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00:01 That's sorry about that delay. I lost the record button and I had

00:36 go find it. And also and when you try to move a slideshow

00:46 on this thing, it hides the to go thio full slide mode.

00:57 , now we're gonna be looking at aspects of development and production. Certainly

01:02 not going to look at all of , but we're going to look at

01:05 elements related to that. And since is kind of the last step that

01:12 have, um, just kind of the difference here in this slide between

01:19 expiration, expiration appraisal, which we've had. But development, the thing

01:28 development production results is there in real . And if you make a

01:34 it's real obvious you made a And, uh, you know,

01:39 lot of I don't know how it these days when things were kind of

01:45 in slow mode. But when the the industry's active frontier people, we'll

01:52 his amazingly incredible things. And of , they're very optimistic, I guess

01:58 realizing that risk evaluation is not And but they passed things on that

02:06 might want to consider is half Then the expiration people gotta bake

02:14 And then the appraisal people grade the people on how well they baked it

02:19 didn't. And uh and then the and production people or like,

02:26 we've made some money off of How can we make more? And

02:29 , uh, they often think that the risk has gone at that point

02:33 time. But there's still a lot things. Uh, that could hamper

02:39 development or production exercise. For if you're doing a water flood and

02:45 don't know that South Marschallin 1 28 didn't know that a lot of the

02:50 of the partners had no idea we strata graphic traps. But in

02:54 we did, and that's gonna have big impact on a water flood

02:59 And, uh, excuse me. didn't know, but mobile New Amoco

03:04 one of the companies at that point , it didn't. Okay, so

03:13 , of course, to trying to that cash flow. And, you

03:19 , what are we missing? What we get out of it? Company

03:22 Hill Corp really goes into fields that already gone through appraisal, and they

03:28 to develop that resource. The co of this book, I don't know

03:35 company they own or in charge of now, but they have owned a

03:38 of companies that basically would go into North Sea and pick up acreage that

03:44 been, um, well appraised and . And they went in to try

03:52 , develop any assets that were left . And I think, um,

03:58 a lot of really inexpensive opportunity on shelf in the Gulf of Mexico because

04:05 there are literally hundreds of fields that been left in waiting that they're probably

04:14 a clever I and a lot of ideas. Development could be,

04:19 rather significantly utilized in terms of getting a fridge. It's probably not that

04:30 . It's particularly have farming's and, , making some money out of

04:37 And of course, production is kind really focusing in on stuff that we

04:45 of knew was there. But way to try additional methods to try to

04:50 that oil and gas out of the . And one thing about this is

05:00 is that you have a lot of data. Excuse me. Dynamic

05:04 You can actually look at production records and get in idea of things.

05:11 producing the way you thought they were to be produced. Okay, so

05:17 of that, um data includes production profiles, which we pointed out

05:22 the last, uh, the end appraisal there, um, fluid pressure

05:27 through time, fluid composition over the of production, which would include

05:34 oil ratio or water cut. Or , uh, whether you're gone from

05:40 delight or certain compounds on absolutely certain Basat has actually worked on some projects

05:49 where they actually look at some of compositions changing through the production history.

05:55 this is, ah, production history idealize water drive. Kind of showing

06:02 what's gonna happen in a field. , uh, you know, basically

06:12 appraisal, you tryto track down where gonna put all these wells and

06:15 But a zoo start producing. You you know your oil water is going

06:19 cut down. You're gonna get this recovery factor. I think one of

06:24 reasons why the price of oil before Cove in 19. The reason

06:30 the price of oil since about 2014 has been down for so long in

06:39 midst of demand is because the rule thumb that works with conventional um,

06:48 you start producing 50% water, you in and, uh, and

06:57 they don't really have a cut off that because sometimes they're best.

07:01 start out at 50 percent water And that's part of the reason why

07:06 have enough. Prasit e and permeability have oil in it, actually having

07:10 leg. So, uh, what be a natural decision maker for someone

07:21 was running conventional wells? It's not for people running unconventional wells. And

07:26 you have that high water cut, other thing you've done is created a

07:31 issue with what a waste water And that's been going on in a

07:38 scale. And there's been some There's been a least Texas. I

07:43 there's been a least two major sinkholes from from ruptured waste sites where the

07:52 envelope of the reservoir they filling ruptured somewhere and it drained, and it

07:57 a sinkhole in the middle where the wells were and some people still haven't

08:03 that out. But the only the thing that could have and would have

08:06 and it's so obvious, I'm not why they let it happen. But

08:10 have been being more careful where they it or not. Since then and

08:18 here we have one where you start with, you know, here's an

08:22 production. We get a little bit ah, a peak or plateau,

08:28 then they will rate starts dropping start producing this and then maybe you

08:32 old, all thio gas, oil then and then you're going to get

08:42 issue with your water cut being just high. If you were doing that

08:48 , where would you look at doing recovery? If it made sense for

08:53 field, well, you wouldn't do by one wealth. You wouldn't pick

08:58 on one. Well, this would , um ah, and you

09:06 you can plot these for fields, , but, um, this by

09:14 large, when you start seeing this off, you know, whatever it

09:17 you've got straws in is running out oil and you know, any anywhere

09:24 get probably somewhere down here on this somewhere. Start thinking about ways to

09:30 it. Are you leaving oil Which would be, ah, Riel

09:34 issue. Um, are you bypassing ? Which would be a better development

09:43 , that kind of thing. And this was for the whole field.

09:47 when you start looking for I when your real happy and everything is

09:51 a lot of oil and gas, , you probably wouldn't have to worry

09:55 it here. Another thing that while doing this, um, you might

10:01 some information on your water drive and of your water drive and start thinking

10:07 things like that at certain places in field. It's It's not always gonna

10:13 . Hmm. Straight forward. Easy do. But a zoo start declining

10:19 oil and oil production. Or if just gas gas production. That's when

10:24 start looking for what am I leaving ? And that's when you start getting

10:28 the development in the production things. , So, energy, the

10:37 uh, or reservoir Dr is an thing. I think this has more

10:46 my typical, uh, three right or five right answers here, but

10:54 , maybe not. But, the basic types of Dr we have

10:58 gas X solution, gas cap and I prefer a water drive.

11:06 type is compaction drive, which is chalks in the North Sea air.

11:15 have compaction drive to them because you those those little Cal Karius Nana fossil

11:25 like this. And as they produce oil, it starts to collapse like

11:28 , and that's shrinking is definitely result compaction. There's other different types of

11:35 . And then, of course, drive could be something but usually things

11:41 look for our gas expansion and the water drive. And here's one which

11:50 X solution drive. And what makes different in the gas cap expansion drive

11:58 in this case, you don't actually a gas cap. But the pressure

12:07 , as you get to a certain , your pressure is going to drop

12:11 . And maybe not in this particular . And they don't have any,

12:15 , any, uh, pressure numbers there. Look at, but ATT's

12:21 point in time. The gas will to to come out of solution,

12:26 the pressure drops and when it It'll start expanding the whole oil

12:31 You know, a little bit of will come out over, the gas

12:33 come out. Some of it might , migrate, and start creating a

12:37 gas cap. But that's basically, how I guess X solution would be

12:45 energy to help push that oil out the ground. Another one would be

12:50 gas expansion route and the gas cap and a Z you're producing.

