| 00:00 | great. So this is lecture for neuroscience and we're still talking about neuron |
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| 00:07 | glia and in particular, we discussed , very specific on morphological, |
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| 00:17 | features of neurons in particular, done and dendritic spines. And what we |
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| 00:22 | about This is a beast under EC are actually the most distal elements. |
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| 00:30 | the most, uh, plastic these 100 explains are where the synapses |
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| 00:39 | located. So you can see that the right. Here is the photo |
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| 00:45 | image showing the spine and at the time, that's showing that within that |
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| 00:52 | you have synaptic bottle Upali Rivasseau mo , which indicates that these fines these |
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| 01:01 | spines have their own little by a machinery. Therefore, certain things like |
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| 01:09 | can be translated at the level of synapses that or drink spines. The |
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| 01:16 | receptors could be inserted within the Uh, and the other elements off |
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| 01:23 | synapses could be supported by this polarized complex. And on the left side |
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| 01:30 | see a picture of external probable. we talked about is that there are |
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| 01:34 | shapes of these 100 x spines and specific anatomy of peace 100 exponents density |
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| 01:41 | peace, dendritic spines, arrangement of dendritic spines and their shapes. They |
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| 01:47 | in different shapes, is very important normal functioning. So you would have |
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| 01:53 | of isn't really explains on Dunn drives one neuron, and they would be |
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| 01:59 | by both excited, very other excited and other inhibitory neurons. And most |
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| 02:05 | these sponsor true seeing here like this would be on the excited Terry projection |
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| 02:11 | is a reminder. We talked about if you have impairment in the spine |
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| 02:21 | and the number of spires or in densities off the spines along down |
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| 02:28 | then it can be causing very severe in the brain. Um, we |
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| 02:36 | about ah ah, one neurological disorder that neurological disorder that we discussed was |
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| 02:45 | the context of the side of skeletal . If you remember, um, |
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| 02:50 | me just remind you quickly from the that we discussed three times of side |
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| 02:57 | scalable governments, the microfilm mints in filaments than the market tubules. We |
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| 03:03 | that the micro filaments that are made of the act and molecules are the |
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| 03:08 | dynamic. Cyrus Skeletal, our these air the side of skeletal elements |
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| 03:13 | you will find the here labeled and in the most distant parts of the |
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| 03:19 | , supporting the outer edges of the membrane. Essentially shaping that are edges |
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| 03:25 | the plasma membrane. Neural filaments also referred to his intermediary filaments and micro |
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| 03:35 | . I'm laid up off the tubular that basically produced the surround the on |
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| 03:42 | round two bills of these micro tubules pictured here on the right and the |
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| 03:47 | are traversing through accents and the very for a subtle transport to the image |
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| 03:53 | the righteous. A cross section through axle on violin ated accent where the |
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| 04:00 | edges you have mile and sheets surrounding this just remembering. And inside you |
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| 04:07 | these lines that are micro tubules, we talked about the fact that |
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| 04:14 | uh, acting molecules and blue of most distant molecules, that they're very |
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| 04:22 | than the rearrangement. And so they be problem arising deep, all |
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| 04:28 | These active molecules care red and as change their structure as they change their |
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| 04:37 | , the supporting they're supporting membrane and they change their structure, the shape |
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| 04:43 | the membrane changes. So you can that some of these plastic changes at |
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| 04:48 | level of enduring explains and rearrangement of shape of the spine or a number |
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| 04:53 | the spine or loss off the number the spine has been discussed. |
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| 04:58 | we said of the synapse in dendritic , a school potentially ation, voluntary |
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| 05:03 | ation and creation of new sin Uh, birth of new synapses is |
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| 05:10 | genesis and depression of activity, a of activity in the synapses off long |
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| 05:19 | . It's called long term depression, we talked about the fact that he's |
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| 05:24 | be four terminal, so long term . But these are essentially equivalent celulas |
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| 05:31 | stuff straits to learning and memory. as we learn and memorize things, |
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| 05:36 | electrical activity and chemical activity inside the changes the side of skeletal elements. |
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| 05:43 | , we arranged themselves and the change lot about the structure that they hold |
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| 05:49 | member of structure that they hold We also discussed on our neurological disorders |
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| 05:57 | discussed this disorder who particular Alzheimer's Um, and we talked about the |
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| 06:04 | Lawrence of Alzheimer's disease. We talked the symptoms. If you recall such |
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| 06:10 | number you long starting with with short memory loss, um, anxiety, |
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| 06:18 | , lost sense of time, maybe anger issues depending of different stages. |
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| 06:25 | the early stages of Alzheimer's that typically by short remember, lost where the |
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| 06:31 | keeps re asking the same question or . It has been discussed already. |
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| 06:38 | , we discussed the pathology of Alzheimer's , and I said, You should |
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| 06:42 | noses. You will be asked questions that on the exam and also because |
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| 06:47 | will be learning some very interesting things these different diseases, like Alzheimer's disease |
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| 06:52 | the course. And if you look the overall image of the brain on |
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| 06:58 | left with the shell is that in , stages of Alzheimer's disease postmortem, |
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| 07:03 | after death, the show shrunken brain , especially the gray matter, than |
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| 07:08 | shrunken that's been imperative with the brain would be in healthy individuals. FGM |
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| 07:15 | have Alzheimer's disease. Um, Alzheimer's on a LePore for cellular level has |
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| 07:26 | hallmarks of expressing extra cellular senile plaques data amyloid plaques and these plaques these |
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| 07:36 | off abnormally, uh folded complex. essentially calcify, and these calcified lesions |
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| 07:46 | form within the brain and the closer are in space. Teoh Neuron, |
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| 07:52 | Neuronal axons The more they started bingeing the activity and essentially, um, |
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| 08:03 | the activity of normally functioning cells with the cells. You will have our |
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| 08:10 | top road entangles of those tangles with up elements inside the cells. And |
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| 08:20 | are the elements that were discussing these the site of scalable governments. So |
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| 08:25 | micro tubules and we talked about micro highways. What happens with these tangles |
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| 08:31 | the highways of micro tubules would actually physically wrapped around and tangled up, |
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| 08:39 | the normal transport off external transported, transport, overall insurance and again causing |
