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BIOL 3324 Human Physiology - BIOL3324_Lecture22
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00:06 they're now I'm turned on and you can hear me. What I was
00:10 is I've never tried the live so I don't know if that would
00:14 worth trying sometimes. Just for Just toe to screw everything up.
00:20 , So next Tuesday is the last before Thanksgiving break. And officially,
00:27 the last day we meet in Um, I have to be someplace
00:32 Tuesday. And so I think what gonna try to do I'm not telling
00:36 that we're not gonna meet on Tuesday , you know, in person
00:41 but I will send out an I may just do us all online
00:46 next Tuesday. Um, my sons the Boy Scouts, I'm a range
00:50 officer for the Boy Scouts. Which I get to go to the rifle
00:53 and sit there until the kids not shoot each other. Um,
00:58 not that they would, but that's the Boy Scouts think. Um,
01:02 , so, um, that's I be if they have good Internet,
01:07 gonna I'm gonna lecture from there. way I don't have to travel the
01:11 and have to get back up If not, then I'll probably just
01:16 up here. But, you but I'll let you guys know before
01:19 happens. And not like Tuesday I will let you know before
01:25 Uh, but we are still having . Uh, if you're online,
01:29 can do it anywhere, right? for on airplane. Well, I
01:32 you could do it there, but gonna cost you like an arm and
01:34 leg. All right, um, have a paper due coming up next
01:39 , Right? Second draft. Is next week or does it this
01:41 Okay. I can't remember what? set it up. I think I
01:45 it up because previously I pushed up Thanksgiving. Them people would use Thanksgiving
01:49 an excuse to turn in things and it's just, like, just
01:52 get it done. So So it's Friday. Is that right?
01:56 excellent. And then we get it , and then it's out of your
01:59 . You don't have to worry about , right? I mean, that's
02:04 you gotta look at these things. like, Yeah, it's done
02:08 Then after that, we have After , we'll have two more lectures,
02:13 ? This, uh, the Tuesday week is the male lecture on repugnant
02:17 reproduction. And then the to the following Thanksgiving would be three female
02:23 And then the Thursday would be How reproduction actually work on? But it's
02:29 a sex talk, but it's a talk, right? I mean,
02:32 not gonna talk about how we're going talk about what occurs, uh,
02:37 , uh, to get fusion. today we give still finish up our
02:42 about food, remember? What? type of meal did we have on
02:46 Thursday? Not just a burger. right. It was a big,
02:52 cheeseburger. And for those of you put bacon on it. We slept
02:55 the bacon. We had a big side of fries and a big old
02:58 . We're talking good. 4000 calories American meal. Yes, Right.
03:06 remember, where did digestion start? the mouth. And what do we
03:09 digesting? No. What? What we digesting? Carbohydrates and a little
03:15 of fat. Then the food went to the stomach. We stop digesting
03:19 , and then we started digesting proteins a little bit of fat And so
03:24 that material is being pushed into the intestine. And we're going to see
03:29 gonna happen, because there's one thing haven't really been digesting at this
03:33 Really. We have been digesting the , and we're changing the nature.
03:37 so when we get to the small so you can see here, this
03:40 a picture showing you the Lord G tracts so you can see that has
03:44 small test in the large intestine. really the rest of the track.
03:47 then we have these accessory glands, liver and gall bladder, which kind
03:51 go hand in hand, and then pancreas. All right. And so
03:55 small intestine is where digestion, the bit of chemical digestion occurs and absorption
04:03 . All right, so when we're food, we need to think small
04:07 and then the large intestine. It rolling absorption, but it doesn't really
04:11 a role in food absorption. It absorption in something else. We're gonna
04:16 how that works. Now, how go about processing or digesting is gonna
04:20 the function of the liver and the . So the reason they exist They
04:24 just massive glands for producing enzymes for . All right, so that's kind
04:30 our big picture today. The small . Sorry. Come on,
04:36 Alright. Is the body's major digestive ? It's about 6 m long.
04:41 gonna play some number of game so that's about 20 ft. You
04:44 , it's not exactly 20 ft, you can see and it extends from
04:48 pile orris of the stomach. So that that that a sphincter, they're
04:53 the way to the Phileo. cycle sphincter, That's that's the extent
04:58 it. So it's about 20 ft and has three segments duodenum to June
05:02 , an ilium. If you break down, you can think about like
05:05 the little itsy bitsy front end the odd numbers about 10 inches long.
05:08 receives the secretions from the accessory digestive . So from the liver and gall
05:18 and the pancreas and then in the , um, that's where the majority
05:22 the chemical digestion is taking place. you can think of the Wadden is
05:25 of the receiving region and then you to the jejune, um, where
05:29 gonna be doing some digestion. You're to start the process of absorption and
05:33 ultimately you get down to the which is the longest, and this
05:36 where the remainder of the absorption is place. Okay, so it's really
05:40 just his long, 20 ft long where digestion absorption is taking place
05:49 We talked about the mucosa of all parts of the digestive system. Have
05:55 sort of arrangements in terms of their . Right? We said that there's
06:00 and ridges and folds and stuff, here's where we can really start seeing
06:04 folds. Alright, we have these folds in the way you can think
06:08 this like a serious of speed right? So instead of the tube
06:15 like so right, that would be tube. Instead, your tube is
06:23 like this. Okay, It's a tube. It's terrible drawing deal with
06:34 , right? But you see, kind of bumps, and what you
06:37 see here is that this slows down the material has to go up and
06:42 the ridge is kind of like you to go over speed bumps and it
06:45 the movement of the material down and this does, it increases the surface
06:49 . The effect of surface area of digestive track by threefold. Now,
06:53 it's 20 ft long, that makes effective length of the digestive tract.
06:57 long? 64. Good. We're some simple math. Keep doing the
07:01 for me. All right, so is primarily seen in the duodenum in
07:05 jejune. Um and so the you don't see it quite as
07:09 but it's still there. Alright, not as much. But what we've
07:13 now is we basically are saying we to slow things down because we need
07:17 finish the process of digestion and we need to take in the things that
07:22 want. All right. And then you look on the folds,
07:26 So you can imagine. Here's my like this, right? If I
07:30 on my folds What? I'm gonna if I'm going to see a little
07:32 . I go up and down, so. All right. These air
07:35 the villa at the base of each . I is a crypt. And
07:39 you can see Here is a There's the crypt way down low.
07:44 right, Now, this is just projection up and down. So it's
07:48 type of fold on top of the . So the fold on top of
07:51 folding, it increases the surface area the effect of surface area tenfold.
07:56 what is the effective length of digestive now? 600 ft long.
08:02 think about that. You are this tiny thing and now you have an
08:06 length of the digestive tract of 600 . All right, now what we're
08:10 here by doing this is we're increasing absorptive area, the surface area,
08:17 . And we're also increasing the secretive area of the digestive tract, so
08:21 allows us to engage the time that's sitting in the digestive tract.