13:00 the gas expands. You have a cap in the gas cap, expands

13:04 and more. Maybe some gas will out of solution and add to

13:08 And that doesn't. And then, , in another case, you maybe

13:13 all all oil, and you've got water drive now. Biggest field I

13:19 worked on with South Marshall in 1 Uh, for a three square mile

13:26 . Uh, Scott Field stuff was , but South Marshall, when I

13:32 a development geologist on it, and different definitely had a guess. Camp

13:38 on. We had an aquifer and aquifer was more prominent. Of

13:42 the water drive is going to be of your one of your strongest energy

13:48 , but often times, even though have these five different possibilities, it's

13:54 to be some combination of gas cap AK refer or maybe aquifer with gas

14:01 solution and then gas cap expansion Drive little later on, uh, that

14:06 of thing. You know, we toe list what these different energy sources

14:10 be. And here's here's an example compaction Drive. Uh, and you

14:18 , you've got you say you had grains that world stacked orthogonal e and

14:25 all of a sudden they rotate uh, they come off that and

14:30 filling in the gap, and you compaction that way. And it's It's

14:36 unrealistic to expect that the oil volume a reservoir is helping to support to

14:47 extent the ferocity that's available. And you remove that volume, the grains

14:54 rotate and and while also reduces the of things being cemented, the segmentation

15:01 gonna have toe happen before will oil . And S o uh, this

15:10 happen in a lot of sandstone reservoirs but at a smaller scale than what

15:16 was describing for the chalks and the effect Compact so much, and I

15:25 guess I mentioned it, but the were talking about exploration examples with the

15:32 cloud cap. Excuse me. When Cal Karius grains collapsed, all sorts

15:41 words are coming out of my mouth any thought at all. So when

15:44 collapses, you can you can lose much as 80% of the volume and

15:50 Mawr a Z you start to produce oil and gas. If you had

15:55 sandstone that did went from here to , you might go from something like

16:00 30% to a 25%. And here kind of gravity drive, and it

16:10 of basis is based on you've got heavy up here. It can come

16:15 . This normally would end up being oil what we would call at a

16:19 . But if some of the heavy will, we'll migrate down and kind

16:24 going to here in the gas moves the top. Aziz, you have

16:27 solution. Uh, you're getting some drive out of that attic oil,

16:33 this is again showing what I was back here on a combination of two

16:39 here you have. Ah, Dr. Anna. Gas drive at

16:42 same time. And this is really on the shelf in the Gulf of

16:48 . I mean, almost every field like that. Uh huh. Up

16:52 the shelf. And at least in , uh from about Eugene Island,

17:02 , east. Okay, well, and execution becomes an important thing.

17:10 of course, we talked about exploration . But here you get into

17:15 that is just gonna be producing certain . We could have injection wells.

17:21 , we could have utility wells, , to produce or dispose of certain

17:28 that we might want to look if want to get rid of some some

17:33 water or something like that. And course, another one is kill.

17:39 , so often called, uh, wells. But I always called him

17:44 Wells and the two I drilled. the East Cameron 81 8. Number

17:49 . Um, sorting out your well could be important. And you reaches

17:57 , uh, by the time you into this, get this part of

18:02 game, you know where the shallow might be. You know where overpressure

18:06 pressure is You know, you have worry about mudslides, like a main

18:12 , and and so a lot of things they're ever present. But any

18:16 you do anything, uh, you gotta look for these things.

18:22 even when I was doing fieldwork in Carolina and we had a CMI 55

18:27 rig that could, uh, if use the my tank, we could

18:32 do water wells close to 2000 But we were doing Auger course,

18:38 are drilling hazards that we had to about were buried cables, buried

18:44 all sorts of stuff. Well, you're when you're in a protect producing

18:50 , you gotta watch out for all infrastructure that's laying around, too.

18:54 , because trust me, things have and you don't want him to happen

18:59 . Okay, then, um, all sorts you can do to stimulate

19:04 on, come up with better completions think I, um I did a

19:16 gravel packs, uh, where we relatively fine grain sands, and we

19:22 put some gravel in there to kind slow the sand production down, and

19:26 there's all sorts of things you can like that because when you're producing that

19:31 , you don't wanna bring anything else . Because if you do, you

19:33 to dispose of it. And when offshore, could be expensive and on

19:38 . Not cheap, either. There's things you can do that to damage

19:43 formation. And by by this point time, you probably figured out that

19:47 got lots of feldspar is in and an acid track is not gonna

19:50 very well because it's going to turn the compounds and the fellas spars into

19:56 gel that's gonna clog up your reservoir destroy it. A lot of different

20:00 like that. And then, of , uh, you do a lot

20:04 , well, logging and testing terms pressures and stuff like that.

20:10 so here is, um this kind looks like a field I would have

20:15 on in the Gulf of Mexico on shelf where we would have a platform

20:20 , uh, all of our deviated coming off of that platform to cover

20:25 things. Um, oftentimes we have completions. You can work in countries

20:32 places, and where they went, don't let you do Dole completions because

20:38 want toe keep really close tabs on what reservoir that oil and gas air

20:43 from and could be an issue with mixing, too. But a lot

20:50 times in a shell for the Gulf Mexico. Um, it's a good

20:59 to do multiple completions. They They started doing it in Trinidad,

21:05 ? I got down there and I figure out why they weren't doing

21:08 So I said, You know, of getting 400 barrels of oil out

21:11 the well per day, you could 800 if you just put two together

21:15 they go, Oh, we're worried all the and I'm told,

21:18 complete the ones that are next to other. Compositions aren't that much

21:22 You know that kind of thing. then you have to worry about the

21:25 trying to tax it the right And if they have a really complicated

21:28 scheme, you have to worry about on shore. The different types of

21:32 is ations. You can have in of levels of formations, can cause

21:36 sorts of problems, and but offshore was mostly all know where I was

21:43 , anyway, was Lower playa Sands have pretty much had the same

21:48 of oil in it. And when worked with lips when I worked with

21:56 Mobile, almost every well I did dual completion. So if I could

22:00 800 a day out of out of formation, that could put 22 completions

22:04 there and get 1600 a day, that made the pipe worth worth the

22:09 of putting in the ground. And many of those were set up with

22:13 . It could be moved. So we produced some of the lower lower

22:18 , we were going to go up produce the younger units. For that

22:22 , they started drilling deeper and they deeper reservoirs, so they started focusing

22:26 them. So, you know, may still be getting 33,000 barrels of

22:31 a day out of that field. have no idea, but that's the

22:34 of things you do. And of , there's lots of ways with three

22:41 now to enhance your ability to see you're going, you don't always have

22:45 imagine things in three D when you images like this, this is out

22:50 There's a diagram like this in inglorious . He sent me this slide.

22:55 wasn't the exact mhm thing in the , but it was It was pretty

23:01 to the same kind of thing where can see, uh, producing,

23:08 , layer and figure out a lot details in and see the well,

23:11 come cutting through it. And one the things that really got started to

23:17 sometimes this, uh, what we consider, maybe development is. You

23:24 , there's some oil somewhere, but one wants you to drill where it

23:28 . And here's a peninsula out This is offshore. It's really pretty

23:34 in the UK and there's a farm here. And what really started these

23:40 reach laterals was was for environmental so we could get mad at the

23:48 for making things tough on us. actually forced us to stretch the engineers

23:52 stretch their imagination literally and try to out how to get down here without

23:57 a well site over there. And for, um, for a

24:06 um, really good started the value horizontal wells. It was actually long

24:13 , uh, to produce sands, we're in pretty places, like,

24:19 too far offshore. That would really the population of the UK and stick

24:26 in somebody's farm where the guy didn't if he had a oil derrick in

24:30 middle of this field or not. so that's kind of what started

24:37 And it was around the same time started doing a lot of horizontal,

24:41 in the North Sea for the And then, um, I'd

24:47 probably a good. 15 years they started trying that in the US

24:53 adding fracturing, you know, we've fracking well since the I think the

25:01 sixties have not the late fifties. , I used to know a guy

25:08 actually started some of those, and don't know if he's still alive or

25:13 , but he was, um, really nice Egyptian guy, as it

25:17 out, any, um, had ton of energy last time. I

25:23 with him probably 15 years ago, and he, uh, you

25:30 he said, It's a like these where you have relatively tight sands and

25:35 you you frack it and you can up the pores and get the pressure

25:39 start working towards that for you. a nice pressure differential in a larger

25:44 , and it starts toe. Suck out of the tight sections a little

25:47 better, but it's nothing like, know, drilling one of these long

25:51 like this for five miles and perfect all over here. You've actually created

25:57 reservoir out of a source rock. because with all that surface area enforced

26:03 and and the prophet to keep the open for the flow, it is

26:09 credit. Incredible thing. But uh, what's most amazing about it

26:15 that it was two very different Technology is developed for very different

26:22 Put together to turn unconventional is uh, Thio Ah, huge windfall

26:29 the oil industry, especially in the States. And that's all that technology

26:35 been there for a long time and clever People came up with an

26:38 maybe three clever people, and it it caught, caught a lot energy

26:44 wind and just kept flying. And is kind of what was happening there

26:51 . Some of these things were really Here's five kilometers. So some

26:55 these were really, really far from site. And and this is out

27:01 the bluest book to So anyway, get into this kind of relates Thio

27:10 as well. But one of the about drilling these these laterals is

27:17 you know, normally you would get pilot hole. Now we do a

27:20 log and and then we try to out how to read this funny looking

27:25 log when we're just looking looking up down in this section right here to

27:30 it. I think one of you the class is actually doing gs steering

27:36 did a geo steering competition, I . And that's that's one way to

27:42 it. No. When they when went to the chalk fields.

