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00:00 Yeah, well, I'll take that a compliment. If it was

00:06 so it's gonna be it would be more just writing short answers and multiple

00:12 and fill in the blanks. That of stuff. Um, so my

00:18 rather than have everything due on you know, assignments and the final

00:23 , Maybe we just do the final . Then I'll give you Thursday to

00:26 up the assignments, just give you extra day, and then just send

00:30 to me Friday morning before your next starts. Or Friday. The

00:33 whatever. So, that way, way you're not, You know,

00:37 not so stressed out on Wednesday and to get everything done. I

00:40 most of you're doing great. Only . And, you know, I

00:42 , based on what you share with , you're all making progress.

00:46 you know, uh, you should only have the last two assignments left

00:49 finish rights. I think two of two or three of them thio

00:53 Remember? I think they were doing and then once you tomorrow.

00:58 So I mean on the idea of is just it's just a so just

01:04 so you don't have the stress of being do all the same time,

01:07 know? So there's a little bit , you know, Plus, you

01:10 get stuck down even having a great . I mean it, Z,

01:14 least I could look at it before go into the exam. And,

01:19 , you know, so you if suddenly stuff today all look at

01:22 Uh, I'll see if I could it greater before the exam. At

01:24 that way, you know what you're in with. But even if I

01:28 , you know, if I see got a serious problem, you

01:31 say, hey, you know, you should just review this,

01:35 um, a Sfar, as I tell everyone, is more or less

01:38 the hang of everything, right? mean, sometimes you're making mistakes,

01:42 just forgetting to fill out a key like I don't know, because you

01:46 know what I think. It's just you're maybe in a hurry or

01:48 you know, sometimes it Z it's to just miss something if you're

01:56 Anyway, that's kind of that's kind what I'm thinking. Yeah, I

02:02 , Uh uh. Missed a like, a couple of small,

02:07 questions that I can't believe. Like overlooked going back Good. How are

02:15 ? I'm good. It's kind of cool day today. It's sunny,

02:19 we've got a guy outside fixing my steps. The, uh, with

02:24 on the cement sort of got So he, uh, had to

02:27 when I was one Was $3500. other one was $500. So way

02:33 with the guy that was going to it for $500 E theme company with

02:40 job. They would It was clear was gonna rip rip the entire front

02:45 up, redo it from scratch, with all new stone. And I

02:48 like, You know, I just I just want a quick fix,

02:52 know, just replace the cement and of just get it looking a little

02:55 better, right? So, you , Sandy said, it's not that

02:59 I'm like, you know, if 500 bucks you know, it's probably

03:02 than I could have done So Yeah, So he's been he's been

03:07 there all day doing that. How we doing here? We've got 123456

03:13 was still expected waiting for Joseph. for what else is missing? Daniel

03:23 . Yeah. Yeah. Hey, always comes in the last minute

03:28 So he's usually couple minutes. Yeah, first. Yeah. So

03:41 was just telling Dylan everybody that I've got the final exam finished,

03:48 and kind of worked on that pretty today. Um, and it's gonna

03:55 a little bit different from previous like I've given in some ways,

04:00 then again, it's gonna be pretty . So yeah, a little bit

04:04 writing than than other exams, But I haven't put the study guide up

04:09 . Is that correct? Yeah. , uh, be sure to put

04:15 up before before tomorrow. So it's up by tomorrow. Just remind me

04:23 and then I'll put it up before , uh, before we before the

04:29 over, and we can do it you on that as well.

04:32 Clayton. Joining Daniel Fear. Assignment six and seven. When are

04:43 ? Do you, um you have sign in a minute. Sure.

04:57 we're just waiting for Joseph. We're waiting for him. Um, hopefully

05:09 will be here in a minute or . Yeah. Yeah, that's what

05:26 was saying. That, uh, that those final the final two assignments

05:33 students hand in with the exam. just give it all to the T

05:36 with the exam and then don puts in an envelope and mails into

05:41 We're not gonna do that this Andi, given the fact they're

05:46 So I think I just decided today the that the final assignments will be

05:51 by lunchtime on Friday. That way don't have to stress out totally if

05:57 not completely finished by exam day, then you'll have Thursday and Friday morning

06:02 kind of clean it up. But really don't want you to have anything

06:07 after your next class starts. I some of you, some of

06:11 This may be your last class, some of you this is not some

06:13 you have another class starting next And I don't want that in structure

06:17 be dealing with you guys still working my class. So everything's got to

06:22 done before that class starts. What's class? Which is the next

06:27 Structural. Yeah. Okay. that's with Stephen. Eric, Steve

06:37 a senior senior senior, uh, and research expert at Shell.

06:45 he's actually married to Regina Coppola, are environmental. Uh, chemist geochemist

06:54 University of Houston. Um, you the same name. So anyway,

07:00 detail for you there. And, , I don't know him really

07:04 but, you know, he's uh, very experienced. Uh,

07:10 , company person, I think the thing is, you know, he's

07:13 to give you a structural geology class the perspective of someone who spent his

07:18 life working for a major exploration So my guess is, he'll have

07:24 be, uh he'll have lots of stories, and he'll give you a

07:30 that's very relevant for how structural geology to the exploration business. So I

07:35 that will be e Think that will good for you guys? Okay,

07:41 , a little late. And, , that's that's the price you

07:47 However, Murray is gonna record the as usual. Okay, Um and

07:54 just gonna get started here. So , we're gonna do is,

08:01 give a bunch of lectures today, sort of feel we've had, you

08:06 , two pretty good workshops that sort outlined assignments. So I think I'll

08:13 any advice on and, you and we talked to every sign mint

08:18 the last two s. So what gonna do is I'm gonna mostly

08:23 Certainly for the first part of this , we do have quite a few

08:26 to get through on feudal systems. these may help with the correlations of

08:31 flu fuels photography on those assignments. I'd rather get through these lectures

08:36 Um and, uh, let me her. I've got 123 I've got

08:42 electors on flu. Feels photography. , we'll see if we can get

08:48 . Certainly two, maybe three of today with one more tomorrow on

08:54 uh, tomorrow I've got a lecture deep water, and then other than

08:59 , you know, I've sort of an optional lecture on Shales that I

09:02 might be good, given the fact you know, Shales is just so

09:07 . I don't usually examine on those optional lecturers, but they're I think

09:10 really helpful for you to have. know, I'm part of the part

09:13 this course is yes. We have all that stuff. But, you

09:16 , part of us to give you flavor for for you know how started

09:21 instead of metrology, part of your . And who taught you de positional

09:27 ? Does that build to pray? still teaches that? Yeah.

09:30 great bills. Not really. Mud guy. I don't know how much

09:34 talk about the environment of mud So that lecture, sort of a

09:39 of that I've got a lecture on photography. I do have an old

09:43 on carbonates, and I could, know, maybe not go through the

09:47 thing, but commented that so that's of just see how how today

09:50 and then we consider to be a more, you know, tomorrow,

09:54 , we'll have a couple more lectures then, uh, you know,

09:57 , weaken. Just spend some time the assignments. Okay. Um excuse

10:04 , Are the lectures Thio president tomorrow the blackboard? Everything. Everything is

10:11 let me put this. Everything is is up there, too. Deep

10:16 . There are some optional lectures on and time. I haven't got to

10:20 this up there. Um, so what I'll do is, uh I

10:26 put those up there. We'll I mean, I could maybe stick

10:30 during a break today on. Then can have a quick look at them

10:33 you have a vote. You say one you'd like to explain? I

10:36 maybe that's where you're going. Or could put him up, you

10:39 a break tomorrow and you could look lunch and then you could, you

10:43 , we could have. Anyway, see if I if I could get

10:46 today. I've been very focused on exam written because just wanna make sure

10:50 kind of know what I'm asking you that I know sort of walked a

10:53 for the last part of the Hey, Joseph, you have a

10:57 with your computer today because I see on your phone. You able to

11:00 okay? Yes, sir. Everything good. I'm gonna be I'm gonna

11:03 on my phone today, But everything great on mind. Good.

11:06 Perfect. All right. Can you see me Okay, Okay,

11:42 I've got my chat up. I see all of you. I've got

11:47 screen here. So every time I a little bit more, so I'm

11:50 quite so confused. Okay, so let's start. We're gonna talk

12:01 Louisville Systems for the afternoon, so so that the general topic of today's

12:07 the afternoon is feudal systems. Some these my slides, will be repeats

12:14 I will reiterate some of the slides I've shown before because we have talked

12:18 bit about river systems and how they in some of the early lectures.

12:24 go through that stuff much more quickly and more or less just, you

12:28 , showing a slide remind you of couple of key points. But there

12:32 a few really critical critical points that want to make to you. Here

12:36 just a nice photograph of the salt member of the Morrison Formation. Morrison

12:43 a late Jurassic flu viel unit. of the world, you know,

12:48 of the world's Anil Sawers and most the most of the sore pods stegosaurus

12:56 all contained within the Morrison formation. the US is is sort of a

13:03 class site for the preservation of Jurassic . Of course, you've all seen

13:09 Park and these the fossils from which of those beasties are derived. I've

13:17 worked at the Morrison. Let's not , had once gratitude that a massive

13:22 on it and enhanced for Utah. there's a there's a big sore Paul

13:28 just, you know, a few away from, uh, from our

13:32 area. Anyway, what you can in the photograph is thes cliff,

13:35 channel belts on their inter bedded with floodplain mud stones with crevasse plays

13:45 So here's a diagram from, that the late the early eighties and

13:52 Friend was a professor off dermatology at University in England, and he put

14:00 this sort of general diagram that showed for flu viel strategic graffiti and back

14:08 you know I was studying sediment ology the late seventies and early eighties,

14:13 know, and you may have learned , whether it was in Bills class

14:18 if you've ever done a course on of systems prior to your University of

14:23 experience, I'm sure you've all heard heard of braided and meandering streams.

14:29 the general idea back in the sort seventies is that meandering streams are a

14:35 of sluggish are adjacent to muddy flood , and they produce strata graphic successions

14:43 have, ah, high ratio of mud versus channel belts. In

14:49 the sort of general theory suggests that streams represents streams that are always in

14:54 process of switching around. They tend , preserve very little mud on DSO

15:00 produce sand or gravel dominated. strata graphic successions. Okay,

15:07 uh, this is kind of old at a date view Now I can

15:14 you and I've been saying this for of my career. I think it's

15:18 probably true that, you know, you work for a company with a

15:23 who's in his sixties, fifties or , which is I just turned 60

15:30 year unless they've had advanced training and faces models which they will not have

15:36 because that they may have been trained the in the in the eighties,

15:42 know, they're still going to be about graded versus meandering streams.

15:46 as the as the primary control on preservation of mud versus sand or gravel

15:53 alluvial successions. And so the idea that the strata graphic organization, and

15:58 the net to gross the net sand non reservoir mud is controlled by the

16:04 Form of the River. Now here's diagram by Charlie Bristowe and Jim Best

16:12 Jim Best is a Is a flu morphology professor. I've known him for

16:17 of my career. He went from University of Leeds in England, and

16:21 he's got undoubted professorship at the University Illinois in, uh, Illinois in

16:28 , Illinois. And, uh, published paper in this sort of early

16:34 . That sort of turned this this on its head. So I want

16:39 to think about this diagram quite It's a really important diagram, and

16:44 may very well it may very well on the exam on Wednesday. And

16:49 might be something that you want. , uh, Teoh be able to

16:54 in the in the in the exam Wednesday so that that's kind of

16:58 folks, that you'll probably be he about flu walk controls. Flu feels

17:04 . So what this shows is from to right. So on the x

17:09 , we've got the channel migration, ? And I'm using my pen

17:16 So, you know, if we a meandering river, right, you

17:20 it Zits migrating, left to Right. So sometimes it's gonna migrate

17:25 way, you know, And over it will build a belt of sand

17:30 records the position of the river as migrating or wandering across its or meandering

17:36 its flood plain. Okay. And the high the degree of migration,

17:42 wider the channel belt. Okay, , uh, in the deepwater

17:50 the latter of migration of a whether it's a deepwater channel or effluvia

17:55 , is referred to as a Okay on. So I don't know

18:04 you work with the deepwater guys. have their own specialized to jargon.

18:09 , but we talk about the the migration off the river. And then

18:14 what. So what it shows is a river on the left of this

18:19 only only migrates small amount, so produces a narrow channel belt on the

18:26 . The channel can migrate over a distance, so it produces a wider

18:30 built. So the channel belts on left or narrow the channel belts on

18:34 right a wide and that's what you in the diagram. Narrow channel belts

18:38 wide channel belts. That makes Then from the front to the back

18:46 the dia ground. Okay, so would be X. I guess that

18:50 be why, then the vertical would easy. So from from the front

18:54 the back, we have the avulsion . Okay, Now, avulsion a

19:01 is flowing over here. And then the vote says it flows over

19:06 and then it divorces again, and may flow here. Right? So

19:11 refers to the switches and the overall of the channel through time.

19:18 Now, in addition to the river positions, Okay, it's also got

19:25 migration rate, right? So a could be, could migrate a lot

19:31 . Why? Channel belts. And it could have all of us

19:36 lot, which means that it's basically Channel wide channel belt all over the

19:42 . So this upper diagram, we've a channel that that has wide channel

19:49 . Okay? Because it's doing this lot, but it's also switching

19:53 Okay, so it produces a lot wide channel bites. Now, the

19:59 thing we talk about is the vertical , and that's the aggregation rate.

20:03 no aggregation on the bottom. High on the top. Now, can

20:09 maybe type into the chat and tell what? What's going to control the

20:13 rate of a river? That that's , if you will, a sequence

20:20 graphic control. So what in Photography will control the aggregation rate of

20:25 river? Yeah. Okay. Theobald for the river to build up versus

20:33 in the same place. So some you saying flux of sediment and settled

20:41 . Okay, some of you were radiant and sea level. Anything

20:46 What else does the basin do? right. One of the two big

20:51 on sequence photography. The two main on sequence photography. Okay, so

21:00 got some students in their correct What's general word for all things that create

21:06 ? It's not subsidence. That's one them. Exactly. Right.

21:10 Okay, so a combination and sediment the big controls on sequence photography.

21:17 the ability for a river to build is primarily controlled by what accommodation or

21:24 on supply, which do you think more important and allowing the river to

21:29 to build up vertically, which is important. Accommodation or sediment supply.

21:38 , two of the events of Three of you anymore anymore.

21:44 go with the flow here. The accommodation group have the correct

21:51 Okay, Eso let me erase all junk here. So what? So

21:58 , you know the vertical. The thing on this diagram is primarily

22:04 Now, of course, this doesn't negative accommodation, which would cause

22:08 So it's got either lower zero accommodation high accommodation, right? So if

22:14 we go back to this diagram you know, we've got rivers that

22:18 wide channel belts on a switching their constantly. Okay, But you

22:25 if a river was in this position then switches over here and eventually comes

22:29 to its old position because the subsidence high or the combination is high,

22:35 has accumulated in between. The previous was the river was here, and

22:41 next time the river occupies that same . In contrast, in this lower

22:47 , the River. You know, river. Still still producing a wide

22:50 belt, and it's switching position all time, But there's no there's no

22:55 . So, as a consequence, know, when the river comes back

22:59 where it was before, the old belt is simply overland by the new

23:03 belt. So this results in extremely net to gross flu. Viel

23:09 Okay, uh, this is probably worst of all. Okay, channels

23:14 don't migrate very much, but of constantly in a floodplain that's constantly

23:19 Okay. So as a consequence, get, you know, a lot

23:23 channel belts that they're narrowing their isolated . So if these channels were filled

23:27 oil and gas, you know you a dozen wells to hit every channel

23:32 where is it? In a highly . But nevertheless, uh, you

23:36 , uh, but in highly amalgamated channel belts, you know, you've

23:41 a nice, fairly fairly Ah, connected reservoir. Three Only downside is

23:47 there's not much vertical accommodation. This be thinner. Okay, this is

23:52 . This will give you a thicker of your succession, but with a

23:56 more breaks. So a lot more barrier. So you've got Reservoir,

24:02 , CEO Reservoir CEO. However, reservoirs or wide because the channel belts

24:07 migrating, that's what are some modern that would characterize some of these different

24:15 . You know, there's no good to that, because if you look

24:19 a modern river, right, that tell you anything about this photography that's

24:23 preserved, right? But, you , but any river that's in a

24:28 in a area of high subsidence, a Foreign Basin or Rift Basin,

24:33 know, could be sort of mawr that category. But it really depends

24:38 the rate of subsidence versus the overall of migration and avulsion. Right?

24:44 the reality is, you know, haven't talked about much about this much

24:49 the class, you know, which not a good thing, you

24:54 ultimately, you know, if you want to start making predictions about that

24:59 , you do say Okay, so the emulsion frequency? Well,

25:02 Adults about every few 100 to 1000 . That's about the frequency that modern

25:08 adults, right. Uh, channels over periods of time of a few

25:14 years to tens of years and, know, basin subside at rates

25:20 you know, you know, the foreland basins or forties might go down

25:26 e don't know, maybe of a meters per 1000 years, right?

25:32 you can generate a few meters of . You know, a meeting of

25:36 in 1000 years would be quite a right, so you might need 3000

25:40 to generate 3 m of accommodation. so if you've got a 10 m

25:45 river, you know, it's still gonna be able to do much more

25:48 lift up a few leaders over the the range of time that it's shifting

25:53 . Right? So that's kind of way. I sort of think about

25:57 question. Uh, eso it's hard me to give you a modern and

26:01 , but as we'll see when we into this lecture, I'll show you

26:04 of ancient analog. Okay? So let me ask you another

26:11 OK, so these diagrams show every type of net to gross from totally

26:19 to toast. Toasty, isolated toe channel. Best to just, you

26:25 , the channels don't adults. It simply stack up vertically. That's pretty

26:30 . Uh, Thio, you sort of an isolated cluster channel

26:36 So all varieties of channel clustering or are depicted here, right? And

26:41 got a lotion, frequency, subsidence and channel migration rate. What words

26:48 missing on this slide? That air used to describe alluvial systems What two

26:58 are missing on this slide that are used to describe flu Tiel systems.

27:05 you're not sure, you could just them right off this diagram here.

27:11 right. So JD's got it, . So what's interesting is the words

27:16 you were taught. The fundamental controls everything you need to know about Riggers

27:21 terms of their net to gross is missing from the slide. There's no

27:25 of braiding Army Andrew. So then you go like, OK, so

27:32 controls the width of a channel Maybe that's controlled by whether it's spread

27:37 meandering. Guess what? That's what are working on. Or is it

27:42 ? Frequency and de braided rivers evolves frequently than neon rivers, or vice

27:48 . That's what the flu Deol communities on is is the degree of avulsion

27:54 a river controlled by set up That's what people are working on right

27:59 . So a lot of the big and flew you'll sentiment ology. I'm

28:03 , Well, you know, maybe braided rivers, maybe Meandering

28:08 You know, if you think of meandering river, the water is always

28:12 left and right, so, you , you might attribute that Well,

28:15 meandering rivers and more likely toe pulse a braided river. So intuitively,

28:21 , you know the emotion frequency is in meandering rivers. But, you

28:27 , that's a perfectly good hypothesis, know. And that might have implications

28:32 what kind of an alluvial succession a river would would produce if it has

28:37 tendency to evolves more frequently. But short answer is, you know,

28:42 in the process of trying to re rivers based on this sort of complete

28:48 framework of thinking. So a lot the old ideas. That doesn't mean

28:53 isn't worthwhile trying to figure out whether river is being reacting or braided.

28:59 , and it may be necessary to something about the organization of the

29:06 but as they say in science, not sufficient to fully understand or characterized

29:10 system. I don't think Okay, that's kind of a key slide that

29:16 z useful. If you're trying to about legal system, we're gonna come

29:20 to this and show you some scenarios in the I think a bit later

29:27 this lecture now, we started this with talk about base level.