08:27 each of these individual ville I has arterial has a capital G network has
08:31 visual, even has a lymphatic which we call a lack deal,
08:35 we're going to see the importance of just a moment. Maybe I have
08:37 up there. Oh, it says absorbing lipids and lipid soluble vitamins.
08:42 right, so you can think of finger having its own arterial, its
08:46 venue. Its own lacked Hill and capital Orry network in there. So
08:50 a lot of interaction that's going on . We have two major types of
08:55 found out on the surface of the . It's called the villas absorptive
08:59 What do you think it does? absorbs. Yeah, it says right
09:04 . And then we have the goblet and goblet cells we have all throughout
09:06 digestive tract. They're basically single cellular , uh, cells. And they
09:12 a bunch of Meuse in, and helps lubricate the intestinal lining.
09:17 so it basically helps grease the wheels that things can kind of move along
09:21 fine, but it also protects. to see the thing we gotta remember
09:25 protecting from is the indigestible material that are absorbing. All right?
09:31 lot of the food that we consume pokey and and damaging to ourselves,
09:39 at the microscopic level, right? basically is very, very sharp,
09:43 it can damage cells. So putting that protective layer on the surface
09:47 helps protect against all that stuff. right, now there is smooth muscle
09:53 that allows these ville I toe actually up on the pull down So you
09:56 imagine what I'm doing is I'm kind massaging the time as it comes
10:01 And so it helps also to increase area as well. And it also
10:06 to milk. The lack feels alright the secretion portion. So if the
10:12 is the primarily the sort of the secretive portion is we're down here in
10:17 the, uh, Crips of Libre . Just calm the Crips. It's
10:23 . All right Now, on the of each of these cells So here
10:28 can see here is our villas absorptive . Theirs are Goblet cell. I'm
10:31 gonna flop the next life you can here. Here's an endocrine cell.
10:36 the pan with cell. Here's, , a undifferentiated crypt cell, which
10:40 be a type of stem cell They all have these little tiny,
10:45 , surface extensions. Alright, These called micro ville I. So the
10:50 is simply fingers that are made up many, many, many different
10:54 and this picture shows it a little better. You can see here is
10:58 villas, right. So there's your and then if you look, you
11:03 see there's itsy bitsy, teeny tiny that make up the villas. So
11:07 kind of the surface area. And each of these cells have these micro
11:13 I, which increases the surface Another 20 fold. So let's do
11:17 math again. One more time. we went from 20 ft TEU 60
11:24 to 600 ft to 12,000 ft. let's do some little math in her
11:33 . How far is a mile? you guys know how long the
11:39 Yeah, You know what? The , huh? It's 1600 m.
11:47 true. In terms of feet, is right. 5280 ft. I
11:55 it up before class, just so know because I'm a cheater,
11:59 All right. So if you're roughly ft and it's roughly 5280 ft for
12:08 mile, your small intestines have an length of two and a quarter miles
12:15 . Now, if they were completely , imagine how big of an organism
12:19 have to be to have a digestive that large right, much bigger than
12:25 are now. So the idea here we are basically increasing surface area at
12:31 levels so that we can increase the tive, uh, environment and the
12:38 environment. All right. And each this stuff these these micro ville I
12:45 together is referred to as the brush , and you can see down here
12:49 not very clearly, of course. in this little picture right there,
12:53 showing you what those cells kind of like. And you can see there's
12:56 surface area. Now, if you envision this one thing that you could
13:02 Well, I'm gonna use one of . Well, since I can't show
13:07 , think of a piece of right? If you think of a
13:10 of paper and look at its you lay down the paper. That's
13:13 , right, that's the length. let's say that piece of paper could
13:17 be this long, right? So you cut off a piece that's that
13:21 because that's the surface that you can . But if you want to have
13:25 surface area, you could take that of paper and go up and down
13:28 times, and it have the same length, but you've increase the surface
13:32 . That's in essence, what you've here. Now, this brush border
13:35 a whole bunch of enzymes, thes gonna play a role in chemical
13:40 and we're not gonna memorize all the . That's the good news.
13:44 because there's lots and lots of All right? And there's also transport
13:48 . Why do we need transport Because we're absorbing things. All
13:55 so what are we secreted? All , so in the Crips, what
14:01 have are what are called the intestinal . You see how easy this is
14:09 you're creating fluid in the intestines contest you. All right. Quick
14:13 If you're secretive stuff from the it's called pancreatic juice kind of
14:21 but it makes it easy. All . So four types of cells that
14:26 should be familiar with the enteric endocrine . Alright. Simply put, this
14:32 the cell that is talking to other right outside of the small intestine.
14:39 job is to preach secrete something called in in which is very similar to
14:45 . They bind to the same Alright, so CCK is cool,
14:49 kind of. We'll see it on slide a moment, all right.
14:52 also secretes glucose insulin, a tropic , which is a really long,
14:57 word for saying the hormone that basically on the pancreas to tell it when
15:02 release insulin. In other words, saying to the pancreas, You know
15:07 ? Um, the body's gonna wanna a whole bunch of glucose as it
15:11 into the bloodstream. We haven't released glucose yet, but it's gonna be
15:14 coming. That's really all that Okay, so that's That's its job
15:20 basically to signal to other cells that has arrived. The pan it sells
15:28 produced antibacterials. Alright, we talked the five second rule that's usually thinking
15:34 the stomach. But remember, we bacteria that live in our digestive track
15:39 produced chemicals and stuff that could be to us. And in fact,
15:43 are pathogenic bacteria as well. So the pan it sells do is they
15:48 part of the immune system to ensure those cells, I mean those
15:53 those harmful bacteria are basically kaput. kill things that shouldn't be here.
16:00 undifferentiated crypt cells and the stem cells basically stem cells for the,
16:05 different areas. So we have the differentiated cells that ultimately are pushed upward
16:10 the villas absorptive cells you can imagine things grind over the ville. I
16:15 killing cells, so you're gonna have be replacing them regulators. So that's
16:18 they do. And then the stem gives rise to everything. That's really
16:22 there Now. There are also some mucosal glands that secrete alkali mucus.
16:28 do we need alcohol? Mucus? , remember, the kym that's arriving
16:32 the stomach is heavily, heavily and we need to help protect the
16:38 against that acidity. We're gonna neutralize acidic time through the pancreas. But
16:44 doesn't help us the moment that it , because that's gonna come up
16:50 It's the the the neutralizing agents, is basically bicarbonate. Don't get secreted
16:57 it's told to be secreted. All , so anyway, those are the
17:03 of the secretions there. Remember how said when we look at these
17:08 we need to bake breaking down? the motility? What's absorption? What's
17:12 and what It's accreting, right? said that wherever you are, just
17:16 at those four things. Sometimes there be no motility or there may be
17:19 absorption or whatever. The small One of those areas where it has
17:23 four. So with regard motility, have three primary functions for this
17:29 The first is mixing time with the . All right, so the pancreas
17:33 gonna be producing juices. Liver is be producing secretions. And so we
17:37 to add those juices to that Now, you can imagine if I
17:43 a solution. I'm dripping stuff on . It doesn't mix really well,
17:48 ? It just kind of drips and on the top. So you guys
17:52 tea. Ever drink tea? Do you like your tea? Bland
17:56 nastier. Do you like Thio? it with something sweet. No,
18:00 sweet. You like it? No. Sweet. Not sweet.
