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BIOL 2321_Microbiology for Science Majors - 2321_MW1130_2_28_23_Lecture
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00:10 Mhm. Hey folks, welcome. nice outside, didn't it? Spring
00:44 coming up all the spring break would in the tank. Might be been
00:49 to be like 40° or in spring . So hopefully not anybody doing
00:54 Spring break that even a thing anymore these things. It was when I
00:58 in college. It was a big . Make movies out of it and
01:02 . Um I'm going camping so hopefully not gonna rain or be bad
01:11 So we'll see. Um Okay, today finishing it, we're not gonna
01:21 get through most of it 13, will finish up on Thursday then get
01:28 14. All right, we'll be have to stay right here right here
01:39 catch up on everything. Okay, part two of 14 is relatively
01:46 Okay, um so the point is finish everything before the spring break.
01:54 me a break to study for exam . Don't spend that whole time doing
02:01 for goodness sakes. Um Okay, we got uh um Alright, so
02:15 so start talking about 13. so context. So 13 is obviously
02:22 . We're focusing on metabolism. Um microbes get energy. Thinking in the
02:31 of chapter four, right? With is that we give them um
02:36 H. O. M. S in various forms that they need
02:39 they'll grow right now we're kind of at when they take those nutrients in
02:44 going on right there. Getting carbon that if you're the head of
02:49 Getting energy from that kind of exporting . Getting the energy part of
02:56 Right. And so we went through of looking at different Types.
03:02 respiration fermentation uh will be more than details of that more. So
03:09 This process in 14. But certainly uh go through kind of Respiration represents
03:19 terms of the stages in 13. that today. But then, you
03:25 that this process of getting energy from molecules is all about. So,
03:33 instead of going through this, go this kind of the main things in
03:38 next slide. Okay, But don't this here. Right, coupling energy
03:44 processes with energy releasing processes. We see that, you know in
03:49 diagram here. It's occurring here. . It's occurring here. Right.
03:56 coupling these two processes, happens all time in metabolism. Okay,
04:01 let's look at and review this here this diagram. Okay, so,
04:09 you're looking at reparation or even you're always involving a membrane. There's
04:15 a part of this process. For a couple of reasons. One
04:19 kind of where you stuff in the of the process. Right. The
04:23 . Okay, um the other part the process is the membrane gives you
04:29 sides. So you can make for , right, shove molecules on one
04:34 of this membrane creating that stored Right. I am Grady So membranes
04:41 a part of these kinds of Right? Often times the membranes themselves
04:47 highly folded up to create more surface and stuff. It full of the
04:53 and photosynthesis pigment molecules, et So membranes are a big part of
04:58 for the restoration for photosynthesis. So course we're focused on uh respiration,
05:08 , respiration transport system within the Um but remember, if you think
05:14 it as fears electron transport system, gotta have electrons. We gotta keep
05:22 it. Right, So we have have a source for that.
05:26 This is what tells you. in organic or inorganic. Alright,
05:29 your list of trophies. Um uh here comes the redox reactions,
05:38 We're going to oxidized a electron and electron rich, we're gonna oxidize and
05:46 some of those electrons. Right? we're going um we oxidize it,
05:52 ? And we have these electronic as we'll talk about later come into
05:57 picture. Right? So the source , like whatever you're eating, whatever
06:04 in a Twix bar, right before came in a Twix bar itself is
06:08 going to the electron transport. I'm you're not gonna break it down.
06:14 . And ultimately the electrons from that are gonna be provided to the transport
06:21 through these carriers. These electron N A D. Is a very
06:26 . Okay, so remember these are have reduced and oxidized forms depending on
06:31 they have a captured electrons become reduced they're giving them off oxidized.
06:36 so you see a reduced electron source that becomes reduced. It picks up
06:45 electrons. Okay, so these are mediated by enzymes. Right? So
06:50 times they are a part of all process. Okay, So then then
06:57 now electrons becomes oxidized electron transport So reduction oxidation, oxidation.
07:06 So now they enter the electron transport and in this box here or a
07:12 of components. All right, we'll about that next time. But they
07:18 receive and then hand off electrons. ? So when you're doing this,
07:21 giving out energy. So again, couple of energy releasing energy requirements.
07:28 that's where the proton pump. It come in. But but flow right
07:33 we talk about flow. Right? old bag over the edge analogy.
07:38 , electron flow going all right. that's what we have accepted.
07:44 It's very strong in that building called a strong reduction potential. Okay,
07:52 we'll talk about next. Excuse me thursday. So that's what unable to
07:59 loaded is left to right. And that then is able to sustain
08:06 proton grain. So, it's all really maintaining this which bacteria and us
08:13 can use it for different purposes. can use it to make a
08:16 P. S. We can use . You use it to transport uh
08:22 can use it to help other molecules around in the cell. So it's
08:26 for different purposes. Okay, It's very common source. So it's basically
08:30 form of stored in stored stored wrist this side full of protons very bouncing
08:39 each other. Right? So, represents a very rich source of
08:44 Right? And the way after that through this proton on the force.