29:34 you know, we've talked about nick and choke points. I think quite

29:38 you've been tested on them s Obviously, you know, the behavior

29:44 a river is fundamentally controlled by the in the surface over which it

29:48 Okay, on. We talked about fact that if you drop sea level

29:52 expose a knick point in other a surface that experiences a transition from

29:57 flatter to a steeper float slope the will likely begin to a road at

30:04 rollover point. And so everything down the to the to the new sea

30:11 will be a candidate for erosion. , now, because in plan

30:17 you know the river is is a feature. You know, the erosion

30:22 typically confined toe appoint as opposed to entire area on bond. You

30:29 I've been thinking about introducing a new , the Nick Line, which describes

30:33 line where the propensity for erosion But the erosion typically occurs at points

30:39 the line. Okay, And then talked about the idea that that that

30:44 points or choke line represents the That marks the change from the steeper

30:49 flatter slope, where deposition is likely begin initiating as a sediment that flows

30:55 this steeper slopes slows and then begins deposit as, say, a submarine

31:00 . We talked about that concept quite , and then John Holbrooke was sort

31:07 very interesting. Well, what controls the upper and lower, uh,

31:14 within which you are likely to preserve deposits on? He pointed out that

31:20 any given time, the equilibrium profile the river is flowing down may degrade

31:28 it has too much clean water, sentiment and therefore erodes to consume more

31:34 . Or if it's completely choked with and it gets delivered more settlement and

31:39 hold it anymore, it will depend that sentiment and begin to a great

31:44 on of course, the you based on the could drop,

31:48 And so he said, Well, this sort of this buffer region,

31:52 controls the upper limit to which the kind of grade on the lower limit

31:56 which the river country road on. course, those depend on on the

32:01 that control the behavior of rivers, as the amount of sediment, the

32:05 carrying Thea uplift or subsidence rate, then the overall transport capacity of the

32:11 , which is controlled by its water and sediment discharge. When it's

32:17 high water discharge with very little cement than it has a high transport

32:22 if it's got not much water and much sentiment than it simply can't transport

32:28 . Sentiment on then, in addition the things that control John referred to

32:35 the buffers with which control the upper lower limit that a river can

32:40 And, of course, that can instantaneously with just small changes in the

32:45 of water in the river which which changes over monsoonal or seasonal cycles,

32:51 even just as a result of a event. You know, if there's

32:54 weather event the river has got a of water, then it zits.

32:58 goes up, and it may increase capacity to erode. Whereas if there's

33:03 much water, you know the the river can't really do much of

33:06 , so it's neither eroding nor grading carry much a new addition. The

33:12 towards the river is grated, which be sea level, could move seaward

33:17 it could move up. Or it move down as a result of relative

33:21 level changes. And, of we've been spending the entire class talking

33:25 how accommodation controls started. Graffiti. , on we talk some about how

33:32 the flu viel the area where flu sediments could be deposited, which is

33:38 with this. Green Weds changes as base as as as as the shoreline

33:43 seaward, which basically the river systems seaward. If base level rises,

33:49 the river can degrade out of base drops. Then the river degrades.

33:53 sort of seen all of those Okay, I believe I showed you

33:58 slide as well, and this sort shows a river at low stand.

34:03 the red represents the level to which river is scouring. Okay, And

34:08 there is the low stand de positional , and that's basically the top of

34:13 river. So that would be the upward, uh, normally, normally

34:18 finding up river deposit, and then just shows that there's a high.

34:21 a rise of sea level. The is great, it to a new

34:25 . And you get a new coastal being deposited. And then you get

34:30 Hiestand River that in some places, away, the old low stand river

34:35 in some places preserves it. And that's the the new coastal prism.

34:40 then you may get river deposits that Aaron sizing even even at a high

34:46 . Okay, so far in this , we've been very focused on the

34:56 . Okay, what happens if that seaward? Landward, uh, and

35:02 the past e don't know, is getting on 10 years, you

35:07 , maybe because I'm a Delta I've sort of got it. Got

35:11 in this in this concept of of the off the back water and the

35:17 line. Okay, so in a , and this is kind of

35:21 your sentiment ology, you know, a prey would have probably should have

35:25 these things. So in the Marine , you know you have a

35:32 and then depending on the title range the system, you know, salt

35:36 Well, move inland during during the tide and will move offshore during the

35:42 tide. And so the maximum landward of salt water is referred to as

35:48 Bay Line. Okay, Now the is flowing downhill, okay? And

35:55 of the Bay Line eso. And some point, the river comes out

35:59 its valley. And then it begins adults and eventually turns into a distributive

36:06 forming distributor channels. Right. So , the point at which a river

36:11 from the trunk revert to distributor We typically use that to mark what

36:15 call the Delta plane. Okay. the Delta plane is broken into an

36:21 delta plane, which is entirely freshwater , and then a lower delta

36:26 which shows a mixture of marine uh, and channel channel or alluvial

36:35 . If you have a river that into a lake that has no

36:39 then there's no bay lines, but no division of upper and lower adult

36:43 plane. Okay, uh, now point here, the avulsion point of

36:48 river is not uncommonly control about what's the backwater. Okay, I'm going

36:55 come back to that in just a bit. Explained that point.

36:59 But one of the questions is, we sort of know how the shoreline

37:03 ? A sea level falls and Or is it still standard high

37:06 But the Bay Line on the backwater migrate. Okay, The baseline is

37:12 a lot of interest because any sentiments what the Bay Line may contain marine

37:17 that conclude title features such as tidal drapes and any time you have.

37:24 know, say, a distributor it's got tied influence. That tied

37:29 can create a lot of little mud drapes, creating a more hetero elliptic

37:35 for sediments deposited. Secret of the . So commonly reservoir equality is different

37:42 sediments deposited in the time influence part ah, a Delta plane versus the

37:47 title part which we more flu field . So the idea is that is

37:51 the actual stacking the faces and reservoir may differ as a function of the

37:57 of the Bay Line. A swell a za shoreline. Of course,

38:01 think I think you all have a idea of how the shoreline changes control

38:06 , perhaps a little bit less so the Bay Line. So that's That's

38:10 surface that migrates is a function of photography that we might be interested in

38:15 about. So here's an example of Bay Line from a modern Delta.

38:21 is the Po Delta in Italy, what you could see is,

38:26 this is the Trunk Channel. So the Po River, okay, and

38:31 there's a distributor channel coming off It ends up down here, and

38:36 is the River Plume from that distributor . Then there's another channel coming up

38:40 downstream. There is that distribute your . It's blue. Then there's another

38:45 that that that splits off here. produces a couple plumes because there's two

38:51 distribute Terry's, and then we have three distributors at the end that produced

38:55 plumes. And then there's another distributor a plume here on that to

38:59 It splits off here and ends up that point, you notice the front

39:04 the Stelter is all wave dominated lagoons and space Eso It's certainly got

39:09 lot of wave influence, but the sticks significantly out into the Adriatic Sea

39:15 bond, eh? So we would this sort of a mixed way flew

39:18 influence Delta. You can also see dark colors that represent the wetland environments

39:25 the lagoon's. That would be certainly . So the green line separates marine

39:30 faces, uh, seaward from completely . Israel faces Lambert. Okay,

39:38 , of course, uh, times in and out here. This is

39:42 a strong that the Mediterranean. So Adriatic stories. He's not area strong

39:47 , but nevertheless, the tidal effects actually affect the river language of the

39:53 direct ingress of marine water. So rivers flowing downhill, it may feel

39:59 title effects, even if it If the salt water, if the

40:03 wedge doesn't intrude way up the Okay, so so tidal effects could

40:09 felt by the river landward of the bay mine. Okay. And so

40:13 is what we call a title They haven't shown on this diagram

40:19 Okay, on tidal effects can propagate tens to hundreds of hundreds of

40:27 Okay, so the, uh the Bay Line. Okay, the

40:35 Let me give you a on equation . Okay. The bay line

40:45 The Bay Line limit equals the title TR divided by a slope.

40:55 so we have a slope of of to the minus five, which is

41:01 Mississippi, and you have 1.5 m . That means tidal effects. That

41:08 the actual tides can push water 30 inland. That makes sense.

41:15 So the land would limit of brackish would probably be about 30 kilometers,

41:21 . Okay, so that's that's a that the title Dalein Okay, here

41:28 a much larger system larger system that is the Indus Delta in the the

41:34 Ocean. And again, here we this nice, meandering river, and

41:39 could see very distinct change in the the in the in the level of

41:44 . And that reflects the transition from fresh water plants to brackish mangroves on

41:51 . That cat that characterized the lower us and you could see that there's

41:55 these tidal creeks and tidal inlet. a lot of water is coming in

41:59 the to this delta plane from tides those channels wide at the downstream down

42:06 and with the marine end. And course, is that tidal water is

42:10 over the over the lower delta You get smaller and smaller title channels

42:16 you get towards the maximum limit of ingress, which marks the Bay

42:21 Okay. And then you could see mangroves with a dark green and then

42:25 water plants indicated by the light green , This set this separates when I

42:30 the lower Delta plane from leading opera play. Now, the back quarter

42:39 again. Another, um uh, parameter. And it's defined by the

42:48 . Depth. Okay, divided by slope. Okay, so the Mississippi's

42:54 m deep that flows over slope of 05 Remember zeros there. Okay.

43:08 that gives a backward limit of 800 . Okay, on the way to

43:13 of this is that if you're a flowing downhill Okay, on there's the

43:25 . Okay. Now, at some on that, this is sea

43:30 Okay? if you project see that a back at that point there.

43:37 base of the river is now above level. See? What of

43:41 The base, The river Losi Eventually, you know, the river

43:45 gonna lift off. And there's the the thing that we call the salt

43:50 . Okay, so when the river in flood, the river will tend

43:54 lift up when it's flow. When a little drop down. Okay,

44:00 the backward limit marks the point at sea level intersects the base of the

44:06 . Okay, now I've drawn this in this diagram with slope about 20

44:11 . That's ridiculously vertical. Exaggerated. what I'm telling you is that in

44:15 Mississippi, that backwater limit is about m. Okay. In the Ryan

44:22 , which is in, uh, and the Netherlands, the rivers about

44:27 m deep, the backwater is an of magnitude lower. So 0.25 And

44:35 gives you backwater limit of the I've 12 m. Think that's right.

44:43 , so so here we have a of rivers. Right. So some

44:50 these you'll have heard off some of . You won't. The dandy was

44:53 the Black Sea. The autumn Yoko's , Uh uh, Venezuela,

45:01 Mississippi, Thea Amazon. And so Mississippi Amazon, their continent mental systems

45:08 extremely no Grady int. And they backwater links that are that are on

45:13 about 1000 kilometers. Okay, The Moussa's I said is about what we

45:18 in 10 2030. So maybe about m. So I'm off a little

45:23 there. Okay, um eso That's of these. And all sorts of

45:31 change in the backwater. Okay, the Mississippi is flowing downhill. Once

45:36 gets to its backwater, you know . It begins to start experiencing,

45:43 you will buffer changes every time. a little change in the sea.

45:48 know, Big Storm can lift to up that will interfere with the

45:51 Ability to move. If there's if title process, the river will lift

45:55 . Of course, if the river to lift up, it will start

45:59 sentiment. So in the Mississippi a lot of sand is deposited along

46:05 the river ever gets to the Okay. And God called Jeff knitter

46:10 who is a a e think he's an assistant professor at Rice University.

46:16 may be a system on the social now, which did his PhD.

46:20 looking at sand resources in Mississippi as function of backwater effects and concluded that

46:27 lot of the sand in the Mississippi don't about 800 kilometers to fire from

46:32 land with shoreline, and that creates sorts of problems. If you need

46:36 sand to replenish the land that's sinking a consequence of of land laws,

46:44 is a diagram that sort of puts altogether. So here is my top

46:49 the river. There is the base the river. Okay, there's sea

46:53 , and so we project that The point that that intersects the base

46:57 the river is the backwater. That be the lab would limit the tides

47:01 affect the river, and that will the land. Land would limit that

47:05 can actually enter onto the Delta Okay, and then I've shown them

47:10 in plan view. There's the lagoons bays that define the land would limit

47:14 the Bay Line. The title back will be somewhere in here. And

47:20 that's the backwater. The two The point which you get nodal avulsion

47:28 the transition from a single thread river a to several active distributor channels.

47:36 then the backwater length is foundational controlled by the Channel slope and the

47:43 of the river. So the Amazon , Mississippi have large backwaters in the

47:47 of hundreds of thousands of kilometers, river like the Colorado in in Texas

47:53 the eel in California, which is steep, graded Revere River, have

47:58 that range from a few kilometers up maybe a few tens of kilometers.

48:04 right, so one of the important of the back quarter and this is

48:09 of shown this diagram here. So the base of the Mississippi River and

48:15 that's the top of the water at flood stage. So when the river

48:19 between about 5000 to 10,002 m per water discharge and during the periodic floods

48:26 the Mississippi would experience, such as the spring break up, when the

48:30 in the Rockies is melting and providing of water to the Mississippi, it

48:35 go to a flood stage and may its its discharged by, you

48:40 ah, factor about four or five goes from, say, 5000,

48:45 up to 40,000. So maybe even factor of 10. What that does

48:49 lifts the top of the water up creates all sorts of interesting features.

48:54 one of the things that that that and others noticed is that when you

49:01 of get into the upper backwater, , the the migration rate of the

49:07 is at its maximum. Remember, talked about the fact that that that

49:12 a river is is doing its one of the controls on the width

49:18 the channel belt, is the degree migration. What my bloom discovered and

49:23 is that the upper upper back water river, feels no effects of sea

49:29 , and so it's free to migrate and forth and creates white channel

49:34 But when it gets into lower back , okay, the river is always

49:38 lifted, lifted up and drop down of little changes in sea level

49:43 that tends to cause the river to graded degrade, as opposed to migrate

49:49 So you get less lateral migration in lower back water on. As a

49:54 , the width of the channel belts their thickness plummets dramatically as you get

49:59 the lower back water. Right? what this shows is that the migration

50:03 of the river has nothing to do whether it's meandering. These rivers are

50:08 bantering. It has. It has to do with the accommodation the controlled

50:13 the backwater limit. Who the heck have thought of that? Remember I

50:18 you, this is the problem that community has been working on in the

50:22 10 years, and we're making some breakthroughs. Okay, so what do

50:27 wanna if you if you're dealing with fluid reservoir? What you want to

50:31 is are we within the backwater or way in the lower back water or

50:36 backwater? Because that's what's going to the rate at which the river

50:42 If it's in the upper backwater, will control whether voters or not.

50:46 all of a sudden I hate to back here, but maybe it's

50:51 You know what's walk controls the thing this diagram or backwater effects,

50:58 And so now we've got an idea what controls avulsion at what we

51:02 Migration on it relates to backwater effects that doesn't really have much to do

51:07 whether the river is braided in the right. It has to do with

51:13 interaction of the river and and sea , and the sequence particulars have all

51:19 that we think see other, is . But it's not just rise and

51:23 of Seela, right? The the net to gross will be Floreal

51:28 , so the Bay Line is controlled the slope of the title range.

51:33 , of course, over longer time , the Bay Line will migrate language

51:37 rise of sea level and seaward during or fall of seal. The backwater

51:43 is controlled by slope and discharge, it's independent of times the land would

51:50 of title effects may be controlled by back of our length, and that

51:54 knowledge of back bar and Balin limits predict the position of title faces

52:00 perhaps more importantly, can predict. know, the net to gross of

52:04 flu, the reservoir, which is that we're always trying to predict.

52:11 now, the other thing that has big control on river systems is the

52:16 . Okay? And you know, you go in the field and you

52:22 slope with your Brunton compass, you , you could measure dips of,

52:26 know, 5, 10 15 maybe one degree. But how do

52:31 measure a slope that z uh, of degree. Okay. I'm

52:38 I'm getting a message from, right is Maria. Maria. Can

52:46 let a mere back in? I he got accidentally tossed out of the

52:52 the talk. He sent me an . Uh, she good.

52:58 great. Okay, so I just email. So anyway, so,

53:03 know, we can use a Brunton when slopes were too low. So

53:07 do you do it with an ancient ? Okay, so there's ways you

53:10 do it with strata. Graphic Okay. And you may be able

53:13 do it with Paley. Hydraulic information , Of course, sea level

53:18 substance or uplift can change thes backwater bailing limits. And so one

53:23 Well, how does slope change throughout sequence? We've already talked about

53:27 You know, nick points and choke are controlled by slope. And if

53:31 it's a slope changes throughout deposition of sequence it that can also control where

53:38 and deposition occurred. So we're gonna talking about the fair and quite a

53:43 in some of the examples I So here we've got, uh,

53:47 know, a cross section flattened on lower datum. And you remember that

53:52 spent quite a bit of time talking day Tums in, uh, in

53:58 previous lectures we've had. And the is, you know, can we

54:02 something? Can we use the observations this cross section to estimate something about

54:07 limits? Bay Line limits on slope . So, of course, you

54:13 , we looked at the accommodation successes this, and we can see indications

54:18 we've got aggregation degradation and so so forth. But we can also

54:24 a measurement. So here, for , we have sequence boundary,

54:27 and that's that red surface. And course, we could measure the slope

54:31 that service. That's that of the of that surface. And it marks

54:35 drop of about 25 m over about kilometers that gives a slope of two

54:40 10 to minus three. Okay, could measure the drop in the elevation

54:48 the base of the incised valley, ? So the rivers cut a valley

54:53 that values dropping across the cross section whether or not it all formed at

54:59 time. You know that represents the level to which the river degraded.

55:04 if in effect, it's it's the the long term average, lower buffer

55:08 of that river on that shows a m drop over 20 kilometers and gives

55:13 similar low stand slope of about 10 the minus three. Okay, and

55:19 we noticed that, you know, we could look at that. So

55:22 two valleys here. There's a lower in Upper Valley on the lower Valley

55:26 us loaf of just about the There's about a 12 m drop and

55:30 elevation of the lowest level to which river degrades, which is the long

55:34 average flu. Your profile off that floor integrated over the duration of the

55:42 , and that gives a drop of m over 13 kilometers again a slope

55:47 10 by minus three. So, , it looks. It looks like

55:50 Geum or Fix Slope, based on , uh, elevation drop of the

55:56 sequence boundaries on the elevation drop of basic valleys gives a slope of about

56:02 about 10 to the minus three. , now, in contrast, we

56:07 look at the slope of the on high stand a wedge, which which

56:13 at the high stand slope. And a little bit lower. That's 0.7

56:19 that's seven times 10 to the minus , which is just a little bit

56:24 little bit a flatter than the sequence . Okay, so that gives us

56:32 idea of the of the changes in . Okay, so we get slopes

56:36 of range from about, uh, know, 0.4 to maybe 0.14 for

56:43 top of the for the transgressive Okay. And in terms of river

56:52 , rivers in general rain for about to the minus three, which would

56:56 a fairly steep river to, 10. The modest five, which

57:00 be two orders of managing flatter for Mississippi. And so the Farron slopes

57:05 relatively speak. And guess what? Mississippi carries very fine sand.

57:13 Farron rivers carry gravel all the way coast. So the great of sand

57:18 by the river Farron rivers demonstrate that higher slopes systems and the and the

57:24 that the firm rivers are 5 m vs Mississippi 10 m deep. So

57:29 order of magnitude shallow rivers that carry coarser grain systems grab grains because the

57:37 orders of magnitudes steep. Okay, I'm being very clear. Okay?

57:44 I'm giving you is order of quantities that are critical to understand the

57:49 dynamics and the sequence of geography of deposition systems. So you don't have

57:55 be to know different calculus or quantitative . Thio quantify seeking photography. But

58:03 is useful to know how big is reverend? How deep is it?