18:04 you guys like it? Sweet? , so if you just take your
18:07 , is it sugar or do you that sweetener? Okay. You used
18:12 fancy. You're going to go get cactus and get the sugar from the
18:16 . That's that's fine. Sugar, . Except when it's not right.
18:22 you put your gave a in or put your white sugar your brown sugar
18:25 know, the raw sugar or yours little, which is what I use
18:29 stevia, right? Or if you're bold, you're gonna go for those
18:34 and you're gonna put it in your and you're just gonna dump it in
18:36 you're gonna let it sit right Take that spoon and you mix because
18:43 you don't mix, then you get tea, bitter tea, better tea
18:46 you get down to the bottom. all of a sudden it's like,
18:49 , too much sugar. So that's first job is to mix, and
18:53 can see the mixing here is basically squeezing in two different places and is
18:58 forcing or creating forces that cause the inside the digestive tract to mix with
19:05 another, right? Basically, it's squeezing the toothpaste from the middle.
19:09 guys use Aquafresh overused. Aquafresh has three pretty colors, has red,
19:14 or red green. And then whatever nasty. Semi green is Yeah,
19:20 don't know. I'm talking about never mind that if you don't know
19:24 talking about you don't know What? is the toothpaste. Aquafresh. You
19:27 what? You know what it Okay, It was you squeeze the
19:29 of the two long enough. You're gonna have the pretty lines of Aquafresh
19:33 out on your toothpaste. Eventually. just kind of a blended mix of
19:39 . You don't believe me? Give a try sometime. Just start squeezing
19:42 . Like so. All right, the first one. All right.
19:45 second is that in mixing it we're not just mixing the juices,
19:50 we're also mixing the materials against the . I and so you could imagine
19:57 is taking place, and I'm breaking down. And if everything just stayed
20:03 the surface or didn't mix and it kind of slid along three only thing
20:06 could be absorbed would be the stuff the surfaces. And so, by
20:10 it, what you're doing is you're stuff from the middle that may be
20:14 out to the surface so that it be absorbed up, and similarly,
20:18 you're doing is you're moving things that been digesting. You're moving it around
20:22 that you could give this constant turnover the surfaces. And so that's the
20:27 . Here is we're mixing things so we can increase the rate of
20:31 So that's the two types of And then finally, the simple one
20:35 just I'm just trying to push it . That's the Paris Tulsa's. And
20:38 it's like I'm not gonna keep things in the duodenum. I'm gonna move
20:42 from the duodenum to the jejune to ilium, and I'm gonna do so
20:45 . But I'm constantly are propelling things the large intestine. All right,
20:52 that's that's ultimately that kind of motility we're looking at here. So breaking
20:59 down, we refer to that mixing segmentation. We refer to the to
21:03 forward movement as our propulsion as parastatal . Those are the two processes and
21:10 last type of motility. I want kind of mention here is the gaster
21:13 reflects. Basically, this basically Oh, there's stuff. I've eaten
21:19 , right? So what I'm gonna is my stomach is full. I
21:22 make room for the stuff in the to go into the duodenum. The
21:26 in duodenum has to move to the and the stuff in the genome has
21:29 move to the ilium stuff. The has to go someplace. So I'm
21:32 move it to the Sikh, um basically transferred from the spawn, testing
21:36 large intestine. That's the thing. , illegal reflects. Stomach gets
21:42 Let's make space all right. And in essence, what that does.
21:47 , if I move something from the and where do you think it
21:50 You don't know the large intestine. goes from seeking to the column.
21:53 this stuff from the colon to the . And then what do you need
21:56 feel or what do you feel I got to go to the
22:00 Notice that after a meal there's often a need to use the restroom.
22:08 here is our first gland since since salivary glands. So when you think
22:16 the pancreas, it actually is a of two different functions and extra
22:19 And in an endocrine gland, we're the endocrine today. On Thursday,
22:25 going to deal with the endocrine. right, so the endocrine that we
22:28 the the islets of Langerhans their jobs insulin glucose company will come back to
22:33 . All right, the X A is secreted out of the body,
22:36 into the body. So when were out in the digestive tract, which
22:40 outside the body. So here we're have two basic groups of cells we
22:45 asked ourselves in the duck cells. we see this before? We looked
22:48 the salivary glands where they're asked our . Everyone nod your heads online.
22:56 your heads of Of course, Dr , that absolutely I absolutely remember learning
23:01 . All right. And then the , which is the clump of asking
23:06 , are connected to each other via . And so you have ducked cells
23:11 make up the walls of the and they're not just there as
23:15 Now, this is duck two. U C t not duck.
23:17 quack. All right, I've got make sure I because sometimes it gets
23:21 online, All right? The jobs both of these cells is to produce
23:28 enzymes, hint ass in our cells bicarbonate and duct cells. All
23:35 so that we can chemically digest in small intestine. Alright, So asking
23:42 produce enzymes, duck sell produced by it and together that creates the environment
23:49 produces the enzymes is necessary to finish process of digestion. So this is
23:58 it looks like Awful lot like the that we saw in in the mouth
24:03 salivary glands. Alright, um, you look at the pancreas, it
24:09 a series of La Buell's. It's a very strong or sturdy structure to
24:14 with, right, But it's basically bunch of of a sina that have
24:17 clump together. And then there's little tissue around each of the clumps.
24:20 would be what a low beall All right. And so the asinine
24:23 you can see here in the right? This is what Messina looks
24:29 . So I'm just gonna circle one there. All right, so the
24:33 this clump would be like a You'll all right? And so you
24:38 see there's a bunch of a senior or asking her cells and it's those
24:43 that are gonna be producing the enzymes they're connected to, uh, a
24:49 worked, which is made up those cells, and they converge on a
24:52 duct which converged on the larger duck converges on the main duct,
24:57 and moves the materials that the asking and the duck cells are producing the
25:03 cells. Like I said, they bicarbonate be asking ourselves, make a
25:07 bunch of enzymes. We got this word, right? Here's Imogen.
25:12 , Aziz. Imogen is just a enzyme that hasn't been activated yet.
25:19 , so that's all that ISS. it's basically ah, bunch of digestive
25:23 , some that are active, Some or not. We secrete that out
25:27 with the bicarbonate, and we're gonna that into the digestive tract or whatever
25:30 there is gonna be finished off. gonna finish, uh, digesting them
25:36 . And so this is what your juice looks like. And I point
25:41 of volume here, but not for sake of memorizing. It's gonna become
25:44 little bit important a little bit But again, not value wise.