27:48 we, uh if you've ever looked a chalk, you would realize you

27:54 geo steer with a chalk, maybe the Austin chalk, but I don't

27:58 so. But definitely not in the Sea, chalks 300 m of of

28:03 . Pretty much looks the same, know, it's just a little

28:05 squiggly line like this you know, and you really can't. You can

28:12 to see something, but I don't you can really see anything. So

28:15 they did there was instead of doing the gamma log, they they got

28:19 pilot. Well, sometimes I would drill like this and then kick out

28:24 here and do a whole holding Uh, but you would get a

28:30 nice pilot hole through it, and would look at the bio faces through

28:35 and you might come up with six seven distinctive bio faces have worked in

28:41 area on Lee. Wouldn't be able work that anywhere else in the

28:45 But in the in this area, in this field, you could come

28:49 with with five toe save 15 zones here. And so not only did

28:55 know you were in the sand or , particular dad as your as you

29:02 through here you go up and down five or more zones and you can

29:06 tell the drill bit is falling or drill bit is rising so they could

29:13 a little bit back then to modify . And now you can just hear

29:17 lot better. I mean, you you can actually turn the the drilling

29:22 a lot better than you could back . But, uh, back when

29:26 first started doing this, you they knew where they were and they

29:29 get the the drill bit to They could get it to fall,

29:32 they could follow these zones that they established here all the way through

29:36 And at least through 2000 and almost every horizontal well, that's still

29:43 drilled in the talks. I had on site following these zones, and

29:50 very, very field specific sounds, , uh and it's a real

29:55 and it really works pretty well. you can do the same thing with

29:58 gamma logs. And I've already shown some some examples of tools that have

30:03 enhanced over the of the last two that make a little bit easier to

30:07 Gs here and here. Here's something uh, that was done with in

30:20 which is the Brent. This is the Brent in the North Sea,

30:24 this would have had to been done geo steering because I don't think they

30:29 have had the types of donations they available in the chalks, uh,

30:34 do bio student. So here's kind what you're trying to do. And

30:41 looked at this, and it can here. Um, I don't know

30:46 asked the question, but But this of addresses what you said. And

30:50 course, I was saying somewhere around you need to start thinking about

30:54 They've got it going on here. you trying to add reserves? And

31:01 of course, in this, you , you've got a lot of infrastructure

31:04 , and you're gonna be reducing a types of things. But But here

31:10 can see if you do things, kind of make production go up,

31:15 then it takes starts tapering off and it go up again, starts tapering

31:20 . There's different ways Thio to build production through time and some of the

31:29 things. Um, again, if have a lot of heterogeneity in your

31:35 your conventional resource and I think this probably more important than people realize and

31:41 , and I think they're starting to on it, but you need a

31:45 well developed, static model in, , in these situations where you have

31:50 sorting, smaller poor throat, pore and smaller four sizes. And but

31:57 we also have this fourty seismic thing we can use. And then we

32:02 into what we call secondary, production with butter flooding. Other things

32:10 you could do is add infill You could do fracturing in some

32:13 You could do gravel packs in some . And when I say fracturing

32:18 I don't mean, um what you doing An unconventional, but fracking the

32:24 right around the well born straight slightly deviate home. And then there's

32:28 enhanced oil recovery Memphis. And so to start out of start out

32:36 for example, here's two d Excuse , 40 Seismic, where they've got

32:41 D. In this case, they able to image. You can't always

32:46 a reservoir this well, but in cases, you can not all but

32:50 something like this. And you can that the well water contacts move and

32:54 can tell you're getting a good water up here. And as long as

32:57 have ah Piper straw sticking in up from this new oil water contact,

33:07 got production. You get to a where all your all your,

33:11 strawser down here, you know, have to do infill wells up

33:18 And, uh, water drives were , but, uh, to get

33:25 pressure differential in a, well, high. And you're close to that

33:28 , you're going to start coating on because a relative from the ability of

33:32 often outstrips, always outstrips oil. , uh, and here you can

33:39 , uh, this would be looking it in map view and then in

33:43 section and, well, this is section one way. This is cross

33:49 another way, and then this is Plainview. And you can see,

33:54 , that the water is starting to in the map view. It's coming

33:59 underneath the oil in this view, it's koning in the oil in that

34:05 . And that kind of shows you get to the point where this starts

34:13 water, 100% water or close to , or this starts to produce,

34:18 , 100% water goes toe. You're leave a nun participle leg behind here

34:25 participle, legs behind over here. this is going to start coming up

34:30 you're gonna end up having loved, , things in here a za swell

34:35 , uh, it produces all the up to here and starts pulling

34:39 You'll have Attica. Well, are legs over here. So this would

34:44 from custody. This is custom This is gravity custom. This is

34:51 custom, and that's Cockney. So can do a lot of nifty patterns

34:59 this. And to me, this kind of like unconventional, where you

35:03 drill the heck out of it and to sweep all the oil you can

35:08 that Well, where you have where your producers are and you can

35:13 it in different ways like this. you had some climate form stuff with

35:18 between them? You might want to this, and this would be the

35:21 of the climate form would go between this two like, um 123 like

35:28 might have a client form through And you might might have thought you

35:32 one continuous shooter, but you had hello, but climbed up them in

35:36 and acclimate them in there. And have to sweep it like this to

35:40 that. Um, I know slumbers back around the year 2003 ish before

35:53 started doing unconventional. We're thinking of laterals in conventional wells. They would

36:03 . I guess this is This is map view. They might have,

36:06 a a pipe come down the center this, which would be the

36:10 And then they would have kick out here and kick out over here.

36:15 these would just start pumping water and the oil into the producing wheel.

36:20 that's kind of what you're getting to . This this becomes less of a

36:24 problem, uh, than a than engineering problem. But heterogeneity is that

36:31 force you to do something like this important to know about versus something like

36:35 , where you have centralized producing well things around the predominant proof producing.

36:44 uh, Pumping water in thio create water drop. So you're injecting and

36:52 lot of things, uh, happen . You can see you know,

36:56 we have this Well, water contact the outside. Um, you

37:00 you're going to see kind of a come up around the edges like

37:03 and it's gonna Your production will be made like that, and that would

37:08 a really good one. Here, can see you've got a water

37:13 this kind of maintaining two things that separated. But you can get examples

37:19 , um, one of these has better flow rate on on the perm

37:24 or down here, and you're going end up with very different oil,

37:27 contacts. And this is kind of that happens. And here we have

37:35 up sandwich sand sequence here, and have a, uh, finding upwards

37:45 . Eso you've got this permeability great through here and a different one

37:50 Just taking a look at that. would like someone to guess which one

37:54 these would be would be best at most of the oil. You have

38:04 area. The lower scenario. Can explain why? Well, in the

38:09 one, your your upper purse, going to get watered out.

38:16 that's that's absolutely true. But what worked? What? What force of

38:21 is working against you in the upper the transmissibility of water versus oil

38:31 actually. Well, it's actually Gravity is working against you up here

38:41 a lot of your energies, you , it's falling down, and and

38:47 actually enhancing the flow up here. , so and you know, if

38:54 you're perfect purpose, air all you know, you're gonna you

38:58 I don't wanna lose. Uh, bottom of you don't want to lose

39:02 bottom leg. You want it to , put your oil to move from

39:05 bottom up. This is causing the leg to move from the top

39:12 And, uh, and gravity doesn't that so much, but also,

39:16 weight of the water is going to pushing in on this end here.