08:49 ? Again, don't worry so much absolutely getting this now. Right,
08:53 just kind of throwing it at you we're gonna revisit this all thursday
08:59 but Tuesday, excuse me. you know, it's best just to
09:02 of, you know, let's throw out there and see what sticks kind
09:05 thing. Right? So, the thing to remember here is that
09:08 is a charge all of ourselves, of us, all living things have
09:12 charge inside their cells. Okay. so here we have once again,
09:22 , positive charge inside to sell. sorry. Okay, let me do
09:30 again. Let me erase ink. one more time. Okay,
09:35 we have a negative charge goodness negative charge. Okay with that.
09:41 , again. There we go. charge inside the cell. Okay,
09:48 the membrane. Okay. And positive here. All right. And
09:53 that largely comes from proteins that are ourselves are in the south protein at
10:00 ph generally a magnetic charge. And proteins don't normally exit the
10:06 Right? So, that's why it on to that negative charge inside the
10:10 . But again, protons being right? They do not make that
10:17 big. They like that negative Right, Positive charge, like negative
10:24 . So that's one of the That's one of the parts of the
10:28 motor force of 21 is that part , right? And then the other
10:34 the gradient, right? Because we're here, low in here. So
10:42 too is also a force, So you have two things to hide
10:46 low and the positive like snake. what draws those things in.
10:51 So but that's the point. You to get them in, right?
10:56 protons are repelled by this lipid right? Hydrophobic like those little charged
11:05 are gonna pass through. There are very very very slow. So you
11:10 to give them away to come in that's what the A. T.
11:13 . S. Is all about. , it's the condo that's gonna come
11:18 , right? So now you get energy release. Okay? And that's
11:23 to make A T. P. . Okay? Because it does take
11:28 to make it happen by themselves. gotta put in energy and make it
11:33 comes from the energy release as protons down. And that's all it all
11:39 one on top of the right. only have this radiant because you have
11:46 electron transport system, right? That's out electron transfer to provide the
11:52 And you only have that because you a source feeding, right? And
11:58 except for down here accepting it to the flow going, right? So
12:01 all fits together. Right? If one of these pieces falls apart.
12:08 be it bag over the head. ? That's one way to stop
12:13 remove the terminal. Except er can destroy the gradient. Right?
12:20 this is essentially what when you have ions, What parameter is that learned
12:28 in chemistry one? I think. , ph ph Alright, ph So
12:36 we neutralize that ph and get rid that, that can that can blow
12:41 up as well. Okay, so different way. So, the point
12:44 it all fits together. Right? keep eating, Keep eating electronic
12:49 Right? Keep breathing. Right? what all keeps you going.
12:53 So, but remember with bacteria certainly be aerobic, right? There can
12:59 be in a romantic right? Uh , by keeping that the same thing
13:06 or less applies this process. You , if you're a head a
13:11 If if you're a little pro Um if you are a uh photo
13:20 right, you kind of got light kind of driving the process.
13:25 But you know, different, different same concept, right? With light
13:30 also is fueling the proton reading. , So this is not just this
13:36 not just unique us. You we change some of the parts and
13:39 fits in a little. That fits the photo probe, you know,
13:42 a universal thing. Certainly the A . P. Aces we found all
13:47 of the Okay, so uh so the term. So with all
13:53 I just described this all fits under term oxidative phosphor relation. Right?
14:02 , you see oxidative phosphor relation uh that's what it is. Okay.
14:08 involves all that stuff. Okay. completely different. Right? It's
14:16 right? Doesn't involve, it doesn't electron transport chain. Doesn't involve
14:21 T. P. Something. It's own thing. Okay. Yes.
14:25 still redox reactions going on. But it's not doesn't evolve. All
14:30 stuff doesn't rely on a proton It doesn't require an A.
14:35 P. Symptoms or a Tps. ? It does still need a
14:41 Okay. But that's it does use . It uses this part and that
14:46 , but nothing else. Okay. anaerobic doesn't require use auction. It's
14:51 fermentation is also not not not Many people think it is fermentation is
15:03 anaerobic respiration. You hear a respiration . You go, oh proton gradient
15:12 transport chain, https all those things lock it when you hear a
15:19 but they don't when you hear a . Alright, so we'll break this
15:25 down as we go along. I figured let me just use a
15:28 approach initially throw it out there. . And hopefully some of this stuff
15:32 . Right. But if we haven't gonna we're gonna revisit this more than
15:38 . Okay. Um Any questions at moment? Uh Head spinning. All
15:47 . Um All right. So let's a little about Byron's that. It's
15:52 gonna get in the weeds on this keep it a little too basic for
15:58 . Okay. Not for you. um Okay. So the terms delta
16:04 . Okay, so you can look delta G. Which is free
16:11 Okay. Total energy, delta And entropy. The term right
16:19 The part of that. Okay, you so delta G is kind of
16:24 same we're looking for here in terms the process work with without energy input
16:33 does it require? Okay, look the delta G values for that.
16:38 , so negative delta G. Right. And you know, for
16:44 century or more, we've figured out delta G values for lots of
16:49 thousands of different chemical reactions. you can do this in a you'll
16:55 this I guess. And came to um a bomb calorie meter. You
17:01 your your glucose in there and You see how much energy is given
17:07 and make measurements and whatnot. Um get these values. So um so
17:12 way you kind of look at bio and these values is to define what
17:18 call a system and surrounding. and this can literally be a number
17:26 different things. It can be one reaction testing, that could be your
17:32 . It could be a cell. could be a it could be a
17:40 and be a human. Right? could be a ecosystem. Right?