58:06 know what's it slope? You to an order of magnitude. You

58:10 , if you can figure out something a factor of 10 that's not bad

58:15 in sentiment ology guys. So we go ahead and start making some calculations

58:23 these back water and Balin limits in ancient example. Okay, now,

58:29 interesting is here. We have and then here we have what's

58:34 Now we have a lagoon Bayfield Okay, so we know that that

58:39 the landward limit of Bayfield faces. ? And there is a three kilometer

58:45 there. So it looks like you know, from the shoreline to

58:50 landward limit of brackish faces is maybe five or six kilometers to say,

58:56 , the bay line limit can't be than about 10 kilometers because because that's

59:00 width of that of that horrific, influence faces. Okay, so if

59:07 say well, that the meant that tidal range eso the the Bay Line

59:19 equals the title range of the Okay, Now, we don't know

59:24 the tidal ranges so we can solve equation for tides, Okay? And

59:29 gonna be eat. That's gonna Uh, the, uh it's gonna

59:36 the bay line limit Times slope. . We said that the total line

59:43 is less than than 10 kilometers. if if we multiply, uh,

59:52 by the 0.3 slope that we calculate , get atoll a range of about

59:58 m. Okay, that's probably a bit high. We think that the

60:03 is micro title which be less than m. Okay, but we're within

60:09 factor too. So that's maybe not . We can also calculate the backwater

60:16 that the depth of the fair in is. Is there no more than

60:19 5 m? Okay, we calculated of about point of about 10 to

60:24 three okay and that gives us a limit on the scale of less than

60:29 few kilometers as compared to the backwater is almost 1000 kilometers. So the

60:35 and backward limit is two orders of lower than the Mississippi. It's not

60:41 kilometers, it's not 200 kilometers. not 1000 kilometers. It's more like

60:46 few kilometers OK on the course that implications for the great of materials and

60:52 so if you look at the end the of the rivers of the incised

60:56 before they go to distribution channels. see quite coarse grained sandstone,

61:01 medium and coarse sandstone in the distribution before they get to the actual coast

61:06 deposits, and that's compatible with a short backwater limit, Okay. And

61:15 the Farron backwater correlate is, you , and so another thing that that

61:20 always going to be asked about If ever worked for oil company and do

61:24 analysis of the deposition of systems, going to be asked about modern

61:29 And I got on this to this this game of getting more quantitative,

61:35 , Scientology because, well, what a good analog for the fair?

61:39 , in fact, I wrote an paper about it. I don't think

61:42 actually stuff that on the on the for you, but I think that's

61:45 thing I could make. Maybe stick on. I concluded that the Farron

61:49 had been compared by some oil companies the Mississippi was that that was the

61:54 wrong wrong, uh, analog. it was two orders of manager lower

62:00 smaller than Mississippi. And I just the Mississippi is the wrong Avalon to

62:05 anything in the family Onda and that has been quoted quite a lot because

62:12 really gave people a new idea of , of how to be more quantitative

62:17 their in their modern monologues. So me make some conclusions, and then

62:23 going to take a quick break. , and then we'll come back and

62:28 the second half of this lecture So strong is found. We know that

62:34 spent almost all the time up to point talking about shoreline changes. But

62:41 of the newer research is is that Bay Line backwater are also key and

62:47 a variety of off really critical faces , whether it's where the title influence

62:54 are and how full of your systems behave in Stack Onda, also where

63:01 may find coarse grained reservoir faces. example where the gravel sand transition in

63:06 rivers or the sand clay transition in rivers, may be controlled by by

63:14 by these parameters, as opposed to shoreline on demand, the backwater in

63:20 Line, it can also be controlled sea level changes both short term,

63:25 will be tides, medium term, could be storms and then long

63:28 which is which is Malacca, which sea level changes. And it could

63:33 why many classic wedges lack graphic which is something I've always wondered about

63:37 my career. Okay, and of , slope changes, which can also

63:41 controlled by longest, say, longer sequence strata. Graphic changes may also

63:47 whether coarse or fine sediments of being a reaching the shelf edge. And

63:52 may have implications for what gets fed deep water. On I would I

63:57 suggest that Key Slope estimates or slope can be made by analyzing the sentiments

64:04 . In fact, there's a new by this Hey Jack, and and

64:08 of her students that talk about how measure slope using grain size on channel

64:15 estimates from alluvial system that that was paper I didn't put up on the

64:18 . That may be getting a bit into into modern Flavio sentiment ology,

64:25 these things are critical if you want make predictions about where, where particular

64:30 quality faces might be in an ancient system. Okay, we're gonna take

64:36 stop there that will give me Maria Toe to save the first half of

64:43 lecture. Uh, I see that about three after three my time,

64:49 is about three minutes after three. time. That's the three D.

64:54 the three D printed version. So friend works at Dinosaur. He's with

64:58 Illinois University. Or you went there his, Um, he's went there

65:01 for his undergraduate education, and then my blogging friend of mine. I

65:05 him in the field, and so goes back every year. They invited

65:08 back, and now I mean, he just kind of goes and helps

65:13 . You know, he's kind of big muscle guy and just helps everybody

65:15 . But anyway, so the cloth you is, um that's just the

65:20 itself. There's a carrot in chief goes over top of that. And

65:23 found that they found two other vertebrates year for two other Alice source

65:27 uh, or ones announced or Another one something. Anyway, I

65:31 invited this year and next light next , but I didn't get to go

65:34 year cause of covitz. So hopefully year I'll get to find my

65:37 So that sounds cool. Yeah. do you find it? Whereabouts in

65:43 a Utah. Yes, sir. in Utah. He, um it's

65:48 , man. I'm beating myself up not remember the name of the Cory

65:52 , um Lloyd. Yeah, it sleeping lawyer. It is Cleveland.

65:58 , they're Ugo the, uh, of world. Our stories come from

66:03 one site. Yeah, they And because it's controlled by Indian

66:10 it's very hard for them to get . Like they only do like to

66:14 with the two weeks worth the fieldwork year. And then the rest of

66:17 year, they all they can't access the corridors so they only have very

66:22 windows of access to the to the itself for excavation purposes. E thought

66:29 Oremus. I've visit parents that's usually year around. Maybe in the winter

66:33 . But that's what I got in middle of San Rafael. Swell.

66:37 don't There's any So it must be quarry because that Z e don't think

66:43 on First Nations about I could be . Maybe Maybe I'm mad that I

66:48 remember the name. But anyways, decided since that Teoh, that was

66:51 cool. Yeah, Okay, we back to it without further ado.

67:00 however, I guess before I started , any questions about let me just

67:03 things organized here, give me a out. There we go.

67:09 Get my participants books so I can you guys. Okay. I'm sort

67:17 half organized here. Yeah, I know what? I'll just I'll have

67:22 all figured out by the time the is over. That the way it

67:28 . Okay, Now I can see chats, and I could see

67:30 so no, I feel good. . Yeah. So way back,

67:44 back. Okay. Back in 1992 think it waas three days of sequence

67:53 . And we had this big conference bad for Alberta. It's fantastic.

67:58 , banned from Calgary. We had think two or three days and Bath

68:03 . You know, I think there myself. It was It was I

68:07 there. Pete Veil was there. Van Wagoner, Henry Post material.

68:11 Roger Walker. Trevor Elliott. Tim Cross. You know Mike

68:19 That was first time I met my . We shared a room together.

68:22 both early early stages of our Matte jersey was their man. Anybody

68:28 was anybody in sequel Street was at conference. And, uh, keep

68:34 was Why? Didn't know. I vaguely. The supervisor, Pete McKay

68:38 Peter done a postdoc it. McMaster Keith had just finished his PhD with

68:44 Mackay, looking at Floreal Systems and Parrots Plateau, and we were all

68:49 to sequence photography. And and following meeting, Keith and P were asked

68:56 write sort of a synthesis of the of the art of Peruvian sequence

69:01 following the publications of the Exxon group the very late eighties and early nineties

69:08 resulted in the textbook that life assigned the class. Uh, Andi,

69:14 was key sort of general model for . You'll sequence photography. So in

69:20 Middle East got a base level curve you consider Take that with whatever grain

69:28 want. Anyway, um, so got low sea level on the right

69:33 the left. So you're here. clearly the following stage kind of low

69:37 to rising stage that a period of rapid based level rise into the High

69:43 and then ultimately going into the next stab of base level. And so

69:48 the left right, he shows a shoreline stacking that you might expect as

69:53 consequence of these sea level, increments. So here we have the

69:57 forced aggression recording the period of seal well familiar with that. Then we

70:03 a transition from a programming to degrade perhaps back stepping, marking the low

70:08 going into the transgressive systems tracked in retro traditional set of Paris sequences and

70:14 transgressive systems tracked on then aggregation of or a P as we go into

70:20 next to the next high staff. . So again, you know,

70:27 a lordy uh, p a. you be low stand, are

70:38 And then a p for the next Systems tracks right on the on the

70:45 the left hand side, he sort shows what he thinks the rivers

70:48 So German falling stage, we have of the river. Okay,

70:56 uh, way back, you put little terrorist deposit, so he implied

71:01 the rivers fell and maybe a little of river river terrorist deposit could be

71:05 be preserved during the falling state. falling stage terrorists and then the the

71:11 at the bottom of the valley of end of the period of fall.

71:15 he points out that, uh, during Valley Valley incision and terrorist formation

71:22 dominated by low, sinuous city high Int Rivers. Okay, so that's

71:28 of a fancy term for a braided . Okay, By the mid

71:38 people were getting a bit nervous about Very simplistic braided, too meandering terminology

71:44 people would talk about most of the Street versus high high school ST

71:49 Oh, uh, then he point that that the valley filling essentially courage

71:55 the low standard transgression. So the cuts and then once the cutting period

72:00 falling stages over, then the river to fill its own valley. So

72:05 get amalgamated Flu Viel channel would fall to channel belts, okay, and

72:10 a part of that during the period rapid rise. That's where we may

72:14 Titley influenced fluid deposits. So that's Thea, the Bay Line entirely influenced

72:21 , starts to be important. And , once the valleys filled the river

72:26 available, Thio the river was so long as the valleys in the

72:33 You know, it doesn't matter how it migrates. Revolts is. It

72:37 get out of out of the valleys . But as soon as the valley

72:41 filled, then the river could be here, right? It doesn't have

72:46 be even close the valley anymore. of course, what the What?

72:49 idea here is that is that the for for for the area that the

72:54 belts can occupy once the valleys filled Theo entire basin on. As a

73:02 , the river just isn't there a of the time. So you get

73:04 mud prone or mud dominated, strata graphic succession. This dark ground

73:10 of says that you know, highly Channel belts are likely to being incised

73:15 on isolated channel belts likely be outside valleys, although he didn't say it

73:22 . Thing assumption is that, you , because of sea level fall grades

73:26 that tends to favor and steep grading . Grady, it's do tend thio

73:32 favor rated steep grades. In high , a man is favored by flat

73:37 radiance and lower discharge. Let me points out that the high standards characterized

73:42 isolated Hyson Yuasa, the flu, channels okay, which is sort of

73:48 fancy way of saying meandering. you know, I don't have major

74:00 with diagram was groundbreaking when it came , but it doesn't imply that you

74:04 that low stand systems tracks are dominated by braided rivers and Hiestand systems.

74:10 dominated by meandering rivers and transgressive Tractor dominated by tidal influence.

74:16 Okay, Yeah. No. Andrew . Not to be out Done.

74:22 is probably one of the better known , alluvial sediment, All just in

74:27 world. Came along and said, , uh um, wait a

74:35 Why don't we just take a Keith is stick to two together. So

74:40 he's got Louisville stacking directly linked to shoreline to a degree, right.

74:45 doesn't show the probation phase, but he shows valley incision with holly Amalgamated

74:50 channels. They get less amalgamated during late load stand into the transgressive systems

74:56 . The maximum flooding surface is commonly by, uh, by high levels

75:02 wetness on the floodplain onda propensity for . Um, and Thea. And

75:12 when you go to high sound systems , you go from low amalgamated to

75:16 Amalgamated Channel. Fills with a corresponding alone, uh, to aggregation

75:24 uh, or aggregation to probe additional succession. So are and then 80

75:31 . And he doesn't actually show the that might be fed by this even

75:35 out that, you know, at the maximum transgression made and start to

75:39 some, uh, limestone or fossil marking the condensed sections over lane by

75:45 down lap surface. Okay, And then John Van Wagner again not

75:59 be out done. So now we sort of three different different sort of

76:03 of alluvial styles and seeking photography because was sort of a well long

76:07 So, you know, he likes show the sort of the, you

76:09 , the simulated gamma ray response and vertical measured section or core through flu

76:15 systems. And he points out that here we are in the and the

76:20 stance systems tracked. We have highly channels. There we go into the

76:26 stand transgressive systems tracked when we have Coles and and mud prone flu viel

76:32 . Here he calls is the upper stand systems tracks in the lower low

76:37 systems tracks anyway. And then there's sequence boundary here, and there were

76:42 another low stances Subtract that consists of channel belt positive. Okay. And

76:49 he's quite specific. You know, the the low stands are characterized by

76:55 streams. There is braided streams. . And then the upper low

77:03 high standard transgressive systems tracks ah, by single story sand stones.

77:10 that that that are dominated by point . Like, what's the point?

77:17 is associated with what kind of a system Anybody wanna type that in for

77:28 ? Me. And you're exactly So although he doesn't say meandering,

77:32 know, isolated single story, a of creating channel belts, you

77:37 built by point bars. Okay, Ximena River. Okay. And he

77:43 out that during the ultimate high you know, maximum flooding surface,

77:46 get calls and levying over bank. I guess I guess the rivers air

77:50 back step to beat the band. ? Um, so again, once

77:54 , here, you shouldn't have this that that low stands air characterized by

77:59 streams and high stands and transgressive transgressive tracks by meandering streams. Okay.

78:07 amalgamated versus isolated low net to Uh, Fluminense photography. Mhm

78:15 right. Marry it again. Not be out done. Their emphasis was

78:19 looking at the Paleo Sauls is. , wait a minute. It's great

78:22 look at the channel. About About floodplains. What? OFI analyzed

78:25 floodplains in more detail. What have learned from looking at those s

78:31 They said so way haven't talked a about paleo stalls. And I've got

78:37 of that coming up in, in later lectures. So hang

78:42 We'll cover it all before the day over, So Okay, here we

78:46 . You know, the base of low stand systems tracked What surfaces?

78:52 well surface lies at the base of low stance systems tracked. How about

78:58 ? Type that in there. SB good. Yeah. Okay,

79:05 Of course, That's the That's the of valley incision on the inter

79:09 We get a pair your soul. . What this shows is that so

79:15 just use a vertical line to depict paleo soul on the longer the line

79:18 mature, The Paley solid. So shows the paley saw getting a little

79:22 more mature away from the valley Okay, we've got deli and,

79:27 course, which removes apparently Saul and areas where panty songs and positive.

79:32 . And then it shows that as go into the beginning of the transgressive

79:37 tracked, you start to get Paley assault. Okay, that's hydromorphone

79:42 . Right? So that would equal . Okay. And the transfer and

79:49 low stand systems tracked is overland by surface? You'll need to have this

79:57 for the for the exam. What caps the low stand systems tracked.

80:04 wants to weigh in on that It's Christmas. A transgressive surface or

80:12 maximum progressive surface. Their symptoms. , okay. And then he points

80:18 that then they point out that that the transgression, you get thes hydromorphone

80:24 again. The fact that these were means that they're more wet,

80:29 And you go from amalgamated Toe, channel belts. Okay. And

80:34 as you start to get from the , uh, this is a bit

80:38 , and then they sort of show if you go into the transgressive systems

80:42 that someone's get less and less mature all this disappeared completely. Uh,

80:47 you get to the Hiestand systems Now, that's the maximum flooding

80:52 You know, my Andrew output coals . So he would put the most

80:55 penny souls up there so he would from right. Married a little

81:00 And then during the turnaround, you back to fairly souls to get more

81:03 to go upward. So increasing maturity solved going from that within the high

81:09 systems tracked. So that's sort uh, that sort of just indicates

81:14 the soils might vary throughout a flow your sequence. So the idea

81:18 Well, you don't have to just at the channel about you could look

81:20 the songs as well. Now, Hey, Jack and her. Uh

81:28 . Paul was kind of nice And when he was a professor at

81:30 University of Wyoming and man who died , he was He died about my

81:34 , 60 something. He was in field of student, had a heart

81:38 and just dropped in the middle of field in the student had to drive

81:41 out. It was just crazy. , that was maybe 34 years

81:45 Um, Anyway, Ben Sheets was grad student of Crispy Olas was a

81:51 talk with Paul Heller. Nice Anyway, uh, journalists, both

81:56 list teaches that at the at Penn University was doing very well there and

82:02 . So they should have revisited this of what controls the architecture of channels

82:07 versus floodplain in alluvial systems. So the middle of it is the sort

82:12 that the sequence strata graphic model, in size valleys, you get channel

82:17 . Because of the confinement of the in the valleys, those incised valley

82:21 correlate with mature, purely assaults on inter fluids. On the high

82:25 sentiments will be low net to gross high standard transgressive. Uh, but

82:31 also pointed out that you could just an overall change in a combination of

82:35 base of Maybe it's lower substance and subsidence on the lower substance regime will

82:40 calculated by more amalgamation amalgamation. So that that if you remember our block

82:47 Sorry, our box with Fallujah You know we had aggregation or substance

82:54 the horizontal axis. There's to be subsidence going to parade of high subsidence

82:58 wide, which would give you a in the ratio of channel belts to

83:04 plain on. Then they came up another idea. Which, which is

83:08 you know, when rivers are right? Sometimes they'll sort of

83:13 They'll they'll kind of do what's called avulsion in the same place. So

83:18 rivers is there, that it's that it's there. So the river

83:23 kind of always a pulsing in a region, and that's referred to as

83:29 local versus a regional avulsion on that result in in avulsion clusters. So

83:36 sort of a third model for controls amalgamation. Of course, it could

83:42 some that looks like an incised but it's not. Remember I said

83:46 people working on to explain that to avulsion processes? Here it is,

83:51 . So this is the consequence of research that's been done in the last

83:56 years, long since after I began sequence photography to try to bring some

84:03 to the questions of what controls net gross patterns and the overall strata graphic

84:09 in normal influential systems. So, order to test this idea of emotion

84:14 , they used a couple of data . One was from the fairest

84:19 which is, uh, believe it's a scene palley a scene in

84:25 And here's a photograph of the outcrop from an airplane. And then this

84:30 the black just marks the channel You could see this. You

84:34 there's very clear evidence of clustering in . Okay, cluster there. There's

84:39 cluster there on. Then there's some that seemed to be channeled belt

84:43 right. There's another another cluster But it's clear that these words incised

84:47 and said, Well, it's just just just just random avulsion. Or

84:51 this Is there some sort of, , non randomness to the way these

84:56 are divorcing so that they tend to toe to sort of attract each other

85:02 a strange attractor in chaos theory? you're familiar with chaos theory on,

85:07 other example they used was the flume . This is the Jurassic tank

85:13 uh, done. That's Natalie Falls in Minnesota with the lab that Chris

85:19 and before that, Gary Parker used run, and again, you can

85:24 that there is clusters of channels, then there's places where there is relatively

85:30 about free. Okay, then they some statistics. I'm no statistician

85:37 um, you know, just a attention to the to the first set

85:41 boxes in the middle, and then boxes on the right. So on

85:45 lower diagram e, we have a We have extremely high clusters of

85:52 of data with areas in between that clearly repellent. Okay. And so

85:58 we find is that so what we is the variety of sort of geo

86:03 . You look at the narrative, start off by looking at correlations very

86:09 together, and then you look at a little further, apart, further

86:13 , and then even further apart. what? It shows that that when

86:16 correlating over very short distances, you have a very strong positive correlation

86:22 that Reflects the fact that that if have a channel is likely to be

86:26 channel right next to you. But at longer distances, if you have

86:30 channel, you go a bit Distance is a very, very high

86:34 that there won't be a channel next you. So that represents the correlation

86:37 the white spaces. Okay, and then even longer distances, you

86:42 back toe. If There's a uh, here. You know,

86:47 you go about that distance that you'll another cluster of data and so you'll

86:52 another possibility of finding points. So correlation goes positive again. Now,

86:58 in the greatest considered to be Anything outside of the grace non

87:02 So what? So here's an example points and the gray represents.