39:22 , there's a natural flow in the of greater flow in the base of

39:28 formation, which enhances the flow of because gravity goes down, water wants

39:34 get underneath this. What? It want to get on top of that

39:37 oil does not want to be separated the wealth. So in this,

39:43 this scenario, gravity is working against . In this scenario, gravity's working

39:48 you, okay. And here is another way of looking at it in

39:56 section, Same kind of thing. you can see, um,

40:03 this is the interplay of gravity. here you've got, um and this

40:09 could be more risk realistic than the slide. But you can see here

40:14 got this permissible more permissible in And you get this cut here because

40:20 a good distance away. It's not this. Um, you can see

40:28 there's initially a lot of water coming this. The reason why this is

40:35 realistic is because that water is not want to go over top of that

40:40 that much. So eventually it's going slow down and you're going to get

40:44 better sweep. Actually, with that , which is the opposite of what

40:48 is telling you and a scenario looking this now, if you had a

40:53 , really the producer was really You would definitely have this kind of

41:00 issue. But at the scale that looking at here and course understanding,

41:06 vertical exaggeration. It looks like the of this is actually true. When

41:12 look at it from this particular And again, uh, the water

41:19 being enhanced here, but a t of the day This one is still

41:26 the oil over. It's just gonna through on a lower per first.

41:30 if you have first through this whole , well, then then you might

41:37 problems, and you're gonna want the first. If you've got your best

41:42 and permeability than here, what happens you have Ah, Multiphase reservoir and

41:48 and you Perfectly gas cap first. , well, that has the same

41:53 effect, unless unless what you really was the gas. But you don't

41:58 the gas cap first. So, , that's the same kind of thing

42:02 have to worry about. What the ? The fluids are in the wealth

42:07 of There's all sorts of combinations you come up with like that. But

42:13 you're going to be, uh, at the lower legs if you have

42:17 gas cap and you're gonna find yourself in a situation like this, but

42:22 could have had a gas cap and, uh, this is moving

42:26 the Maybe the gas cap starts right , and you didn't perfect in this

42:31 well. But you've got your first here. Can see it'll be a

42:35 period of time before water gets to the production interval down here. That's

42:44 you do. Mhm. Because if had a gas cap up here and

42:49 was your highest perf, you'd still trying to get that oil leg down

42:52 with the lower perm. And, and you would get a full sweep

42:57 this. So again, you have think about all those things when you

43:01 make these plans because you you can up your production royally and leave lots

43:06 lots of water behind if you do wrong thing. Excuse me. You

43:09 lots of oil behind. And if do the wrong thing and you will

43:13 producing too much water and here's some one of these things showing you example

43:21 sweet rate through time. Uh, this is if you do it

43:27 If you try to sweep fast, going to get these breakthroughs and then

43:32 View. This is what that one look like in map view. This

43:35 be with that one. Looks like you wanna wanna make sure that when

43:40 start doing one of these water flows the, uh, production engineers were

43:46 good at this, And so when start doing it, they don't always

43:53 mistakes. But if the geology is complicated in here, uh, the

43:59 fingering maybe a whole lot different than actual fingering of the water coming up

44:03 the oil and what you leave a . So here I said, What

44:10 said One more question about sort of , um, way were involved in

44:15 project where we ended up drilling a hole. Unfortunately, And the reasoning

44:23 that they gave us was that that well, that's lower on structure and

44:28 gas reservoir can actually drain. well, that's higher on structure,

44:34 I couldn't really find any literature on . Is that something that happens?

44:39 , I'd have to see kind of real cross section really thio to figure

44:45 what you're saying. But just say one more time. There was this

44:52 idea that wells that are lower on in a gas field can actually drain

44:58 that air higher on the structure so you drill a well and it's productive

45:02 gas, and then you go up and drill A. Well, that's

45:07 , but it's dry. Okay, would be like that would be like

45:12 That would be like gravity drive and gas caps expanding. Might might have

45:18 in that. I don't know if had any oil up there, but

45:21 oil would have would have rolled It would have gotten displaced by the

45:26 . Sort of like you have a forming up here and it pushes the

45:30 down. You know, your gas expanding like this and pushes all the

45:36 out of the UPD if wells and into the downed if Wells that would

45:41 like a gas expansion scenario, I'm sure if that's what was happening,

45:46 that could happen. There's probably five you could make that happen.

45:54 here's another thing that usually elicits a good test question from me and,

46:03 know, we, um we look a lot of these things, like

46:09 here's, um, primary recovery. , then we have secondary recovery and

46:17 have redirected primary recovery. But there's couple of things that, uh,

46:24 know, our enhanced oil recovery And one is miserable injection and sort

46:29 fact. And flooding another one is . Then you have polymer flooding and

46:36 wells. And in the secondary, would be what are injection gas

46:43 And then you could do and feel horizontal wells, for example coming in

46:50 . And this is these air, absolute numbers, but this is like

46:54 might get around 30% in primary. , you might get 15% in

47:02 You may get 20% and missed sweep and then, um, oil remaining

47:12 to a lack of drive energy eso go into the secondary recovery and then

47:19 then this un participle oil is you , there's no there's no pipe

47:23 anywhere near it, uh, in original plan. In other words,

47:27 sort of predetermined attic oil kind of and one of things that's important to

47:35 there's a big difference between residual oil bypassed oil. And all in here

47:47 , in this area where the sweeps , you're gonna have residual oil,

47:51 here's bypassed oil and certain things will , You know, water flood can

47:58 help with bypassed oil toe to push up or or what was the other

48:05 we had here? Gas injection, co two injection or something and try

48:11 sweep that up there. This is stuff that got missed kind of

48:17 This is like the attic oil. know, you've drained all the way

48:20 to the wells you drilled, but gonna have something left over, so

48:23 still continuous somewhere. But you could could do cut into an addict.

48:29 this residual oil is interstitial it z in, it's left behind. And

48:38 some of these other specialized floods that have over here listed over here,

48:44 , could like miserable injection or fact flooding. And, uh, some

48:49 those other things could actually help you some of the oil out the residual

48:53 that way. So there's a big between what bypassed oil is what residual

49:00 is in what attic oil with you based on just looking at at

49:05 uh, this particular thing, in words, bypassed oil like this.

49:12 had breakthrough around it. Um, added oil is gonna be appear where

49:17 not separated from, say, the of the closing envelope of your

49:28 And that's just showing you actually what's and again here here is showing a

49:35 adequate All here, this was a out and, ah, you

49:41 they produced a much as they could this perforation left potential radical.

49:48 Here's the sweep zone. Here. unscripted bypassed oil. This well,

49:54 here would be like that. We're a big leg like this. And

50:01 even if you produce sister gonna have , you could have adequate up in

50:05 with the Wells, even with this well in here. And,

50:09 if you didn't put anything, any preparations down here, you could

50:13 a lot there. And here you see this thing is perfect a lot

50:18 left all that behind. So you any preparations here? And by the

50:22 , this is a really good example correlating this sand to that sand,

50:27 you're actually producing from two different which is why you need toe Look

50:32 the shale markers like that one and one in between. And here's another

50:36 marker down here It's not just, it's not just for correlation, but

50:41 also for for continuity of flow, the It looks to me like they

50:47 that might have been the same flow is that and they don't even perfect

50:51 here. And so they started draining , and they're not quite sure how

50:55 that would have drained here. But totally left something behind over here in

50:59 section and attic oil in that Okay, um, here's something,

51:07 , Shepard had this and this but I know a bunch of guys

51:10 Hill Corp that are doing this kind thing, but they're doing it.

51:14 , you know, sometimes if you something like this, the prize isn't

51:19 enough here. So what you need do, and you might have something

51:23 this where you have a lot of things sitting next to each other.

51:26 know, here's a producer. Here's producer. I could put a well

51:30 , but that's all I could get of it. I could put a

51:32 there, and that's all I could out of it. Maybe I

51:35 This is a totally in swept compartment could get a lot out of

51:39 But what you could do is something this. You have that same

51:42 bring a lateral in and hit all attic oil in that area. And

51:48 do this so that you could get an idea that there could be a

51:52 section of ad ical attic oil in Siri's like this. There could be

51:56 formations down here, like in South in 1 28. For some of

52:00 other places where you may have fault next to each other. You could

52:04 in and hit the upper attic the upper attic there, but also

52:07 in. Maybe it the next lowest oil here. And what the attic

52:12 over there. So with our new to drill laterals so long and so

52:19 and so easily, uh, this is a way to do what unconventional

52:26 in a conventional sense, and you have to frack it. You just

52:29 to drill the horizontal lives. So think there's a lot of opportunity opportunities

52:34 this in the Gulf of Mexico. just going to take, um

52:39 some time for things to recover and to realize where the bargains are.