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| 08:46 | generation. So Alzheimer's disease is a disease, which means that there is |
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| 08:53 | significant loss and death of neurons, at that advanced stages of the |
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| 09:01 | This is, um, Quincy. trying. Corn isn't on. And |
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| 09:14 | the way, did you see me the slide for the Alzheimer's disease |
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| 09:22 | Or was that not shared? I that when I switched the screens, |
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| 09:29 | was sure in a very great just showing what I have been talking |
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| 09:36 | was this Alzheimer's disease slide that we reviewed. Let's see. Yes. |
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| 09:46 | now I'm gonna go back and shared for our electoral material. Still 23 |
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| 09:59 | we kept talking about neurons and how have some of the typical features of |
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| 10:09 | cells from the organ. All's would the sin abscesses and out the |
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| 10:14 | some so long and will, talk about it and greater detail as |
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| 10:19 | talk about synaptic transmission. We talked example, transporting the giraffe finesse in |
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| 10:25 | is responsible for interrogatory transport and which is responsible for retrograde transport. |
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| 10:31 | interrogate passport direction is shown years from Selma, along with the wife of |
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| 10:37 | Exxon's. That Sunil Terminal and inestimable , sort of like a protean |
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| 10:43 | arms carrying vesicles of different goods along axe on two distal parts of the |
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| 10:50 | , Retrograde transport would be in the directions, things that would be coming |
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| 10:55 | the axe on from the still parts into the so most of their |
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| 11:01 | We talked about the stains, and general it wouldn't be that abandoned |
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| 11:06 | I will review all of the but just remind yourself all of the |
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| 11:11 | will be so far talked about. have talked about Golgi Stain, which |
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| 11:16 | a fraction of neurons but stands their anatomy, all of the processes and |
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| 11:22 | songs. We talked about the missile , which stands all of the |
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| 11:27 | and it's really great tool Teoh describe architectural, cellular architecture and the layering |
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| 11:34 | densities of the sounds. But not is not necessarily individual morphology of the |
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| 11:40 | . I believe we discussed the fact H, R P, and also |
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| 11:45 | can be used not necessarily stains, a stray service that you could inject |
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| 11:52 | dies together with with or strategy days as a dime or with the |
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| 11:58 | is, um some of them will this retrograde driven transport with the distal |
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| 12:04 | . Off neurons will pick up the or pick up the virus some together |
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| 12:09 | virus conjugated with a dialect of for and down another type of guy. |
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| 12:14 | it will light are all of the , most to which this particular patch |
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| 12:18 | the neural network of this particular patch the skin was communicating from periphery to |
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| 12:27 | neuronal cell bodies. Um, we talk about one more stained later |
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| 12:34 | Now, when we talk about do it expires. What we said |
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| 12:37 | that if he's dendritic, spines are and you can see that if you |
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| 12:42 | , uh, side of skeletal Allen rearrangement like after rearrangement, then you |
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| 12:49 | have a changes in the shapes of 100 experience. And so here you |
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| 12:54 | have another disorder on your list. , this cold, uh, fragile |
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| 13:03 | so and it's ah, part All it says are syndrome disorders. |
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| 13:13 | is a developmental disorder, And one the features and one of the models |
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| 13:19 | fragile X syndrome is this abnormal structure dendritic spines. So this is the |
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| 13:27 | ology off rajel X syndrome and fragile syndrome is a pretty severe neurological developmental |
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| 13:38 | that is quite often associated with seizures epilepsy in a swell as mental recommendation |
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| 13:47 | significant of the issues and problems, interaction, problems and such. So |
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| 13:55 | , jeans, nature, uh oh nurture, and it's a combination of |
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| 14:03 | , so we know that these structures the brain very fine structure, |
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| 14:08 | 100 expiring, said the sin absence abs. Formacion is very much dependent |
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| 14:15 | the environment very much dependent on this and the social interactions that the developing |
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| 14:23 | this case is receiving. So autism disorders in general are are very, |
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| 14:34 | , pretty high prominence. It's, , close to one in about 100 |
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| 14:40 | that get diagnosed with autism spectrum Fragile X syndrome is more rare, |
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| 14:47 | this goes to the point of the home that such about fragile axes, |
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| 14:51 | the impairment indigent drink spines once you imperative and expires to have impaired |
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| 14:58 | expressions and shapes of these parents have Paris. Synaptic transmission have impaired synaptic |
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| 15:04 | . It's apparent neural level of It could be affecting different parts of |
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| 15:08 | brain. Um, uh, Once , the image on the right shows |
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| 15:14 | neurons will be receiving excited to read inputs, so there are excited during |
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| 15:19 | him with themselves so we can contact other excited, very suspect. Contact |
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| 15:23 | other, and here the thirst contact each other, and here be |
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| 15:26 | Saskin. Contact. Excited yourself. yourself. Skin contact in the |
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| 15:30 | Peirsol's So, in any case, response of the Boston Attic neuron will |
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| 15:36 | depend on how it integrates All of information from these orange inhibit their synopsis |
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| 15:43 | are driven by GABA gamma you butyric acid and Governor Chris Emphasis Kappa |
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| 15:48 | with these green synapses that are driven the excited, very blue made |
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| 15:55 | And the group dramaturgical suffers shown here green. And so the job of |
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| 15:59 | there on against, uh, to thousands of infants on the water millisecond |
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| 16:06 | and decide whether dad neuron is excited with the levels of activity. Excited |
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| 16:12 | . Ah, strong enough for it produce an action potential. When I |
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| 16:24 | started telling me about different types of in the brain, I said that |
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| 16:27 | can, roughly some divide them too to inhibitor. And then we |
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| 16:31 | There's 100 50 different, sometimes of neurons. If we look at these |
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| 16:37 | subtypes of nervous, they could be inputs that could be talking. We |
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| 16:42 | be receiving imports from different parts that be talking to different um, |
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| 16:49 | And, uh, even so, nerves have four functional regions that is |
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| 16:55 | in the slide. So you have input components. This is an implication |
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| 16:59 | and coming in from another model You have an integrative component which integration |
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| 17:06 | all of the information. So typically would be thousands of model neuron starting |