87:09 uh, the random distribution points on black represents the measurement off the likelihood

87:17 encountering a channel at a given spacing from any given channel. What the

87:23 is is this space and channels here completely around. However, in this

87:27 , you see these clusters. The are those random or non random

87:32 The answer is that is that there a strong positive correlation that's non random

87:38 distances of about 10% of the length the area that's being investigated.

87:44 does that make sense? Yeah. what they did is here is thief

87:49 experiment. And here's the fairest Okay. What they showed is fairest

87:55 . A distances of more than about m shows that the these clusters are

88:04 not random because random would be within gray, so they so they show

88:08 there are emotion clusters that occur at intervals of about 103 100 m more

88:15 200 to 300 m. They showed data for the flume experiments on about

88:21 millimeters. That gives you an idea how big that flew experiment is.

88:26 know that they look pretty around It's it's hard to see any clear

88:31 . Likewise, here you can see clusters, so the human I can't

88:35 random can't tell whether these these data around him or not. And so

88:40 math allows you to decide that. I'm kind of a visual person,

88:47 most geologists are. So let's look the Farron, Davis said. We're

88:50 go into this in more detail in next lecture. We're coming up on

88:55 end, this one just a minute two. And what you can see

89:01 , um, it's beautiful Incised okay, And the incised valley is

89:07 completely filled with channel belts. so that's a tick that fits well

89:14 all the models that I've shown Then you go into transgressive systems tracked

89:21 the coals. So that fits well wet floodplains, the coals of Andrew

89:26 , you know, and the mud deposits of Charlene McCabe on. Then

89:32 get up to here. And, , it sure looks to me like

89:36 is some emotion clusters. Okay, tried to do that. The k

89:41 on this data on then you've got where there's no channel. So it

89:46 to me like this very evident thes air clearly not related to deposition

89:50 gonna value. So it looks you know, it looks like that

89:54 way Interpret those according to the fairly sequence materials to sequence boundaries in

90:00 Andi, the low stance systems tractors confined on that goes into transgressive systems

90:06 the blue actually represents a little indications marine title faces and marine burrows with

90:15 maximum flood indicated by the title faces , then to turn around into a

90:20 clustered, more channel rich faces, not as channel riches to confine

90:25 So we were pretty excited that you that that the Farron data set looks

90:30 it matched pretty well with the secret . Graphic models assed proposed by all

90:37 folks I've told you before, so looks like it worked. Worked pretty

90:40 , okay, there's used to blow . That sort of emphasizes that the

90:44 between an emotion cluster which is still less amalgamated than the than the valley

90:54 . So I don't know the last last couple slides. Ah, lot

90:57 non marine sequence Photography has been done Foreland basins for better for worse,

91:02 because the rocks of the Cretaceous Foreland are just so well exposed, easily

91:09 and studied by many in places like , where I also have done a

91:13 of work. And so here's a section of ah Foreland Basin.

91:19 Going from the thrust sheets to the bulge which is a narrative net

91:25 and Henry Postman Tear. And in late George Allen pointed out that adjacent

91:29 the thrust sheets, you get the of maximum subsidence. Okay, The

91:35 decays as you move away from the sheets. Now that's different from a

91:40 margin where subsidence is greatest seaward and gets less and less until you

91:47 to the hinge. Okay, where will be effectively very low. And

91:54 point out that that if you have , um, if you have,

92:04 , fall or if you have rises falls of sea level Okay,

92:10 so here's time 123456 and seven. , so there's the maximum period of

92:15 and so on, so forth. point out that that in zone

92:22 if there is an absolute fall of level, you'll get a relative

92:27 But they point out in zone A the substances so extreme, even if

92:31 levels falling, you'll still have increased accommodation. What that means is that

92:37 is that the Staten Effluvia systems here be quite different than what you see

92:41 Zone B, where a relative where fall of sea level will be expressed

92:47 a relative fall see them because the is too low to overwhelm the the

92:55 drop of you static sea level. is his own A. The substance

92:59 so high that even though sea levels status levels dropping the basement floors dropping

93:05 than sea level. Hence the concept relative see them and finally point out

93:11 that that and then and then they this back to examples In the book

93:16 , they said, Well, in A. What's gonna happen is a

93:19 is going to be always increasing, it will be increasing rapidly, then

93:25 the slow down, but still be and then speed up again. So

93:29 you might expect is a transition from channel bouts to cluster channel bouts back

93:35 separating channel belts. In contrast, Zone A because relative sea level eyes

93:42 falling, you get a forced And assuming this, Nick Points may

93:46 the generation of incised valley on a one sequence founder anyway. So that

93:53 Henry and Georgia's sort of, interpretation of incised valleys versus clustered alluvial

94:01 in the foreign basement posits that that be blunt, everybody else had been

94:09 on, and neither Henry nor George ever worked on the book Cliffs.

94:13 only project Henry didn't book Cliffs was me that was on the Panther tongue

94:18 when we were all all of our together and it was his audio took

94:23 work on it, but that was only time that I ever knew of

94:27 doing any work out in the book , but obviously been there many,

94:30 times. Okay, Okay, s we're gonna We're gonna stop there.

94:35 know. We're only at 27 Nevertheless, that's the end of the

94:39 Electric. A few Flavio. So here again. I can't believe that

94:46 recorded anyway. Okay. Yeah. . That's a quick way to give

95:21 lecture backwards. There we go. . So, thes thes lectures Always

95:31 kind of bigger and bigger every time give them. So this is kinda

95:34 three lectures, all stuff together in medal lecture. Eso we'll see.

95:40 , we'll definitely take some breaks. not gonna go through the whole thing

95:43 one fell swoop. So this is of a long story. I'm trying

95:49 make it short as I can Oh, I don't know. Around

95:56 , maybe the late nineties 1998 There was this new initiative from,

96:02 , the National Science Foundation called Source Sink, and it was put together

96:07 largely by truck. Nick, try who was an oceanographer at the University

96:13 of Washington. Uh, Gary, Parker and Chris Paola are involved there

96:19 flu guys. Bill Dietrich, who's junior fall just at California,

96:26 And, uh, and then some us who work on ancient sedimentary

96:29 And the idea was Toe was trying get get away from just started graffiti

96:34 secrets photography. They cannot, you , just think a little bit more

96:40 about how that the deposition of uh, the deposition of systems relate

96:47 to the hinterland Geology, tectonics and on, uh, a question of

96:54 always interested in making predictions. So just when I got on this when

97:00 was during work on the Farron you know, some colleagues,

97:05 on mobile energy had published a paper that the Farum was analogous in

97:12 The distributor channels in the Farum, 50 m deep. And I

97:17 that just makes no sense to me they can't possibly be that big at

97:21 PG was putting together a volume on fair and sound stone, and they

97:25 asked me if I'd be interested in a paper on sort of and

97:30 And, you know, I've done dork in the Pharaoh. I

97:32 sounds like a kind of a cool . And we were going crazy in

97:37 Bay field in Alaska, trying to out how big, damn big the

97:40 walls. Or how big the damn walls, you know, because it

97:43 critical to understand the width of the plains that controlled fluid flow for the

97:49 wells and infill drilling that we were to to maintain the recovery out of

97:55 super giant oilfields. And so I , you know, if this was

97:59 qualitative, it's a banana over What does that do with size of

98:03 river and the width of the channel like, I just, I realized

98:07 we had a really inadequate. We even have a good terminology to describe

98:12 deposits in a way that could give an actual idea if their scale.

98:17 at that time I was working with and they need to know what's and

98:20 . They needed the dimensions, of , in the core, you

98:23 you've always got the thickness. What don't know is the width right.

98:27 so the question is, Are there relationships? Comey Could. We looked

98:30 the thickness of the political channel making about its lateral dimensions, you

98:35 and part of that comes back to slide I showed you, whether it

98:39 , whether revolts is but the size river also, you know. But

98:43 you have a 50 m thick stack river deposits like, is it theoretically

98:48 for there to be river that big that basin at that time? And

98:52 that got me thinking, thinking about and logs on scale down logs on

98:58 led me to sort of this source think a group of researchers. And

99:04 , you know, 20 years it's It's a pretty entrenched concept.

99:10 part of the concept is put together this diagram from Mike Bloom and 20

99:16 A toward your 20 fist. That's tongue twister. I'll tell you,

99:22 and this was his power tools, for sentimentally systems. So on the

99:29 model, we have a vacuum so C number falls and you simply

99:34 the settlements out of the incised Dump it onto a fan. In

99:38 lower model, you have a conveyor where you've got settlement being derived from

99:44 in an upstream sink it's conveyed through system and delivered to the downstream

99:50 For fan on that delivery occurs regardless whether sea levels higher, low.

99:57 of course, the size the basement found is much bigger because the whole

100:01 to sync system is bigger. Onda course. One of my interest

100:07 like, Well, you know, we have information on on where the

100:11 channels are in a sedimentary basin, we can predict what the size and

100:17 of the down the downstream deltas and might be. Maybe, Maybe,

100:21 if you know how big the trunk is. We could actually guess how

100:24 the drainage basin waas the area that collecting the water. One of my

100:31 students, Cornell, Larry, you working on this on. We were

100:37 interested in scales of distribution channels, , uh, I'll give you the

100:42 of of our research in the third of this talk on. Once

100:49 the problem became, If you're in , how do you know if you're

100:52 the trunk valley, a tributary Valley channels or the flow of the part

100:58 the system on, uh, you , can you distinguish these kinds of

101:05 in the ancient rock record, how different the fill types different. We've

101:10 talked a little bit about how once get into the Delta and things,

101:14 bay Line and back water could have big control on the behavior of the

101:18 channels that fundamentally controls their net to right, stacking with sand vs

101:23 which is what you're trying to Thio to make it to make an

101:27 . The restaurant quality. Okay, is a dog comes from larger and

101:34 , and it just shows that this of horizontal and vertical resolution you might

101:38 with the different kinds of data that confronted with. So you're depending on

101:42 scale of outcrops. You know, typically have very good vertical resolution,

101:47 know, because that crop could be high and you can see millimeter grains

101:52 outcrop right on resolution can be upto of kilometers. If you have places

101:58 the Book Cliffs of Utah, where see hundreds of kilometers long continuous cliffs

102:04 expose all the geology course tend to you a very good vertical resolution,

102:10 on how much cores drilled But, know, you want to get about

102:14 centimeters of information in the width of core, right? Wine logs don't

102:18 give you any more information about but they, you know, they

102:22 . They can penetrate thousands of meters sediment. And, of course,

102:26 is a limitations on the fitness of that are, well, lock an

102:29 . Okay, on, then you into incised valleys. Okay,

102:34 you know, scours terrorists and channel belts, values thes air,

102:38 scales of things that make deposits and . And, yeah, you could

102:43 scours and outcrops. So what sort show is that? Almost all of

102:47 things can be seen outcrops if they're . Ah, conventional seismic data is

102:53 for imaging channel balance and valleys, isn't very good for the smaller scale

102:58 . Okay, so it just it makes makes it clear that not all

103:02 are able to distinguish all elements of strata graphic system. Uh, I

103:11 think I've shown you these diagrams to . If you were taking a a

103:14 on reservoir characterization of reservoir modeling, spend a lot of time on

103:18 Ah, lot of folks have compiled like this. There's lots of them

103:23 literature. This is just one of at the compile with versus thickness.

103:30 . And this includes the, most of these polygons come from Martin

103:37 data set and attitude by Mike But what it shows is the typical

103:43 . Wits of channel fills versus child versus paleo valleys. Okay. And

103:51 these thes thesis this paint in this area represents day. That was similar

103:56 that was collected by Martin nibbling in 2006 paper in the journal Senator Research

104:02 I was the associate editor on. I'm pretty familiar with that paper.

104:07 he showed is that you know It sort of makes sense.

104:12 You know, if you have a , Okay, then, uh,

104:19 cuts a hole, and it fills up. Okay, So the thickness

104:25 channel fills and channel belts, You know, And if the river

104:30 , it makes a wider channel But the thing is, the belt

104:34 fixed by the debt for the So what this shows is that channel

104:38 and channel fills have the same thickness because the belt simply records the migration

104:46 a channel. Okay. Valleys, , occupy different regime. They're both

104:53 and deeper. That's because when you a valley, it fills up with

104:59 channel stories, and it contains channel and several of them. So general

105:05 with the depth tends to be bigger channel belts and channel fields. So

105:11 is a way of saying, you know, if you have something

105:14 wide and relatively thin, it's probably belt. If it's if it's,

105:20 it's very narrow that it could be fill and of its very wide and

105:25 thick, then it's more likely to about, Um, Now, if

105:33 know something about the actual depth of channel, you can also use these

105:37 these diet data. I'll also say shallow channels produce narrow bat bodies and

105:43 channels, right, and likewise, channels produce smaller channel belts, and

105:49 channels produce bigger channel bills. So positive correlation on these diagrams says,

105:54 you know something about the depth of river you could put, you could

105:58 constraints on the on the maximum with likely, and this is critical for

106:04 interpretation. Right? So how would use that? Let's say that you're

106:08 a reservoir and you decide that the air about. Let's see here.

106:16 m deep. Okay, so that us out here. Okay? And

106:21 I can I'm gonna just take all all this racist. Leave us

106:25 Right? So So you have a that's a 5 m deep channel.

106:31 There we go. That's 5 Okay? And then you can

106:36 Well, general, you know the . The most likely width of a

106:46 that's 5 m deep is 10 20 30 m wide. Okay, Most

106:54 the maximum for that depth could be m wide. But that would be

107:01 . Okay for for, uh for belt. Okay, that's 5 m

107:09 theme. The the 5 m deep . The width could be up to

107:16 kilometer, or it could be a as 200 m, so 200 m

107:24 1000 m, so that would be width of the wits for 5 m

107:33 deep would be on that scale. let's say that you had a five

107:39 fix sandstone and you said, I it's a channel on you match it

107:43 you told me it was 10 kilometers . I would say, Well,

107:47 know, that would put it up and that's there's There's no data in

107:54 range. So I think that you're , right? Sorry. Not

108:00 I think you're wrong. And you're overestimating the the probability. Like you

108:12 you don't p 90 you don't p European 1000. You know, there's

108:17 a one in a million chance that 5 m deep channel could produce a

108:20 about 10,000. You just what right's data at mater or or ancient that

108:28 allow that interpretation to occur. So kind of these kind of compilations of

108:34 wits put constraints is toe how extensively should correlate a sand body.

108:40 So look at this diagram when you your exercises. Your last two

108:45 right? I've got a lateral scale that cross section on. You've got

108:49 vertical scale. So look at the of the defining upward units that you

108:53 a channel fills and say Okay, based on data Cherries slide that he

108:58 us. How wide could they Could they be a kilometer wide or

109:02 a few 100 m more likely or few tens of meters? Right.

109:06 that's the way you use these diagrams to put constraints or limits on reasonable

109:15 for sentiment bodies. Given something about deposition environment, I'm gonna take a

109:22 there because I want you to remember number two. Step one was get

109:28 big picture. Step two was was observed the deposition environment. And see

109:34 that puts constraints on how you should things that includes you know how lottery

109:42 would have given faces be if you a compilation like this and they're compilations

109:48 this for Shadow Marine sound volleys for water systems. Um, so there's

109:54 , you know, and I haven't time this plateau to show you all

109:58 X Y plots. There's lots of available literature, and you need to

110:02 aware of them. If you're in game of making predictions about how extensive

110:07 bodies are on, brother or you can correlate them in any given

110:12 . Set touches a Well, log set. Do you think you can

110:18 question real quick? Do you Do you think that s so We

110:23 this exact figure two. We We had an entire valley like play

110:28 , and we use that figure to based on, like, the G

110:33 . Do you think that's a proper of it as well as to kind

110:35 use that figure as a as We made the interpretation. We've drawn

110:38 the geo body, and we This is what we think. We

110:43 it's an inside valley fill, Do you think that's the right the

110:46 ? Right? Way to use it well, Or is it mainly used

110:48 just, uh, you know, sure you're within the reasonable limits for

110:55 , I mean, so the Giblin shows, Uh uh, coastal plain

111:02 in that region. Bedrock valleys were exploring for, you know, you're

111:06 not looking for oil and gas and . Um, uh, you

111:10 obviously it's a huge scatter, You know, But nevertheless, you

111:16 , if you got data here, wouldn't fit with any of the with

111:22 analog data sets right? So if interpretations showed a point here, a

111:27 manager saying, Well, that's not outside anybody's you know, uh,

111:32 know anybody's interpretation? Likewise, if had a, you know, value

111:36 was 10 m thick and you wanted have it to be, you

111:41 100 kilometers wide. Again, a manager say, Well, that's you

111:45 , And if you're on the you know, s So let's say

111:48 you plot there. Well, you're the edge of the data, so

111:50 possible. But, you know, it likely right? So again,

111:55 , you know, it s so how you should use that. Just

111:57 of just sort of say, you know where if it's in the

112:01 of the cluster, say yeah, know, there's lots of other examples

112:04 that, you know, it's certainly reasonable for you to say, and

112:07 Valley could have those dimensions. So , the answer to your question is

112:14 a big yes, right? And course, we also talked, talked

112:17 the fact that the backwater limits can big controls on channel belts, and

112:22 know kind of review that, Mike Bloom also also point out that

112:30 know, the nature of the connectivity river systems is really dependent on what

112:40 of climate regime urine globally. So a icehouse time, when you have

112:47 high frequency and high amplitude glaciation ins caused sea level rises and falls of

112:56 m, you know, during high levels you'll have a bunch of separate

113:01 systems, so separate source to sink . Okay, but lo stand,

113:08 have the opportunity to converge. And you get much bigger source to sing

113:13 So isolated, separated source to sing in high stand and at no

113:17 you get you get amalgamated source to systems where, as you point out

113:21 during greenhouse times, we have low sea level, you know,

113:26 that change is not very big, you'll only ever get isolated Sources sing

113:33 . It doesn't matter if your high low stand you only ever get

113:37 Small sources saying systems. Okay, let's start example, New Zealand is

113:44 small scale source to sync system. there is the the New Zealand

113:52 Okay, they hear the Canterbury planes you have a series of isolate rivers

113:58 that are feeding the coast. And in high stand conditions, right?