17:45 can be as small or as large one? Okay. Just ministry measure
17:51 changes that are going wrong. And it's done at ecosystem levels.
17:59 . And so that's how we you know how much, you
18:02 for example, photosynthetic activities going on whatever values were getting for that and
18:07 kind of things in an ecosystem. anyway, so system is around.
18:12 , So and then there's the closed open. Okay, So, so
18:18 just a basic reaction A plus B is giving C Plus D.
18:24 Okay. And so in a closed picture today test tube and you put
18:31 cork on. Right? And then monitor products, your monitor reenactments and
18:36 products and look at what's happening. . Products for me. Right.
18:41 you add reactions. And so in closed system reactive form products until when
18:52 worked equilibrium. Right. That's when really no net change occur.
18:58 And so then in an open fortunately we are like us are living
19:07 exchange with the environment. Right? we can provide more A and
19:14 Right. We can use uh C D. Perhaps, you know,
19:20 . These all these things are Right. The products of one reaction
19:25 reactions for the next and so on so forth. Right. So,
19:29 an open system that's absolutely what Okay. So um us being an
19:35 system. So is humans sitting there your chairs? Is anybody in here
19:45 equilibrium If you were the caribbean, would you be? They're right.
19:54 , but that's that's that's that's uh doing that then you're greatly increase increasing
20:00 your your your race to equilibrium. want to prolong it as much as
20:08 because your equilibrium then you're not exchanging your violent, right? So you're
20:14 , cause the cell respiration will operate then come to equilibrium and then lights
20:20 . Okay, So you want to you wanna keep this going right?
20:25 wanna keep you want you're going toward caribbean but not quite good. So
20:30 assume that I'm probably closer to you you are. Okay, So I'm
20:35 to put it off as well. , so anyway, so the point
20:39 being it's that's what life is. life is open systems. Okay,
20:46 , um okay, so Delta G entropy. So, generally speaking,
20:54 , processes that are negative building that off energy are generally things like the
21:01 , right? Take big molecules and oxidize them down. Breaking down to
21:06 molecules, right? Usually to several molecules. That's a process that has
21:12 increase in entropy when you go to to less ordered products and several of
21:19 smaller. So think of glucose oxidase ceo to water, go to the
21:25 produced several of those, right? they dissipate? Okay, that's a
21:30 going to more randomness in terms of products that that's a typical negative relative
21:35 . The opposite is a typical positive . You're taking those individual small units
21:41 you're putting them together to make a molecule that takes energy likes seO two
21:48 . So those are generally positive two . So you're gonna have both.
21:53 can take all reactions and put it two groups granted. They can be
22:02 or small values of those. Delta . Okay. But they're gonna be
22:07 one or the other group. So in life, Okay, you're
22:14 make your positive delta G process. need help. Right? Making
22:17 N. A. Right? Making . These are all positive delta G
22:23 . So you have to supply energy make those things go, okay,
22:26 there's different ways to do it. edited D Right, So here's a
22:32 glucose plus glucose, six glucose to glucose six foster. Okay, Can't
22:39 that. Okay, so um that a very positive delta G. As
22:46 see there. Right. And you see from the graph right there free
22:49 change going up a bill. So here's a T. P reaction
22:59 a teepee hydraulic sis. Right, . Right. Equates to a negative
23:05 G. Okay, slap those two together. That's what that's an
23:10 Itty right, combined. Right. is what we're doing over here.
23:17 , Blue Coach has a T. . Now to make the products.
23:22 . And if the net result, , we add it all together and
23:27 net result is negative. That is process that will proceed. Right?
23:33 that's where you see A T. . Is a participant in different reactions
23:38 it's there too. Make that delta . Native to some degree.
23:45 It's not just a teepee or other but lots of times it is a
23:49 . Okay. So the concentration we already know that that's a form
23:55 sport energy. Okay. And so can capture that energy in different
24:01 You can make a Tps with Or you can do other things with
24:04 . Um And then you can manipulate and reactors reaction, right? So
24:12 can see appear back up to this , right? You can supply A
24:18 B. You can manipulate that Right of this and this. Right
24:27 the product. You can manipulate that In in an environment. I mean
24:36 can find itself in the scenario maybe there's been an influx of nutrients in
24:41 can increase the levels of reactors. , so that's possible too. So
24:47 just see the effect. So you here that if we affect reacting some
24:52 ratio, we combine it with this . This is a. Are you
24:57 to worry about our is um gas . I think t. Is
25:03 But any case you can change this . You add it to an adult
25:08 G. And it can change So it may make it make it
25:12 or more negative. Okay and so can see that effect here. Okay
25:18 so here we have basically 10,400 100 1001 difference in that equates to a
25:32 , right? So change that much a change right here in Delta
25:36 Makes it more negative. Right? if this if this delta G was
25:41 initially a little bit positive, okay the effect of the reactions products may
25:50 that into negative. Okay, so how it can affect. So you
25:56 find a noticing bacterial population bacterial species that's not so energetically favorable. But
26:06 it finds itself in a scenario where just full of that particular reactant and
26:13 a ratio itself is enough to make energetically favorable and that that happens.
