| 00:08 | same line. Right, set. . Testing. Okay folks. |
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| 00:29 | Let's see. Today We start um three. So obviously this week, |
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| 00:38 | of this stuff this week is on two coming up at the end of |
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| 00:42 | week. So this is for exam stuff, which is about three |
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| 00:48 | So I don't want to think about , you know, not even having |
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| 00:53 | exam two yet, so, but what's coming up and they were rapidly |
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| 00:59 | the end here, it seems So uh see so again, exam |
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| 01:06 | later this week got any last minute , feel free to uh drop in |
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| 01:16 | 6, 13 and I forgot myself and 13 and 14. That's |
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| 01:21 | Um So what else? We got quiz. Smart work. Um our |
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| 01:32 | as well. So what else? think that's it. Okay, so |
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| 01:41 | we ask the question, I meant put the sound effect on here, |
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| 01:46 | I couldn't get it up here fast . I'm gonna put the sound of |
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| 01:49 | toilet flushing. So you ever wondered happened once you went once you flush |
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| 01:56 | toilet, where does that stuff Okay, so we'll talk about a |
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| 02:00 | about that a little bit about that . Okay, so today is kind |
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| 02:04 | uh is certainly an extension of The we talked about in 14 and 13 |
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| 02:12 | of course processing wastewater is metabolism that that. Okay, so we'll talk |
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| 02:21 | the that wastewater treatment. Ah and nitrogen cycle, which you've heard probably |
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| 02:30 | number of times and not in but we'll go through some of the |
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| 02:37 | of the triangle, if you will the nitrogen cycle and focus a little |
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| 02:41 | on symbiotic nitrogen fixation. So, kind of a little bit of a |
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| 02:46 | of uh I guess you'd say microbial to agree. So anyway, it's |
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| 02:52 | little bit different to then. Then kind of switched gears thursday and then |
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| 02:59 | into kind of more of the bacterial stuff. Okay, so this section |
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| 03:07 | I think is probably the shortest, shortest of the four, I |
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| 03:13 | So, it's So um chapter I put the textbook pages because it's |
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| 03:19 | very narrow part of these two particularly chapter 21, like three |
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| 03:26 | Okay, so 22 is covering just couple of sections. So again, |
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| 03:31 | uh just stick stick to obviously stick what we're carving here. And these |
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| 03:36 | chapters. Okay, so, um right. So we start off |
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| 03:43 | I believe. Not quite. I it's the clicker questions coming after this |
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| 03:47 | . So, the hydrologic cycle. , so this is what we'll use |
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| 03:54 | in the context of wastewater treatment. but in talking about the hydrologic |
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| 04:01 | of course, is the cycle of , if you will. Okay, |
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| 04:04 | all aware, I'm sure of water evaporates right? Flows, flows through |
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| 04:13 | um down to rivers and other bodies water seas oceans uh precipitation occurs to |
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| 04:21 | it water evaporation and precipitation bring it to earth. And so that cycle |
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| 04:26 | course is what's going on all over globe. But as water is traveling |
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| 04:32 | right through gravity to these bodies of , they pick up whatever nutrients. |
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| 04:38 | as a traveling through soil are gonna picking up various nutrients uh um as |
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| 04:44 | does so and in some places more than others, picking up nutrients, |
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| 04:50 | these into bodies of water. Um the carbon runoff. So we'll talk |
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| 05:01 | the influences of of excess nutrient flow excess nutrient runoff into bodies of water |
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| 05:11 | there are consequences to that. And all boils back down to this um |
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| 05:16 | trophy right? Using organic materials, them right through respiration. These things |
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| 05:22 | talked about before. Okay, so key here really is the aerobic Hetero |
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| 05:31 | us. That's what we are aerobic tropes, right? So we as |
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| 05:37 | put our metabolism is to use Okay, so in bodies of water |
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| 05:43 | oxygen is of course in the Okay. And so if you remove |