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| 17:12 | there. I'm talking to one neuron soma and this region close to the |
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| 17:17 | , uh, sheet, uh, Meilin. First note of islands felt |
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| 17:23 | on initial segment or excellent. That's where there are some actual potential |
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| 17:29 | produced Teoh a cell on this, , closest region to the SoMa and |
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| 17:36 | Faxon is really deciding when the style going to produce an action potential. |
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| 17:42 | actual potential is produced, it gets down the axe on. So this |
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| 17:47 | a conduct I'll unit thing is Mayer unit and there's a release. There's |
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| 17:53 | bud off your transmitter and it could out, but it off like you're |
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| 17:58 | green system to be out for that . More power, crime like |
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| 18:02 | Or it could be secreted out onto things aside, Targets like like a |
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| 18:08 | of the right. So if you at the second there on this, |
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| 18:12 | censoring their own. So, for , censoring their own friend that receives |
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| 18:16 | from the skin from the muscle cell has a comeback tile union, which |
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| 18:22 | for for relax some of the which then integrative unit is the |
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| 18:27 | And then it has a central from all unit, but goes and contacts |
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| 18:31 | the, uh, neurons in this , motor neurons in the spinal board |
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| 18:35 | neuron shown years. A third one then contact other motor neurons as |
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| 18:41 | And as that information gets integrated with hacks on passes on actual potential and |
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| 18:50 | the contraction of the muscles. That's target, local, Interneuron said, |
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| 18:55 | in him and 30 cells. So typically expressed inhibitory uh, Gabba, |
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| 19:03 | transmitter and the release Gavin transmitter and of the diversity and the brain and |
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| 19:10 | cortex and other areas like hippocampus coming the diversity of the inhibitory Interneuron, |
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| 19:19 | , projection into murals. A quite , but they also exist. And |
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| 19:26 | , you can see local inhibitory It's on the conduct. I'll |
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| 19:31 | They don't really have my allegations, there are some cells that are |
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| 19:37 | I eliminated in the brain and this into neurons, which are rare. |
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| 19:43 | could be Interneuron stab. Typically, said that internals are you determines inertia |
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| 19:50 | networks locally. Other cells are projecting of these, not warrants. But |
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| 19:56 | are some projection into neurons that will inhibitor into the information some longer that |
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| 20:03 | along between on and interconnected in your . On that corpse you're and the |
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| 20:10 | sounds is very interesting, because when shown is that you can active in |
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| 20:14 | under cream style and missing your 100 , our actually can control. |
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| 20:19 | that's a violation of massive construction of Aries. So there's a control of |
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| 20:24 | a violation of that's in construction so can see that the input components are |
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| 20:30 | different. Weaken becoming from the muscle spindle, southern neurons, integrative |
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| 20:36 | . Pretty much as always, the Conduct AL unit is the accidents and |
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| 20:43 | Carpathian. It is external terminals. can see that the outputs can be |
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| 20:48 | other Sallis of muscles, cap Hillary's uM or on account of a secretion |
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| 20:54 | fashion. The other way and very way of classifying neurons is based on |
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| 21:02 | morphology. Um, what we have descriptions off cells based on morphology and |
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| 21:12 | , So most neurons have polarity. you look in a you have unit |
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| 21:18 | cell and it's a typical invertebrate neuron you have at the bottom cell body |
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| 21:23 | ax on the dendrite of both axle the dendrite ER, pointing to one |
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| 21:29 | saying North Pole, this is unit herself and be you have by Bowler |
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| 21:35 | , such as bipolar selloff, the bipolar cell you have done drives |
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| 21:41 | appointing North and one poll. You cell body and then you have ax |
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| 21:46 | . That is on the opposite Let's say south South Pole. So |
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| 21:51 | is bipolar or so pseudo you. cell is a cell that we already |
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| 21:56 | this a gangrene and south off dorsal or dorsal root ganglion cell DRG |
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| 22:02 | These are the cells that are located the door sold side of the spinal |
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| 22:07 | . These are the cells that have peripheral axum. They've just the skin |
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| 22:11 | muscles and picks up the information. same kind of receptor information. Touch |
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| 22:18 | pressure and carry son information through peripheral into the cell body, which is |
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| 22:25 | that ganglion outside the spinal cord and from the cell body. That information |
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| 22:31 | conducted through a central axle, so the hide as you know I was |
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| 22:38 | axe on this by Frick ated into peripheral side and into the central side |
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| 22:45 | through the central axe. On on external terminals, the pseudo unit bowler |
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| 22:51 | cells Dear G stands for dorsal root Cells will be contacting other motor neurons |
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| 22:58 | exciting other motor Daryn's, So is unit bowler because it doesn't really have |
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| 23:05 | of like clear holes because it is bifurcated process. On doesn't really have |
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| 23:12 | dendritic, uh, trees for receiving , but rather it's both excellent sort |
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| 23:20 | communicating that information. Conducting the information , have three times of multipolar |
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| 23:29 | You have a motor neuron, a cord, which would be located and |
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| 23:35 | side of the spinal cord. And said, there is enough excitement from |
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| 23:41 | unit polo. Dorsal root ganglion the Sensory south, the Mona Endurance |
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| 23:48 | get excited, and motor neurons will send that information through the axe on |
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| 23:56 | the muscle or to the skin. if it says information to the muscle |
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| 24:02 | contract the muscle friends. But these multi pull ourselves because they have radio |
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| 24:09 | oriented Dan drives around the SoMa, it's not clear that damn rise air |
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| 24:15 | into one direction of another one, another, rather than spread out |
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| 24:20 | And Exxon's also RAM if I mostly one direction, obviously out of the |
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| 24:25 | cord, into the, uh, into the muscles. But there's |
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| 24:32 | uh, crosstalk between, um into and motor neuron was just a little |
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| 24:38 | . What we discussed a full started the spinal cord later in this course |
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| 24:43 | the little indeed have, a barometer sell of hippocampus. This is a |
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| 24:48 | excited to re projection cell. It , ah, again, this multi |
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| 24:54 | . It has a pickle, Then that I studied with Riddick spines. |
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| 24:59 | the apex of the pyramid, and the base of the German you have |
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| 25:03 | , then drives that are coming out accidents will run long distance just |
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| 25:10 | Just still sounds, um, this that works. We've been foreign tanks |