26:20 , so um so again, just ways you can kind of manipulate that
26:25 G. Making process that will go become about that. So um let's
26:41 at uh this question right, You're gonna think, oh my
26:47 this is such a basic question. are you asking this for? Because
26:50 these questions are end up being about 50. Okay, so it's best
26:55 kind of let's figure this out Okay, so here's the two
27:00 So a positive delta G metabolic process it Annapolis right? Negative delta
27:09 S. Are you gonna do You also got to do this.
27:15 on. I really goofed up aerial session that there is your number and
27:28 we're open. Okay. So uh , so back to the question.
27:35 possibility process is one that could be linked couple to partnered with associated with
27:46 your favorite linking verb is. Right 80 P formation. True thoughts based
27:52 what you see here. Okay. . Okay. Let's count down.
28:33 . So the box is simply just to you what draws us information.
28:39 for you determine if you read the is a positive delta G. Process
28:45 that would be linked apartment with a too have a good time with a
28:51 formation. Okay. Alright. So down 4 321. Okay. Who
29:13 ? Be you want to false and your faults. Did you have your
29:22 ? You ask your boss, did enter on your face? Ok
29:38 Um correct? So that disconnect. ? This is a delta. Positive
29:48 delta G. Okay. Which means has to be a negative delta.
29:59 . So if you have made a process, are you gonna link that
30:03 a positive another positive delta G. ? Are you? Why not?
30:13 not? It's no, of course . That make any sense,
30:19 So good that I slapped it. but I wouldn't even live to survive
30:23 way too dumb if you answer That's not good. You got This
30:31 18 years. It's the same thing every 18 years and hasn't missed a
30:35 yet where it wasn't. Okay, so we got a positive whatever that
30:49 , it takes energy running up. , we'll be lucky to link that
31:00 agent information. That also department, you think why would you make a
31:10 G. To another positive dr They're both going to go collectively say
31:17 shout, no. Mhm. No thank you. What what did
31:28 just rail about on side? One of energy requiring process with energy releasing
31:34 . This so this always and That's not me making the rules.
31:43 lights making I think those things then makes the other go. That was
31:50 example here with right back here. that http hydrology sis G. This
32:04 without it there's a positive delta You might even see it right
32:08 Positive delta G. And a teepee or fibrosis is a negative right?
32:17 those two right? Because excess with T. P. Analysis and it
32:22 the positivity. So the answer here um that that has written is
32:32 Alright, false. Okay. So it's said um delta G. Could
32:39 a process could be linked to a . P. Hydraulic sis That would
32:44 true because of this. But then possibly make that go, depends on
32:51 the actual any questions about that. or all. Even if you have
33:03 repeat one million times positive delta With negative delta G. Positive
33:07 Okay. Um Okay, so very similar question. Key metabolic processes
33:19 as silly respiration, release energy. . Okay. Based on the information
33:26 , you can assume the energy released metabolism could be used for the purpose
33:32 forming a T. P. Check expect 100% correctness. Or I
33:41 begin to I don't know yet. see. Right. You told
33:57 There you go. All right. count down. Mhm. 5432 Romantic
34:39 . 10. Yes. Yes. . Yes, that's correct.
34:53 Okay. Um it's a lot right? Release energy. So that's
34:59 a negative delta G. And this a formation we already know is a
35:06 delta G. Right? That's negative . Uh Oops, that's right.
35:15 then um yeah, we could use to couple to form a T.
35:20 . S. Right? We could those together. Okay, um so
35:26 . Great. Okay, so let's at the relationship between these things.
35:34 a teepee and informed link metallic. , so uh so again, is
35:46 breaking down typically larger conduct. molecule is in the central thing.
35:52 , So me glucose, water or be a bunch of other things.
36:01 you just examine that. So uh process release energy anabolic processes required.
36:11 , now, having said that you see this as we go through
36:18 Is that even the processes that are definitely over. Also the overall delta
36:26 here is negative. Okay, so always use the analogy of going
36:34 Right? That's a negative delta G . Okay, And that's the glucose
36:39 to see the water is just Okay. But remember there's lots of
36:45 reactions going on as we go from to end. Right? And the
36:51 energy changes will be something like like this, like something like that
36:56 we go down. Okay. And but the overall net is negative delta
37:02 . Okay, so if we look glucose for example, right, there's
37:09 glucose, even glucose. So think a rock right up here. There's
37:17 a little bump here before it goes . Right? You actually have to
37:22 a little bit of energy, That's kind of the help glucose get
37:27 , so to speak. Okay, think of a rock on top of
37:31 hill that rock downhill start rolling. know, it's going to be a
37:37 of energy associated with that, It can stand in front of it
37:41 bowl you over. Right? So releasing process. But even energy producing
37:48 may need to get a little bit a kick start. So you typically
37:51 have to put a wedge a two four right to get the rock
37:55 Right? Preliminary energy. And but it goes right with a surplus of
38:01 release. Okay, so just kind keep that. So even overall may
38:06 to have here and there is like uh input of energy but that's
38:14 Okay, but the thing is what's overall delta? It's negative for catalog
38:20 positive for an anabolic process. Okay um Okay, so energy released from
38:30 . So here is where a teepee in. An embolism is building up
38:34 . Right? I mean who asked to a protein nuclear ties to
38:37 N. A. Okay. Um so let's Go here. So an
38:47 requires energy input. Right? Heat always always a product. He's always
38:51 off. Whether anabolic anabolic always have because no process is 100 efficient.