114:04 , at the, uh, Shell off here someone. But even if

114:08 never dropped, you know, it's unlikely that he was all that thes

114:14 meet you. And there's a big there, so it's likely that the

114:17 source to sink systems would persist even the sea level drop. In

114:23 here's the Ganges bomb approach. A larger scale system. Look how all

114:27 rivers are joining together, right to one mega or state system,

114:33 of course, produces from the largest systems in the world. Okay,

114:38 I went ahead and tried to do analysis in deep time by looking at

114:43 evolution of drainage in the North in America. And so here is the

114:49 to say, uh, painting drainage for the Triassic. And there is

114:54 transporation system. There's 1000 kilometer So there's a three or 4000 long

115:00 system. The Fed, the Prudhoe field, Alaska. That's a big

115:05 with 24 billion barrels along with Yeah, during the late Jurassic Continental

115:13 , system. What's the drainage Was the Appalachian Mountains with rivers flowing

115:18 from from the athlete from the Canadian , the emerging severe or genic mountain

115:26 during the closing of during the, , the impact of the Pacific Plate

115:32 North America on that created an enormously delta system that correlates the 60

115:43 74 trillion barrels oil, oil 74 trillion barrels of oil in the

115:50 sands. Right. That's a ridiculous . Okay, a supposed to 24

115:57 in the improved of a field. . This is one of the largest

116:00 accumulations in the world. On of . Uh, that persisted. Sorry

116:08 this is the actual, uh, late Jurassic. But that configuration persisted

116:12 the way to the Akkadian. that this is the McMurray's. That's

116:17 actual in the oil sands, mostly these mega valleys. Thes massive large

116:22 hosts the oil sounds of reserves are is that trillion books? That's proven

116:30 , I think 74 trillion barrels. some question about how much that is

116:34 , but I think that's about That's crazy. Yeah, And it's

116:38 . Yeah. Yeah. So would give me a sec here. Little

117:00 trouble. Okay, on, Here is the on. Of

117:14 Then we have this, uh, this quotation steal a okay. And

117:18 trans come from now just still high dry on the earliest sentimental funny opens

117:23 in the Caronia. Now we go into the That's sort of the heart

117:29 case, right? So now we've to an integrated single source to sing

117:34 on. Now we have just a of isolate source to sing systems feeding

117:39 series of separate disconnected Delta's during the quotations on all of these represent petroleum

117:47 . But they're much smaller, you . And one of the biggest oil

117:51 in in Alberta is the two billion cardio field. That's trivial compared to

117:58 74 trillion barrel of oil sex. think I got that. Anyway,

118:06 then that persists throughout the deposition of late Cretaceous. And then finally,

118:12 , the Pacific Ocean goes from steep flat slab subduction. Uh, this

118:17 begins to lift up Seaway drains and now we get a new set

118:23 drainage in which the drainage divide is shifted. Used to be where the

118:28 are now. It's just south of Canada U S border. And you've

118:32 this, uh, this draining system sort of Canada, uh, into

118:37 into Hudson's Bay. Okay, that's flooded now. But that was operative

118:42 the last glacial maximum, and then basically the modern Mississippi drainage that

118:47 you know, massive amazing petroleum reservoirs the Gulf of Mexico. Everything from

118:53 Frio Delta's to go from Mexico deep . And so you know, the

118:58 scale sources in considerations drive the predictions the size and scale of the petroleum

119:05 in this case, particularly the conventional deposited by the sediment eroded from these

119:12 drainage areas on these produced much much bigger ah, petroleum reservoirs.

119:19 at times when the great agency was . However, if you're looking at

119:29 , which is better, so here got a seaway with very little classic

119:34 multiple opportunity for organics, morals, so things like the Eagle Ford the

119:41 on the marry represent potential quotation source , right? Eso I'm not saying

119:49 these things small things, small source sink systems are good or bad,

119:55 they do invite the possibility of shallow sea way that goes anoxic times

120:01 give opportunities for source rock. of course, source rock is

120:08 Okay, so that's kind of part of this talk, okay? And

120:14 been going for about 25 minutes, I'm gonna give you a little introduction

120:19 Incised Valleys. I've already begun with With the first part of the With

120:26 Last Talk, I gave you some of introduction of fluids to trigger a

120:29 . So we're gonna look incised valleys just a little more detail. So

120:33 Here's the Grand Canyon, the granddaddy all canyons. There it is.

120:41 , it's about a mile deep. about 1615 100 m deep. There's

120:46 call of a river flowing at the of the Grand Canyon. So the

120:51 Canyon is indeed in size Valley, the river cuts down primarily because the

120:57 Plateau lifts up, and so the has no choice. Okay, so

121:02 than a knick point driven a river , this is driven by wholesale uplift

121:08 A because of tectonics off the Colorado . So a valley is an elongate

121:17 all feature or geum or FIC feature is significant. That is significantly deeper

121:23 the river that now occupies it. za consequence. The walls of the

121:30 do not routinely flood. So the River could flood, you know,

121:35 maybe maybe, uh, during a , maybe during a flood. You

121:52 , the water might get up to ? No, but the walls,

122:01 county up there, there's no way Colorado River water could rise 1600 m

122:08 any circumstances. Right? Okay. , when size valleys were sort of

122:17 interpreted by, you know, the of first batch of excellent models,

122:24 idea is that, you know, when, based on the falls,

122:27 during the fourth progression the rivers everywhere sized, forming a series of shelf

122:33 deltas, you may get nick Point that the shelf edge forming a submarine

122:38 that allows settlement Tiu certainly turn on floor fans and slope fans. So

122:44 are the reservoir targets, uh, we thought to represent the forced,

122:48 phase or early low stand of the the sequence. Photography of the sequence

122:54 marks right. And the idea is the entire Samaria. Land spake escape

122:59 degradation all an interesting there was never much, you know, although this

123:04 so is yellow, You know, idea that the rivers might might shift

123:09 and right leaving their departments behind is laterally. Migrate wasn't really well captured

123:15 this diagram. The idea that they flu viel terraces that were preserved during

123:21 falling stages. And I'm gonna criticized pretty, pretty, pretty aggressively a

123:28 bit later. So the idea is is that salable falls the entire,

123:34 , sir, burial system becomes degradation on therefore forms. A surface that

123:41 Chronos photographic significance doesn't mean with surface instantaneously. It just means that that

123:48 the erosion was occurring, there was deposition. So all you ever had

123:52 erosion. Okay, uh, of course, the formation of incised

123:57 , which is the main topic of this afternoon's lecture. Okay, and

124:03 you've got areas in between the river , eso there's a channel here and

124:07 there. And then, you an inter fluid area that would presumably

124:12 apparently sol or or a carbonate setting be a karst. Of course,

124:20 and again. You're probably getting sick tired of seeing this diagram, you

124:25 . But when I show a diagram five different lectures, it's probably because

124:29 think it's an important diagram. we've talked about the mechanisms by

124:34 uh, inside bound valleys initiate when got a seat in the fall that

124:41 the neckline that creates nick points that the areas of key erosion.

124:47 on. Of course. You the valley initiates Okay, Uh,

124:53 the time of initial fall, and and then it starts to widen and

124:59 bigger. Okay. And of the developing the valley is controlled by

125:05 . Obviously, obviously, the slope what controls the Knick point. In

125:09 case, we've got an area that in which the drainage basin or the

125:13 all thes irrational valley is growing with here, but not here. And

125:21 may record time. Or maybe this is easier to erode. And so

125:27 thing I point out is that time really critical factor in in size

125:31 The longer the duration of exposure, more time there is for erosion to

125:37 . Therefore, them or extensive the . So Seattle drops and rises very

125:43 , right? Just don't have time the river to do much erosion,

125:46 you get really tiny little balance. if if set up drops, it

125:51 low for a long time, and rod is much later. You've got

125:55 of time for the rivers to spend time eroding, eroding and doom or

126:00 . And remember, the river is narrow band of water, right that

126:05 time to migrate laterally, even if sea levels low and falling, the

126:11 still migrants laterally. The differences during degradation allowing migrating river will tend to

126:18 sentiment mawr, as opposed to during Stand, where it will leave a

126:23 belt on a floodplain deposits. There just some schematic cross sections that

126:30 you know, a river that's not . Then it begins to in size

126:34 whatever reason. So now we've got abandoned floodplain, okay, and then

126:40 . The fall continues. The river deeper, deeper, deeper. Of

126:45 , the old floodplain is exposed, what's interesting is fairly solves that

126:49 There will happen. We'll continue to eroded away because that becomes a local

126:55 point for any water flowing in that's on the floodplain. Okay, so

127:00 see erosion of the fairly solves form this area here. So the most

127:05 , apparently solves, won't be right to the Valley margin. They'll be

127:08 of at some mid into food Now, this diagram. No terrorist

127:13 that, you're showing right. So come back to the idea of terrorist

127:17 in just a bit. And this predicts poor Paley Salt development on the

127:22 margin in this region because that's an of continued degradation and erosion. And

127:28 , of course, we saw uh um the key Shannon Peten K

127:35 in which in which, during, the falling stage, you get largely

127:41 with a little bit of terrorist And in their view, most of

127:44 failed courage during the turnaround from low , toe to toe early rise that

127:50 the values to fill. But once , once the valleys formed, no

127:56 of that valley is shown during the stage. So this is still a

128:01 simple on static model for the formation size balance. So I was visiting

128:08 Paola at his lab in Minnesota and probably would have about 2000 number 3

128:19 . And I was looking at the , said, Wow, I

128:22 Your flu results show that these incised are eroding throughout the fall to rise

128:29 . And you've demonstrated that the erosion surface produced by your valleys of this

128:34 a way more complicated, the excellent . And you've also shown they're not

128:40 strata graphic that, actually, that means that the that the definition of

128:46 sequence boundary as an un conformity that separates older rocks below from younger rocks

128:53 is incorrect. These sequence boundaries away doctorates The next on realized, I

128:58 , you should publish that. That be a game changing paper. And

129:03 few years later they published. They the paper and so So what they

129:08 is so So what? This diagram gonna I'm gonna go through these steps

129:11 just a bit. So what this shows is there sea level, which

129:16 the dot here, Okay. And see, it's falling Mhm, that's

129:21 most and position, and then it to rise again and then eventually comes

129:27 to where it waas okay and what noticed with it. There's a lot

129:31 lateral migration versus you know, the rose by both lateral migration and down

129:38 . So the idea that the river into the side of the valley they

129:43 was important as the river is cutting down okay, they also point.

129:50 also notice that erosion could occur during the fall and rise of base

129:55 so valley gets cut and then a river rises. It continued to cut

130:02 , so you tend to get more of the valley during the rising stage

130:07 deepening the valley during the falling stage the final, the final erosion surface

130:15 refer to as a strata graphic valley never had a GEUM or FIC

130:21 which, if you flew over that in time, you'd never see this

130:25 hole. Right on that big hole the ground is what was predicted by

130:29 Shandy McCain model and by the Exxon , they said, that model is

130:36 . There's no such thing is a hole in the ground on that led

130:39 watch John Harbor. Can I call couple contrary. Okay, so now

130:43 gonna go through that those slides But rather than explain them all in

130:48 slide, I'll show them with a movie. And this movie was put

130:52 by a graduate student of mine. here we are at high stance.

130:55 just watch the red dot that tells where you're on the relative sea level

130:59 . So it's high sea level up , and it's low sea level of

131:03 bottom. Okay, So, rising level towards the top, and we'll

131:07 you the size of the area and straight up. Okay, that forms

131:13 subsequent valley, Phil. Okay, exist is eroded strata green would be

131:19 filled on day, and then the line represents the topography, the incised

131:28 , and the red represents the actual graphic erosion surface. So this is

131:33 you actually find in the ancient Graphic record. Okay, so step

131:38 , we got fall of sea level we see, uh, narrowing and

131:43 off the area that's eroded. Then get continued fall when we get continued

131:51 and deepening of the area. That's . Uh, then we get to

131:56 stand and now we see a little more deepening. But now we see

132:02 widening. So the river is able both cut deep and erode ladder and

132:08 a sea of arises. We began get filling of the of the of

132:13 lowest valley and continuing erosion of the margins. So it continues to

132:21 let me get more. So now get the second phase of Valley

132:24 and now the river is sort of sort of neutral level. And once

132:28 it continues to road the valley So there we get the inside value

132:35 the red erosion surface. But the has been deposit over a longer period

132:40 time on the width of the valley not represent the width of maximum,

132:45 out of sea level. It represents surface that's evolved over time Azaz as

132:51 river has cut down and dug okay. And so that led to

132:56 they call a strata Graphic valley. there it is, up there strata

133:01 valley on. That's different from the valley, which would be that feature

133:07 that would be the largest topographic valley was ever produced as opposed to strata

133:12 value, which is the red surface makes sense to everybody. Okay,

133:23 , this is the diagram that really to me. I was like,

133:25 , that's that's this Just a game , in my opinion. So this

133:30 a cross section, You're familiar with things now, And it shows,

133:35 , you know, an incised Okay? And it's got some deposits

133:40 top of it. And then there's of a bypass area. We talked

133:44 that last class a little bit, ? And then we've got the delta

133:49 that's being fed by that river. , so this black surface here sort

133:56 correlates with that dash surface there. Sandee Chan, one is feeding Delta

134:03 one. Okay, then we drop levels. Okay, because it was

134:10 now we're in a forced aggression. ? And so now we So that

134:15 , for various reasons, is Okay, we get new incision

134:21 and all this materialism rode away. there's so the river is now

134:27 See what in size? A different to wrote away all this high.

134:31 here too. Right away. This , aggressive delta that was deposited by

134:35 channel. Okay, with sequence. is now overridden. Delta one.

134:44 , so you've got a unit below sequence. Foundry one. Okay.

134:49 then you've got to get above the . Boundary ones. Now you've got

134:53 of the same age one and one the same age, but one over

134:57 the sequence boundary. In a more position on the delta, the Fed

135:03 below the sequence pandering, more distant . That doesn't make any sense.

135:07 sequence Pandurii should separate older rocks below younger rocks above. But this sequence

135:14 separates young rocks above with younger rocks . That makes no sense.

135:20 That's because this red surface is new it's not the same ages that red

135:26 , right? So that's a strata erosion surface, not a topographic erosion

135:31 . It's not krone strata graphically the age. Okay, so we put

135:39 in wheeler space. Okay, here's wheel. A diagram. Eso we

135:44 there's, you know, the strata irrational surface. Okay. And,

135:50 , you know, certainly it Zagat know, Delta one Delta two.

135:56 then there's a delta three here. ? And of course, in this

136:00 diagram that river felt Delta one. that was Delta a then one,

136:07 two is what I meant to So this channel is associate with that

136:12 . Okay, And it's above the boundary. Okay, this channel was

136:18 with Delta two, and that's above sequence boundary. But of course,

136:22 sequence boundary has Delta 21 and two it and channels one and two above

136:29 . And I can nowhere draw a on wheeler spice that separates the old

136:34 above or below from the young rocks . Now this surface in winter space

136:41 the floating rocks and marine rocks. that surface dips, which means it's

136:47 . Okay, in order for this to satisfy the definition of a sequence

136:53 , the well, the well, diagram would have to look like that

136:56 an empty vacuity, which would allow to draw a horizontal line that everywhere

137:03 all the rocks below and younger But that's not the Tom Strata.

137:08 relationships the time strata. Graphic relationships this sandstone below that line that will

137:14 required to be so. This air have to be sentiment free in order

137:19 satisfy the definition of sequence boundaries. , so in some ways, the

137:24 the definition I could I could give a modified definition of a sequence

137:29 A sequence. Boundaries is a surface which the vacuity, uh, cannot

137:35 occupied by sentiment. It's kind of complicated definition, but it actually is

137:40 more correct than the than the the way that many sequence Patties have

137:48 Just just liberty. Assuming that all flu you'll sediments above the erosion surfaces

137:54 much younger when some of the form the same time, the original surface

137:59 on represent old preserved terraces. so let me give you some,

138:06 , one example. So here's a equivocal example of beautiful incised valley.

138:13 , on there is the low stand that feeds. Then we go into

138:17 high stand transgression, and then the sequence boundary falling stage valleys. And

138:25 , don't see the deltas that these . Okay. And so here is

138:30 will of diagram that we put So there is the geology. There

138:36 the wheeler diagram. I appreciate This is a little bit scrunched

138:39 Okay? You may not be able quite see what's going on here.

138:42 I'm kind of blown it up for . And what I've done is plotted

138:46 the various channel belts in the and I mean, I can't draw

138:50 anywhere in this lacuna that separates. only place I could draw on is

138:56 , but that's on top of the stand. But there's no way that

138:59 could draw a horizontal line in the , which is the vacuity plus the

139:06 that separates all the floating above from Delta Marine below. Okay, so

139:12 we have two alternate wheeler scenarios for same data. Thea upper diagram represents

139:18 , a diagram that satisfies the definition sequence boundaries. Okay, here is

139:24 , uh, falling stage systems Right Then there's the low stand.

139:31 , uh, there's the envelope that contains all the valley Phil on this

139:37 . They don't like any of the be older that they were. They

139:41 the but the the the the beginning the formation of the irrational surfaces was

139:46 what is about that time. Even all this stuff has been eroded,

139:49 assumption is that couldn't possibly be any of that age In the lower

139:54 we take away that red line on . Relax the ages of the flu

139:59 channel belts such that you know these belts could feed these. Delta's

140:04 They feed those Delta's we don't But we allow the possibility that there

140:09 be old terrorist deposits within these Valery's za results of preservation of the terrorist

140:16 as the river migrated laterally during the unforced aggression and during the deposition during

140:23 creation off a topographic valley that ultimately a strata graphic valley that has different

140:32 Louisville terrorist deposits in a different So this represents the topographic hypothesis,

140:39 , sort of the strata graphic, hypothesis of a stronger payola. This

140:44 the more conventional secret strata graphic We don't have any 100% way of

140:49 which of these is right. so this is this is still a

140:53 bit up in the air. We done some work on using to try

140:57 , uh, to look at the of the various incised valleys and

141:02 and we see at least two completely zircon populations. She just in the

141:07 fields a far more complicated than anybody . Okay, Now a lot of

141:15 are working on this idea of strata valleys and thinking about the ways that

141:18 form Mike Bloom gotten business in this paper he wrote on incised valleys on

141:24 just points. So here's the you , here's the auction isotope See double

141:30 data for the last 120,000 years. we have a high stand. We've

141:35 to fall, rise, fall, , fall rise, bigger fall and

141:41 the rise back to modern octomom Right? So he says this there's

141:46 ways that these conform. So the diagram he sort of has that the

141:51 , uh, excellent type sequence which you know the strata Graphic Valley

141:58 a time of maximum fall on then then the valley fills up over geological

142:03 , such as this red surface is a scour surface within the valley

142:08 Three alternate view is that you get lesson size valley during an early stage

142:13 fall, with narrowing and deep in valley during the final stage of

142:18 such as you get erosion surfaces and that a different aid, so that

142:23 be a preserved, falling stage. . Okay, on. Of

142:27 this year here is considerably older than unit here. And so this surface

142:33 not one age. Okay, where sequence photography. They would love both

142:38 these surface together and make one sequence and call it synchronous and krone strata

142:44 . When clearly on this diagram, is not okay. And so eso

142:52 scenarios for valley fills formed during low high accommodation settings in which again you

142:59 these highly Diack Hroniss baseball valley filled and eso Mike Bloom sort of use

143:08 strong and Paola model to explain the evolution of valleys in the Gulf

143:14 We started Hiestand with the Orange That's where the river is that the

143:20 stand. Then we get so that's this seat of the curve. So

143:28 get, we get sort of a of slow fall and then final

143:32 rapid fall and then arise. So we have the period of slower

143:41 Eso slow fall here going like to fall and then that the river rises

143:47 begin and then widens as it continues rise and some insight. Yes.

143:51 show much erosion of the old terrorist politics. But way have the evolution

143:56 a rise to fall to rise to this valley filled. Yeah, there

144:02 . The Valley is not one big and then just rapidly feels later.

144:08 one of the criteria for recognizing valley back to some of the basics

144:12 look for evidence of truncation Hello and lap above the valley. And this

144:18 a fairly simple valley. We've got on lapping, fairly muddy filled.

144:25 , this is a diagram I got paying Postman Tear. Who? It

144:29 a pretty good photographer and he was as you would in two Calgary.

144:34 place for geologists. When you fly Calgary, you go over the bad

144:40 , which is where all the all Cretaceous diamonds was found in Alberta.