52:42 wouldn't be surprised if people that address uh, like Floyd C. Wilson

52:48 already thinking about things like that. you do a sweep like that,

52:54 horizontal sweep, how do you determine What kind of contribution you're getting along

53:00 lateral? Wouldn't your best zone just all the other zones or the first

53:05 toe water out? Destroy the entire ? Uh, we wouldn't be.

53:10 wouldn't be one completion. You'd have completion here in a completion there.

53:15 , I see. And you and can also drill these things that you

53:18 move them. I don't know that about movement E No. They have

53:23 of moving packers because they do it they do it for fracking eso.

53:30 you had, like five of these a string, you could produce whichever

53:36 you want it first and all the ones were closed. And but if

53:40 do it this way, you might to start with the bottom and work

53:43 way up. And, of the way Well, things work.

53:46 could do the far one first and pull everything up to the second one

53:50 then pull everything up to the You , that kind of thing. So

53:54 in even in this situation, you would want to do the one at

53:57 end of the pipe first, and move, move your packers up and

54:03 into the next one, and then next one. And then until you

54:05 to hear and then you get to and then you're done. So I'll

54:09 one well bore. Ah, little of Packer moving. And you could

54:14 a lot of reserves rather than Well, here and a well,

54:20 and well there. You could have . Well, coming through here like

54:24 . And if this was the end with this one first we have the

54:28 here. Perfect. Pump this one . Moved the packers. Perfect.

54:33 this one out and so on. if you had three D seismic,

54:36 know exactly where it fit those Okay, this is just showing you

54:44 ways. Uh, this is just another diagram for Koning, but this

54:50 , uh, showing how you can . Uh, I'm not sure where

54:56 came from, but how? You interconnect multiple compartments like I just showed

55:01 . This is showing you, like the Austin chalk that might be so

55:05 . You don't need to fracture Come in like that. And we

55:11 talked a little bit about this, , and but here, you've gone

55:17 it. You've got to get high . Here, you've your kick point

55:21 too soon, and you missed And, uh, and then you

55:25 have problems with the dip of the moving around. And so I didn't

55:33 you guys this landing sweet thing did I, Uh this is,

55:42 this is just showing you some of tools. Ah, that reach out

55:48 into the formation. And And there's couple of different ones that can help

55:55 more than just a typical gamma log you're going down there. And this

56:00 another lateral sweet, too. And of them kind of helps.

56:07 this particular sweet helps you find the . So So it helps you get

56:13 where you know what we're do. kick point. You can wait until

56:16 start seeing evidence that it's coming in then then that's the landing tool.

56:22 the lateral stool is designed to get wider spread on your sensors to so

56:28 you can tell whether you're moving up down in this section. And more

56:33 , if you're gonna, uh, hit hit the bottom of that particular

56:40 that you're trying to stay out of you'd see a little bit of in

56:44 way, you see a little bit of the bit because it's that's sticking

56:47 here. Uh, not really close the well board. You're getting a

56:51 reach sensors in the thing to do . And so you can,

56:59 do this kind of thing. So new suites that air coming out now

57:02 going to make it easier to steer , g osteo and, uh,

57:13 of things that I was talking about the bio zones. That would be

57:16 of like this. And, you , you were going into a different

57:21 zone and you needed to pull And here, you know, your

57:26 knew that there was a thinning You would know when she got over

57:31 on four to start turning down, then trying to say somewhere around the

57:37 of bio zone four would be the Rest the way. It would be

57:41 good trajectory. Okay, let's take last 10 minute break and,

57:48 we'll come back and we'll look at slides on unconventional. So in

57:53 30 we will be back. Junior geologist and senior geologists and

58:26 Now, we have just, um know, we've been talking about unconventional

58:33 through this, but I like to one little last thing at the end

58:39 in some ways, this is the , uh, for a lot of

58:44 we do. But I think I expressed a lot of ideas about future

58:54 and expiration and, uh, ways we could use this technology.

59:00 that was really, uh, Tune and bettered made much better.

59:10 , for producing unconventional resource is some those same tools can now be

59:16 I think if one thinks about that same technology can be folded back

59:22 conventional resource is where there may be , and gas left behind are requiring

59:30 sweeping and that sort of thing. I think e think really the development

59:35 this technology to the level that it for unconventional has really opened up a

59:40 of potential that we really we really looking for in the past.

59:45 uh and I think once the covered thing gets settled down and hopefully we

59:53 doing things more responsibly, so something this doesn't happen again. Uh,

59:59 would have been really scary of Ebola gotten out of control like this.

60:05 goodness that didn't happen in the Of course, one of the things

60:09 our side with Ebola is you can that it's sort of the the good

60:15 of the coin of a terrible, diseases that people would die so quickly

60:20 couldn't. They couldn't transmit that and, uh, that was such

60:25 horrible disease. But I think the rate of that disease was so high

60:29 it made it hard for to spread and I don't know if any of

60:34 caught it, but there was a film. They came out about

60:41 I think it was a really incidents they actually I had a slippage in

60:47 of the labs and and a strain Ebola got out, but it wasn't

60:53 fatal and in some ways that frightened even more. They were able to

60:58 it, but it frightened them. because the bacteria or a virus or

61:05 doesn't kill its host too quickly. host can spread the virus to other

61:12 , and that's exactly what Cove in is really good at. It's good

61:17 not killing people right away, giving plenty of time thio to move around

61:23 infect others. So So when all that is over with a lot of

61:28 , uh, neat things that I up with, uh, on hopefully

61:33 won't happen again because we're going to thinking about issues like that ahead of

61:38 . Ah, you know, we'll a good future and we'll be able

61:41 keep developing oil and gas and hopefully to be more responsible and reduce the

61:48 of flaring we do and other things ways that the oil industry puts hydrocarbons

61:54 the atmosphere that we don't really need do. If we could just think

61:57 the engineering problem and solve that engineering . So with that, I'm going

62:01 go on to petroleum geology, in unconventional. And of course,

62:10 focused primarily on any kind of and it's pretty much energy in liquid

62:17 . As it turns out, some these aren't quite liquid form.

62:22 they're kind of group form. uh, not quite maybe in the

62:29 of carriage in or whatnot on that of thing. So there's a There's

62:34 a lot of fluid energy and not fluid energy stored in a lot of

62:40 types of unconventional reserves. And this the slide that I showed you

62:48 We were talking about reservoirs and how focused on but we thought were the

62:54 things that we could produce oil and out of. But now we could

62:57 it out of the source rocks. , uh, this is what's happening

63:02 . And everywhere we found and produced we have a source rock nearby.

63:10 so for every ah, single that's been drilled, Uh, in

63:16 , um, conventional There potentially is good resource play that can be produced

63:25 hasn't even been tapped into in most . As of today, we've only

63:33 on the easiest ones. Okay, , now one of the things

63:39 um, hey, Shale plays then there's other. Unconventional is in

63:48 the shale. Plays are the ones we're doing the oil and gas right

63:53 and or the resource plays as we them, because they're big masses of

63:58 shell deposits full of oil and gas then the other ones. They're gonna

64:03 , uh, these things like this there's a lot of them and we'll

64:10 , uh, one shell playing. , look, a tar sand issue

64:14 an oil shale issue. One thing important remembers that oil shales,

64:20 were defined by deposits who are rich carriage in, but it hadn't been

64:28 yet. And so it's pretty much oil shale lacking the oil but a

64:36 . But it actually has the O. C. And the carriages

64:40 produce oil. Uh, if it's . And of course, the tar

64:48 are pretty much, uh, sort natural legs of very heavy oil stuck

64:56 sands. And of course, we to try to move that,

65:02 and make it into something useful. have a a number of processes.

65:08 not going to get into it, we actually retort it and turn it

65:11 something that's amore liquid form and actually a sin fuel type thing that we

65:17 transport. Que, uh, this came out many years ago.