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| 05:48 | from water through metabolic processes that will an impact on the marine life, |
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| 05:55 | they of course depend on oxygen. if it's depleted, then you see |
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| 06:00 | uh harmful effects of these processes. that's kind of what we covered here |
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| 06:05 | in in the first part of this hydrologic cycle. Okay, that's our |
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| 06:10 | anyway. Okay, so so here's question. Take a look at |
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| 06:15 | Okay, so B. O. . It was one of those parameters |
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| 06:20 | use in assessing um the state of water, the actually really have the |
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| 06:30 | of a wastewater treatment system. O. D. Is a important |
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| 06:34 | . Okay. We try to lower . O. D. In the |
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| 06:39 | of wastewater treatment. Okay. So have four water samples subjected to |
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| 06:45 | O. D. Analysis. And and you do that using, it's |
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| 06:49 | dissolved oxygen. Right? Seeing how this auction going away. That's a |
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| 06:54 | of activity. Okay. So um so with B. O. |
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| 07:03 | So wastewater treatment plants do is measure all the time. Okay. Either |
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| 07:08 | house or or elsewhere. Okay. it's a measure of how their system |
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| 07:15 | working. Right? So B. D. Does represent something specific. |
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| 07:29 | . Okay. Countdown. Yeah, . Um Oh no, it could |
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| 07:44 | through the aquatic life in the in water, but in the B. |
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| 07:50 | the analysis, you are not accounting that. Okay. Because that activity |
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| 07:57 | gonna be as much as the other without giving the question away. We'll |
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| 08:04 | about it in a second. All , let's count down from five. |
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| 08:12 | , Try again. I count down 5 3, 2. Alright. |
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| 08:20 | If you answered uh simply had the B. O. D. |
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| 08:25 | it would be. D. lowest B. O. D. |
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| 08:31 | . So be it is a measure organic material in the sample. |
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| 08:36 | So if you've got a high organic , think of sewage. Super high |
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| 08:42 | content and water. All right um you do a water quality test on |
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| 08:51 | BmD test on sewage, that oxygen be rapidly consumed. You have a |
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| 08:58 | organic source that's gonna get chomped on head across. Use oxygen in the |
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| 09:03 | and so much of it that will basically saturated and can just put a |
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| 09:10 | that maximum rates. Right? So action is going to disappear very |
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| 09:15 | So a graph A. Is a high level of B. O. |
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| 09:22 | . O. K. And progressively as we go from B. To |
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| 09:26 | . To D. Which is pretty nothing in there. Okay? So |
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| 09:30 | terms of water quality, what you at the end of your wastewater treatment |
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| 09:35 | , you wanted to look like d know, pretty much be close to |
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| 09:39 | as possible. Okay, What's coming is what's likely something in A. |
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| 09:44 | A. A. Levels of O. D. Coming in. |
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| 09:47 | want to knock all that down and water coming out. That is not |
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| 09:53 | much beauty. Okay, So and measured. Okay, using what's called |
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| 10:04 | dissolved oxygen probe. Okay, So see this person up here on the |
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| 10:08 | left corner, there's a bunch of of different water samples. Okay? |
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| 10:13 | then the this thing here. this thing is a that's the |
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| 10:20 | So you stick it in the it's like a five day test. |
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| 10:23 | test once a day over five days . And um so you're measuring the |
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| 10:29 | box in uptake right? So we a very rapid rate. Maybe it |
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| 10:33 | goes to zero in one day. represents a bottle with a sample with |
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| 10:38 | lot of B. O. Lots of organic material. Okay And |
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| 10:42 | um the and so you're using and know just something you don't need to |
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| 10:48 | . But in these tests what's often is the person there will have like |
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| 10:55 | company sell this pill. Looks like pill. Okay take it's a mixture |
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| 11:00 | like seven or eight different bacterial types are aerobic head autotrophs. Okay kind |