144:44 you see the Red River. which is incised into the the late

144:52 Horseshoe Canyon. Andrea and Kelly uh, rocks on either side.

144:58 get these beautiful side ranges, You got nick points along the

145:01 margins on. Then there's the main flowing on the floor of the Valley

145:06 for scale. There is a road you can take that road dropped on

145:09 valley and then you could drive down valley And the terror museum is somewhere

145:14 here, If I remember. On Henry began looking looking for examples

145:21 this morphology in size with data. an example in the Gulf of

145:26 So this is, uh, probably years old, and we see this

145:30 a pretty large river eso here we see the river in the middle.

145:35 , it's about a one kilometer sized . We see this beautiful tributary drainage

145:40 side drainage, filling into the uh, the Andean valley. And

145:45 here's an example from three D seismic from, uh, Alistair Brown.

145:51 , seismic interpretation textbook. So So is relatively easy to see in some

146:01 data sets if you've got good three seismic data, but let's review some

146:06 the faces criteria. So, typically valleys will be filled by more

146:13 one channel fills. If you have river, okay, and it fills

146:18 . Typically, it shows a, , you know, it's mud

146:27 So typically, a channel will show finding upward facing succession and and and

146:33 finding upward, it indicates the feeling one channel death. Okay,

146:38 valleys typically will show evidence of multiple upwards because they're filled by more than

146:46 Channel belt. Okay, true. so valleys typically have more than one

147:00 . Uh, if you have a , okay, Yeah, that will

147:10 Correcto a floodplain. Just the mannequin . If you haven't sized Valley that

147:15 in a flood plain The valley fail no relation to the floodplain. So

147:20 faces do not interfere into finger the if they're in a valley, unless

147:25 floodplain itself is in the valley. the valleys big enough that they that

147:31 contain a floodplain and a channel belt you can get a floodplain in the

147:36 if the values wide Yes, as talked about values, represent areas where

147:43 got floodplains, uh, that are to the air for long periods of

147:49 they could develop, develop mature, souls. They may have complex

147:55 depending on how close the values and they may have complicated gesturing fills ondas

148:02 just talked about They may they may complex episodes of cut the film and

148:08 incision may increase downstream unless the knick is accounted and then through the incision

148:16 increase away from the knick point. upstream downstream has shown in the Westcott

148:22 that I've shown you several times. is, uh, go back to

148:34 . Yeah, that's that diagram So what that shows is that incision

148:38 maximal here at the knick point, it decreases in the basin on and

148:43 ultimately decreases that the discipline margins of drainage belt. Mhm. So there's

148:53 couple of kind of schematic crossed, , on the right would be incised

149:00 on the left would be single channel , and oh, cool. I

149:08 . I could put a pick that color so you can imagine, you

149:12 , here it might be a well . Okay. Yeah, yeah,

149:29 . So we see a couple pair sequences. We see some Paris sequences

149:33 , Some floodplain. Okay. And this case, the incised valley filled

149:42 in this case could look like So here we have a multistory

149:50 Phil, that's much thicker than the sequences that cuts into. Okay.

149:56 this case, we have a big of sequence, Okay? And then

150:02 have channel. And so we see up, of course, in the

150:07 at about the same scale and hear channels sort of contained within the Paris

150:11 . Here, the valley cuts through Paris sequences, so it's easier to

150:17 . In this case, we've you know, channels that laterally

150:22 Here we have a mirage inal valley again, cutting into Paris sequences that

150:29 has no genetic relationship to. And will see examples of these,

150:34 long correlations as we get into some the upcoming examples. Yes,

150:39 Can you let Joseph back in? , sorry. Of course.

150:43 Yeah. Please. Yeah. And also has the ability to let

150:51 and she's a co host. But easy. It's Yeah, it's easy

150:55 miss that. So thanks for thank keeping on that. I could see

150:58 in front of me, but I'm focused on my slides now. Sometimes

151:04 could represent fairly short falls and Okay, that could result in a

151:10 valley system. You know, that a decision that's a little bit bigger

151:14 the Paris evens. It cuts into as we talked about you could

151:19 you know, compound valley systems with episodes of fill that may reflect,

151:23 know, gradual narrowing and deepening during falling stage and and rising and widening

151:29 the rising stage. In this resulting in a compound valley that consists

151:34 of at least three separate episodes of filled so initial phase a deeply phase

151:40 then a showering phase with with some the oldest terraces well preserved. We

151:48 talked about the Gulf Coast example on here is on, uh, and

151:56 Will uh huh. We're going to to this, uh, you

152:02 learned gulf. Maybe we won't just of my slide show to see what

152:13 got coming up anyway. When, , Uh uh back in the

152:25 when people were looking at the river , the ancient, the Trinity River

152:31 in the Gulf Coast, you the the only delta that people knew

152:36 was the Mississippi and, uh and noticed that there are incisions. They're

152:44 the scale of there's 10 m for there, So there are incisions on

152:48 scales about 30 m deep on they to be sort of shifting around,

152:53 ? No one knew the age of , this system and in pink versus

153:00 system orange versus that system in So the assumption is like,

153:04 there is a big 50 m and it's kind of just shifting

153:09 Well, my gloom came along in nineties, he said. Wait a

153:13 . Why is that? A the brasses, rivers, this little

153:16 , tiny thing here, that's the . You know, this is a

153:20 40 meat meter deep incision that's way than the river. I'm going to

153:26 interpret that as a valley. So one is might reinterpreted this feature as

153:32 valley scale incision because it was multistory than interpreting these things is avulsion,

153:39 said. I think this is basically and reoccupation over a much longer term

153:45 level cycle. So this is multiple of cutting fill with multiple packed

153:51 separate the different episodes of Valley fill over a Malacca climate cycle. Nothing

153:58 do with all the cycle convulsions. the previous job just in the fifties

154:03 interpreted. And of course, Mike sand samples from these different terraces did

154:11 called OS al analysis optically stimulated luminescence get the age of sand stones and

154:19 that they were deposited over tens of of years and in some case,

154:23 of thousands of years demonstrated that these the results of climate cycles, not

154:29 avulsion. Now the other thing he interested in is the evolution of sediment

154:36 through time. Okay, and you the temperature changes basically record that the

154:44 the freezing of the earth going into icehouse culminated with the last glass glacial

154:49 and then the warming as we go the interglacial or inter stadio, reflecting

154:54 modern policy and transgression. And what's in the between the red and the

155:01 curve is the amount of sediment So he shows that the only phase

155:07 decision there isn't much sentiment being Uh, the the sentiment starts to

155:14 during this period of sort of midst falling stage incision. Uh, then

155:19 drops a little bit. Then it . Then it drops a little

155:23 and he said yes during the not as much settlements being created.

155:27 mostly being created when the River is great migrate laterally on. Then they're

155:32 creating a lot more sentiment that's being out of the system. So we

155:39 . Is that is that, you know, they're they're Pete,

155:43 periods of value widening okay on those The value widening period is when the

155:49 being excavated out of the system. when the valley's deepen, there's much

155:54 sediment being produced into the low stance . Again, this is This is

155:58 of counterintuitive, because in the excellent strap model falling stage with everything,

156:03 when all of a sudden it was produced and what bloomed it is by

156:08 attorney systems. And it's actually more that just just because you have falling

156:13 level doesn't mean you're automatically supplying Low stand fans. It depends much

156:18 on whether the rivers are wide name producing sentiment or deepening and simply cutting

156:23 hole. Okay, and it comes to the volume of the air that's

156:28 expanded, which is actually mawr during widening phase and less during the deepening

156:37 . So if we go back and at the, uh, just go

156:43 a little bit, more in So this is the This is the

156:46 isotope curve, which is a proxy sea level change over the last half

156:50 million years. And, you I got very interesting this curve.

156:54 I was like, Well, you , I understand that rivers and size

156:59 nick points were exposed during periods of sea level. But the Exxon curve

157:06 sea level doing this. That this so they say, Well, you

157:11 , that the period of fall is fast. The low stand is prolonged

157:17 period of rises very fast, I , Well, what is the actual

157:21 level curve? Tell us. it shows that this is the wrong

157:27 . So I'm gonna change my color . I'm kind of I don't I

157:30 like that blue color anymore. What? The fraternity data show is

157:39 this idea of, you know, simple sign in So it'll Kik seal

157:42 curve is incorrect. And certainly over last half million years, what we

157:47 is slow Hiccup E falls. that occur over tens of thousands of

157:55 . We get short low staff, ? Or you know, 50 60,000

157:59 of fall, maybe 5 6000 years low stand, and then the transgression

158:05 in a couple of 1000 years to transgression is instantaneous. The fall is

158:10 prolonged. So I said, you know, about 75% of the

158:16 is consumed by falling stage, And only about our was maybe 10%

158:22 time during transgression on those stands in stands aren't that long either. So

158:27 would that correlate to the deeper time ? Why does everyone assume that sea

158:32 falls of the instantaneous things that just a big hole when the when the

158:38 record tells us that maybe that's not the case. Okay, so the

158:44 bifurcating pattern of the of the attorney Coast, which originally thought to be

158:49 auto genic lateral switching off channels by the blue mark show that actually reflects

158:58 much more complicated, complicated, allergenic that relates to high frequency climate cycles

159:06 Pleistocene glaciation and sea level change. it's a great place to test House

159:12 really operates to a known sea level . Okay, on also shows simple

159:18 . I click Delta Switching model represents overuse of the Mississippi Delta model,

159:25 was the favorite Delta model in the and sixties and seventies. And we

159:31 really begin to change until a we Mawr examples of Delta's to choose from

159:37 God and the development of seeking Okay, uh, so the the

159:45 model, that sort of very popular days is the suturing Valley film model

159:52 this is just an example of the that comes from, uh, Brian

159:58 Bob. Bob Darin was sort of the brains behind the scenes and Ron

160:03 and they all work together on So their idea was seen in the

160:08 , you know, the values And, you know, I don't

160:12 the slide, right? You it's, you know, there is

160:15 So this is a rose Red is just erosion, you know, they

160:19 to put some sort of load Delta is deposited by the excavation of

160:24 valley. So there's something missing Yeah. Then they Then they sort

160:28 stick a river in there, and they put the most stand delta.

160:31 there should be Delta actually falling stage . Then the transgress the mouth of

160:37 valley is closed off and we get classic tripartite valley with the mouth is

160:43 off With a wave dominated barrier, center of the estuary of the valley

160:48 an estuary that's mud filled. And we have a river and delta at

160:51 head of the estuary that will be the Beta Delta. And then some

160:56 time, the whole system comes roaring across during high stand. Okay,

161:01 , this diagram makes no sense to because the high standout is the way

161:05 than the low stand Delta's I'm why would that be? You

161:08 why would the Hiestand Deltas have the in exactly same places? Low standouts

161:13 not way back here, but God, God, God, God

161:16 answer those questions. But a lot people like this small, okay?

161:20 people that may have managed you if were studying in the nineties.

161:25 on it was work work. Back the sixties, that sort of looked

161:29 the three dimensional organization of environments of estuaries that showed that you sort of

161:35 a flu, you tile unit, mixed unit and then a Marine

161:41 That sort of came up with this of tripartite Philip histories with the marine

161:45 middle brackish and and then and then landed flew the land that might

161:50 you know, obey had delta in . There and again, these are

161:55 sort of simplified plan view models with river Beta Delta. The front of

162:00 estuaries closed off and you get the basin, which is predominantly mud

162:06 So you have a sandy, wave transgressive barrier. You get sort of

162:10 mixed head elliptic delta deposit there, into fluted deposits and then the central

162:16 mud stones on. That reflects the you've got river energy coming in at

162:21 end waves. At this end, barrier prevents the waves from getting in

162:25 . And so basically, the energy is low in the middle, so

162:29 becomes a place that's dominated by That position, uh, that contrast

162:34 tide dominate estuaries where the tidal energy enhanced as the title prison is confined

162:41 the value margins that forces mud to deposits. Tidal flats on the margins

162:46 the estuary on the central area to dominated by very good quality title

162:52 That makes a nice reservoir anyway, that that model was very popular back

162:57 the nineties. And that led to sort of cross sections that showed the

163:02 sectional photography of value films. so in the upper diagram, we

163:08 the environmental faces. Okay, With marine sediments at the mouth, that

163:13 be sort of, uh, could marine Deltek and pro delta sediments.

163:20 the central basin mud stones in the with the transgressive Barry Randlett, which

163:25 be a sand unit. That's retro . All that a syriza bay

163:29 Don't effluvia. It's the transgress and regress representing cycles within the valley.

163:34 on. Then the Hiestand system coming on top. Then in the middle

163:40 , they show the system's tracks so they would interpret the falling

163:46 Okay, and low stance systems There's a sequence boundary. There's the

163:51 via red systems coming across the feeding the low stand delta.

163:56 then the orange would represent the transgressive tracked that has a retro gradation.

164:01 stack all the way through. But that's still represents deposition within the

164:07 and then once the valleys filled. this case, the Hiestand settlements come

164:11 across the top, right? So that case, there's a sequence

164:16 There's the transgressive surface on. There the maximum floating surface. The

164:21 The biggest disagreements between this on Exxon that John Van Wagner would put the

164:28 of the of the low stand, , at the top of these retro

164:34 sentiments, because that's the point when value gets filled on the walls of

164:38 flooded the sort of the Darren Boyd and say, Well, but wait

164:44 minute, that's transgressive, Phil. how can the transgressive esta refill not

164:50 part of the transgressive systems tracked? , John Van Wagner and say,

164:54 , because it's it's only based on lap out. It's not based on

164:58 on the actual direction that the faces migrating and the downward books that

165:04 no, we think it should be on the direction of like, you

165:08 , they say, Well, that don't call a transgressive systems track.

165:12 it, call it on lapping systems or something. So anyway, so

165:16 told you that there was debate, debate about how to interpret Valley

165:20 And I'm gonna end that debate on slide to sort of show you how

165:26 the folks that looked at estuaries sort said, Yeah, we think that

165:30 of the estuary Phil should be in transgressive systems tracked. And But I'm

165:35 argued, uh, that that because its position in the fill on his

165:42 out geometry, he feels it should have been included in the low stance

165:47 trapped. I don't think the community embraced the Van Wagoner view in the

165:52 , so I think most people that on size families would interpret the estuary

165:57 as transgressive. And I think that person that was that was aware of

166:03 dilemma of the students was a mayor said, Wait a minute, that's

166:08 operate. That should be retro And that should be all transgressive systems

166:11 . So Emma was struggling to understand finding Upper Valley Phil would be in

166:16 low stand. I'm not the transgressive tracked, and so he was already

166:21 about this argument. So in some , and there, if you if

166:24 really want to push the down interview know, in a well, long

166:27 don't know if the valley fields not Marine. So you could go

166:31 way. You know, the flu part of the Valley Field would be

166:34 most, and and then the marine would be the transgressive systems tracked,

166:39 in a well long with no You don't know if that Phil is

166:43 Sands of alluvial stand. So you know, you have some options

166:47 that, well, log because you have enough information about the exact deposition

166:52 of that blocky sand does that kind makes sense. I know that.

166:57 know, you asked that question a days ago, but this sort of

166:59 us back to that discussion that we back when we were wondering about how

167:03 interpret the blocky Well, log on on the blocky unit finding opportunity on

167:09 well log it does. Thank Good. Good. Now I'm going

167:15 stop there once again. We're going take a break on bond. We

167:21 come back and finish this lecture. , I've got 10 after right

167:27 so let's come back at Let's make a quarter after So just take about

167:33 11 minute break, if that's Off finishes left. Draw. Um

167:39 , There are a few slides to , but I think the rest electoral

167:41 . Hopefully a bit more quickly on We'll kind of see how we're doing

167:45 the day. Okay. You could where we want to continue lecturing,

167:49 , maybe ended bitterly working exercises or you want to do. So let's

167:55 a break. Come back in about minutes. Anyway, the only solution

168:02 to turn, like the only time turn my computer off and on,

168:05 it's just it's just a camera on , because I don't think it really

168:08 . Uh, the, you there's there's nothing wrong with slides.

168:13 ? Okay. So rather than shut computer down, I think we'll just

168:17 with it on Duh. Yeah. . Let me just kind of get

168:24 here once again. Uh, I got my everything running.

168:46 I'm gonna give you up an example a problem that I grappled with for

168:56 number of years. So there's a . So I finished my PhD in

169:08 and, uh, bye. 1990 old. Um, my PhD supervisor

169:18 doing a new addition of a book Faces Models. That was probably one

169:23 the best selling, uh, sentiment faces, models, text books ever

169:29 and the opportunity to be unauthorized on textbook That was, in my

169:36 so influential. I sort of knew that was going to put my name

169:41 the map is a scientist. So eagerly agreed to write the tractor,

169:47 thus it began. Now, in process of writing the chapter,

169:52 you know, I was the sole for the beginning. And then,

169:55 know, I was I was talking Roger about the chapter and I

169:58 you know, watching you know, good examples of river dominated Delta's Other

170:02 my done Bagan example, he yeah, the the boots shelter

170:06 uh, somewhere in the States. like, Oh, I never heard

170:09 that one. So he said, , yeah, the boots dots is

170:13 great example of the river dominate And so I looked it up.

170:17 sure enough, you know, there the map of beautiful river dominated Delta's

170:22 Pennsylvanian much delta. One of my students who, uh, did his

170:30 me some years ago. We bought family body, was his name,

170:35 his masters in Oklahoma Mount and advised that there, they call it the

170:40 Delta. So I'm not traffic to Book of the Butch, but

170:44 on So I thought why I get great example of a river dominated Delta

170:48 put it in my in my face models chapter on I was good to

170:54 . Um, and there were a of other examples. I'm gonna review

170:58 all with you. And then I very excited about distributor channels. And

171:03 I put these examples of distributor channels my PhD. Thesis is now,

171:10 2000 and eight, Uh, it , like almost 20 years later.

171:17 quite, but almost, um, had retired. And no James and

171:23 down until we're doing the new addition faces models. So they asked me

171:27 I'd be interested in in redoing My on dialysis is I would love to

171:32 . Great. I realized there is problem because I realized that that the

171:38 channels I described for my thesis. finally been fully interpreters in size values

171:43 Okay, so they're not distributed channels values. Then I went back and

171:50 looked at this example. I No distributor channels, you know,

172:00 there is the end of these channels and they're they're up there. There's

172:05 , 240 ft of filled like Let divide it by by 3.3. That's

172:12 know, that's like 70 plus leaders sand. Now they look very

172:23 They look like channels. Thio three is that these were 70 m deep

172:29 Terry channels. I said, that would be the biggest river in

172:33 world. Now you know the you know, Pantry A was quite

172:38 , you know, There was some high mountains. I'm like,

172:42 I guess you know, I What about the I said, But

172:46 know what? If these Air tributaries this is incised Valley flowing that

172:50 that's not That's another interpretation rather than delta that's distributive. You know,

172:55 it's maybe it's a valley. on DSO, I started to no

173:01 be convinced that the butch was a . That was kind of where I'm

173:06 to hear. And I was 73 m distributor areas that that that

173:12 be the biggest river ever on Planet . Okay, so that that led

173:18 the question of Are these Deltas or had and then the other thing I

173:21 . It's just like Wait a that's a 70 m deep River would

173:24 have a massive delta at the front it, like how come this does

173:27 coming out of the mouth of You know, if they don't if

173:30 valleys filled with sand, you and there's only 0 to 20 ft

173:35 here, so there's no sand coming of that. There's a trivial matter

173:39 sand coming out of mouthy systems like there be mouth bars everywhere? I

173:43 , every doubt there's that's the beginning a mouth bar, like there should

173:46 big, like a sand here, then another one. I'm like,

173:50 is the Delta front? Sands like their their their their channels that have

173:56 doubt that have no delta bars like, I don't know what we

173:59 do that, do you s I like, you know, just make

174:04 sense to me anymore and eso. I sort of looked at some of

174:09 previously published studies on Here's a Cross . We got this nice, blocky

174:15 here. No, no notices This is 900 ft, right?