38:57 ? Heat given off. And so Okay so there's our equation,
39:06 Energy releasing energy requirements. So eight um hydro sis energy releasing formation need
39:16 input. Okay, so how we these things in metabolism is um So
39:22 teepee formation. Right? So requires energy input. That comes from
39:28 tavern. Right? From A. . P. In fact the uh
39:37 sis of a teepee releases energy. what you used to supply this for
39:44 . Um Okay so uh that's what that's what that's for what you want
39:53 hide relies the A. T. . To form A. D.
39:59 . Okay, going that way that energy this way requires energy to make
40:09 . So you are forming your realizing and forming a Tps millions of
40:15 a second while you're sitting there right . Just possible one back and
40:19 Okay. Especially your brain right Your brain is really crazy.
40:27 Um producing 80 P. S. mean hide rising tps and then your
40:32 them and back and forth. Back forth. Okay, so um
40:37 so let's get this question. So is a look at this for um
40:45 get the kind of redox and what about. Right? And so as
40:49 looking at this one, so remember or maybe you don't let me do
40:57 device. Yeah. Oh hold let me maybe remember this.
41:06 you don't. The O I L I G oxidation is lost. Reduction
41:16 gain. That's right. Redox Okay, so in biological reactions very
41:24 it's um protons, b hydrogen atoms given away and then taken.
41:38 oxidation reduction is often involve hydrogen Which, Right, because hydrogen atom
41:43 one electron, right? One Okay. That's typically how electrons are
41:50 . Okay, so let's see Which is correct regarding so which choice
41:57 what's going on here? Alright, count down from 10. Okay.
42:40 , so, okay, so focus what happened there. Right, so
42:53 para weight gained, gained two Right, Right there. E two
43:06 essentially. Right. Became pirate became , gained electrons. So, you
43:14 , private has been reduced. so it's always compares something's reduced.
43:21 provided those electrons. Okay, um so in A. D.
43:27 Right? Um was the source, ? So it became oxidized just be
43:36 reduced gained electrons showing here becoming lactate th became oxidized provided. And that's
43:47 for that's what it does. Um So one thing is you might
43:54 , okay, like this question response . D Right, lactate,
43:59 Or N A. D. You might go well lactate if private
44:04 used or any D. H. oxides. That means any of these
44:11 . No, nothing, essentially. are just in products you don't say
44:17 those terms but the end products, just a product of the oxidation
44:22 They're not they themselves haven't been oxidized reduced. There is the product of
44:27 results of the observation or reduction. , so power introduced A D.
44:34 . Is oxidized in this example. , so it's very common in biological
44:39 . You can always follow kind of going on by looking somewhere the molecule
44:46 gained higher regions and that's typically the . Okay? Or lose a
44:51 Okay, so redox reactions. So we already mentioned last time about
45:00 energy of molecules from the bonds bonds electrons. Okay, so in in
45:08 electronic capturing energy and we can hold to the energy producing electronic carriers.
45:14 , And get something with that. so in the reaction, we'll see
45:19 and over again in the next few this glucose to the water.
45:24 With the overall reaction here, glucose becoming oxidized right? To C.
45:29 . Okay, oxygen is reading itself context. Right, so remember little
45:38 right electron transport chain, there's a and here's glucose is the source,
45:47 , becomes oxidized. Right to Over here is terminal except er it
45:53 reduced to water. So it's kind the locations of these things relative to
46:00 process is kind of this is where at because of the source electrons option
46:06 accepted. Okay, so um now of just taking this off.
46:17 Um glucose to CO2. Okay, so look at glucose very large
46:26 all those bonds not showing a three structure. But remember that these um
46:35 there's electron clouds around here, There are gonna be repelling each
46:39 Right? They're gonna have bond angles things as well as can be
46:44 Although glucose it's not gonna be super because we're gonna break it down.
46:49 gonna take those electrons by breaking that apart. Okay. And the first
46:55 of its going to pirate vein. . And so like I said,
46:59 not gonna expect you to know the of react hundreds but and all the
47:05 going on between each step, It's more kind of across the stage
47:10 taking four stages. Okay. And calls this is one of those.
47:15 . And so very important is is of the kind of the fork in
47:20 road. And you see what I here in a little bit But and
47:25 go to making uh two of Okay. And so um One of
47:35 when we go to two pirates and we're going to capture energy along the
47:41 . Okay. Also as we go pirate to c. 0.
47:45 And so this is where electronic carriers in and are part of the redox
47:51 . Right? We're gonna generate things N A. D. H
47:56 But there's another one that form as . But these are the kind of
48:02 work horses. If you will they're gonna carry electrons bring him to
48:07 transport chain and then, you helped to fuel the whole proton pumping
48:13 . Okay, so um so so it's not glucose itself that's going
48:20 electron transport chain, giving electrons breaking down along the way and then generating
48:26 electronic terrorists that they actually go to electron transport chain. Okay. And
48:34 um and so C. 02. , once we're down to here,
48:39 , we're done, Okay, can't anything with seO to write hetero probe
48:44 write it's very stable, very stable . Okay. Yes. Okay.