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| 11:05 | environmental type bugs you see out there they'll manufacture them and put them in |
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| 11:09 | little grow them up, dry them the powders and put them in this |
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| 11:13 | pill much like a probiotic that you take full of bacteria. And that's |
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| 11:18 | of what they use as a seed these to test the D. |
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| 11:21 | D. And these water samples to how much organic material is there. |
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| 11:25 | and so uh and so on the right up top of course is kind |
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| 11:30 | can be kind of tedious when you're to deal with a bunch of different |
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| 11:33 | and bottles and putting probes and blah blah at the bottom there you see |
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| 11:37 | of a continuous system you can have installed at the treatment plant and continually |
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| 11:45 | bot in that case. Okay. may be uh I'm not sure how |
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| 11:50 | it is. I only know this because one of my former life I |
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| 11:55 | of the companies I worked for at one of treatment was kind of one |
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| 11:57 | their side things. And so that's I got exposed to this stuff. |
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| 12:02 | The uh in terms of numbers, ? Numbers of 02 and water. |
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| 12:08 | , so saturated water water saturated with um is like eight mg per liter |
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| 12:15 | think um of 02. Right? again you don't memorize these absolute |
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| 12:21 | I'm just kind of giving you throwing out to give you kind of a |
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| 12:23 | of what we're talking about here. ? So again, you don't have |
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| 12:29 | get that far below where it begins impact marine life. Right? So |
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| 12:34 | you have eight mg per liter of and air saturated water right, it |
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| 12:39 | to five or less, then you , your fish and other aquatic plants |
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| 12:44 | begin to then feel an impact on . Right? So that uh and |
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| 12:49 | course it gets below, below, that you'll see these fish kills occur |
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| 12:53 | these areas. Um And so sewage a reference, there's sewage more than |
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| 12:59 | mg per liter. Right? So od value, right of that much |
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| 13:05 | ever been a lot of organic material there. Okay. Um And so |
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| 13:12 | and so how do we affect auction in bodies of water where you do |
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| 13:18 | these kind of fish kills? Okay of course you have an influx what's |
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| 13:23 | cause bacteria to grow and then allow to uh metabolize and then use oxygen |
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| 13:32 | take it out of the water. of course if you supply them with |
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| 13:36 | right so an influx of nutrients causes to grow. Okay and then you |
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| 13:40 | bad stuff happening. Um Any questions this about the blog thing? Yeah |
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| 13:51 | that measures the oxygen levels in the . So it's called the dissolved oxygen |
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| 13:56 | . Very much the same thing we at the bioreactor Uh in Chapter four |
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| 14:02 | had the same similar probe in your . The measure auction levels while the |
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| 14:06 | culture was growing. It was the thing. So so you know with |
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| 14:12 | just equate that to be O. . Level of levels of organic material |
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| 14:17 | the sample which I'm um Okay so examples of what we call dead |
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| 14:25 | zones of hypoxia in various parts of around the United States in the gulf |
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| 14:31 | Mexico. Um So of course this was that oil spill from I forget |
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| 14:39 | or something? No 2002. Um wasn't that long anyway so uh oil |
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| 14:46 | influx of organic material. Okay and bacterial types that can eat that. |
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| 14:52 | and so they eat that and then result of their metabolism, they use |
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| 14:57 | and oxygen levels get lower in the and then can affect aquatic life there |
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| 15:02 | course. And these areas can persist quite some time. You see kind |
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| 15:08 | the white blob that represents the areas have very low oxygen levels of bacteria |
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| 15:16 | there. Uh and uh you know impacting uh the marine life and of |
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| 15:23 | not uncommon uh that aside from the spill calling it causing this uh in |
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| 15:33 | area here in Mississippi delta, going into the gulf. All along here |