174:20 I think I could do this for 306. That's a 300 ft

174:28 Three or feet? That's 100 I mean, there's no way that

174:35 a channel film if it wasit would the largest channel ever seen on Planet

174:40 , and that would deserve a letter nature. So and Bush never wrote

174:45 lot of nature when I guarantee you so that struck me is a little

174:51 . And I said, Well, a minute. You've also got these

174:53 sequences. There they are. You , it's good old Paris sequences like

174:57 been picking on your well log and your well logs, I said,

175:01 have. This seems to be a between the scale of the incision of

175:05 scale of upper questioning facing successions, 100 m thick, you know,

175:10 comes into three Paris sequences. Then said, Well, you know,

175:16 those were incised valleys and the distributor is wrong, but this long as

175:21 had a Mississippi centric view of the , you know, 100 m thickness

175:26 out. You know, the Mississippi is about 200 ft deep, you

175:31 , give or take 100 ft you know, it's hundreds of feet

175:33 , right? Like, you sure, ancient system could be a

175:36 big, bigger. And then the example that what I found that that

175:41 sort of on my own going to transactions of the Gulf Coast Association of

175:45 Societies was this diagram of another Pennsylvanian across the Mississippi Alabama boundary that they

175:55 as another bird foot Delta. Mississippi Delta. Once again, you've got

176:03 , and there's no mouth bars like , shouldn't there be a big fringe

176:07 sand coming out of these out of river mounts? Where the Hex Delta

176:12 . I've never heard of a delta has 100 ft thick sand channel

176:16 and no, not it's not. speck of sand gets out the mountain

176:19 of the delta. That sounds pretty on once again, these distributed challenger

176:24 ft thick. That would be 100 deep channel again, another system in

176:31 different part of North America that that also got 100 m Degen. So

176:37 means to separate drainage basins, thinking to sink that have produced rivers that

176:42 that would require a continental drainage basin DSO. According according to this

176:48 you have to separate continental drainage based drainage basins in North America at the

176:53 time. I'm like now because this another Pennsylvanian example that this is this

176:59 getting little stranger. And, the first question I ask is,

177:07 know, which way is the river when I would see them, that

177:10 to sink planning conference I told you ? I showed this to forget the

177:15 name now, but he was a Western Reserve University, and I

177:19 What do you think? This? said, Oh, that's a drainage

177:22 , Right? And flow is in direction, like Okay, that's completely

177:26 of what Cleveland Persaud think. So that's that's, you know,

177:33 air reconcile the differences of geological interpretation need to be resolved. Okay,

177:40 , um, so I went ahead and sort of dug into the literature

177:46 little bit. And here's what gets . So this is a diagram from

177:53 paper by Ron Boy. That's a of a figure made by the

177:58 Sorry. By John Harms in Uh, I've met John once.

178:05 was about nine years old when I him. That was about 34 years

178:08 , so I think he's still But anyway, and lo and

178:13 valley filled. So in the John Harms interpreted. This is a

178:18 filled, not as a distributor So I'm gonna like, Why did

178:25 did you get off the rails with this a distributor channel as boosted in

178:31 . So clearly there was debate about interpretation of the morrow sandstone. You

178:37 , between the various research, the , Um, now, Boeing and

178:45 came along and they sort of picked on the valley interpretation, and they

178:50 together their map off the morrow. , which is basically the same

178:55 is the butch. Okay, it's the same system, and they showed

179:00 basically showed a beautiful example of a of network of incised valleys that presumably

179:06 a delta out in this direction. . On Lee, Christina has worked

179:12 this as well. People went back notice beautiful paleo Saul's at that contact

179:18 marine mud stones below and above on Pennsylvania as an icehouse time with glaciation

179:24 that drove hundreds of meters changes of level so very similar to the modern

179:29 applies to seen period of Earth So part of the solution is that

179:36 than these being Delta's moving that there is exactly sized values. But

179:42 issue is the booth was mapped distributive that direction on these air strong distributive

179:47 this direction. So how can you differences in the organization of the conductivity

179:54 the channels? So that takes us example Number two. The Fall River

180:01 a late Appian, uh, system Wyoming. Uh, you remember at

180:10 beginning of the at the beginning of talk, I showed you this

180:17 There it is. And this is the forever major inside system.

180:23 that feeds doubt this in the quotations . Okay, so that's the regional

180:28 of geography. I'm not sure that available at the time that this work

180:33 done, but nevertheless. And they a Siris of incisions, okay?

180:39 some short lines and Delta's right. there were two interpretations. One interpretation

180:44 these were rivers, meandering rivers that these. Delta's okay on that interpretation

180:50 put forth by Rasmussen it out in mid mid eighties. And,

180:58 there were two fields Coyote Creek and Draw on Dhere is the ice pack

181:03 of sand stones they made. What's is, if you look carefully,

181:09 know, you could see this. , there is. Well, there

181:14 was. Well, there is Well, there and there and

181:23 is lots of wells in the field . Um, but you notice

181:28 and they stood beautification, right? not really a data that constraints that

181:33 . You know, they're just forcing to go through there. Uh,

181:39 you look at the well logs, got a sharp based finding our per

181:45 sharp based and more or less finding . Think this is an SP law

181:51 can't remember and, you know, out for the blocking on the recent

181:55 logs. Andi, once again. the beautification, they're not well constrained

182:02 the data points and you got very , very thick channels question more.

182:08 , they call them distributor channels. you look at the Paris sequences next

182:14 the quote channels, you'll see that is 1234 123 says maybe Cem lap

182:23 going on here. So you have Paris sequences on either side and a

182:30 , thick quote channel coming into Uh huh. So, of

182:36 the ultimate interpretation is that this is incised valley. Doesn't change the geometry

182:41 much. But rather than have this fingering with that with that Delta unit

182:45 and also I've looked at the these are all beautiful marine mud stones

182:48 , So things are not floodplain So they messed up on the interpretation

182:53 the off he's faces in the in Paris Eagle side, the side.

182:58 , like the butch on tomorrow, this was then reinterpreted by Brian Willis

183:05 an incised value. Now, if look at the maps that Rasmussen at

183:09 made, these are the three the maps they made. That's the general

183:15 of the channels which they show is narrowing once again you have exactly the

183:22 problem you had with Butch and with , uh, And with the Cleveland

183:29 example, The Tuscaloosa. There's no Delta front sentence. You got 30

183:35 50 100 ft thick channels. Nothing the front. Where the heck is

183:39 where the heck is the Delta front ? Then they gave that that They

183:44 this diagram to an expert dress person , you know, stuck a bird

183:50 to the ultra interpretation seaway. You , nice looking, drawing convincing.

183:56 , but, you know, but question is, the is the Mississippi

184:00 foot, the right analog. You , it's hard to see the scale

184:05 , and I think that's a 10 scale. So these channels will be

184:09 near close to to to a mile , right, So that would be

184:13 Mississippi scale river system. Okay, is true that the river is a

184:18 big that are associated with Creek. part of the message here is that

184:23 Mississippi has has dominated our thinking on channels, you know, certainly through

184:30 fifties, sixties, seventies, nineties and, you know, to

184:34 blunt, you know, it was when I rewrote doubt the chapter on

184:38 models in two in 2008 but they to realize that there was something very

184:44 with this. We need Thio We to stop using that is the only

184:48 And that that got me this whole of looking for Martin analog to make

184:52 that we have the scale correct, instance, systems. So we don't

184:56 distributor channels for in size violence. . And so you know, the

185:02 Mississippi has deep distributor channels. part of that's because they're they're they're

185:08 quite a money system, so they're stable. And that inhibits by bifurcation

185:14 . Of course, the scale of Mississippi River is not appropriate for many

185:18 the rivers that drain into the interior Seaway. Okay. And of

185:23 interior paradoxes or shadow, not deep the Gulf of Mexico. And once

185:30 , people forget that yes, we these birds of the bird for channels

185:34 plan view, but there's a heck a lot of sand that comes instead

185:37 mint that comes out of the mouth the Mississippi that tends to be forgotten

185:41 people do maps, right? So Bronco's went back and re examine the

185:47 River and notice that you've got you know, 1.5 to 2 mile

185:54 incisions. It looks like they're multistory compound on. You get narrow,

186:01 valleys and wider shallower valleys, so examples of compound valleys. There's some

186:08 is whether that valley extends from the or extended all the way up

186:12 I actually think that that extends from surface, but that's a bit of

186:16 detail on again. You have partly a different levels, right? So

186:19 Paley souls were used suggest you had phases of of incision, suggesting that

186:25 was a long time, long long term climate cyclist city that form

186:29 Valley system separate from that valley So here's Brian's correlation of the outcrop

186:37 measured and, you know, you all sorts of nice cross bedded sand

186:41 . Theories represent the paler currents, here you can see a nice,

186:45 event, Nice compound deepening event. this may be the hard to see

186:50 you can kind of see the the up recycles right. So those would

186:55 be the channel stories one. There be one there. Maybe another

187:02 Nice one up there. Nice one . So these thes thes large incisions

187:08 filled with 2 to 3 separate, stacked channel stories. Uh, and

187:15 you know, the overall thickness. valley filled valley fills on the scale

187:18 30 m. The channels in this already about five or 6 m

187:23 Okay, so the Fall River is interpreted as in Solids Valley.

187:27 you know, here is sort you know, my simplistic well log

187:32 . Brian worked completely on the outcrops did no subsurface work. And I

187:36 threw this diagram together and just redid well log correlation I showed you in

187:42 earlier slide. And so So I say that that that's quote channels are

187:47 thicker than the upper cautioning Delta So they probably represent Valley is not

187:54 . The challenge is not into finger the adjacent units, and they're

187:57 They're not. They're not floodplains. Marine Paris sequences. There's all sorts

188:03 beautiful marine Trussell trace fossils throughout these these Paris sequences, Onda Channel is

188:09 contained within the Delta front. It's a little thing. Little distributor channel

188:14 the Delta. It's a big incision cuts through four separate Delta deposits,

188:20 suggesting that it cannot be a simple channel. So I said, the

188:26 of the of the incised feature. know, I'm using the word channel

188:30 coats. Really, it's way too to be a simple distributor channel.

188:38 Brian interpret this is a compound Valley with an older and a younger Valley

188:45 . The younger one has several episodes cutting fill with the younger ones,

188:49 deeper, narrow than some of the ones. And he also noticed that

188:54 the film was different in some of values. So some of the films

188:57 a very distinctive flu. Your base up in the tide influence Esther.

189:01 faces the top on other Valley you know, initiated with Tide influence

189:09 and had wave wave dominated units at top that he had a units were

189:15 were intermediary, so this would be of an example of a more flu

189:18 dominated Valley Phil, and this is much more marine dominated valley filled on

189:24 last time we talked about this with to in an example was when I

189:29 you the difference between Dunvegan E Valley the D Valley on I point out

189:34 the E Valley was flew via dominated that the D Valley was Marine

189:40 I suggested that reflected difference in sediment on perhaps scale the rivers that associated

189:46 those two valleys. We see the thing repeated in units that aren't that

189:51 younger than the done vague AP TN Center mating. And so he suggested

189:59 depending on on the rate of sea rise, uh, the valleys may

190:05 very quickly in words. They uh, if the rate of sea

190:11 rise is relatively slow and the settlement the river is relatively high in the

190:16 . Cuts in Taiwan. Phil's gradually flu ville deposits and only gets transgressed

190:22 the late stage. So in that , the flooding surface would be at

190:26 top or upper parts of the So we refer to that as a

190:30 capped valley with a dominantly flu veal . Okay, so I mean there

190:36 would be an example of a if will, a low stand dominated value

190:41 , although Brandon column that they said other cases you know the Valley cuts

190:47 at the rate of transgression is high the river just can't keep up.

190:51 may transgress very quickly, such as get a transgression or festering dominated.

190:58 on that, if you will, be a transgressive systems tracked, dominated

191:01 film. Thanks. So he sort suggested that the feel of the Valley

191:07 is controlled by the rate of transgression the ability of the river. Why

191:13 stay there and fill the value with fluid deposits or basically pushed backwards,

191:18 as the valley is increasingly filled with marine sediments. Yeah, and then

191:24 is just the cross section that illustrates of aim or flood and more

191:28 Viel dominated Valley fill in which the were able to Percy word, you

191:33 , with more regressive faces versus aim flood flood. Uh, based Valley

191:39 in which the valley fills are much dominated. Bye bye, bay.

191:44 Mudd's that satisfy that tripartite valley model the other provides Oh, is that

191:56 island and Darren model? They should had this idea that valleys sort of

192:01 of an inner flu Viel dominated segment out of Marine dominated segment and a

192:07 segment where where you get mixing of and flew viel. And of

192:14 in any given a valley system, might simply sample this part or sample

192:19 power. So when we when we when we were discussing thes models with

192:26 , they sent Brian Willis. So , uh, Canadian, huh?

192:35 forget that the company was one of big Canadian companies when we when I

192:39 worked with Brian just after they finished Fall River work, Brian's Alan and

192:44 couple of guys from from Nothing was Hunter Chemical Company Way. They visited

192:48 about about our work, and they you know, Brian Satan was a

192:52 fan of the second model and he , Well, I'm not said

192:56 you know this is the wrong and it's just, you know,

193:00 your quote flood Cat valley, you're in segment, you know, you're

193:04 closer to the Inter segment, and the flood based model, you're closer

193:09 the middle segment, you know, it Zamora matter of laterally where you

193:12 in plan view as opposed to where are in times photography anyway. And

193:18 think we argue to get some quite , and they decided that we would

193:22 disagree. That one didn't from So there you go anyway. So

193:28 other the other three other issue with distributed channels versus valleys sort of goes

193:35 to this diagram, you know, in in the van Wagnerian view,

193:39 know, if you've got on the Valley, eventually the incision stops,

193:44 know, and the valley starts to just regular ole distributor channel systems.

193:50 know, now each channel may have incision relationship with its with its

193:54 Mouth Bar, but in general, an into fingering relationship. So it's

193:59 of, uh, it's kind of combination of a scoured she Osama.

194:05 , the alternative view is that the everywhere cuts into the delta, and

194:09 is no distributor channel. It's all the top of this bypass surface

194:14 Okay, Uh huh. Now, we look at this hardly complicated diagram

194:22 which is a beautiful, wonderful piece work by Ron Steele and his postdocs

194:28 colleagues on this shows. Uh, know, a syriza of distributor channel

194:34 ? There is the distributor channels. , on they feed these little submarine

194:38 . Right? So the distributor channel into an offshore channel. Tell me

194:44 I just highlighted this area in the and showed all the all the

194:49 Right now they put a sequence boundary at the red surface. Okay,

194:55 you may not be able to see . That's that's That's the stash line

194:58 . That's where they put the sequence . Okay. And it is indeed

195:06 most seaward irrational scour. Okay, what about that? What about that

195:12 , red, uh, Slope Channel like that's that's not that's not that

195:18 of a shift. And that Zatz kilometer, that's maybe 50 maybe maybe

195:22 a kilometer shift, you know, clearly this is a forced, aggressive

195:28 of stack going from 1 to So this is all incision. So

195:33 people say, Oh, you the low stand is really the very

195:37 decision. So some people will put one is to say, confounded.

195:41 there's there's even incisions above the pounder. So here you've got you

195:47 789 10 11. Candidate Erosion You know, my mother used to

195:53 , Bob's your uncle. Good luck you, right? So what you

195:57 is a Siris of erosion surfaces that top lapping against the sequence pander,

196:04 guess, or on lapping it. then if I make that the sequence

196:07 that becomes top lap again. So lap out depends on which surface you

196:11 up. The sequence bound. it's probably complicated. What you have

196:16 convergence of a variety of scours. you go in a more lambert

196:25 this the we're gonna come back to a bit. So you know what

196:30 weird? I never never understood but, you know, John Van

196:35 showed this diagram which I agree with said that this was wrong. But

196:41 when he correlated his book, Cliffs . He always tipped out his un

196:45 is on top of the Paris See that like he never had these

196:49 lows down Delta. You know, secrets, panic tips, that there's

196:53 still low center. So I struggled that interpretation, and so he suggested

197:01 that that the tip out of these conformity. He's always on top of

197:06 Paris sequences. Okay, which we space would be. The low stand

197:12 fills our landward. The Hiestand Delta's seaward and there's no lo stand.

197:18 so there's no no lo stand. is fed by these values. Once

197:22 , we've got valleys that have no and, like that's not the way

197:26 world works, as far as I . Usually, if you've got

197:28 they feed a delta, Right? talk about that story in my last

197:34 , Um, and then he showed diagram, which has valley that turned

197:41 distributor channels of shoes. Um, is what he said. You're supposed

197:44 do the sequence pound returns of a of conformity, and then this becomes

197:49 , A fed by that by that . So that ends up with a

197:53 of high frequency sequences in the resulting in a low stand sequence

197:58 Okay, Yet for some reason he this interpretation with those photography I'm

198:05 I don't think so. That's one strata graphic interpretation in which all the

198:10 viel faces air in the low stance on all the deltas Aaron Hiestand Sequence

198:15 This is a different sequence. Strata interpretation which they are flu viel delta

198:20 pro Deltek sets Delta X sediments that correlate with the time of incision and

198:24 stacked. Or sometimes there's some high as well. So So I a

198:30 of trouble with that interpretation and the why is it hard to pick?

198:35 is it hard to push that sequence under the delta? And And the

198:40 answer is it doesn't Doesn't matter. know what orientation a cross section goes

198:45 , You know, Ah, lot them are gonna sort of cut the

198:48 margin you need, and you need crisis to go right down the access

198:53 , push that sequence boundary down and and that's, you know, you

198:57 of have to first that put force a little bit on your well

199:01 Okay, Yeah, So to kind sort of get to the wrap up

199:09 . So here is the Lena and, you know, it's a

199:13 incised valley. Here, of is the end of the bedrock right

199:17 . At that point, the delta to split into several major distributor

199:22 One flows off in that direction and Delta out to the to the

199:28 This feeds the beautiful Lena River Beautiful Arctic Delta. I just I

199:33 began began Captain Splits. So that the first order split into that distribute

199:38 on the north form. When then had a distributor, Eri going off

199:42 the east and one going off to of the Northeast. That was the

199:46 order split. Then you had another of splitting here with this one continuing

199:50 that direction on this going a bit , Okay? And I I on

199:56 you can follow that that channel, splits again with these channels going off

200:01 this direction. And then by the you get here, you've got

200:05 So this this the Lena Delta has I think I think Cornell DeLorean when

200:11 doing his PhD on this count of separate distributor channels and you can see

200:16 the the mouth bars they're associated Now, if I just had a

200:20 of holes drill holes that penetrated this , you know, I would see

200:27 . All I would see is a long the courses upwards E ice

200:31 the base top and sand. I'd a map that looks like this

200:35 I would interpret that as a wave Delta. Yet clearly it za River

200:41 , not wave dominant at all. the ice to Pat Patton wouldn't show

200:46 that that made me a bit Okay, and you know that the

200:52 of lobes that you would be able do if you just had a few

200:55 , logs would fail to show any the distribution channels. None of them

200:59 show up. Okay? And then went ahead and asked Cornell to look

201:05 some modern Delta's. So we've got chapel. A shallow water chat fly

201:10 on top, Mississippi below. Andi forget the Mississippi produces an upward questioning

201:16 . Succession. That's 10 m That's 10 2030 40 50 60

201:26 That's 250 ft thick. Paris Let's turn that into a well

201:33 You have a single upward course in succession, and the 30 m deep

201:38 is trivial with respect to the upper . And so, you know you

201:41 put a little distribution channel service But you see my red pen,

201:46 can't see it. Sandal sand. you don't even know this channel.