65:26 um, here. It's updated in 2016. But there were versions of

65:32 map, uh, much earlier than , showing you a lot of places

65:37 the shale plays are in the lower states. And and it's not a

65:45 . They seemed Thio mimic in many , uh, where we had conventional

65:53 going on. And this adds, , new things. Like, for

65:59 , here we had the Marsellus and associated with it was the Utica and

66:05 the Utica as, um, become important to look at. I had

66:13 student work on the Antrim. This really interesting stuff up here, and

66:20 all natural. It's all, pretty much related Thio, biogenic gas

66:30 a t least what I was working and then all these other areas where

66:34 know we have conventional oil and gas going on, and so it's quite

66:43 interesting thing, but it's interesting to United States above all countries, has

66:49 put a lot of energy into producing , Um, you could create maps

66:54 this all over the world and realize are literally many, many resource plays

67:00 around the world that aren't even being into yet and kind of going full

67:09 and coming back to our start of . Um, this kind of shows

67:17 that Tom the expenditures for oil Shales in 2012 or really pretty dramatic.

67:26 , uh, and of course, one was the bacon number two,

67:29 evil for number three, the And this kind of goes through it

67:37 a December 2016. It's a different of diagram, you know, I

67:43 people I don't know what it but pie diagrams worked really well for

67:48 , and I think they worked well students. But these air bar diagrams

67:51 to show you the same thing and can see somewhere around 2014, 12

68:00 2015 and 16. Things started to a dive in 2014, and it

68:06 recovered since then. But this was in 2016. Of course they had

68:13 and I think things started to come , but I don't think we've We've

68:17 this yet, but point I'm trying make is that pains exclude the really

68:29 thing of Covered 19 on. There's good reason to expect a lot of

68:34 to go back into full swing in near future. I don't think we've

68:38 any of these kinds of things. something, though. That was.

68:44 , this isn't expenditures, but this production. And here's back in

68:53 when that one was going on. here's 2012 here and you can see

69:00 know it's still been growing and it's to grow on, of course,

69:04 oils, including a little bit more just the shale plays. But you

69:09 see it's still expected to grow. this this projection was made in 2020

69:15 of this year. Um, there's no drop in here anywhere for

69:22 in 19 because of demand dropping But with the world with without this

69:33 thing that we're dealing with right the world should get back to normal

69:37 some point in time. And it possible, uh, that electric cars

69:42 come in and start having some kind issue, but it's still not gonna

69:46 a significant amount. And if there any any weight at all to what

69:52 predicted in 2020. Um, you , actually, seeing it go up

70:00 little bit more of it, doesn't up a little bit more on it

70:03 levels out here. It's still a of oil and gas to produce every

70:07 . Uh, for the the thriving that we have for fuel When when

70:15 covered 19 thing is. And here was, um this was kind of

70:22 reference case. This was a low . And I think, you

70:29 we're going to realize some of but I don't think we're going to

70:32 this quite so dramatically. And the high case they had at the same

70:38 was really dramatic. So again, back at the reference case, you

70:46 , having a peel off here, a possibility, because there's gonna be

70:50 down push a Z. We move more and more electric vehicles, but

70:55 gonna be an upward push because the is going to be growing. I

71:00 from here from 2020 e think at point on. We're gonna be adding

71:06 billion people to our population every 10 until something that hasn't happened yet starts

71:13 happen. So the growth is going go up just because of population.

71:19 that's the worst case scenario. That their best case scenario in terms of

71:26 consumption by vehicles. Yeah, I know if this is true, but

71:33 it? Isn't the majority of fuel due to trucking? Well, that's

71:39 big source. Yeah, trucking is big source, and trucking has actually

71:44 up because people do that. And course, um, a lot of

71:52 diesel fuel. And in fact, all of it is diesel fuel and

71:58 the kind of power that a diesel has has been something that's still

72:04 I think from an engineering standpoint, know there's, Ah, large company

72:11 advertised it, had a lot of made a lot of progress, and

72:15 showed pictures of their these of their trucks, but they don't actually have

72:20 that works, so there's a lot hope in that in that area.

72:26 , uh, they're still, you , for people that wanna go all

72:31 others hope that they can get these lasting, powerful engines. Um,

72:37 don't know. I don't know enough battery technology to know if you know

72:44 A when a truck draws on power going to draw a lot. It's

72:47 the same thing. Is trying to a car to move and and it

72:53 may be a while before they have batteries. They can haul things.

73:00 , That way. And I you know, you think about

73:03 A loaded truck is like 20 times weight of a car. And,

73:09 and I wish more people knew that they knew that they wouldn't cut in

73:13 of a truck because the mo mentum a truck kind of makes makes makes

73:20 car look like a cockroach. And it hits you yeah, and you're

73:25 moving, it's It's not gonna be . And all these electric cars were

73:31 designed for good reason with lighter, , materials that may not have the

73:39 strength rating is is some of the vehicles that we have their gasoline or

73:44 powered. But the diesel everybody was on diesel and way keep the the

73:54 toxins that come out of diesels. keep engineering ways to make that less

74:01 energy is a really good substitute because got a personally, I have a

74:06 car that that gets about 42 miles a gallon on it doesn't look like

74:14 from the Jetsons. And And it don't know if you remember, if

74:21 any of you have ever heard of , uh, the Jets and family

74:27 . But a lot of the electric kind of look like sort of 19

74:34 idea of what a modern vehicle looks . Well, the test was the

74:38 good looking one, in my Yeah, but yeah, for

74:44 except that they're hood there. Hood way just looks funny to me,

74:49 But I don't wanna criticize anybody's car , because I think Tesla's air

74:55 but with the But I think the that you get like a out of

75:04 not an electric car but one of , um, hybrid cars. The

75:10 think at the end of the a diesel car is equivalent to a

75:14 , and a hybrid makes a lot sense. And the problem with still

75:19 batteries is is you know, they , ah, getting to where they

75:23 a decent range. But if you you draw them down below 50% all

75:28 time, you're gonna you're going to the battery and there's been more fires

75:31 stuff like that. And and I again, those air engineering problems

75:37 uh I just think it's going to longer to get over a lot of

75:41 engineering problems. And people predict, there's a reason why we didn't go

75:46 this solution in the past other than , uh, the oil industry was

75:53 to stop it, and I because don't think that really was happening.

75:56 think these air serious engineering problems that take a while to resolve and you

76:04 , this particular incidents here in terms production related to consumption. Uh,

76:12 think this is only gonna happen if the next 10 years they resolve 40

76:19 50 years worth of research into and making these things work better and more

76:26 . And but there are a lot advantaged electric cars because they don't they

76:29 waste much. Energy is liquid fuel vehicles, Dio. But another.

76:35 big thing that uses fuel, of , are gonna be ships and and

76:42 aircraft. And I think replacing replacing with electrical power is gonna is gonna

76:49 of Although we had sailboats that were , but again, we're trying to

76:53 millions of tons instead of £40,000. , uh and I think I think

77:02 issue there is just going to you know, the battery may weigh

77:06 than an airplane could deal with and the same thing with the boat to

77:11 certain extent, if you're trying to Ah, you know, millions of

77:16 of produce or excuse me, liquids or gravel or whatever it is,

77:21 have to move with the boat. . Uh, so anyway, here's

77:27 of new shale estimates that have come on different places of the world.

77:31 you can see, uh, the is not alone there. A lot

77:35 other, a lot of other But, um, as far as

77:39 know, they're not. They're not actively produced the way the way our

77:44 are. And if any country needed , it would be South Africa

77:49 uh, they have limited natural resource for producing energy. And they have

77:56 all the time and actually wave blackouts a lot of their societies, because

78:01 trying toe limit our carbon footprint. when sometimes when you do that,

78:08 , to kind of try to hit right on the line, they miss

78:11 a lot. So they have to out houses for, you know,

78:17 few hours every night in certain neighborhoods stuff like that. And,

78:21 but if they could get natural gas of some of their shale reserves,

78:25 would resolve some of that problem. . And again, um, so

78:33 is this is looking at oil, this is looking at natural gas.

78:38 , uh, and again, I what I said about, uh,

78:42 Africa, which, which I think something they really need. And of

78:47 , uh, here's a cartoon and I think the most important thing

78:52 this is that if we were to drill a well straight through here,

78:56 you wouldn't get this surface area. unlike a conventional well, you

79:02 your reservoir isn't defined by, a small sandstone body is defined by

79:09 many feet long you can get this in and how Maney fractures you can

79:12 in there because the length of this , obviously the longer that is,

79:18 greater it is in terms of surface . If you just cut through it

79:22 way, and then when you do fracking with prop it in it,

79:26 opening up more surface area where oil petroleum in the rock can bleed into

79:33 pressure differential that the open borehole creates start sucking oil out of it,

79:39 natural gas. As it shows in picture. And there is is a

79:46 . Um ah, that's used a of times to try to high grade

79:52 with higher docs. And here's a response. You're in the shale,

79:59 here we can see this is kind the way it was originally done with

80:05 ity and sonic overlap. And, , you can see here that the

80:18 fill the typical Marine for space. that's that's creating, um, you

80:25 , like sometimes the Shales they're gonna , um, what's the word?