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| 25:14 | hippocampus or between people, campus and parts of the court tax. On |
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| 25:19 | ride, you have one of the favorite anonymous. They're not on the |
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| 25:26 | is of Kenji style of star showing its incredible complexity of the dendritic |
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| 25:33 | most ing of 250,000 synapses onto a south. So my cell bodies still |
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| 25:41 | the integration computation happens and the actual is produced. Ah, between the |
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| 25:49 | , the initial segment of the axe and that information is being communicated. |
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| 25:53 | the calculations that this town needs to from hundreds of thousands of synapses is |
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| 25:59 | the order of milliseconds. Cerebellum, , in particular, would be responsible |
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| 26:06 | adjusting fine motor commands and motor commands already initiated by the corn tax, |
|
| 26:13 | , at the level of the cerebellum into the spinal cords. It's very |
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| 26:18 | for contraction of muscles, a movement very, very fast processing of |
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| 26:24 | So the neurons are spiny and others spiny. So some of the neurons |
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| 26:28 | you seeing here, for example, be very clearly containing spines and |
|
| 26:34 | Uh, may not have these Um, nonetheless, we have all |
|
| 26:40 | these beautiful anatomy and so 1939. we're classifying neurons based on connectivity so |
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| 26:48 | can see the weather than projection Where there locally located into neurons, |
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| 26:54 | classifying them with excited for an So whether they're expressing looting, mate |
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| 27:00 | job. We also is not enough to know one of those 150 sometimes |
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| 27:08 | stars by having that information. So need information about a specific cell, |
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| 27:13 | markers that are found in cells just Europe. Appetizer nerve in Europe. |
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| 27:18 | transmitters that are expressed by these sounds Gava I would have made. But |
|
| 27:24 | importantly is also the output off the , And the album of any neuron |
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| 27:31 | measured in the sense off the action referring to this aspiring signatures of the |
|
| 27:39 | . So what you're seeing is the recording of the action potential that was |
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| 27:44 | in 1939 by Hodgkins. Harshly, were recording these action potential. Strong's |
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| 27:51 | Giant Ax on Again. This is the giant squid that comes out of |
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| 27:58 | water and swallows the ships, but the squint that has a prudent, |
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| 28:04 | axe on that's one millimeter in diameter can be dissected out and seen with |
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| 28:10 | naked eye. And you can perform off you could sticking electrodes inside these |
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| 28:16 | , and as such, you could electrical potential, so asking women are |
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| 28:22 | on 1939 on the whole, this throughout who still didn't see an action |
|
| 28:28 | . So how was this done? 1939 and electric was stalking the |
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| 28:34 | the electrical potential was amplified through some projected onto this telescope and you |
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| 28:41 | this very fast fluctuation from about minus millet balls, Teoh plus four Djamila |
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| 28:48 | that happens within a matter of a of milliseconds and returned back Teoh the |
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| 28:55 | after the action potential. So this was projected onto the basilisk. |
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| 29:02 | and the Polaroid camera was placed on window of the Silla scope and the |
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| 29:08 | was taken and the Polaroid picture was sent to the journal. There was |
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| 29:13 | emails that was mailed to the uh, together with graphs that were |
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| 29:20 | by hand, uh, such as grass and son and then the publisher |
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| 29:27 | May Friends, copies of this, , copier machines. And so the |
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| 29:36 | and the articles would be bound and the journal would be printed and |
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| 29:41 | on most of the library's. And could not go online and find that |
|
| 29:48 | You have to go to the Teoh actually find that physical journal physical |
|
| 29:55 | and open and read that article or that article at a cost. And |
|
| 30:01 | the time when I was in graduate , you could copy articles from the |
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| 30:06 | before you had the off the information , and it was costing and sometimes |
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| 30:16 | 5 to 10 cents a piece. girl star like 20 pages. So |
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| 30:22 | would, you know, a one $2 just to get an article coffee |
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| 30:27 | you could take it home and read , mark it up and do some |
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| 30:32 | on it. So it's said it's different times now. Course everything is |
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| 30:37 | and we have digital amplifiers and computer Really cool. And we also have |
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| 30:45 | very interesting understanding off neurons not only on anatomy but also on electrophysiology. |
|
| 30:55 | this is one of my favorites lies this course, and this is one |
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| 30:58 | the slides that may be shocked students they first have a look at it |
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| 31:03 | they think they have to memorize and everything on this line. Let me |
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| 31:07 | you what you really have to know the slide number one is if you |
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| 31:11 | here you have these blue greenish sounds a label CD Plus or C B |
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| 31:17 | CD stands for cold bingen. It's Bingen Be. It's a specific marker |
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| 31:29 | is found in certain excited, very , but they get the campus and |
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| 31:35 | excited tourists. Also, the hippocampus have that marker and others will |
|
| 31:40 | So this is the only really distinguishing between the excited terror cells in the |
|
| 31:49 | . Now this is important because there not that much of the diversity of |
|
| 31:56 | for peripheral self. But these excited parameter. All cells are going to |
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| 32:01 | the information out of the campus. mostly three layers in the hippocampus. |
|
| 32:07 | bottom layer stratum orients the middle there houses the highest density of West |
|
| 32:12 | but most of brown all cells. striking through the dollar. That's what's |
|
| 32:16 | from the delivers of a prominent sauce be living there. Then you have |
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| 32:21 | . Ready. Adam was the third , and the very tips of the |
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| 32:24 | dries would be contacting the layer that's Strider Left almost a more Larry. |
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| 32:29 | do not have to memorize the but when you have to understand is |
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| 32:33 | following thing. If you look in strong just like hippocampus of the |
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| 32:38 | 80% 80% of the South's 80 to even of the South will be |
|
| 32:45 | Very Selves will be these excited to . Their onset of Sean were |
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| 32:50 | But as I said, despite the that there's 80 to 90% of excited |
|
| 32:55 | , Austin view snap works. There's one distinction between these cells, and |
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| 33:01 | not morphological distinction. It's slightly with So most are located CB minus saucer |
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| 33:07 | , slightly throwing Orian stratum, Orien and structure of the atom, where |
|
| 33:12 | Plast house, a very clearly located for our there isn't that much |
|
| 33:18 | Morphological was speaking, and the electric is speaking to these in. The |
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| 33:26 | also will project out information and contact parts of the brain and other |
|
| 33:32 | These cells of flying by cells from Teoh, Reg, Teoh, violet |
|
| 33:39 | basically labeled one through 21. Would be cells these 1000 different types of |
|
| 33:48 | neurons. They would comprise only about to 20% of the total neurons in |
|
| 33:55 | hippocampus across, but they are the Diverse sat of the South, These |
|
| 34:04 | in dinners they're all expressing gather as to the prom. It'll south. |
|
| 34:10 | all expressing bloomy. So they projected made and communicated the information about |
|
| 34:17 | not work started just open networks. these in a very diverse subset of |
|
| 34:23 | hit of the Internet and they distinguished by very diverse morphology and |
|