201:51 not resolvable on the well long, ? So what I What I came

201:55 realize is that distributor channels can be on, well, locks. You

202:00 be all that identify you who got core data, and you can already

202:04 see them if you have a photograph the modern Delta. So it's It's

202:08 important reservoir complexity that's almost impossible toe find in an ancient subsurface example?

202:16 despite that the Boake, the Fall tomorrow had been interpreted his Delta's as

202:24 channels that was 70 m deep. I realized is that you can't find

202:29 to Richard channels and, well, . They're too small. And even

202:33 here is a little distributor channels. , if I draw a distributor channel

202:38 the well log, you can't see it because it's red on red right

202:43 . Sound contact. Now, if saw a big incision that looked like

202:48 , if I had a well, that looked like this, I

202:52 Okay, there's a space scour that's deeper than a channel that's probably a

202:57 film. So that's the message of to previous examples I've given you.

203:03 also helps explain why it waas that distributor channels were mapped All the distal

203:09 of the Dunvegan example I talked about last last week. Right? So

203:14 channels air here, you know, could sketch where they might be,

203:19 , But they're below the resolution of well logs to pick him, Which

203:22 why I wasn't a low math. , right. So, you

203:25 I sort of showed them some of on the well logs on the court

203:30 there, you know, But they're . I mean, you know,

203:33 where are we hear that, Yeah, that well log is that

203:40 ? I mean, nobody could pick distributor channel there, you know,

203:43 all looks like a courses up, anyway, where's the Ansar's Valley is

203:46 because it cuts through several Paris The other thing, I point

203:51 is that you know, this valley to this bypass area and then I

203:56 underneath the low stand lobe. But , of course, is a

204:01 forced, aggressive system. On I showed you uh Simon Patterns example

204:10 which the incised valley fed a low shore face. But because of

204:15 vehement the distributor channels which would It could be something like that.

204:21 ravine off or below the ability of of the data image, the distributor

204:28 . And then I talked about the that you may have distributor channels that

204:31 force progressive deltas, and they have low preservation potential because if you have

204:37 to 15 m of transgressive eroding erosion the revetment surface, they will easily

204:44 away a five or 10 m deep and terminal distributor. Channels in the

204:49 in particular, were probably never deeper about seven or 8 m max and

204:55 . Vehement in the Cretaceous Seaway was about 15 to 20 m. And

205:01 what you get is complete erosion of the rivers. But the erosion isn't

205:06 to get rid of the pedals so get left behind Is a pebble lag

205:10 the middle of a mud stone. you remember I talked about that story

205:14 week with top truncated deltas. so to conclude terminal distributor channels of

205:23 they're contained within the Paris sequence and conform toe Walther's law. The Valley

205:30 is a service that violates Walther's law deep into multiple Paris sequences, and

205:36 transgressions can remove the shallow terminal distributor . And that's another reason why they're

205:42 . Not recognized in the ancient Only thing you can recognize the well

205:46 is a big cut. And before understood how secret trickery works, any

205:50 cut in a shallow Marine thing was a Delta distributor challenge. So eso

205:57 again we had a very oughta genic or inter view of the world in

206:00 sixties and seventies and sequence photography forces really re evaluate the very interpretations of

206:07 deposition. All faces, uh, there are some provides those in

206:12 Already, Delta's The trunk stream may it all the way. The

206:16 such as that you can have fairly rivers of the shoreline. You

206:20 of course, have big rivers that into shallow water. Example that might

206:24 the Volga Delta in the Caspian They may resemble valleys, but they'll

206:30 be multistory. And there's this. is an issue with these things called

206:35 scours. I've written papers about I won't get into that in any

206:40 . Now I'm going to finish this with a little anecdote that you're maybe

206:46 one of my very first graduate Michael Adams did his master's students on

206:52 Blackhawk Castle gate, which is the lecture I'm going to give you,

206:57 , uh, you know it It did his master's degree on on

207:03 supposed incised valley, and I you , obviously he's seeing this lecture from

207:08 because I was doing this work on to channels versus Incised valleys when he

207:12 my gratitude, he graduated, went work for Conical Phillips and got sent

207:17 Border Border Texas, and they were tomorrow. And the geologist of these

207:25 with was insistent that these big 100 fat scours were distributor channels. Michael

207:32 not agree with him and argued with that they were incised valleys make a

207:39 story short. The older geologist, was insisting on distribution channels, began

207:46 drill mistake wells that failed when they Michaels at my model, they succeeded

207:54 They end up firing the geologist, had the old bad interpretation and kept

207:59 . Michael's moved on other things, he's not working for small countries in

208:03 area. And I haven't talked to for a year or so, but

208:07 think he's doing pretty well anyway. that's my story, and I'm sticking

208:12 it. Um okay, so we some choices right now. I'm to

208:24 honest with you, I wouldn't mind a bit earlier today. We did

208:28 some a couple of good two hour this week, which was great.

208:33 , I would review exercises with you , but we've done a lot of

208:36 this week. Um um on. I think we reviewed all the assignments

208:43 are due tomorrow. Eso I don't there's much point in reviewing all that

208:48 . Uh, I will take a or two before I finish, but

208:53 do have to quiz first thing I think that goes live at

208:59 30 and it will shut off at . 45. That's correct.

209:05 I'll go and check out just uh, before we take a close

209:11 , we'll do exact the same things did last. Clap. I think

209:15 going to start up a nine o'clock than 9. 30. So you

209:18 eight o'clock, basically. Basically, from eight o'clock. 88 45 to

209:24 the 30 minute quiz, you could a 15 minute break on. Then

209:29 start up at nine o'clock tomorrow. that make sense? Okay, sounds

209:36 . So on that note, you , if you don't mind finishing a

209:41 early today, I'll take any questions anything. Assignments? The quiz tomorrow

209:47 10 15 minutes or so. Any you wanna have? Yes. Daniel

209:51 like two questions. Bet the the , the wheeler exercise. I know

209:58 spent a lot of time on the one, but then there was There

210:01 actually two, actually. Just found about that, like, yesterday.

210:04 on Guy never brought it. I put up the second. So you

210:07 mind like taking a look at Because I actually did. It actually

210:10 . Yesterday. So now, like some feedback on it e shows.

210:16 you've got are what they want to here. Like I thought, I

210:21 like computer. What? Daniel, that up. There will be a

210:27 for the quiz tomorrow. Yes, exactly the same. So much 63

210:33 will be the password for all the . The final exam. That's the

210:37 . So just just the chorus Obviously, it's not case sensitive,

210:42 makes it easy. It's only four . And given the fact that you

210:45 , of course you're taking I don't why I need to pass for

210:49 you know, it makes it. know, you could give the password

210:53 whoever you want, I guess, whatever. Anyway, mhm, I

210:58 a question before Daniel shows that. for the Faces Models book, I

211:02 the first edition and maybe the But do you think those the older

211:08 there still valuable to keep and I of use that is like a death

211:11 tool. But what do you I mean, they're pretty out of

211:14 . One of the reasons that we the new the new version because we

211:18 the old ones already out of So I think that's 77 was pretty

211:21 of date. The 82 is not , you know, 92 ones,

211:27 , once I, uh author. of course, I think that's

211:32 And then we put another one out 2000 and eight. So all I'm

211:36 right now is a zoom. Do have your, uh, are the

211:46 the pencil? Work with a little a little like, Can you

211:48 The can see the data comes. , all I can see is the

211:51 zoom. Yeah. So you're let let me Let me try that.

211:57 that again. I don't think you're your image right now. Okay?

212:01 should work. Uh, no. we go. So that looks like

212:11 of my main concern was numbers was six and seven. I don't think

212:16 did those very well. And that like a good really diagram. I

212:19 say you're good to go. wait a minute. Three. Only

212:23 is that in unit five, In unit five, you see the

212:28 lines, right? So that separates five into four chloroform units.

212:37 And neither of those units continuous across lowest incision and you're showing that the

212:47 boundary of five is vertical. I'm sure that's quite right. And you're

212:51 showing three units and five when in , I count 1234 There are three

212:57 lines separating four units and five, you've got to dash line separating three

213:02 , so five could use a little more work. But overall, the

213:07 looks real good. So you know , Z uh, you know,

213:11 it's really minor things, but you got the gist of it s

213:17 they actually, the reason why I that left side of number five vertical

213:22 I believe that the lines in five appropriating like they looked like they were

213:28 like a sort of appropriating, structure. It was like for

213:32 there's one that goes there. Then know, it goes like this and

213:35 from there, and it goes like That's why I thought that it was

213:38 be hurtful, right? But the dash lines in five top lapping against

213:44 base of six right at the top . And you're not showing that top

213:48 right? Sixth the dash lines and top lap or truncated by seven.

213:53 you show that so, you basically five and six should look the

213:58 . So you got six, I would just make five look more

214:01 six. Okay. E so that know, I mean, you could

214:08 get a and what you've done but, you know, you're gonna

214:12 a few points because five is not right. So you just think you're

214:16 to go, you know, okay, uh, my question was

214:21 , Sergeant. So my question my question was about, uh, assignment

214:27 . And that's like question, Eso So it basically asked,

214:32 what was the main difference in size faces between the quotation, the Cretaceous

214:37 earlier, Mrs Or exceptions? Like other Mrs O exceptions were there because

214:41 thought that the quotations was the only ? No, it So if you

214:48 you wanna get out of your screen ? Yeah, Cookie, Because waken

214:55 separately, We can all share the time. So, since you got

215:01 question, let me put it up . I know you got there a

215:06 a bit late, uh, in meeting yesterday, because I didn't review

215:10 of that, but I'm happy to through together. I hope you

215:16 My goal is to enhance your make sure they all do well and

215:23 only way to do that. it is to go through these

215:27 Uh, I gotta pay attention It's It's hard. It's I am

215:31 drummer. I could do multiple things the same time, but sometimes when

215:34 talking, clicking, I get What is, um So what are

215:37 doing? So okay. You said in a band. What kind of

215:44 do you guys like? Genre. man? I played everything from classical

215:49 band jazz. Too. Small jazz , heavy rock, toe bluegrass.

215:54 , I'm sort of a jazz I guess. You know, I

215:56 , I'm a legs up from deep kind of guy, but I went

215:59 music school. I studied everything you know, handle the Mozart,

216:04 , Stravinsky. So I love all of music. Okay, So,

216:13 yeah. So on this diagram I'm gonna just kinda, uh,

216:18 justo answer your question directly. I'm gonna go through anything. I went

216:21 last class, but you know so you know, basically, that's your

216:27 . Pick their right on. That's So I'll just pee for parents.

216:33 camera basement. Okay, that's based right there. Okay, So the

216:40 Cretaceous basically is. Is this Okay, so the quotation section is

216:46 clown form section and the pre which is this stuff here. That's

216:52 enemies, Oex. That's probably your Jurassic film. Okay, Just

216:59 Last classes, too, You whether these or cloud farms, I

217:06 there was a folds because they have same shape is the top of unit

217:09 the folded basement. So I think is all flat stein stuff that's been

217:14 right on that. This is basically collapsed rift law. Right? So

217:19 would argue this stuff does not have . It's actually truncated an angular un

217:25 with this contact here. So that's probably, you know, the break

217:31 on conformity. So, yeah, think confused was with that pre Cambrian

217:37 it's according to the to the description said that that was the base off

217:43 paleozoic. So I So I assumed everything underneath that is pre Cambrian.

217:48 , no, no, no. ? What? What the uh,

217:51 sure. What I said is that is the early Mesozoic. That's the

218:00 . That's the Santas, OIC, ? And this I just said this

218:04 , undifferentiated basement could be parents. be, could be camera. I

218:09 do see quite a lot of layering there. You know, I wouldn't

218:12 grants to have layering of them, I'm guessing that's probably, uh,

218:17 Paleozoic Limestone sandstone. Uh, that's kind of stuff, but I don't

218:23 . I have to go back and the paper to remember what that

218:28 E. I thought I thought it just a multiple in the like in

218:32 you know, So like multiple, know? No, it's not a

218:37 that's actually basement. It's not. of this could be ringing. You're

218:40 , but that's a real contact. , yeah, kiss. It was

218:45 wording that kind of confused because I it said the first. The first

218:49 that he said was between 2.5 seconds then shot 0.9 and five. It

218:54 that was based off the Paleozoic. I was like, I thought that

218:59 I thought that the yellow, the a sequence that color was the

219:04 so then up of that was now That's the early Mesozoic. So if

219:10 said that in the notes. Then incorrect. I look that again,

219:14 e have give this exercise lots of . I've never changed the wording.

219:18 pretty sure, but the way I , it should make it make it

219:21 that the use of you certainly about Thio incorporate that. And And what

219:32 you do between now and handing it ? Any other things for the question

219:37 we can expect the similar stylist to one some multiple choice. Short

219:41 And you said more short answer. . So the only difference with this

219:47 last is, um So the previous I gave the second place was all

219:52 answer on a short essay question. I wasn't quite able to do

219:57 Ask Have to ask a question. night. You know, because because

220:02 got strict time limits on limiting Thio answer questions. So the short answer

220:08 , you could write a page. haven't got time to it. So

220:11 wanna get time to write a few ? You know, I wrote my

220:15 in a couple of sentences, you know, stay on point.

220:19 about the question and just be aware your time, Especially if you,

220:25 , just make sure you keep track the time. Right? So you

220:28 run on time. You know, most part, I think you're all

220:31 okay. I'm happy. Your Um, you know, right now

220:35 the integrated average for everyone is kind , you know, to be double

220:40 Thio on a on Obviously haven't waited yet, but we'll see How you

220:46 this This quiz? Uh, the exam again, like I said,

220:49 mostly written, and I've got a other little questions in the final

220:55 Well, we can talk about that . And, you know, although

220:59 haven't spoken about this, you I will be more than happy to

221:03 another meeting with you on either Monday or Tuesday night. You know,

221:08 you have any more sort of final questions before the example Wednesday. So

221:14 not sure if JD is still but, you know, if you

221:16 to set something up for you the days in between our last class

221:20 the final again, I'll be Thio, ask questions if you have

221:25 , or if you have questions about the last two assignments. We'll do

221:29 little bit more that tomorrow will. , look at the assignments tomorrow on

221:34 questions on that. Like I we've got a couple more fluid lectures

221:37 go. A deep, deep water . Since three sort of lectures that

221:41 have left, we'll have no problem . That was done tomorrow we'll probably

221:44 some time to spare on. We'll spend spend some time looking at your

221:49 of of the last two assignments. other questions for now, Have a

221:55 question. Yes, so after the insides value can be. If

222:01 need to identify a system track, can really either do lost and or

222:08 or combination of both. Now, , I am assuming that we don't

222:13 information about whether it's Marine dominated or dominated, and we don't have information

222:18 how long the lost 10 um, remained or not. Is that

222:24 Here's the answer. I'll give if have incised Valley, you could

222:28 I'm gonna call the unit above A transgressive systems track. If it's

222:32 flood Cat Valley flood based valley, gonna call the Valley for low status

222:38 cat valley. That's the will of , right? You know, and

222:43 know that for sure. You probably to have, uh, more than

222:48 a well, long. So it's a bunch of sand you could

222:51 Well, you know, Is it to be a big, big sandy

222:56 ? The short answer is yes, a ta Da minister. It could

222:58 so, you know, Yeah, probably need more information than just the

223:02 off and in a seismic line, on the resolution, if you get

223:09 laterally creating channels and it looks like mostly flu viel Phil. So I'll

223:14 from or low stand than transgressive systems , you know, But we probably

223:19 to be a have data on the fossils microfossils and the faces toe fully

223:25 that diagnosis. Other questions. What are they worth? Or we

223:34 time or possible to go through the before I guess maybe tomorrow or Monday

223:41 E could go through those with you . I could open it up and

223:50 , uh um they're all a I could go to the questions

223:55 you know, I mean, I be some of you, You

223:59 the great on the quiz Last question from, you know, up to

224:05 down. So, I mean, of you got everything right.

224:07 you know, the review is gonna repeat, but obviously not everyone got

224:11 100% score. And if anyone's confused any of the questions And I appreciate

224:17 you may not remember the questions because did a week ago in your mind

224:21 with new information, but I'm not happy to. I wasn't sure if

224:25 blackboard you could review question it will you which questions you did wrong.

224:32 couldn't do that. If you guys , please let me know, and

224:35 don't need to go through it. , basically, if you go to

224:39 your quizzes and you show your you click on your score and the

224:43 show you all the questions about right wrong. Okay, so try

224:49 If you don't have luck with that , then we'll go through whatever you

224:54 to go through. Okay. Thank . Perfect. Any other questions?

225:00 , I guess. I go on the about Anna. I'll like to

225:03 my screen again because I have a about the assignment to that you've already

225:08 . Okay. If so, I basically about like, I think I'd

225:12 to just show you once you What's own. Okay. Mm. Where

225:19 slipped. Totally. Okay, so , when you said that the ESPYs

225:30 below on the unwrapping shelf and not top, what were you referring

225:41 Mhm. Mhm. Mhm. You'll have thio Pop it up.

225:50 not You're not seeing it. No. What? Yeah. Uh

226:06 . Angina. Yeah. So if look at your word the words So

226:12 at your legend. It says sequence . Correct. And that's shown with

226:17 of a pink line. Correct? , red line, but yeah.

226:21 so you'll notice, uh, you , uh, where I've got

226:29 Yes. Yeah, So you'll see I've got these little LST is kind

226:35 in the middle of the diagram. two of them there. You point

226:39 where those are? Yeah, that there. Yeah. Yeah,

226:44 So what surfaces on top of the in your interpretation? Uh,

226:52 So you mean like this This one wrong. That should be the transgressive

226:57 . The sequence. I've drawn a surface. Okay, That is what

227:02 was explaining to you. Okay, do that. You did okay with

227:09 other ones. The big ones. you miss you miss those little those

227:13 little sequence, Uh, and you you show these size Valley. But

227:17 took the valley across the top of unit, despite the fact that it

227:20 it basically shifted online. Mm So what was that about? The

227:27 Valley? Yeah. Do you wanna off yours to stop screen sharing?

227:40 first, Yeah. Yeah. So . So there's the insides valley,

227:53 ? Yes. Okay. And it below Mhm. The low stand,

228:00 . Mhm. There's another way to at it right here is through the

228:06 . Over. Okay, so that's p. Okay. And then there's

228:11 roll over there. It's subtle, it's there is a little slow

228:15 but they've drawn in. They show there and here they show it right

228:22 . You see that? And then next step smoke break is there.

228:27 the D. That's the degradation. is there. That's the degradation.

228:33 the on lap. There's the on . There's the incised valley sequence.

228:39 . Gotta go down. Okay. you did is you kept it going

228:43 . That's what that's that was the that you made, right?

228:49 That makes sense. Yes, you're . Thanks for sharing too.

228:55 Had you great on there. And everybody wants people see the grades.

228:58 that was, uh, you uh, we should We should all

229:03 you for not being frayed. Show your work and and be judged

229:08 your peers. Okay, everybody. we'll end limit early. I've got

229:14 little, uh, cocktail hour with friends that started about 9.5 ago.

229:20 I've just it to be guys, my pleasure on to make sure you

229:26 your money's worth. And, I'm actually gonna go. I'm gonna

229:29 off right now, But I'm gonna on and make sure I've just make

229:32 sure about the quiz set up because don't wanna be doing that to my

229:36 o'clock after a couple of beers. do that. Now we owe Can

229:43 talk to you here? Just a minutes after after events. Thank

229:49 All right. Good evening. Thank

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