25:47 kind of get a bigger picture you . So we're talking about secretion now
25:53 produce about 1.5 liters per day of out of the pancreas. That's pretty
25:59 , right? I mean, that's bottle right? There is 500
26:04 right? So that's three of those is how much fluid you're pumping out
26:10 your pancreas, All right, And you can see in terms of protein
26:17 , it's one of the busiest parts the body, anywhere between 15 and
26:21 g per day of protein. Again , very impressive. Now, this
26:28 a list of all the different Zima and enzymes that are being produced.
26:32 do not need to memorize them, I want you to notice the the
26:36 different sorts of cells or different sorts enzymes. All of these enzymes right
26:41 , these imagines are peptide aces. what is a pep today's job?
26:47 down. What proteins? Very All right, so at this
26:52 we've taken the large protein that we've them down into tinier peptides. And
26:56 this is this the purpose of these Z Mogens are to finish the job
27:02 protein digestion. Now, remember, said we have to release the's in
27:08 inactive form because our body is made of proteins. Inside of cells are
27:13 . So if you have active, , pep, today's is inside your
27:18 . You're basically chewing up the insides yourselves. That's a very bad
27:21 That's why there were secreted in their form. And then they're activated once
27:26 in the digestive tract. But then what else we have. All
27:30 we have pancreatic amylase. All We have a lip base, We
27:34 lips, we have our nieces and says, and then we have the
27:37 pace. And so again, I'm not asking to memorize these
27:41 but you could see what a My Emily's digests. Remember who's salivary
27:47 So thank you. Carbohydrates. Mounting it to Alright, so
27:56 Alright, so I'm breaking down the . Remember? I started breaking down
27:59 in the mouth. I'm finishing the of breaking down sugars here.
28:04 I started the process of breaking down in the mouth. I continue breaking
28:08 Fats Fats in the stomach. And what am I doing? I'm finishing
28:12 job of breaking down fats in the intestine And Oh, by the
28:17 we don't ever really think about But everything you eat happens to come
28:21 a living organism. Even Cheetos, ? Cheetos is an unnatural color in
28:28 , but it comes from what? ? That's right. It's corn,
28:34 right. And so there are DNA or DNAs and RNAs in all our
28:40 , right? And so we can those little tiny molecules those nucleotides for
28:47 own purposes. And if we don't them for our own purposes wood chopping
28:50 and we still have a whole bunch carbon we can play with. And
28:53 the DNAs and RNAs says, help break down those DNAs and RNAs that
28:58 in the things that we consume. right, so we've got this
29:03 really cool system. In other we are pumping out every sort of
29:08 on the planet to chew up anything our body could possibly ever put into
29:13 . And this is why I kind laughed. I'm gonna pause here for
29:16 second. I'm gonna make a statement I know a lot of you guys
29:20 grown up being freaked out about, bovine growth hormone and all these other
29:25 hormones. You know, that they into our food, right?
29:29 um, my favorite ones are the that deal with GMO, right?
29:34 , my goodness. We've We've We've jeans and we put him into vegetables
29:38 make them bigger. We've been doing since the dawn of time. The
29:42 that we started farming is we're selecting traits. The differences is now we
29:46 molecular biology techniques to do that. the truth is, is that for
29:51 food that you put into your we have an enzyme for breaking down
29:55 materials. Bovine growth hormone is a . It cannot be absorbed through the
30:02 track. It has to be broken into amino acids. It cannot affect
30:06 now. What can affect you are . Why? Why steroids? Do
30:12 guys remember? Because they're fats? so they could move back and forth
30:16 plasma membranes like that. So you that into your mouth and your mouth
30:21 absorb a steroid. All right. mean, if you've ever watched like
30:25 little kids in Africa where they're like them the vitamin A right, what
30:28 they do? Do they give them piles of carrots to eat?
30:32 They make the little kids walk they open their mouth and they drip
30:36 oil into their mouth. And that A which is fat Absorbable goes right
30:41 their system because they're fats. All . My point is is that our
30:50 are designed to break down foreign That's just what they do. Everything
30:59 eat from apples to It's something with Z. You have a Z.
31:09 . I need a Z if I a Z something. Two zebras.
31:13 don't know anyone. Area zebras. just gonna pretend all right,
31:18 Zucchini. Thank you. Yeah, apples to zucchinis. Although it would
31:22 been good to have an animal flesh there someplace. But anyway, from
31:25 to zucchinis, right is foreign. we have the enzymes to break them
31:31 into the peptides and the simple sugars lipids that we need to absorb to
31:38 . All right. And it all because of the pancreas. All
31:44 now, the environment that allows us happen has to be alkaline.
31:50 remember, the time coming from the is incredibly acidic. A ph of
31:56 two. And we need an environment 8.1. And this changes because of
32:01 duck sells the duck cells, pump tons and tons of sodium bicarbonate.
32:07 right, and that's what allows us neutralize the acid. So how do
32:16 do this? How do we regulate all this stuff happens? I'm pumping
32:20 all these enzymes and pumping out by it. How do I do
32:24 Well, simply put, the first , is that your cells are always
32:28 this stuff. It's constituent Lee but it's not producing so much because
32:33 body doesn't wanna waste energy. But does just kind of like leak
32:37 right? I mean, that's the . I'm constantly producing and producing this
32:40 , very small. They can't see I'm doing. Very small amount.
32:44 , there's a physical shrugging, a small amount of everything. But when
32:52 need this stuff, I'm gonna naturally regulated. And so what are the
32:57 ? Well, first, remember when eating food, one of things that
33:01 is is my parasympathetic system becomes I start releasing a seed of
33:06 So Sita Coleene is one of the important regulators. Alright, it's acting
33:12 the cells on the acid ourselves to the process of secretion. Now
33:18 you can look at this and you say Okay, well, what's going
33:20 E. These little circles represent the containing those imagines. Notice it doesn't
33:26 you, which is? Imogen is regulated by what? And I don't
33:29 about the pathways, although please note for mental sake that they're all signaling
33:34 . Remember I told you how important are? Yeah, because they're
33:39 Alright, So seedy. Colin is one Parasympathetic Kohli, Cystic Aydin.
33:46 right, We mentioned that a minute . Kohli. Sister Keenan is produced
33:50 the duodenal isosceles. So it's a cell that's found in the duodenum.
33:56 . And what it does is in to lipids in the Lumen. All
34:04 response toe lipids in the inside the track. I'm gonna up regulate polycystic
34:11 . Now, I want you to about this for a moment,
34:13 I've been eating food. I'm putting in my body. I begin the
34:17 of digestion. I'm starting a little sugar and starting a little bit with
34:20 proteins, but I really haven't done lot of work on the fats.
34:24 mean, I've started a little right, because I have some salivary
34:28 . I have some, uh, lips. Just noticed that the lips
34:32 just changes from where it came but I haven't really done any major
34:36 . So at this point, it's fat in the digestive track that are
34:42 the small test. It hasn't been yet. It's just sitting there and
34:47 the Here's the thing. If you've eaten anything that's really, really
34:50 you notice how long you feel like of right. That's just because it
34:55 longer to process it all right. not because it's bad for you.