48:54 right. So it goes down Very stable. Okay. Can't break
49:00 down because a lot of C. apart. So of course we can
49:05 it up. Right? That's an is um anabolic process. We can
49:09 them together. Co two fixation. , build up a little bit in
49:15 so look at, you know, the bonds were having to create.
49:19 takes energy. Okay. And that's fixation. Very energy required process.
49:28 like to do it right. There's ways to do it as well but
49:32 takes a lot of energy input because an anabolic process. Okay, so
49:38 so the uh one other thing to here is the talk about energy
49:45 Right? So there's a teepee, often see A G. T.
49:49 . Is another uh type of uh molecules oversee and some some reactions um
49:56 A. D. The oxidized form the one that picks up electrons become
50:00 A. D. H. Very also is this one here F
50:05 D. We formed that in respiration well. Not as much, but
50:11 only thing I'm gonna mention here about is when you already see N.
50:14 . D. And you write the and it looks like this and
50:18 And so I remember like typically the are not necessarily passed as naked electrons
50:25 usually in the form of hydrogen atoms typically impairs. Okay. And then
50:33 always see in A. D. . And the plus H.
50:37 that has to do with how much fit actually in the N.
50:40 D. Model. Okay. And the this over here is where the
50:45 is occurring, so to speak. so the electrons can are accepted by
50:52 so You may or may not have organic territory but aromatic compounds can have
51:00 property of residents. And so they hold on to these two electrons and
51:05 of occupy different places in there in structure. But it doesn't have room
51:10 both of the hydrogen. Okay. of the protons. Okay. So
51:17 gets to live there, but the one is over here. So that's
51:22 whenever you see a director of N . D, it's a 200 gives
51:27 a D. H plus H. that's why this this one can't fit
51:33 the structure of the molecule. That's the thing about that. But any
51:38 is very common that this pair is obviously uh electron carriers. So,
51:46 , so then generating a T. . S. Okay, so we
51:52 at the beginning about oxygen phosphor like all of that. Right?
51:56 that's certainly uh one way to make teepee photo photo phosphor relation which is
52:02 light but also involves the transport chain proton gradient etcetera. But substrate phosphor
52:11 , phosphor relation by comparison is pretty but it doesn't involve much.
52:17 And this happens in respiration. It's only way you get energy and information
52:23 it's simply just taking a phosphate from one of the intermediates in the
52:30 So you see it's it's basically just it to an ADP molecule and then
52:34 get a T. P as you there. Okay, so, you
52:38 , it happens a couple times for um in in comparison to to oxidative
52:48 relation or um photo phosphor relation. amount of a Tps from this process
52:57 much much much less Uh fossil That's roughly 10-1. Right? In
53:05 of how much you get from Right? So actually foster relationships a
53:09 more Https as the photo relations. until the process is how you get
53:17 teepee from electron transport chain. We'll about that uh more Thursday. But
53:24 does involve what we mentioned earlier. . A transport um produced 80.
53:32 we'll give you that next time. this is kind of a mechanism.
53:38 used to refer to that process which proton motor force all that kind of
53:43 goes hand in hand. Okay, um so the last bit before you
53:51 into kind of the natural stages of process, I just put this in
53:56 to kind of give you some sense comparison comparison between these different processes.
54:04 , so you see a table So we have and so the way
54:08 explain this is so again, I go back back to this little diagram
54:12 and recall there's gonna be a membrane . Right? That's um part of
54:17 process. Okay here membrane. And then transport trains in there and
54:25 have a source and accepted. And so relative to the table.
54:29 ? So this is our sources are here. Okay, those are our
54:34 sources. And then these are the except ear's over here. Okay,
54:41 glucose being oxidized. See what you and water. Okay. And so
54:49 the and the energy you get from . Okay, shown right here.
54:55 , so biomass so biomass is simply amount of living material. All the
55:05 on the scale, collectively gotta biomass this room. Okay. Um so
55:11 we can measure the biomass of this example. Okay, so it's the
55:16 you get on that particular uh substrate particular metabolism. Right. And so
55:24 difference between blue red and green, this so blues, aerobic,
55:28 Red is anaerobic and the green is fermentation. Right? So if you
55:35 at um just the ethanol. so this guy, this guy.
55:46 . And this guy, Right. equivalent carbon sources but different metabolism.
55:55 , so you can see respiration both those compared to fermentation. Right?