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| 15:39 | um beside the river on either side big agricultural areas. Okay particularly as |
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| 15:45 | get down into Louisiana uh Mississippi heavy agricultural areas nearby these bodies of |
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| 15:54 | . Okay. And that leads to effect we'll talk about shortly because these |
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| 15:59 | farms use fertilizer. Okay. And excess fertilizer and so you have water |
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| 16:08 | will will pour this excess fertilizer into water. Of course fertilizers, nitrogen |
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| 16:14 | phosphorus. And these nutrients lead to these these growth spurts and that leads |
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| 16:21 | this activity causing hetero trophic aerobic activity cause oxygen pulling oxygen out of the |
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| 16:28 | and causing these kind of effects Okay so um the the so let's |
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| 16:40 | at and that's the process this eutrophication . Okay that's what we're talking about |
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| 16:45 | . So let's look at this. take a stab. Okay. Everybody |
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| 16:50 | time we open the pole. Alright now there's a freebie. Okay. |
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| 16:56 | you're welcome. Um So unification basically said this three seconds ago. |
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| 17:03 | so influx of nutrients um this is stage process here. This eutrophication. |
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| 17:11 | . Um beginning with influx of nutrients the body of water. Okay, |
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| 17:18 | you have a couple of different metabolisms are going to be working here. |
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| 17:24 | . One you're photosynthetic types. Followed by activities of Hedda tropes. |
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| 17:32 | , so um so eutrophication as a drops the oxygen content in the water |
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| 17:40 | impacts the marine life. Okay. so uh I'm going to assume. |
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| 17:49 | , well almost 100% not quite Which seems odd. But anyway uh |
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| 17:56 | let's go ahead and forge ahead. , so Oh goodness. Alright, |
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| 18:08 | here's the process. Okay, so could be this is just an |
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| 18:11 | Could be pond the stream river, have you? Okay, um so |
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| 18:17 | the body of water there's some sort agricultural activity going on. Okay. |
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| 18:22 | assuming that we have fertilizer. this could easily be a company, |
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| 18:29 | ? That's just charging pollutants can result the same effect. Okay, so |
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| 18:35 | if it's fertilizer, you know it's be higher nitrogen phosphorus. Okay and |
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| 18:39 | remember your photosynthetic types. Right? they need to seo to write um |
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| 18:48 | right? But they also need things nitrogen and phosphorus and nitrogen phosphorus tend |
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| 18:53 | be limiting in the environment. Okay it's such a needed nutrient. Okay |
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| 19:00 | you're not gonna find it in excess it's out there, it's gonna be |
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| 19:03 | . Right? So, measurable levels not typically going to be high, |
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| 19:07 | , if it's a healthy ecosystem. so because remember you remember what this |
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| 19:12 | for nitrogen and phosphorus, nitrogen for , uh take acids, right, |
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| 19:18 | is and nucleic acids. So, mean, these are critical nutrients as |
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| 19:23 | already know. Okay, so um if there is an excess of |
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| 19:29 | right, that will definitely call the up of growth. Okay. And |
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| 19:34 | your algae santa bacteria Okay, in presence of these excess nitrogen phosphorus, |
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| 19:44 | will absolutely grow to high density. , and so we see that as |
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| 19:52 | called an algal bloom bloom. So representing a mass of growth and |
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| 19:59 | can literally form a mat on top the water here. And uh that |
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| 20:05 | course represents in itself a lot of material. Okay, So but it's |
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| 20:12 | course still alive. Okay. But know that um you know, once |
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| 20:19 | runoff of nitrogen and phosphorus they've used up, right, And it won't |
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| 20:25 | able to sustain this level of So what happens of course is it |
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| 20:30 | ? Okay. And then that goes to the bottom. Okay, so |
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| 20:36 | you have a nice organic source, ? For Hedda tropes that are kind |
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| 20:41 | in the sediments here. All at the bottom. And so they |
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| 20:45 | to chomp down on that. remembering, you know, hetero tropic |
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| 20:50 | respiration, right, they're gonna use as they are metabolizing that auction comes |