35:00 just your body is going. I broken it down yet. I need
35:03 break it down. And so that's signal. It's cool, assisted
35:07 and that's doing so all right. last thing is grip. G R
35:14 is gas related peptide. These are is another signaling molecule that's released via
35:19 vagal nerve, all right, and just basically saying when food is
35:23 these air, the signals that increase the rate at which I'm going
35:28 produce thes imagines and these enzymes you're produced but really secrete thumb right now
35:38 regulate the opposite direction. Anything I on, I need to have a
35:41 to turn on. There's two other that turn them off right. We
35:44 peptide. Why? Why? they're producing the ilium and the
35:49 And again, what's the signaling It's lipids. If there's lots of
35:54 , slow down because I still need process. All right. So in
36:01 words, I haven't absorbed everything so . Your stop sending me stuff,
36:06 slow things down. And then, , some out of Staten. This
36:10 produced in two different places, first the intestine in D cells and then
36:15 the pancreas. There's these Delta cells should be a delta, all
36:20 And in essence, a smart of is just that negative regulator. That's
36:24 you gotta do. So there's ways turn it on in ways to turn
36:27 off. And so you're playing this role in response to, uh,
36:32 lipids that are still present in the in the digestive tract. Now,
36:39 far as the duck cells are how do I tell them when to
36:42 on? Well, remember, we producing the whole bunch of different
36:47 What we're looking for is we're looking what's showing up in the duodenum.
36:52 right. Now, the kind that's the day Wadham is acidic. The
36:57 of the bicarbonate is to neutralize the . So that's gonna be our primary
37:03 , right? We're trying to basically , Hey, let's deal with
37:07 So again we had a CEO, . Same sort of thing. We
37:10 grip, same thing. But we this new molecule called secret in nicely
37:17 by the SL's in the duodenum. right, so they're talking, they're
37:22 the duodenum, they're talking to the , and what they're doing is they
37:26 responding to acidity. All right, as acid goes up, Secretary goes
37:34 causes the production of bicarbonate, which released to neutralize the acidity, which
37:39 then result in its down regulation P, which also plays a role
37:45 pain, plays a role in inhibiting secretion. So there's your negative
37:52 all right, so there's some signaling going on. But ultimately, what
37:56 the signals telling us something is there it needs to be dealt with.
38:00 you just need to know what my ? I'm measuring acidity and measuring
38:04 and it's basically telling me when to those enzymes Now. We've already talked
38:10 thes three phases, but I just to kind of re introduce them to
38:14 , right and just kind of show what's going on from the perspective of
38:17 intestine. All right, so in stomach, we talked about that
38:21 That's that's stomach growl. Start producing , getting ready for food. All
38:26 , so remember, that's kind of we're doing here is it's initiated by
38:31 smell. It's a phallic, basically small uptick in secretion. But nothing's
38:36 on because there's no real food All right, the gastric phase.
38:40 food is actually showing up. So we're gonna do, Maybe gastric is
38:45 a role in serving as a We don't know for certain. But
38:49 , closest to kinda and gastric are closely related proteins, and so they
38:55 to the same receptor so gasoline is to the blood stream. May be
38:58 signal from the from the digestive tract the from the stomach is making a
39:05 to the pancreas to say, food is showing up and they're using
39:10 , but ultimately it's once food shows . All right, we've talked about
39:14 asset. That's the SL's. What we doing is we're telling it to
39:20 . And then it's the pep tones awesome band from the fifties singing doo
39:27 . That was the joke that no liked. Thank you. And lipids
39:31 the duodenum are what are calling the of coal assistant Kinen Kohli. Sister
39:37 , what are we doing? We're saying released everything all right. Now
39:43 the interesting thing. You had a of triglycerides. If you have a
39:46 bunch of try grilled Lyssarides, I have much of an effect on
39:50 But if you've broken some of them , which is occurring because of the
39:58 and stomach, if you're gonna have Lyssarides and that's going to stimulate the
40:06 , All right, so the mawr Lyssarides you have the greater the
40:11 In terms of peptides, large peptides a slightly intermediate effects, you
40:18 in other words, it causes an . If you give a whole bunch
40:22 non essential amino acids no effect. ? Why do you think not essential
40:27 acids wouldn't have any effect? Uh is an essential why are they not
40:33 ? Do you remember This is One question our body can make it
40:40 we don't need to rely on the of these amino acids. So them
40:46 present is like, Well, whatever can use you or I can turn
40:50 into fuel. All right? But the essential amino acids that have a
40:56 effect on that. And again, know the answer. Basically, what
41:00 just said is, if I can't these things when they are available,
41:05 going to really start breaking things Because if I confined these essential ones
41:10 , there's gotta b'more. And that's your body does. So the last
41:18 of the small intestine, we've looked motility. We look at digestion.
41:23 what are we digesting? Everything. looking at absorption. What are we
41:28 ? Well, that's this. All . Well, we've mentioned secretion.
41:31 . So we've done motility digestion, . Here's absorption. Now think of
41:36 daily diet. Alright, If you it into a liquid right, you're
41:42 in anywhere between 1.5 and two leaders food per day. Okay, I'm
41:47 asking to memorize these numbers. I'm using him as an example Alright now
41:52 small intestine absorbs about 6.5 liters of per day. That means of the
42:00 leaders that are in your body. ? So 6.5 plus two. That
42:04 your digestive tract has to produce. 6.5. All right. And that's
42:13 this little chart shows you here is , Look, my saliva, I'm
42:16 1.5 liters per day. We talked that, right? I mean,
42:19 told you, don't memorize numbers, it's like I'm dripping saliva all the
42:23 . Except I'm swallowing it now because an adult. I'm not a child
42:26 on my shirt, my stomach about liters per day. So we're up
42:31 now 3.5 liters of fluid. And , my pancreas is about 1.5 liters
42:36 day, and we haven't gotten there , but basically, the liver is
42:39 be producing about half leader today. in essence, everything plus my food
42:45 up to about 8.5 liters. I said there was a huge
42:51 right? If I wanna make I have to invest money so there
42:54 a huge investment in terms of and my body reabsorbed the majority of
43:00 investment right off in the small intestine . So that's what the difference is
43:08 C endogenous. Those are my endogenous right there. All right, now
43:13 we get back to what we have learned. Alright? So absorbency is
43:17 gonna favor water. It's always gonna sodium. It's always gonna favor chlorine
43:21 going a favor. Potassium. In words, we're going to see this
43:27 absorption of the salutes that our body , right? And then we're going
43:33 see this net secretion of by carbon . Now. Why bicarbonate? Because
43:39 have tons of bicarbonate our bodies, ? How do we make bicarbonate?