80:35 thinking the the shells gonna have bound , but if it's filled in with

80:41 instead of bound water. The resistive is going to go up. So

80:44 see this resistive ity going up and course, Ah, that also kind

80:50 slows it down. It kind of puts us a slug in the poor

80:55 , which, which might be reacting grain to grain. But you've got

81:00 this more sluggish material that's organic, that kind of increase is a two

81:07 travel time and slows down the And so the slower sonic and the

81:15 resistive ity gap kind of shows you you've got a shell with organic material

81:20 it together. And this works in fields a lot better than other places

81:24 places where it doesn't work because they're variables involved. But but where it

81:33 , uh, people are able to the spread to a total organic carbon

81:39 and really figure out what where the spots are with one. Well,

81:45 , in other words, if you're away from where we know there's good

81:49 on your drill wells, you can of figure out whether you found another

81:52 spot or not with your pilot hole this is 11 of my students did

82:01 where he was looking at the overlap he had core data. Were they

82:07 to figure out how much with the two was on generation of oil?

82:12 I'm not going to go into but also the total organic carbon.

82:16 there was a really strong relationship to levels over here in the core and

82:21 the the separation was over here. it's pretty pretty interesting. Uh,

82:27 well this tool can work. And points where he had points and

82:37 And the line is what the predicted based on this gap. Okay,

82:44 we're going to take a quick look the eagle. Four gets up to

82:48 ft thick, averages about 2 It's got a high carbonate content.

82:55 Lovie Shale, what does that Has a low volume of shale,

83:02 it looks so it's pretty much all it. Well, what it means

83:07 , it's, um it's trackable. not a lot of natural fracturing,

83:14 , in it, which means it hasn't hasn't been warped and

83:21 but because sometimes, like in chalk of you If you see a

83:28 and you see it flexing, you predict that there's gonna be, uh

83:35 , there's gonna be more natural fracturing, fracturing in that. So

83:40 . Although this is high, carbonate content, it doesn't seem to

83:44 a lot of natural fracturing, probably it's encased in more solicitous risk.

83:50 , uh, above and below, for the Austin shock. And

83:54 um Ah, of course, the prolific where area is going to be

84:00 , sort of a part of the that was isolated and low oxygen levels

84:05 the water column probably enhanced preservation, these were the producing intervals. And

84:14 as a rule of thumb, anytime produce something below 4000 ft, you're

84:20 into the possibility of causing all sorts problems you don't want to get

84:25 Um, and that's not an absolute , but but based on everything I've

84:30 , you really, really don't want produced too much above 5000 ft.

84:35 want toe stay down there in the of the RAC column that's not going

84:40 translate that well, a to the or, of course, the

84:45 You get the you know, the fresh water act offers a 2000 ft

84:52 for a little bit more you You're too close to things you don't want

84:56 damage. And And if somebody ever a rule out in a particular area

85:05 you shouldn't produce below us above a depth, that probably be for a

85:09 reason, okay? And so this is kind of what it is

85:13 a nutshell. Here's a good Strat . Uh, which is which is

85:25 . Yeah, It was published in , but this this part of it

85:29 probably published in 1978 or 75. , but other than that,

85:36 this is a pretty good way of at northern Central Texas and South Texas

85:41 getting an idea where the, uh Eagle Ford is. And of

85:46 you start getting more sand over here the north, in central part of

85:50 and the outcrops, and anyway, get over it, you get over

85:54 certain boundary and your full in the . Woodbine and other classic sources of

86:01 sentiment. And here, um, the sand Marcus Arch and said things

86:09 and I'll show you some sections. dramatically changed from one side of this

86:12 the other. And I'm gonna warn guys, I think I'm gonna try

86:15 get this done by 5. if that's okay and you have to

86:21 , you have to leave. But gonna try to get through this.

86:25 you have some other anti clients in . But the basin that's formed in

86:30 eyes one of the most prolific When you get on the other side

86:33 this arch, you're getting closer uh, some older drainage basins that

86:39 been around for a long time. you get a lot of classic material

86:43 here that reduces the TOC can increases Bichel or the solicitous shells that make

86:51 harder to frack in less trackable in . And here is the Stewarts city

86:58 margin. And here's this leg of margin. Ah, By and

87:06 the lower Eagle Ford is one of better parts of it all. And

87:11 with a gamma ray and the reason , you can kind of see that

87:16 , uh, Shales up here show little bit, um, higher reasons

87:23 . But the TSC um turns out be a little less and just looking

87:30 this, my gut feeling is there's . Originally, this might have been

87:36 , but there's probably been more bio shinin here, which has caused because

87:40 impact on the several unit And so down in here where you got this

87:51 trap basin and you get a really slug of it. Up here is

87:55 I was talking about on the other of the arch. You've got a

87:59 of plastic sentiment sources that are diluting TSC and adding Bichel to reduce natural

88:09 and frank ability. Mhm teachers. this is what it looks like in

88:14 section. And here Here's that maverick here where it's pretty pretty good down

88:24 by this, the Stuart City And you've got that lower go forward

88:29 here. You get over here, start pumping in lot of Class 60

88:37 Ford up here. Really? Isn't similar to this lower eagle for the

88:43 needed under hero kind of equivalent to Manus eyes? A little bit like

88:49 . So you start running out of really good evil forward when you get

88:52 across the sand market search. So here's the Georgetown Edwards Stuart City

89:01 Margin is right there, and this a limestone underneath it. And so

89:08 behind here, you get this really basin forming in here and there it

89:15 , right there with the greatest, the older courtesan stuff down here,

89:21 Buddha and the Del Rio. And people are actually, uh uh,

89:27 some things out of the Buddha But the Eagle Ford right there on

89:30 of it, this sort of isolated between here and and this other of

89:39 Point in the structure between here and here kind of allowed the formation of

89:49 , really Nice Basin in there. here's a competitors map on Here's where

89:59 Billiton bought out Um Floyd C. , where Petra Hawk had the best

90:06 . The sacred for Petra Hawk was an acre. It was $10,000 an

90:12 for BHP Billiton. So that's how get in there ahead of time.

90:18 one was even thinking about it when pet rocks started it up here is

90:24 you more information on this in terms of the ice. A pack of

90:28 lower eagle Ford, which is kind the reservoir and the source rock all

90:33 . And you can see also in , uh, really good area that

90:37 trying to get into here you're getting sediments on top of having the anoxic

90:46 . And, uh so anyway, down in here is where you end

90:50 with with a really good, combination of ice a pack t

90:56 Lovie shale high carbonate, all the that you want And it's deep enough

91:01 it's in the kitchen, you as you come up up, up

91:05 the coast of playing on the shelf , uh and, of course,

91:10 Japanese fault zone, where for the creating sentimentally wedge kind of stacks up

91:18 the end, Uh, you come thinner, thinner areas appear in your

91:25 your thermally immature, and you may only have gas generating up there.

91:32 , so we're gonna skip real quick the tar sands, and,

91:37 it's really a combination of water and , and it can be it doesn't

91:45 to be cooked, but it could dissolved with organic solvents. And so

91:52 , they put it together and retort , um, in a process that

91:59 heat and other things. Girls. it has a lot of drawbacks because

92:05 you do anything like that, you're have a lot of waste water and

92:07 lot of other things going on that gonna add CO two to the

92:14 But there here's the areal extent of and environmentalists get upset with people,

92:21 know, drilling in here. And course, it is, uh,

92:25 parts of this area beautiful. um, it is kind of in

92:29 places, quite barren because it effects growth. But you also have,

92:34 know, natural streams cutting into And so there's a lot of natural

92:38 without anybody even touching it of toxins that you might not getting when went

92:45 get into your water supplies. But what it is. And to extract

92:54 . Here's another one of these That's four things extraction of tar

92:59 I like thio mhm. Go over in terms of like strip mining is

93:07 but it really upsets people. and they're putting the waste back in

93:13 land reclamation, reclamation. And, course, sometimes when you use

93:18 you can create a bigger problem than want to. But with recovery raid

93:25 of that is 90% of what's in . You also have this site click

93:29 simulation thing with steam. It's really to get about 20 to 25%.