| 34:29 | First of all, they're located across different layers. Second of all, |
|
| 34:36 | yellow cops that are yellow triangles that that are coming out of each one |
|
| 34:41 | the sounds represent the location of the where the subtype 13 21 will be |
|
| 34:48 | most of the inhibitor synopsis. So you look at the cells 1234 there |
|
| 34:54 | be targeting the so much especially 23 four will be targeting the so most |
|
| 35:00 | the Haram it'll cells located referring Then he moved two missiles that control |
|
| 35:06 | project their synapses onto the soldiers, , off the around the summons. |
|
| 35:13 | they excited her projection sauce actually have tight control of what information gets projected |
|
| 35:20 | off this now for because as we about the integration of the signal happens |
|
| 35:26 | the level of the SoMa and the initial segment where the action potential is |
|
| 35:32 | . Now you can see the some the Cielo cops, like from the |
|
| 35:35 | number 71 of my favorites else's alarm for so orients look more similar calorie |
|
| 35:43 | it said it says it's accident all way from the audience level lot layer |
|
| 35:49 | the bottom, all the way to very ethical den dries of the parameter |
|
| 35:53 | cells. So you see those yellow from cell number seven. But the |
|
| 35:58 | a packs of the parameter old and tree at the local awesome look around |
|
| 36:05 | Ira. That's what it's referred to allow himself, Uh, and you |
|
| 36:09 | see that these synapses will be targeting parts of the prom. It'll sounds |
|
| 36:15 | be targeting the inputs that air coming distantly so they will be modulating a |
|
| 36:20 | of the infants that air coming into , uh down drives distantly, but |
|
| 36:26 | will not. Number seven will not a significant the fact of the integrative |
|
| 36:31 | off the sober, But number number three and number four the yellow |
|
| 36:36 | and project onto the Soma is here will have a very significant defense on |
|
| 36:41 | integrative properties in action potential firing off cells and what information gets projected. |
|
| 36:48 | , finally, we can see that of these south like, for |
|
| 36:52 | two and flora. Very similar. have the same location of the so |
|
| 36:58 | the Denver rise to shown even orange red. So they have these down |
|
| 37:02 | center projecting birdie. Fully two and almost look identical. Their synapses are |
|
| 37:09 | identical. So what is the Both of these number to remember for |
|
| 37:14 | called basket South's. But number two positively for par. Vile demon. |
|
| 37:24 | , which is, uh, it , a calcium binding protein involved |
|
| 37:31 | Let me infer that in the chest human. Okay, well, this |
|
| 37:50 | the kind of Okay, so just few. Just a few chats |
|
| 38:03 | Uh, so now again, you to remember that number forest problem, |
|
| 38:11 | positive A two is problem and Number four CCK. It was just |
|
| 38:17 | kind of positive. Now there's not exam questions again. The Jaco |
|
| 38:22 | from this is that four years of we defined which some type of the |
|
| 38:27 | you are looking at. You need know the precise Ma'afala juvie cells. |
|
| 38:31 | you also need to know the intracellular for these cells and the other tinkle |
|
| 38:37 | that the complexity of information processing and off. What is happening on the |
|
| 38:42 | sanitary projection cells comes from the very population of being human. Third |
|
| 38:48 | The not such a diverse population of jury cells, which are projection sauce |
|
| 38:53 | excited to information to other networks. is a recording from my live |
|
| 39:00 | and there's a showed you differential infrared month. CrossFit The last time these |
|
| 39:06 | to sounds that a Rashed physical wholesale clamp recordings there to electorates essentially recording |
|
| 39:13 | activity from the cells. The cell the last in the Sala on the |
|
| 39:17 | received identical input, identical amplitude and duration. We're both stimulated to the |
|
| 39:24 | degree, but you can see the on the last responded by producing very |
|
| 39:29 | and slightly lower amplitude action potentials very frequency off the action potentials, whereas |
|
| 39:38 | sell him the ride receiving the exact man foods actually responded by producing a |
|
| 39:44 | slower train of action potentials. Each of these upwards sticks eyes an action |
|
| 39:52 | and it was larger amplitude action but long as high frequency. So |
|
| 40:03 | listening to know what Adi cells I don't know that they have different |
|
| 40:08 | signatures during the experiment Life experiment in brain tissue inside these electorates which are |
|
| 40:16 | trying to mimic the interest cellular the cytoplasmic environment of these 1000 signed |
|
| 40:22 | Electra's I had another by die and die is called a neuro bio. |
|
| 40:32 | Oh, or bio cited interchangeably. this diet is different. So |
|
| 40:43 | we've talked about stains and dyes that kind of inject into the tissue on |
|
| 40:50 | see what it would with parts of brain or what cells take up the |
|
| 40:55 | . In this case, that die located inside the the solution inside the |
|
| 41:02 | solution and during the experiment that dying into the cells and after the |
|
| 41:09 | what you do is you recover this from which you recorded and then you |
|
| 41:16 | in you noticed a chemistry. In case, the dye gets exposed and |
|
| 41:21 | can see two types of cells that reconstructed from a similar recording. The |
|
| 41:27 | hung the last is actually allow It says It's axe on and live |
|
| 41:32 | stratum orients Best region to SLM region the very golf. And it has |
|
| 41:39 | dries that are projecting horizontally. So based on the firing properties and on |
|
| 41:45 | anatomy, I was pretty sure this a LA himself. The cell on |
|
| 41:49 | Ryan isn't a projection excited to resell projection Excited. Very solid, of |
|
| 41:55 | , Has this. Ah, beautiful out of adultery go Basil Dan drives |
|
| 42:01 | out of the base of the pyramid well a Zacks on projecting out in |
|
| 42:08 | . And it's actually coming out to the visual field and disappear. So |
|
| 42:13 | projection acts on that was exiting I couldn't see the ramifications on the |
|
| 42:19 | side like I could see on the . Self shown here on the |
|
| 42:24 | No, Uh, like I for us to know the anatomy and |
|
| 42:29 | signatures is almost enough to determine if is one of the 21 different sub |
|
| 42:34 | cells. But the final definitive answer come from these interests. Al. |
|
| 42:39 | markers so it for Ah, alarm a positive for Sonata statin, which |
|
| 42:47 | song. This is another style that provide women positive, which isn't |
|
| 42:52 | But I did not record from So a recording from this Samantha Staten |
|
| 42:57 | that also staying for N b and b stands for their abide. So |
|
| 43:04 | me write to you with Samata Statment former Oh, in a second. |
|
| 43:16 | two stat eso it is being there buy it. Okay. Okay. |
|
| 43:34 | . So now I was absolutely sure I had that whole I'm cell that |
|
| 43:39 | some out of staten positive that had new Arbeitman die and then it using |
|
| 43:44 | different technique. This is a fluorescent . The ride with using the modern |
|
| 43:50 | camera lucida that Ramon Inca how originally They used a modern day neural lucida |
|
| 43:57 | and actually drew and reconstructed the cells our self inspired by Ramona alcohol in |
|
| 44:04 | work. So I could tell for that this was an excited, very |
|
| 44:09 | Perama normal cell. And this was alarm cell which would respond Teoh cell |
|
| 44:15 | seven in this diagram here. This how specific you need to get. |
|
| 44:22 | is one of the recordings that would like. I think I already showed |
|
| 44:27 | to you before. And you have sophisticated pieces of equipment. You have |
|
| 44:34 | very powerful pre amplifiers on the left , girly. This is ah, |
|
| 44:40 | manipulator. So these would be PS . Very sensitive or mechanical. Micro |
|
| 44:48 | center. Very sensitive holders. set up like this, uh, |
|
| 44:56 | when graduate students are the students. , we're learning from me how to |
|
| 45:01 | this kind of a sad up. have to explain to them that |
|
| 45:05 | this particular startup you're looking at you not think of looks very in |
|
| 45:10 | but it's about $100,000 car. uh, just just how how would |
|
| 45:18 | drive $100,000 car if you if you where you were sitting behind the |
|
| 45:23 | of course, everybody has a different driving. But how would you drive |
|
| 45:28 | ? So you have to drive it carefully. You have Teoh. |
|
| 45:31 | it's very sensitive pieces of equipment. very expensive pieces of equipment. But |
|
| 45:36 | you have to work with the situation . This is an example of such |
|
| 45:41 | situation where in the back here on ride. The room is, |
|
| 45:46 | in onto the sat up here. of my holders broke and I had |
|
| 45:52 | attach my electrodes onto a pen here white. So I had to very |
|
| 45:59 | glue during the experiment because I didn't to lose the recording and reinstall |
|
| 46:04 | Very careful. Uh, in the using this, uh, 10 electrode |
|
| 46:11 | that was number sophisticated, not very , and it got the job done |
|
| 46:15 | the moment. So problem solving is half of it, actually, in |
|
| 46:21 | and especially when you're working with set like electrophysiology neurophysiology sat us. You're |
|
| 46:29 | about probably 50 different variables. You to keep track in your head. |
|
| 46:36 | 50 different variables. You have to sure that your tissue is doing |
|
| 46:40 | The tissue that is sitting here under microscope is actually being supplied by exit |
|
| 46:46 | ated official cerebrospinal fluid pretending for pretending this piece of sliced petition brain tissue |
|
| 46:55 | it's still actually inside the cerebrospinal fluid the brain. Do you have to |
|
| 47:00 | about the tissue? Have to worry the microscopes You have to worry about |
|
| 47:03 | lenses. You have to worry if have lasers in the microscopes or very |
|
| 47:09 | themes of light, you can burn tissue. This is just this is |
|
| 47:14 | , you know, making sure that is happy sitting in this wall and |
|
| 47:17 | can observe it and visualize the Using the friend and Franchot McCroskey p |
|
| 47:23 | get to that point is about three of work Now. The after passed |
|
| 47:29 | cells and your tissues alive for about to 12 hours, and this is |
|
| 47:38 | of like a surgery like a real where, you know, when the |
|
| 47:43 | walks in an operating room, he's . There's no texting, there's a |
|
| 47:48 | messages and, you know, social posts and take talks. You wearing |