43:43 you guys remember co two plus water ? And our blood has fallen this
43:53 all right, It's an easy thing make, and we have multiple
43:56 including the digestive system that makes this so secretive. It is an easy
44:01 to do. So that's just talking these elements in terms of what we're
44:08 . And what's in our food is and water and so on. And
44:11 we're gonna bring all that stuff back . And it follows a rule that
44:14 that we've already talked about. Wherever goes, water follows. Wherever water
44:18 , the other salutes follow right. it could do so in either passive
44:23 , terms of sodium or active All right. And so that's all
44:28 is showing you? How do I absorbed? Well, I can use
44:33 electrochemical Grady. It basically drives it this direction. You see, if
44:37 can get it's not showing it, can leak in between right? So
44:43 can use leak channels. So there's ways that I could passively absorbed.
44:48 none of the pictures. They're showing necessarily. All right, how do
44:51 actively absorbed what I could use I can use pumps. So these
44:55 active mechanisms. But once I start the sodium, what does the water
44:59 ? It follows, and once the moves, chlorine feels left out.
45:02 it kind of goes along. And about potassium? Well, there's more
45:06 over here, so I'm gonna follow water. That's in essence, how
45:10 deal with that. And then with to the other agents that were actually
45:14 to absorb glucose and amino acids. example, they're going to use the
45:20 to help bring them into the Because we don't want to expend
45:25 we want to save energy. And using passive or secondary active transport mechanisms
45:31 us to do that. So what digestion? All right, so we
45:38 that's what absorption we're gonna be bringing this stuff in. Let's take a
45:41 at Digest Gestion A little bit more , but not so much that is
45:45 make our heads hurt. That sound ? Are we all pro? No
45:49 hurting. Okay, so hydraulics, , That's simply what digestion is.
45:56 is breaking those bonds. That's we're back to that first lecture. I
46:00 breaking bonds. So we're adding We're splitting water and half adding the
46:04 . H 21 half of that bond the H to the other bond.
46:08 why we're allowed to create those stable . Alright, carbohydrates are gonna be
46:13 in the forms of Polly. Sacha primarily, but also die Sacha
46:17 And when we talk about our policy , we're usually talking about starches and
46:21 . Alright, we might get some sack rides in our bodies, but
46:26 it's dissect rights, all right, mono sack rides are already readily
46:30 So what we're trying to do is trying to convert those complex carbohydrates into
46:34 simple carbohydrates, the mono sacha All right, proteins were going to
46:40 hydraulics is to break proteins down in acids or in a small peptides,
46:44 simple. And in terms of this is the most difficult one of
46:48 of the processes. We're gonna take , which is our dietary fat.
46:53 gonna convert them into monocle, Lyssarides free fatty acids, and that's what
46:57 going to absorb. So here is breakdown in a nutshell. All
47:02 There are a lot of enzymes but we don't need to know
47:06 Hey, does that sound nice? just shows you look, I started
47:11 with the AB Ellis, right? that's the one that we do need
47:13 know because it's found in the slide the pancreas, right? And what
47:17 the amylase do? It takes these starch chains and chops them up in
47:20 little tiny, smaller, uh, . Alright, and then what we
47:26 is we take these small carbohydrates and other enzymes allow us to break these
47:32 down. We have brush border enzymes lack tastes or souk race right that
47:40 us to break the dye sack, down into mono sack rides and allow
47:45 to absorb the mono sack ride. have some other enzymes that is to
47:50 down, try carbohydrates instead of di . All right, that kind of
48:00 sense. And you can see here the carriers, right? Was it
48:05 advantage of taking advantage of sodium moving its concentration ingredients? So it's a
48:13 active transport secondary active transport. Glute is just a natural transporter,
48:20 Secondary active transport. So that's how how we move model Sacha rights.
48:25 basically have to convert them down from carbohydrates. Thio ah di Sacha rides
48:32 ultimately into, um, mono sack . Now you should know. Of
48:40 . You crace Maltese black tastes at by name. I'm not gonna ask
48:45 where they found Can't brush border Well, remember, we started the
48:53 in the stomach. We're gonna finish job here in the small intestine were
48:56 long peptides what we call all ago All that means many. And we
49:01 them down into, uh uh, short poly peptides. So we're talking
49:08 Polly peptides that have, like, length of five or so and then
49:12 have enzymes that allow us to break down. Amino acid at the
49:17 These air brush border enzymes so you see up there at the top.
49:20 have a four, so it's just , uh, quad peptide, I
49:26 . Probably. Getting the might be tetra peptide is probably the correct
49:31 right? Yeah. Tetra peptide. you can see I'm breaking down to
49:34 try peptide. But here's something that don't really learn about Try. Peptides
49:39 absorbable die peptides are absorbable. You necessarily will absorb them, but you
49:45 . And so there are some peptides we absorb. We don't have to
49:48 everything down straight down to the amino level. All right, but then
49:53 he gets inside the cell, we'll it down even further. And then
49:56 amino acids are absorbed and brought sent the body and used for fuel or
50:00 building camp. So this is kind showing you on the right hand
50:06 The Allah go peptide absorption. So , so good Notice. Not a
50:10 of enzyme name there. Just just . Do you see what's going
50:14 Take something complex like a cheeseburger. it up in a little tiny
50:18 A little tiny bits get absorbed. far, so good. Yeah.
50:24 we get to the fats and fats a little bit more difficult.
50:28 So fats, remember hate water. so what they do is they like
50:32 hang out with each other. And we're looking at here is you're seeing
50:36 very large bubble with a whole bunch little tiny bubbles associated with it.
50:40 you let that sit long enough, bubble in the small bubbles will come
50:43 as they are excluded even further from water. Remember the waters Exclusionary?
50:48 fat is not water says I don't you and it kicks the fat
50:52 And the fat feeling dejected kind of out with itself and creates the
50:58 All right, so we use fats get fats from a whole bunch of
51:03 things on what we do is we through a process called the multiplication.
51:09 a multiplication simply is breaking down those . All right, So what I
51:15 to use is an example that were more familiar with at least the ladies
51:18 familiar with it. Men? Not much. So I want you to
51:22 a salad for men. Salad is leafy green stuff that the women
51:29 Okay. And then some women on salad, like thio, eat or
51:36 to put a dressing that's called vinegar oil. All right. Now,
51:41 and oil is an aqueous solution, a fatty solution. That's the oil
51:46 vinegar is water or water and say hate each other so they separate from
51:51 other. And if you would take and oil and just turn the container
51:55 , you'd get ah, whole bunch fat because the fact is on the
52:00 and the oil of the vinegar would on the bottom. So,
52:03 you'd end up with, like, nasty soup of oil and leaf.