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| 20:56 | of the water of course. And there comes your bend fish kills and |
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| 21:02 | have you. Okay. And so uh when this happens, you will |
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| 21:09 | um um fish float on top of water, right? Northeast areas, |
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| 21:15 | heavily industrial areas, it's often influx pollutants, organic pollutants in the water |
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| 21:22 | causes the same kind of effect. um uh certainly not good for the |
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| 21:28 | you're a fish living in these So, but that's the eutrophication |
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| 21:32 | So it's kind of a stepwise um in these different two different metabolisms. |
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| 21:39 | photosynthesis and followed by a head or trophy. Okay. But leading to |
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| 21:45 | bad effects many. Yeah, yeah. You think, right? |
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| 22:06 | this is you and this is a dog. Alright, So you're eating |
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| 22:11 | hot dog and you're aspiring, what you gonna do? What are you |
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| 22:16 | use? Are you gonna consume and the organic material in the hot |
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| 22:20 | Right. And what else? What ? Yeah. So gas goes |
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| 22:27 | So you're getting your air from Not ? They're getting the air from the |
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| 22:31 | . So, if you remove the the auction levels in the water fishing |
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| 22:35 | like that. Okay, um All right. So here is your |
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| 22:48 | this probably represents, yeah, this a residential wastewater treatment system, if |
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| 22:53 | drive around your uh subdivision. If go back, if you live on |
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| 22:58 | and go home and drive around your , you'll probably find one of these |
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| 23:02 | behind a wall. Okay. And uh but each one of these probably |
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| 23:10 | know service services $160 homes typically is um if you mud's municipal municipal utility |
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| 23:21 | , you may have heard that That's what operates these things. So |
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| 23:26 | to the process, are these tanks see here like this? Okay. |
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| 23:31 | This is where the microbial action so to speak. Okay? So |
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| 23:38 | got this structure here is basically like big paddle, right? It moves |
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| 23:45 | ? And that paddle helps to create and mixing right? Mixing air into |
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| 23:52 | water. Okay. And that's what the aerobic respiratory activity. Okay. |
|
| 23:59 | so this will move right? Uh there's different and that's essential part of |
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| 24:04 | process. Whether it's a tank structure this. Um Obviously your waste treatment |
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| 24:13 | have this, but so too across country, um many different types of |
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| 24:20 | have waste water treatment systems. If if you're manufacturing company of some sort |
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| 24:26 | likely um discharging or or byproducts of process can be toxic if you just |
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| 24:34 | into the water. Okay. So they will have their own in house |
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| 24:40 | systems to lower the levels of those and then discharge the water into streams |
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| 24:47 | course have to be down to a level. But your companies, you |
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| 24:52 | even think of like Georgia pacific make boxes and paper, right? They |
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| 24:57 | their own wastewater treatment system because they these chemicals as our process that are |
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| 25:03 | good. And so they have to of they can't just take the water |
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| 25:06 | full of these and just put it the nearby lake or stream or |
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| 25:10 | They got to knock down the levels these compounds. So they'll have in |
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| 25:14 | house systems and they may not be tanks like this, they'll dig |
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| 25:20 | they'll dig out of the ground, pond, what they call lagoons, |
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| 25:25 | that's where they do the process. you'll have little little mixing things floating |
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| 25:29 | on top and need to create the in the water to to promote, |
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| 25:33 | know, aerobic respiration. So, so not only these cities in of |
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| 25:38 | servicing our homes and whatnot, but of different companies around the uh globe |
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| 25:45 | their own in house treatment systems for purpose because they don't want to discharge |
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| 25:50 | water into a river that hasn't been . Okay, so in a wastewater |
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| 25:56 | system, typical. Okay, is four steps? Okay, well, |