56:06 far exceeds mentioned. Right. And , definitely delta G. Alright,
56:14 value of energy release equates to how sold you get more bigger energy release
56:22 a tps, potentially more bottom line you get more sells more dense
56:28 It all boils down to that. ? More a tps means you can
56:33 more emphasis, more DNA replication culture more cells. Okay. And so
56:41 over fermentation aerobic over anaerobic. Although these two values aren't that far
56:50 26 versus 24. 26. 24 terms of biomass um that's not super
56:58 right? So but it all goes to goes back to the fact of
57:03 . Okay. Oh two versus 03. Okay this is the things
57:08 talk about next week but though too a higher reduction potential than nitrate
57:15 Not bad. Right But auction has a little bit better ability to grab
57:20 than nitrate. But again it's not huge difference but nonetheless respiration typically wins
57:27 if you're comparing it like this. you can see how far down for
57:32 . So um the of course you at glucose right and get the most
57:41 that bigger molecule right? Even to glucose, aerobic versus anaerobic respiration Arabic
57:49 little bit better. Okay all because the properties of the. Okay so
57:57 okay any questions you have questions please them out. Okay Okay so in
58:07 of what to know about this, ? In terms of policies and so
58:12 , what do I know? You even know? You don't need to
58:15 the hundreds of enzymes the hundreds of that are going on. You know
58:19 stages. Okay so you should be with everything is here in the slot
58:28 times. Uh so we start with one. The post pirate six carbon
58:37 to 3 carbon. Okay two of then um higher base of course the
58:48 energy helped write A Tps and a . H. Is right. And
58:56 then so it's kind of a fork the road. Right? Go one
59:00 two ways. All hands on what themselves capable of what the environment is
59:08 nutrients that are available to. So it ferments that means there must
59:15 no oxygen present or very low oxygen . Um that they're that it's that
59:22 um that of course is carbohydrate or that there's a grand carbon something.
59:31 in ferment fermentation is what we call incomplete oxidation. So you produce molecules
59:37 still have data or it can inspire aerobically anatomically. Which means that either
59:48 present or it's an old restoration nitrate something else is present. It can
59:52 . Okay, so cold line you all three options available to you and
59:58 may go in one mode for a then switch when something runs out.
60:02 you can you can go back and . So so if you have inspiration
60:08 can hydrate to see the way remembering there's two of these here and then
60:16 of these here then we begin to some of the C. 02.
60:20 and then we go to the Krebs tax which is here and then we
60:26 more of these in terms of energy then these actually go to electronic
60:33 Well actually the N A D. and F A D. H.
60:39 will go to the electron transport Okay. And they give up their
60:48 . Okay. They're the ones supply electrons to the chain. Okay,
60:54 where the the working. Okay. it's really annoying that 11234 stages respiration
61:05 , of course fermentation. Alright, four stages then fermentation, we're gonna
61:12 them all together. It's fine as . That's that's what you know about
61:17 because everyone goes out. Okay. production. Okay. And of
61:22 knowing what what is oxidative frost Right? That's basically actually the phosphor
61:29 part involves like analysis, involves involves this and involves that.
61:37 All that's a part of oxidative false . Okay, um Okay, so
61:44 start with like policies. Okay. so um you learned when you refer
61:53 exposed to this was the Meyerhoff or guess more correctly, left off the
61:59 I don't need to know this is third name E M P pathway,
62:05 regardless this is the one your party familiar. Okay. And uh it's
62:12 the so remember I said earlier, in the overall negative delta G process
62:22 need to have some points here and . We got to put in a
62:25 bit of energy. And that's true the start of black policies. So
62:31 we have to kind of pump it , so to speak by investing a
62:36 of ATP's two more or less think it as energizing. Okay. And
62:43 form these false related products that can progress in the reaction. Okay,
62:49 forming These 2 3 carbon molecules that glycerol three phosphate. Okay, You
62:58 need to know that name. But , I'm just kind of guiding you
63:01 this. So as we get to point over here, as you can
63:05 from the name energy harvest. So that's what we're gonna recoup our
63:11 and then some right, So we actually get a surplus back. So
63:16 get more back than what we put . Right? So 80 to 80
63:20 . S here to here. And you can't forget the N.
63:24 D. H. So all those the energy returns if you will,
63:28 it's A T. P and N . D. H. Both of
63:31 , Right? Because we're going to something with these. N A.
63:34 . H. Is later on, they do represent energy. Okay,
63:39 we end up with two pirate Okay, so again, you don't
63:45 to know the names of the intermediates there? Not even not even written
63:49 . Alright, but don't even worry don't even worry about these.
63:52 so more kind of six carbon glucose two or three carbon pirates,
63:57 And we're gonna get a surplus of back in the form of a teepee
64:01 a th Okay, and so a of things about this. Of
64:06 it's does not require auction does not to be present, just occur.
64:12 . In fact it's an anaerobic Okay um the gpu form here right
64:21 and here that's an example of the love phosphors because we're taking literally taking
64:28 phosphate groups right? And slapping it ADP molecules substrate level relation. Okay
64:38 so again net net energy gain. so that's it. The E.
64:46 . R. E. M. . Pathway that you learned previously.
64:49 a couple of variations of this okay we see on this slide. So
64:55 the E. M. P. just went through this is what's called
64:59 E. D. Or you see in very common in interest like your
65:05 . Coli or salmonella as and the the like. Okay get bacteria.
