the plus D. N.

52:31 So it too is plus. Okay when we copy that will make a

52:36 and then that's what's able to compensate paired with the M. R.

52:40 . A. That's a plus Okay. What's what's what's the disconnect

52:54 it me? They could be. in what sense? Where correct?

53:08 we are what we're doing is we're transcribing the minus strand because you want

53:13 make a copy of the plus. by copying actually transcribing the minus

53:19 Mhm. Right. No because my because we want to make a identical

53:29 of the coding strand in an RNA . Okay. Because that's what we're

53:33 to translate. We don't translate N. A. We translated

53:37 So so in order to make the copy the coding strand copy in a

53:43 a form we have to copy the strand. Because when we copy the

53:48 strand that gives that gives us an version of the Plus strand which is

53:53 we want. Right. That makes . Okay. Are we good?

54:00 . You could be talking about more you want. All right. That's

54:04 folks, enjoy your weather, do

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