|
| 47:55 | Pampers? You need Teoh. Because may last about 12 hours in the |
|
| 48:03 | room, you cannot leave. You even sometimes take a simple for |
|
| 48:09 | and you have to build that stamina like training. It's like training for |
|
| 48:13 | marathon. You start running or one two K five K. You're making |
|
| 48:19 | 1 marathon Find doing that. This what this is was with this it |
|
| 48:25 | . So what? Actually, I use the restroom. But a lot |
|
| 48:28 | these experiments would you grab us for and preparing them. And this is |
|
| 48:34 | future experiments and preparing the tissue doing for 68 hours to the poor. |
|
| 48:41 | , your knack, your muscles, hands are hurting your name and then |
|
| 48:49 | clean up absolutely everything sticking stand because residue chemical residue can be left no |
|
| 48:56 | residue. Pinto left your operating and sterile environment when you're doing these electric |
|
| 49:03 | experiments like that. So it's very . You're talking about 12 14 hour |
|
| 49:11 | . I could dio three of these maximum four of these days a |
|
| 49:19 | and the other days would be dedicated writing to analyzing data to fixing equipment |
|
| 49:26 | problem solving the noises and the This is this Israel dedication. This |
|
| 49:31 | this is real science and hearts and that you have to put in in |
|
| 49:38 | to to work with with pieces of like this and drive them successful. |
|
| 49:44 | right, so now we're gonna talk glia. Leah for a long time |
|
| 49:50 | start. Teoh have the passive support insulation function for insurance. But that |
|
| 49:58 | not the case. We are Uh, they're responsible for housekeeping |
|
| 50:08 | The guide neuronal migration, the release factors Some of these air slow growth |
|
| 50:16 | the comprised one brain barrier and filter gets from the blood into the |
|
| 50:22 | They actively control Sonata Genesis system after , information of new synapses, synapse |
|
| 50:29 | in as function and sending a strength asked plasticity. But what glia do |
|
| 50:35 | do is they do non produce ison or calcium weights if you do |
|
| 50:43 | Yeah, I was sorry. They know produce counter action potentials, but |
|
| 50:49 | , instead they communicate through these deep polarization is through callous string |
|
| 50:55 | and so Bria does not produce fast potentials again. Fast action potentials is |
|
| 51:02 | unique feature of euros, but also glia comprise about 90% of the total |
|
| 51:10 | bio NASA to speak sangria responsible for installation and violin nation in peripheral nervous |
|
| 51:19 | . If we look at the peripheral of performers that are contracting the |
|
| 51:24 | you will have Schwann south, where Schwann Saul will form an individual mile |
|
| 51:29 | sheet to unit each one of the is an individual mile and union 100 |
|
| 51:36 | nerve. Okay, So in this axle, which you see essentially is |
|
| 51:42 | nation in periphery by Schwann cells In central nervous system, you have a |
|
| 51:48 | deandra science illegal down there, size a soma and that soma has many |
|
| 51:54 | processes that are radiating out. Each of these processes can become a separate |
|
| 52:00 | segment on a one many different surrounding and accents that are surrounding this illegal |
|
| 52:11 | side. So what we have is we have, uh, Schwann |
|
| 52:16 | . Once I was one uh, segment and a legal danger signs. |
|
| 52:24 | living under side It's processes produces many and segments on many accents that are |
|
| 52:31 | in the area. If you have mile a nation by the South, |
|
| 52:37 | is one function that it serves ostracised has shown here Hoster size actually filled |
|
| 52:43 | of the space in the brain. asir size do not participate in this |
|
| 52:48 | nation processes Astra Sizable will discuss but obeyed. In synods control, master |
|
| 52:55 | participate in a clearance of neurotransmitters in brain barrier, but they do not |
|
| 53:02 | the smile and so a little Denver . This was something that is very |
|
| 53:07 | Sow for my elimination, if you . For example, through the violin |
|
| 53:12 | optic nerve, you will see the of my island. So when it |
|
| 53:16 | , this is one of these illegal underside processes, grows around and wraps |
|
| 53:22 | warming in, um, individual, , violent segment. And in between |
|
| 53:30 | violent segments, you will have notes run beer. This is where the |
|
| 53:34 | potential will get regenerated. It will produced close to the SoMa. But |
|
| 53:40 | it travels down the went of the of the very terminal of Accel, |
|
| 53:44 | amplitude of that actual potential was not to change because we'll get regenerated each |
|
| 53:50 | beer mile and dysfunction, smiling nation of my island problem of action of |
|
| 53:58 | island. Proper expression off milon Basic which control island compassion, can result |
|
| 54:05 | some severe disorders. So we're gonna on, for example, mag mile |
|
| 54:15 | , glycoprotein and as an example, mile and basic Prodi Um, so |
|
| 54:20 | seven related pro dance and Matt would responsible for South a cell recognition. |
|
| 54:27 | this brought in will recognize and Deron recognize acts on that will be responsible |
|
| 54:34 | initiating the violin nations that these different prudence are responsible for different functions. |
|
| 54:41 | this smile, a nation of the unfolding. Uh, she's, uh |
|
| 54:47 | you have information, do you have of the brain that can also cause |
|
| 54:54 | Mile the nation? It is referred his insofar answer Follow. My line |
|
| 54:59 | it's a yellow so you can read very well. But I think you |
|
| 55:04 | may be able to answer far lower life this, uh, but we're |
|
| 55:10 | discuss to disorders in particular when we're focus into disorders to take away for |
|
| 55:15 | exam, the strikeout marriage with disease multiple sclerosis. All right, so |
|
| 55:21 | have your sanction on neurological disorders on a new sectional. Multiple sclerosis, |
|
| 55:29 | sclerosis. There's an autoimmune disorder is non immune disorder, which means that |
|
| 55:38 | body itself is reacting to violin. is treating Meilin. It is recognizing |
|
| 55:44 | . Meilin is a foreign invader, it starts basically just strolling its own |
|
| 55:54 | . It's autoimmune disorder. Multiple Ah, typical expression off symptoms of |
|
| 56:00 | sclerosis would be in the thirties and inclined divers. From the motor |
|
| 56:05 | you can have tremors and spasms. associated with multiple sclerosis. And if |
|
| 56:13 | is because there could be an effect the central deem island nation where the |
|
| 56:17 | commands air coming out properly from the holder. Or it could be |
|
| 56:24 | uh, related to the conduction information the periphery. So if we were |
|
| 56:31 | about germs and convulsions is one of symptoms of multiple sclerosis. Now you |
|
| 56:36 | imagine that if the mile a nation happening in the regions of the brain |
|
| 56:40 | are not responsible for motor commands such the frontal cortex, what do you |
|
| 56:47 | will be affected in these individuals? could be emotional center center, in |
|
| 56:53 | , that it could be the highland of expression, aggression, high levels |
|
| 56:58 | fear, maybe anxiety, emotion. could be affected because when you d |
|
| 57:05 | ate the access to basically are producing proper information transmission between South and if |
|
| 57:11 | the level off the motor commands, on. The level of tremors were |
|
| 57:17 | of spasms, lockups, Bennet, level of the cognitive dysfunctions, our |
|
| 57:24 | dysfunctions that could be it could be many different things, including censor information |
|
| 57:30 | . Uh, this model here for multiple sclerosis. One of them almost |
|
| 57:37 | a mutation, which is a recess mutation. You need to battle eagles |
|
| 57:42 | chromosome 18. And if you have normal mosque in on the ride in |
|
| 57:48 | If you cut through that there, you will see beautiful and my eliminated |
|
| 57:53 | in the miles it is a transgenic that has a mutation. The |
|
| 58:00 | In chromosome 18 you will have a , a mouse. So the female |
|
| 58:05 | of the shiver amounts. This is , which is essentially replicating and modeling |
|
| 58:11 | tremors and the convulsions that you would multiple sclerosis. Uh, so this |
|
| 58:18 | mice will have deem island nation will a significant shivering you Kenbrell sq, |
|
| 58:24 | of this Meilin Nation live trance faction jeans. So if you transfer, |
|
| 58:28 | a normal gene on this transgenic you can partially rebuild the smile. |
|
| 58:33 | nation and you can obviously partially rescue the behavioral or the definitive expression off |
|
| 58:41 | disease. He's a multiple sclerosis, we make them by during the course |
|
| 58:46 | talk more about multiple sclerosis. the disorder you were discussing in relation to |
|
| 58:54 | Meilin Nation is Shark Out Mary where you have to march off peripheral |
|
| 59:01 | and Prodi m 22 p. P. 22. So what is |
|
| 59:06 | on the right here is that you have over expression or duplication of this |
|
| 59:11 | on chromosome 17 that codes for too. And then the bottom Ryan |
|
| 59:17 | an actual stain fluorescent stain that is too much of the genetic expression. |
|
| 59:22 | much of the GMP 22 if you not necessarily lack of podium, but |
|
| 59:30 | too much of the pro Dan or of that podium during the wrong time |
|
| 59:34 | the development or a lot of the with aging. All of these things |
|
| 59:39 | be contributing now. Teoh Different and . Mylar nation process means what happens |
|
| 59:48 | , uh, sharks Got married We're now talking more specifically about peripheral |
|
| 59:54 | , and so it will be a toe mess affecting Sienna central nervous |
|
| 60:00 | where this is affecting peripheral parents and nerves. What you have is during |
|
| 60:06 | development when you have deem island the bone structure is soft and the |
|
| 60:11 | are shaping. Unfortunately, if your and pretty significant deformity, it's bodily |
|
| 60:18 | is especially of lower extremities. Individuals Charcot married to disease will often have |
|
| 60:27 | to control impaired, gave by often from side to side and throwing legs |
|
| 60:35 | and right to move forward. And is because there isn't enough stimulation going |
|
| 60:41 | the muscles during the development. In earlier, you can detect that there |
|
| 60:47 | an impairment in violation of the Earlier, you can diagnose sharp but |
|
| 60:52 | to disease early. You can place individuals and braces, which would help |
|
| 60:57 | essentially preserve, uh, normal or normal bone instruction. Hopefully help with |
|