65:14 and so they are able to utilize are called sugar acids. Okay so
65:21 is what we call an al does ? Okay it has this album high
65:27 at the end a sugar acid has car box elated group. Okay so
65:32 the big deal about that? Well turns out these kinds of sugar acids
65:37 prevalent in the intestinal mucosa secretions, wall secretions that help you allowed to
65:45 food pass through. Okay and bacteria they got that had this pathway can
65:54 those sugar acids right? If you have the E. D. Pathway
65:57 can't eat those and many interests have that allows them to use it as
66:02 car. Okay so that's what they with it. It does produce energy
66:06 course not as much as um as mp pathway but not not bad.
66:16 and then the other one is this phosphate shot which we actually have as
66:21 . So this is the way to um some of the intermediates from the
66:31 the Meyerhoff pathway for example or D. Pathway in front of them
66:38 making five phosphate. That's actually a block for bio sentences. Okay so
66:46 that's kind of what the pintos phosphate about I think we see that more
66:52 making building blocks for nuclear times and amino acids. That's kind of what
66:56 for. Okay although it can be for energy production I'm sure under some
67:01 of stress condition if needed. Its role is to make building blocks for
67:07 other molecules. Okay um The one thing. So with the this
67:15 D. Pathway. Okay bacteria that that typically always also have the BMP
67:25 . So the Mp pathway is kind the main thing but it may have
67:30 E. D. Pathway. So if in fact it's very uncommon for
67:36 type to have E. D. and only that typically have will have
67:41 the BMP pathway. Okay um okay that's all I want to say about
67:48 . Any questions about that. Okay um so this is kind of um
67:57 get us into a little bit about presentation. So uh so fermentation will
68:08 what you see on the screen right and only what you see so far
68:14 you see there. Okay so as go through respiration, remember it has
68:17 this stuff that you see here. lots of stuff going on.
68:22 Krebs cycle electron transport chain. So fermentation only has like colossus um
68:32 then a couple one of maybe one two other reactions. Okay so like
68:38 see here fermentation right So the keys are this is this energy production?
68:46 it. Okay that's only substrate level relation is what's going on.
68:53 And then so in glycol icis right support the hypothesis we gotta keep forming
69:02 in A. D. H. ? We form in A.
69:05 And it becomes forms and we have keep resupplying that. Okay excuse
69:14 Um So we have to keep supplying . Okay gotta keep gotta keep you
69:21 to have sugar source is not to glucose. Can be lots of other
69:24 need a carbohydrate source or carbon We need N. A.
69:28 Alright and then that will keep producing . T. P. S.
69:33 so we need to regenerate the A. D. Okay and so
69:39 means we have to oxidize this We oxidize that back to N
69:43 D. And that's what the fermentation basically do. Okay so when you
69:49 take pirate bait and you produce lactic or some other end product typically you
69:56 that. So you can reform the . A. D. Right?
70:01 that's what keeps it kind of going . And then you keep that causes
70:06 forming http That's what the fermenter relies is to keep that going.
70:12 So um so here is kind of process. Right? And so but
70:19 , that's part of it because then gonna look in fermentation will take that
70:25 then transform it into I think acid what have you in? The process
70:31 form this back. Right? Because what keeps it going because the only
70:36 you can make energy is from that cause this process. Okay. Um
70:42 here's lactic acid fermentation. Okay, again, the goal, the function
70:47 is supply carbon, which we're doing the form of glucose. Okay.
70:52 keep supplying N A D N D. Pool there. And that
70:58 keep Blackhawks is going okay, so pirate bait will transform that into
71:03 Okay, so quick question. Um so we have a B and
71:15 molecules which what is oxidized here, B or C, A B or
71:56 countdown 54 is A is oxidized and is oxidized, right? Pirate is
72:13 . Okay, so in alcohol fermentation , you can take part in we
72:23 that first to a satellite to Okay, that means we're gonna carve
72:28 this, take it off. And we form two carbon asi tal
72:33 hide which is then formed into Okay. And so again uh is
72:43 okay. To supply any D and taliban hide is reduced right reduced to
72:51 . Okay. As it reduced and . Right? Some of those two
72:56 go together. Okay. And so but for mentors um they have now
73:04 been doing the yield you get from a fermenter right compared respiration and fermentation
73:10 the biomass. I mean that's reel it doesn't mean fermenters can't be very
73:16 can still grow a lot. Keep supplying a carbon source and that
73:23 regenerating any be right? And making that is their mouth cavities are produced
73:31 bacteria. That ferment. Okay, that enamel. Okay. Um show
73:37 their gut they ferment. Okay so though I'm kind of somewhat downplaying
73:44 they can be very vigorous in their , you know, under the right
73:47 . Of course, you know, and beer production. Right? And
73:51 uh so they can but they do a couple of things going against them
73:55 one is the end products they form , tend to be organic acids,
74:01 not very ph friendly. Right? it's not uncommon for a fermenter to
74:06 inhibited. Buy the things they make they grow. Okay so um wine
74:14 , they tinkered with the strings, strings that are used in wine production
74:19 make high yield high alcohol wines. normally wine used to be like around
74:25 or 10% nowadays is the economy 14 16% alcohol. That's because they've engineered
74:31 strange to be more resistant to to these products they produce. And
74:37 , uh, so yeah, being , you got some things going against
74:41 , but if you've got nowhere and got lots of carbon, you can
74:46 some damage to this. Okay. , all right, then there's no
74:51 . That's it. We'll see you Wednesday. Okay. Thanks
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