52:08 it's not bad enough that the leaf nasty. Alright, guys,
52:13 the guys in here are nodding their into pretending I'm gonna eat that
52:17 Alright. So, ladies, what you do if you want vinegar and
52:21 on your dressing? No, no. We're scientists. We don't
52:24 anything. We emulsify, All That's all you're doing is you're taking
52:30 big old fat bubble and you're breaking apart with the acquis solution of
52:36 And so you basically mix the two together, But still, they're not
52:41 mix. It's basically big bubbles broken in a little bubbles. And so
52:45 this mortification does, it allows us break down the fats in our bodies
52:52 lot quicker Again, we could go to the example of the jawbreaker if
52:56 put a jawbreaker in my mouth. remember, it's sugar compressed to the
53:01 of the sun and in order to it, it's basically a layer of
53:05 at a time, and this would you forever to consume it. And
53:09 , by breaking down ah, fat and from a big bubble where you'd
53:14 a basically a layer or a couple molecules at a time. By breaking
53:18 smaller bubbles, you actually increased surface so you could actually break it down
53:22 lot quicker. That's the purpose of multiplication. Now, obviously, you
53:28 just most if I buy just shaking body. That's not how this
53:32 You have to have agents that come and create this process of multiplication,
53:37 right? And so there are different that you can, uh, break
53:41 down. But ultimately, it's gonna a result of the secretions from the
53:46 that they're going to do this. right. Now, the digestion of
53:51 is gonna be done through the lip . All right, so we have
53:53 Lippi's gastric lips and ultimately, pancreatic pace, which is gonna play that
53:59 role. So it's the bile of liver that promote this process. This
54:07 where most of the Mosul fires were . All right, so the alkaline
54:12 produced by that found the Bible. is bicarbonate, right? So there's
54:16 neutralizing agent bile salts. All which is gonna be the important
54:22 And then there's other junk in so notice the first two, and
54:26 the rest is like whatever. All , You make a lot of
54:29 and what happens is you make it then your body says, Oh,
54:32 , I've made it. So I'm stored up in the pancreas. I'm
54:34 remove some of the water out of . And so that's what it is
54:38 up. And that's why you can with that. A gall bladder.
54:40 it's nice to have one, because allows you to speed up the process
54:44 digestion. You don't have to wait the liver to catch up with digestion
54:48 you already have it stored up in gall bladder. All right, so
54:51 can see down here bile salts and a thin. But we focus primarily
54:54 the bottle. Salt is what plays role in the mechanical digestion. That's
54:58 fancy word for the multiplication, Most vacation is simply taking that bubble
55:05 fats and spray it apart. And the bile salts do. All
55:09 so how does this work it? right, here's a word you don't
55:12 a lot of all right. We've of Absorb, right? If something
55:18 something, I mean, one thing into something else. We don't see
55:22 word all that much. Add Alright. Adss orb is something is
55:28 inserted in And so what you can is I've got this bubble of
55:36 right? And this bile salt has , um, a hydrophobic region.
55:43 has a hydro filic region, and it basically adds sorts itself. The
55:50 region add sorts itself into the into fatty portion, and the Hydra Filic
55:55 , which is charged, sits out the water area and you get a
55:58 bunch of these things and they line and they're all negatively charged. And
56:03 two things are on the same what do they do? They repel
56:09 ? And so by repelling each if you get a whole bunch of
56:12 they're trying to separate from each other when they repel, they tear apart
56:17 fat bubbles and so you make smaller and they keep tearing apart until all
56:23 these bile salts are equally distributed away one another, so that you don't
56:27 any further. Alright, So in , what you're doing is you're increasing
56:32 area by tearing these bubbles apart. the little tail portion which I mentioned
56:38 over here and this is what this trying to show you. That's where
56:41 pancreatic lift pace hangs out. It basically it's something that the lips
56:46 come along and say I'm gonna sit and I'm gonna start digesting the fat
56:50 there. And then the cola pays along, and the two things together
56:55 for you to break down the fats lot quicker. And then what you
56:58 up with is this really weird Now, this isn't a good picture
57:02 it. This is it actually tearing . This is a better picture.
57:06 is what a fat bubble looks Notice it has multiple layers to
57:11 Alright. This one in this particular is try laminar. Meaning it
57:16 uh, multiple layers that are are layers. So laminar refers to the
57:24 the paired layers. And so this three layers of that. And what
57:29 is the more bile salts you the smaller, smaller you get this
57:33 it starts breaking down. And with fats, the lips, the calypso
57:37 what it does. It starts breaking the triglycerides that air there. And
57:42 this is what this is trying to you is it's tearing off a portion
57:46 you can imagine this will be a one, and this would be a
57:49 one. And then, as the is air working, you're gonna start
57:54 down those laminar layers something like where you start off with three layers
57:59 then you start digesting and it goes to one layer. And then
58:02 what you're gonna form is something called my seal. Now, ladies,
58:08 you ever bought the skin cleaner that about the my seals in it?
58:14 watch, you know, watch these . You know, when they talk
58:17 the cleansers, You know, it's this new formula with these hydro
58:22 my seals, and you're like, , I could spend extra money to
58:26 my face with what could simply be with open water. Right? What
58:32 doing is using fancy words is Look, I'm rubbing my face with
58:35 , which is in essence, what doing with soaps anyway, right?
58:40 what you're doing is you're breaking down surface molecules, the surface triglycerides and
58:47 things on the inside are moving And so you're just constantly moving things
58:53 . And ultimately, what's going up you're gonna end up with a core
58:57 maybe a couple of fatty acids, everything else on the surface is gonna
59:01 broken down. And so once that in the my seal So you're going
59:07 this multi laminar structure down to My seal. Then what happens is
59:11 you have something that can act as way to transfer these fats. And
59:19 where we are. When we get the Juna, these my seals come
59:24 into the nearest environment, and then can take up Fats in one of
59:30 ways. Diffusion fusion is easy, ? What do I dio? I
59:38 pass through the membrane, right when the word diffusion, Does that make
59:43 ? Okay, so I'm passing through membrane, so that's through the membrane
59:52 . Well, I'm a fat. are the plaza? Memory is made
59:55 of facts so I can join on the plasma membrane. So I get
60:02 . And the last one on I think is the coolest is we
60:06 transporters. So you have fat So they literally grabbed fat. So
60:14 can imagine these my seals coming along surface of the cells and basically is
60:19 along the surface cells, it's shedding acids that are either diffusing through joining
60:23 with the membrane or being picked up carriers to move to the inside of
60:28 cell. And then once that I'm gonna process. So that's how
60:34 digest fats. Fats require the liver produce the bile salts. The bile
60:41 create our service emulsifiers for the fat . The fat bubbles get smaller.
60:47 then, with the enzymes from the , I break down the triglycerides.
60:52 I take complex fat bubbles and turn into itsy bitsy non complex, my
60:58 and then the my seals Allow me transfer the fats to the absorbable cells
61:03 one of three ways. That is steps. Okay, Yeah. So
61:11 question is it transported inside the cell or outside the self? So what's
61:17 happen is we're going to transfer the into the absorbable cell with the exception
61:22 the collision, which means emerging with plasma membrane. And once I get
61:27 the cell, I'm going to So the free fatty acids don't just
61:34 inside your body and just kind of la la No, we have to
61:38 them up, and we have to them to where we want them.