93:37 then there's cold flow with recovery rates 5%. It's cold, heavy oil

93:42 with sand. And of course, you're gonna have toe you end up

93:47 end up with a lot of this , and you got to separate the

93:50 from the sand. And, but a lot of this has been

93:56 to pave railroad, so there's there's things you could do with it,

94:00 taking a long list of this, one I haven't mentioned, and the

94:04 I have is because this one is the best one right now because it

94:09 up to 60%. It doesn't have environmental issues of this or the low

94:15 productivity of these eso, the production , good production right and everything.

94:20 this is sort of the top There's only four of them, so

94:24 lot of times I'll have a test asking you which one is the best

94:28 or as a multiple choice? I say which of the following is the

94:34 or which of the following is the and which would be this one down

94:40 . So So that's the kind of that I would ask on that.

94:46 this is showing you how they do . And of course, that the

94:53 is kind of heavy, so they it above. They have a pipe

94:56 it, steaming it, and it mobilize the will just kind of to

95:02 of lose its viscosity. And it's , uh and it will flow down

95:08 the oil producing wells. Okay, , the last thing that we look

95:16 is the oil shale and, again, oil shale is different from

95:22 oil and shale gas. If it been for oil shale, the unconventional

95:29 probably would be oil shale and oil . Excuse me, oil shale and

95:33 shell, but this was around So the oil means it's shale.

95:38 has something like oil. The other . When you say shale oil,

95:42 means you're actually getting oil out of ground for shale gas. You're actually

95:47 gas out of the ground when you it oil shale. It means you're

95:51 something like oil, but it's It's untapped oil because it's in a form

95:56 carriage in. It's like a great rock. And, of course,

96:01 , where most of these are Our custom deposits lake deposits, ancient lake

96:07 and some of the biggest in the are, uh, four oil shale

96:14 to be in the U. And it's rarely economic because you have

96:19 kind of retort it. Excuse You have to kind of cook

96:22 Uh, thio actually turn it into that could be later refined is very

96:29 oil. It's very lipid rich, , and they do some places they

96:35 strip mining, and they retort it to but different from first bitch mons

96:42 with other chemicals. This isn't you to cook this more. This is

96:47 cooking and less chemicals on the other tar sands. And then,

96:54 there's other things that they use with wells with different combinations were actually with

97:02 , which seems really strange But here some of the biggest basins in the

97:07 for oil shale. In the Green formation, you went to basin.

97:15 um as ah sort of basin wide is very similar to one in the

97:21 River and also the Washakie Basin. there's a couple of smaller bases over

97:27 and the P on space, and always call it the Beyonce Creek Basin

97:31 it's named after Feelings Creek. Everybody leaves the freak out, and I

97:36 into a salt mine here, it wasn't actually a salt mine.

97:42 was a trona mine. It was baking soda. And, uh,

97:47 of having salt deposits like you would in a marine system. And these

97:53 marine systems that air sodium the calcium enrich instead of instead of sodium fluoride

98:01 , uh, with excuse me. air sodium bicarbonate enriched instead of,

98:08 , sodium chloride and calcium enriched marine . And so the sodium bicarbonate allows

98:18 phosphorus to say in the Water unlike the marine system, which pulls

98:22 out in the form of appetite, there's about 800 ft thick bed,

98:29 foot thick bed at the bottom of of the Washington Basin. It's full

98:34 trona, which is sodium bicarbonate, we all know is baking soda.

98:41 here's some This is one of the point outcrops in the U into

98:51 where you have these carbonates interrelated uh, organic rich shales,

98:59 rich and lipid rich Karajan's that can ts CS over 20%. Uh,

99:09 isn't the exact bed that doesn't, the most productive one is about 26

99:14 28%. TSC carriage enrich. Excuse , lipid rich carriages. Here's what

99:22 been doing recently. There's been but got to spend a lot of

99:26 for it. So it may be while before we get to this soil

99:29 gonna have to get really rare, they would. They put in heater

99:34 and they actually have refrigerator walls and kind of keep the heat in.

99:45 insulate the heat and, in other , keeps all the heat into this

99:49 if they put it all the way . And there's two things you know

99:54 the cold zone keeps the heat from out, but it also stiffens up

100:00 Karajan's uh which reduces the transmissibility. think of the heat and and therefore

100:10 of focuses the heat in this one where you're trying Thio heat it up

100:14 get it to move, get the to move so that you can retort

100:19 , and that's it. And if is still here on, that was

100:34 last class as well as co owners . So I got to say thank

100:39 for not just this course, but every course. It was a really

100:43 program. Thank you. Okay, , we we enjoyed having you.

100:48 was Joe, right? E did your exercises. Thank you. I

100:54 it. I just started this new this week. So it's been a

100:57 of this, uh, trying to what? Coal mine, methane,

101:02 , and carbon credits stepped into a I do not know anything about.

101:05 it's been fun. Congratulations on the and finishing up classes. Thank

101:12 Thank you. I will say this about, uh um, so,

101:16 know, working. You know where was working as a geologist for an

101:18 company. Now work as a It's titles operations manager for this,

101:23 C C S u R C, , U S carbon credit, carbon

101:26 , storage and utilization company. But in the last couple days there's

101:32 like three or four projects they put on that They're pretty easy and

101:38 just straight because of my skill set all based on just being a

101:44 So you do a lot of subsurface , right? A lot of subsurface

101:50 . A lot of instrumentation work. a lot of the applications of wool

101:54 technology hasn't made its way into other . Or especially essentially, You know

102:03 the company does is we have a of coal mines, and we've got

102:07 lot of wells on them and a of wells around vacuum. And so

102:10 different. There's a lot of um, analysis. But like today

102:15 had a two hour meeting where we're to figure out where where the mind

102:19 leaking from. So that's a lot mapping of the subsurface mapping of the

102:23 seams. And it's a little of sequence photography trying to figure out if

102:26 of the reservoirs compartmentalized and also looking the battles and the barriers.

102:32 and also doing declined care of Uh, one of things that you

102:38 . What you're realizing is that this isn't petroleum geology, its's sub

102:44 geology, and we're showing you how look at things in the subsurface as

102:49 to on the surface. And it's in all sorts of geoscience worlds.

102:57 in fact, Chevron interviewed one of graduates a few years ago and,

103:03 , she went in there and she the list, of course, is

103:06 you took and they were trying to her on going to work with,

103:11 know, usually smaller companies will pay better than larger companies, but larger

103:15 have have these other perks, and is training, and sometimes it might

103:20 too much training. But they you know, you need to come

103:24 work for us so you can get course in sequence photography. And she

103:27 , Well, I already had I had Johnny Bhattacharya. She

103:30 you had bought John Bhattacharya teach you this she goes, Yeah. Then

103:34 would bring up other subsurface courses. , I had Kurt Marfa do

103:39 I had Fred Hill from and do and they're like, you know,

103:42 guys jaw dropped open, she And he said, Well,

103:47 How many courses? And she pulled her resume, and so I put

103:49 in my resume and he looks like God. Nobody goes through a geology

103:54 and gets these kinds of courses. he said, When you go an

103:58 with the other people, would you show them this first? So they

104:01 that you already have had all these and, uh, it kind of

104:06 me feel good about the program because it's doing exactly what we wanted to

104:11 . It's making you good subsurface which means you get into carbon

104:17 You could even work in. You work in coal. You know,

104:20 there's ever gonna be anything with coal , you know, just about

104:23 Hydrology, everything that you're learning right would be useful. We're tracking down

104:30 that are gonna become very rare along East Coast in the very near

104:34 And I think, dude, I to don just being problem solvers,

104:41 biggest thing is they this This company a lot of problems and they don't

104:44 how to solve them. So they somebody like me who has the skill

104:47 that they're like, Hey, come . We don't know what to

104:49 but just come fix this for And, of course, when I

104:52 , this is all the data we , and you can figure out the

104:55 from the data set that they That's that's another. That's a huge

105:00 in your cap. If you could that, what background do your colleagues

105:04 ? Eso. I worked with one on one reservoir engineer and two mining

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