| 61:05 | impaired gait and movement. So in different disorders multiple sclerosis, auto |
|
| 61:15 | Uh, this is a developmental disorder to pro damn Shark got married to |
|
| 61:25 | . So overall, this slide actually a great fly to talk about different |
|
| 61:32 | of different real South alone. Slide it has Liggett undersized, and it |
|
| 61:38 | you that it has different processes wrapping , informing mile and sheaths around the |
|
| 61:45 | . It has Astra sides on the , and you can see the exercise |
|
| 61:50 | these blaring, complex Astra acidic trees very responsible for clearing Um, |
|
| 61:58 | neurotransmitters around the synapses so you can a lot of their processes wrapped around |
|
| 62:02 | synopsis. A lot of times it's to stripe our ties to naps. |
|
| 62:08 | , neuron contacting another neuron. And Astra side of Leah is there, |
|
| 62:13 | them out of neural transmission and also hop have normal fluxus in the |
|
| 62:20 | So once these local synapses gets very , that could be a significant flocks |
|
| 62:26 | potassium, significant flocks of sodium and ions. And with Astra sisal |
|
| 62:32 | they will slurp up this, abnormally high concentration of ions, and |
|
| 62:39 | will siphon it, often distributed through massive network. And what that does |
|
| 62:46 | that basically controls, uh, hot , a piece of normal high levels |
|
| 62:52 | Ionic and the transmitter concentrations by siphoning off. And because ostracised are connected |
|
| 63:00 | other Astor science gabbed junctures, do learn about gap junctions later? Of |
|
| 63:05 | , these air the receptors that will the South physically one to another will |
|
| 63:11 | the silence and information through a very on specific network that is interconnected. |
|
| 63:18 | specific. Astra size. On the hand, you see ostracised that have |
|
| 63:23 | end feet or their processes. We them and feet placed on the capital |
|
| 63:29 | , microcap Hillary's and they're forming the brain barrier. They're also interacting at |
|
| 63:36 | top with dependable cells, and the cells that separating out the street respond |
|
| 63:43 | fluid. Basically, the curricula space the interest initial space interstitial space surrounding |
|
| 63:50 | actual neurons era, dependable cells. are also stem like cells todo |
|
| 63:58 | A bendable cells can become other types RIA, potentially even neurons. For |
|
| 64:06 | long time, we thought that there that many stem cells from the adult |
|
| 64:11 | . And now there are two Is that first of all, there |
|
| 64:14 | still stem cells with certain parts of in Asian brains. Second theories that |
|
| 64:21 | might be justus many of the stem , but the go dormant. So |
|
| 64:26 | a whole new science that is not to believe. It is related to |
|
| 64:32 | cells and regenerative medicine and regenerative compounds can prevent, uh, first of |
|
| 64:39 | the degradation of telomeres that happened with and second of all, a |
|
| 64:44 | Some of these stem cells that might doorman, including some of the potentially |
|
| 64:49 | Penda Mall South's, uh, a part of the brain that will |
|
| 64:54 | some of the highest members of stand and their dog brains. This cell |
|
| 65:00 | here on the right is a micro cells from microbial seller. This is |
|
| 65:06 | , the most mobile al a month the tissue. And it is very |
|
| 65:11 | reacting to the injury when the injury in the tissue. And so I'm |
|
| 65:18 | , uh, stop the sheriff for a second and their records in their |
|
| 65:26 | . And this is an example off glial. Ciao. Okay, so |
|
| 65:32 | this this string that you have seen across and you see the timeline I'm |
|
| 65:39 | experiment from 1989 Ancient experiment. It even rial. What was that? |
|
| 65:50 | there we are, isn't Iran, that neuron is migrating along the radio |
|
| 65:58 | . Also, radio glial cells, service servers. A lattice is a |
|
| 66:04 | where neurons newly forming, migrating their will latch onto the slider. There |
|
| 66:11 | form side of plasma continuity with radio South's. It will actually form side |
|
| 66:17 | plasma continuity of the remember this continuity , well, crawl along these radio |
|
| 66:25 | cells to find its final destination. just which is just, uh, |
|
| 66:33 | remarkable. Um and, uh, show you one more movie that actually |
|
| 66:48 | shows. Ah, smorgasbord off neuronal going on. There we are. |
|
| 66:57 | should be able to see this. you can see that again. You |
|
| 67:05 | tens of neurons ear migrating along this climbing along the lattices of the |
|
| 67:12 | Real south. The white is not because when you're on suborned or not |
|
| 67:18 | within their final destination within, let's cortical layer for and they're not born |
|
| 67:24 | be one of those 21 stuff faster , but rather they actually has to |
|
| 67:30 | their destination. So the use radio cells as a lattice is a ladder |
|
| 67:36 | migrate from certain parts of the brain the ventricular zones where most of the |
|
| 67:41 | air born to quite distant parts of brain, to find their exact brain |
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| 67:49 | , which you can say exact Then you have to find the exact |
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| 67:55 | in that brain structure like layer and then you have to find exact |
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| 68:02 | in the house in that neighborhood, would be that particular cells soothing another |
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| 68:07 | location where fire. And then you Teoh form connections with about thousands of |
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| 68:14 | and a living in the neighborhood to which ones you're gonna talk to you |
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| 68:19 | strengthen your synapses. Which ones? meaningful which ones you want to |
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| 68:24 | And I talked to. It's the , but but Easterner finds its final |
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| 68:31 | , and radio glia is an intricate of of this process. Now, |
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| 68:38 | final moving that I would like to you is microglia. Micro glia are |
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| 68:46 | dynamic elements. And in this would you have is you have first |
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| 68:57 | the movie and I will explain it in greater detail. This is the |
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| 69:03 | . But start is the injured that of this movement is microbe. Leah |
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| 69:13 | Glee is a lattice microbe. Are the scavengers the most mobile elements |
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| 69:20 | the brain tissue? Okay, here is an injury. This is this |
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| 69:25 | wide blonde there's an injury and then what happens with micro glia surrounding this |
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| 69:31 | . First of all, they start their processes toward the side of the |
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| 69:38 | . Boo OK, second, they start moving physically. The sal on |
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| 69:46 | last, for example, jump from location to another and other sauce air |
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| 69:51 | into the fuel. The view more that were not there. So you |
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| 69:57 | these micro glial elements and in the of injury in the case, off |
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| 70:03 | get activated the micro glial cells to sides of kinds, and they control |
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| 70:09 | release of scientific arts, actually Santa of these pro inflammatory side to |
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| 70:15 | You should pay attention to them because is a debate Offsides of kind storms |
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| 70:21 | cold in 19 in the body. there's a new hypothesis all turned you |
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| 70:27 | next week. Brendan Kind and Okay, review that bread and kind |
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| 70:33 | ace inhibitor hypothesis of code in 19 it's nonstop. A is supposed to |
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| 70:40 | a combination off the sides of kind branding kind and storms that seem to |
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| 70:44 | a lot of, uh, evoke lot of symptomology that you will be |
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| 70:50 | in in closed in 19. my 13 year old daughter was fascinated |
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| 70:56 | hear that there is hyaluronic acid in loans because she's putting highly ironic acid |
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| 71:01 | there on her face. It's it's a new thing in the systematics |
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| 71:07 | hyaluronic acid absorbs a lot of more , a great for moisturizing purposes. |
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| 71:13 | during Cove in there's accumulation of hyaluronic in the lungs. There's activation of |
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| 71:19 | fascists. Macro factors will be activated , then, to try to clean |
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| 71:25 | repair, also generating inflammatory responses. you can think of these micro Publius |
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| 71:32 | like resembling of the Migra fathers that would have in other parts of the |
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| 71:37 | like once. But then you know happens with hyaluronic acid in the |
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| 71:41 | recovered 19 and actually absorbs and forms liquid like gel like thing. And |
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| 71:49 | why they say that breathing is like through Joel over your mouth. |
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| 71:55 | And that's where ventilators. I'm not great and helping because you're your lungs |
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| 72:00 | plugged up with John like substances caused Heil around the castle. How would |
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| 72:04 | know that you would learn that inner course with my daughter, 13 year |