61:41 what we're gonna do is we're gonna thes free fatty acids, the monocle
61:45 , and we're going to convert them into thes complex fats like a
61:51 We're gonna package them up with some and work creating the structure of proteins
61:56 fats called Kyle Omicron. Now all is being done in the end of
62:00 particular and ultimately to the Golgi The V L D. L is
62:05 similar. The difference being is that not using dietary fats. I'm using
62:09 that air inside the cell there or creating all right. But it's the
62:13 process. And so, ultimately, packaging all this stuff inside of vesicles
62:18 this is a very large structure of and fats, and it can't just
62:23 pushed through a channel. I have secreted via vesicles. And so now
62:28 got this column, Micron, that's here in the interstitial space, and
62:31 too big to get anywhere because it pass into the Capitol area. And
62:36 is where the lacked heels become The lacked heels, remember, are
62:42 lymphatic structures that have that that shingle structure to it? Remember, we
62:50 about this when we looked at the , and so the pressure of the
62:53 surrounding the lacked hill opens up the in between the cells and then allow
62:59 to pick up the Kyle of my . And so the lack teal is
63:03 we move fats as Kyle Omicron into , and then they'll circulate throughout the
63:09 and go where they need to go allows you to deliver fats to the
63:14 in the area where they need to delivered. That's what all those steps
63:19 talk about right there, all so you can see all sorts of
63:26 in the mix in the mixed my transferred to the absorptive sell processed may
63:31 made in Oak Island Micron. Kyla is secreted out into the interstitial
63:36 picked up by the lymphatic in what called a lack teal because it's milky
63:42 , cause all the fats and then lacked he'll allows you to move the
63:46 into the circulatory system to then deliver where you need to go. So
63:52 so good. That's probably the most thing about digestion. Shoulder shrug.
64:05 turn it on. That's the hot where people kind of it's like a
64:10 right regulating it. How do we all this stuff? Well, guess
64:16 . We got two hormones. We've mentioned them. Kohli. Sister kind
64:19 in secret police is takin in, , Acts on the gall bladder.
64:26 , Hey, remember all those juices put away for the next meal?
64:30 is the time to release. Um , pancreas spell it correctly. Don't
64:34 it like I did write up their increase pay increase instead of pancreas.
64:39 . What is gonna do? Release pancreatic juices? Oh, yeah.
64:41 the way, uh, there's a tiny valve called the hepatic am
64:47 There is actually a petal pink pancreatic pula. You can see it right
64:56 is what? It's in the wall the duodenum. It basically says that
65:00 little valve, which is smooth Oh, yeah. Go ahead and
65:03 . So that stuff come flowing through basically says, Oh, yeah,
65:07 . Slow down. We still gotta stuff you just sent us. That's
65:11 police. It's kind of the the , remember, is in response to
65:14 ph low pH release the bicarbonate so I can neutralize the bicarbonate. I
65:27 it's a little early. So so good. Now that I
65:33 we're gonna finish a little earlier yeah, keep moving. All
65:39 last little bit here. One more of the large intestine. There's a
65:44 we could talk about with large but we're talking about in terms of
65:47 . All right, so it's only 5 ft long. There's three major
65:51 . We have the C come right receives the time from the small
65:55 So this is the C come down . The colon goes all the way
66:00 , and then the last little bit the rectum, All right. Says
66:03 are the basic three regions. and the role, the primary
66:09 So not just, um um you , like, we're not gonna break
66:14 down, But just in the big of thing, its job is to
66:18 , Remember, we absorbed a whole of stuff we started off with about
66:21 leader and a half to two leaders food. We added a whole bunch
66:25 liquid to it. We basically reabsorbed but about a leader's worth of the
66:31 , all right. And so the of the large intestine is to re
66:34 water and salt back into the What happens if you don't absorb water
66:40 into the body? That one What is What is your poop
66:44 Diarrhea? That's all it is. the failure of your large intestine to
66:48 that water. Okay, so that's primary job. We've absorbed the sodium
66:55 the sodium goes water follows, plus the other fun stuff. And so
67:00 gonna leave about 100 mils of water our feces, so we're losing a
67:06 bit of water. But for the part, everything that we invested
67:12 we've gotten back. Plus the stuff was actually in our food,
67:17 Because if your food contains water and only letting a little bit go,
67:22 not bad. 10% loss. Not at all in terms of the
67:27 All right, now again, there's all sorts of stuff in your large
67:32 . We're talking micro micro organisms. dealing with all the indigestible material.
67:37 you're talking about fiber, which you if you think about when you buy
67:41 , if you've ever had to buy fiber like Metamucil and stuff, it's
67:43 , Oh, look, it's a . It's not not rough or anything
67:46 that, but to your cells It's , very pokey and stuff. And
67:50 what's your large intestine? Also secretes this alkaline mucus to protect the lining
67:56 the large intestine that basically serves of barrier between all the hard,
68:01 indigestible stuff plus all those microorganisms, so that's there. It also helps
68:06 move the stuff through the large and it's I'm not gonna really go
68:12 it really, really deeply here. if you go back and look that
68:15 can see kind of a little blobs little those called hasta and so basically
68:20 does is you could imagine. Each these things have smooth muscle around
68:24 and what you're doing is you're moving from one of those little,
68:28 hasta so the next one. So like and it's and there's just constantly
68:34 things forward, like So um so , there's still a little bit more
68:41 on than what I've described here, ultimately the role, if beyond
68:45 uh, this absorption is to store until it's time for defecation. All
68:53 , that's that, Z it's final or its job. I said duty
68:58 talk about digestion. Last line is summary slide. All right, It
69:12 kind of gives you that big picture , and it's not a complete slide
69:17 any means. But do you see you've done here? I mean,
69:19 could literally create a graph, It's like, here are my four
69:23 motility, digestion, absorption, Here are my structures right. What
69:30 they do in each of these And it becomes very simple. Instead
69:34 having what 60 slides worth of material kind of go through, you could
69:39 create a page of information to understand organize. And that's just really kind
69:48 how this starts off right here. is what it kind of shows
69:52 So that's digestive system in a So that cheeseburger and that fry in
69:58 large shake that we got the 4000 of joy and happiness with the
70:03 If you eat bacon right, what comes out of all that. It's
70:09 indigestible materials. They're gone. They our bodies. But everything else fuels
70:18 , keeps us alive, Helps us grow. Be stronger, crow.
70:23 way or the other, it doesn't . So anyway, that's the digestive
70:29 in a nutshell. So I'm gonna up for any questions. You guys
70:31 online. Feel free to ask If not, we'll just close up
70:36 and we'll go home and come back Thursday to talk about the endocrine system
70:42 how it regulates growth. The metabolism pretty quiet. All right,
70:52 enjoy the rest of your day. know, for those who live live
70:59 to 88 they've opened up the toll yesterday. And for the next 15
71:06 , it's free. And I zipped here in 85 miles an hour on
71:10 tollway. It was awesome, and were passing me at, like,
71:15 So still pretty cool. Any
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