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| 72:09 | know about it. Actually, she fascinated to hear about coaches of highly |
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| 72:14 | acid because she's following Eva Longoria and prismatic standoffish with high were only |
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| 72:23 | Okay, so interesting discussion all related my really, in some way. |
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| 72:30 | , uh, tickle messages the micro in the most mobile. How amounts |
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| 72:36 | are responsible for the clean up the that are reactive. Teoh the environment |
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| 72:46 | that are involved in the on inflammatory . Uh, in the brain. |
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| 72:56 | . So each real cells, in way he'd sell have their own |
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| 73:01 | Teoh, serve so to speak, ? Okay, great. And final |
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| 73:11 | we also we're discussing is involved in brain barrier and this is Astra glial |
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| 73:18 | . So blood brain barrier, you Astra glial processes. This is our |
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| 73:22 | sides. You have the parasites that surrounding and diffie liel cells, which |
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| 73:31 | you're basically forming your blood vessels and have the blood inside those blood |
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| 73:38 | You have tied junctions between then the L cells. And you have these |
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| 73:44 | membranes. And so things that are from the blood into the brain have |
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| 73:49 | go through this check points off the of the barrier. That asked a |
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| 73:55 | the Thai junctions, Paris eyes across , The real processes. Also, |
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| 74:01 | are specific transporters that will transport and certain elements to go into the |
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| 74:06 | Tissue are this will be transported. will be defused at this will be |
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| 74:12 | . But a lot of it is code transporting of goods on the blood |
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| 74:16 | the brain. Blood brain barrier is in a lot of things from the |
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| 74:22 | entering into the brain again. Let's back to our date of code in |
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| 74:28 | right? The essentially the hotbox. you see me? A hypothesis which |
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| 74:34 | that virus does not enter into the . Bruce is Ah, uh, |
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| 74:40 | hypothesis with virus answers into the brain significant information because a significant neural |
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| 74:48 | Because of that information who controls the of that virus? Welby's aliveness will |
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| 74:55 | controlling natural spires of blood. Brain , in this case, is a |
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| 74:59 | guy that's preventing a lot of stop from the blood going to the |
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| 75:03 | Also, we consume a lot of like through the digestive system, sometimes |
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| 75:09 | concentrations off but different columnist high OnStar , Uh uh, vitamin like illness |
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| 75:16 | all of this being controlled but goes the one and with guest into the |
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| 75:22 | so not everything gets passed very Now the blood brain barrier is also |
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| 75:29 | obstacle. Teoh Neural drug development run . Barry is an obstacle toe neurological |
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| 75:38 | development because most of the drugs that take our pills that you swallow that |
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| 75:43 | that what you swallow against absorbed maybe absorbed in view of swallowtail gets digested |
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| 75:51 | the stomach, gets absorbed through the system into the blood stream. And |
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| 75:58 | from that blast stream will say you in a year consuming antidepressant drug for |
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| 76:04 | . But any drug that is targeting anti epileptic drugs you swallowed until so |
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| 76:11 | , whatever. Guess from that pill the digestive system into the blood |
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| 76:17 | Now, what fraction of that pill actually going to get transferred inactivated into |
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| 76:23 | brain if it crosses the blood brain ? So a lot of times, |
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| 76:27 | you're designing a neuro drug, you to make sure that they're very freely |
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| 76:32 | the blood brain barrier. If it cross up to the blood brain barrier |
|
| 76:37 | with your you're targeting a condition like . This is, uh, you |
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| 76:44 | , this is where you hear Uh, they will say, You |
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| 76:51 | you can take this pill for but what is it going to |
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| 76:57 | It may make it Narcisse. It make you vomit in Meghalaya and |
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| 77:03 | It may give you constipation, but the opposite and may give you massive |
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| 77:10 | . It may start bleeding, and on the normal pains in the |
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| 77:16 | Why is that you're taking a neuro really shouldn't do anything there. And |
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| 77:21 | part of the challenge is that for narrow drunk to cross into the |
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| 77:27 | you have to take it. Does cause a significant side effects? And |
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| 77:31 | is systematically throughout the whole system with digestive system, with its a vasculature |
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| 77:37 | so long, it's a smart drug . Of course, no drug is |
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| 77:42 | passing into the brain concentrations that alot do not generated significant side effects. |
|
| 77:51 | know that you know we have a of very commonly used drugs such as |
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| 77:56 | , for example from pain that are this pain, Killer said aren't quite |
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| 78:03 | because it's quite dangerous to overdose with . It's quite dangerous to activate the |
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| 78:09 | . Enough of the receptors in your centers for the opium is to shut |
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| 78:13 | your breathing, and that is because have to have concentrations to alleviate the |
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| 78:20 | in the neuropathic pain or other types pain. But it's now interfering |
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| 78:25 | either with a whole body or interfering with other parts of the brain. |
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| 78:31 | may be targeting one part of the , but if you're affecting brainstem that's |
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| 78:35 | for the vital breathing functions, then and impression for forget some pain and |
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| 78:42 | will stop dreaming on, and that the end of it all. And |
|
| 78:47 | we have a lot of problems. in pharmaceutical, drug development and neurological |
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| 78:53 | development, plan based drug development, deals with specifically Grand blood brain |
|
| 79:00 | There's a great thing. It's a thing, but it's also a challenge |
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| 79:04 | that perspective. Okay, so I'm stop lecturing on the material for |
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| 79:13 | and I'm gonna open up the chats go through some of the questions that |
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| 79:21 | may have. And by the if you have any questions in the |
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| 79:24 | from the last three lack truce are lecture of this lecture. Okay, |
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| 79:32 | have a question. Sounds good, he is wrong. We're office |
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| 79:42 | Yes. Would you like the email and schedule a different time? Give |
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| 79:49 | and like, 23 time options. we can do that. Yes. |
|
| 79:55 | . Thank you for asking. So will have your sample example Friday And |
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| 80:00 | don't have your class on Tuesday, teaching another section of their science and |
|
| 80:06 | offer Labor Day on Monday. And thought it would be unfair if you |
|
| 80:10 | working on, uh, that extra . So we do not have a |
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| 80:15 | on Tuesday. Uh, I will ah linked to the graduate students Teoh |
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| 80:23 | on Tuesday about that, Simon, we will not call the regular costs |
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| 80:28 | Tuesday. Yes, this still Uh, can you raise your |
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| 80:33 | So I continue to you. I'm very, uh All right. Let's |
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