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| 26:03 | guess three steps. So, preliminary can be of two stages. Um |
|
| 26:09 | seen one of these myself a few the stuff that comes in to |
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| 26:13 | you'd be maybe wouldn't be shot. like what we call preliminary treatment is |
|
| 26:19 | stuff. Right So we have a screen right? That will kind of |
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| 26:24 | things like a I've seen animal carcasses in right? So big stuff that |
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| 26:30 | tires and stuff like that. So things get blocked out first and then |
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| 26:35 | out to the side. And then course you get into smaller sedimentary type |
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| 26:39 | because you have finer screens that remove . So these are basically preliminary |
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| 26:44 | Okay Preliminary than primary to get Now remove all these kind of insoluble |
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| 26:51 | And then to secondary treatment this is the action occurs in terms of lowering |
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| 26:57 | bot right, lowering that bot. And uh now you may have as |
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| 27:04 | of secondary treatment an additional uh this that's anaerobic actually activity going on. |
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| 27:12 | not every system has that but they will have this secondary treatment involving aerobic |
|
| 27:21 | . Okay And then you may have tertiary treatment at the end which can |
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| 27:27 | chlorination. So of course it's gonna drinking water that's going to have a |
|
| 27:32 | include chlorination. Um Some have used . V. Light to kind of |
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| 27:38 | a disinfection of the types of chemicals it's gonna be for drinking water. |
|
| 27:43 | gonna have some kind of treatment like . Okay so of course. Um |
|
| 27:49 | here I I'm gonna repost this slide the top part on yours it's basically |
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| 27:58 | divisions between the processes aren't. Okay. Your slide has tertiary treatment |
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| 28:05 | all the way over into here and just simply wrong. Okay so like |
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| 28:10 | said I'll repost this slide. But are these are the appropriate uh demarcations |
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| 28:19 | you will between each process. So primary, secondary and tertiary. |
|
| 28:25 | so the activated sludge, that's basically you're doing is what you want to |
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| 28:34 | if you have a healthy system is create this ecosystem of different microbial |
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| 28:41 | Yes, bacteria archaea are the workhorses in terms of their respiratory activity and |
|
| 28:51 | down and getting material. Okay. you have you also need to have |
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| 28:57 | inclusion of different types of proto Okay. And you also see uh |
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| 29:04 | these micro animals. We talked about way back. Right. Your uh |
|
| 29:08 | thing called a water bear. So you do see some of the |
|
| 29:12 | these in there as well and you're to and if you can actually look |
|
| 29:19 | systems that are having problems um you kind of assess that by various |
|
| 29:27 | And one of them is what's what you seeing under the microscope? But |
|
| 29:29 | seeing a change in kind of the population of microbes you're seeing that can |
|
| 29:35 | certainly an indicator of of issues. . And so accurate sludge is what |
|
| 29:42 | generating in this process. And that's does the work of the breaking down |
|
| 29:51 | material breaking down, lowering the Right? So remember we're coming in |
|
| 29:56 | B. O. D. K. A pendant work. High |
|
| 30:01 | and exiting with low B. D. Okay there and there. |
|
| 30:05 | so um so the activated sludge. we're generating you see the the aeration |
|
| 30:13 | . Right? So that's where the is occurring, spinning, mixing um |
|
| 30:19 | air in there, promoting growth of hetero troves respiration. Uh They're knocking |
|
| 30:25 | the B. O. D. . K. And this is |
|
| 30:28 | Right? You can go through. we have a process called clarification. |
|
| 30:33 | ? So what you want to do a promote lots of bacterial growth and |
|
| 30:39 | down knocking down the organic material O. D. Levels at step |
|
| 30:44 | . But step two. Remember you want all of those microbes that are |
|
| 30:52 | the activated sludge? You don't want coming out at the end either. |
|
| 30:58 | ? Because if you have microbes coming here, okay on this end if |
|
| 31:06 | have microbes coming out here, that's good because that too is B. |
|
| 31:13 | . D. That's we're getting So you need to get you need |
|
| 31:17 | lower these. You don't want those out at the end either. |
|
| 31:22 | So how are you going to do ? Well that's where settling. That's |
|
| 31:27 | clarification. Right? That's what I that clarification. So the microbes settle |
|
| 31:32 | . Right? And so as they out you can reuse them right? |
|
| 31:37 | can just feed them some more organic and they'll happily grow, Right? |
|
| 31:42 | that's why you can recycle your activated ? But you don't want those guys |
|
| 31:46 | up coming out at the end. right. So you let them |
|
| 31:51 | Right? So you you want conditions promote good settling of this material, |
|
| 31:57 | ? So you want B. D. Knock down organic material not |
|
| 32:02 | to low levels, but you also the microbes not to exit, You |
|
| 32:07 | you want them to settle out. ? So there's so what you're looking |
|
| 32:11 | are promoting growth of filament, this . Okay, so you form it's |
|
| 32:19 | a mechanical physical aspect, right? creating like a matrix, right? |
|
| 32:27 | would then easily settle out. So depend on gravity to do this. |
|
| 32:32 | . So that's why you kind of setting up an ecosystem here to have |
|
| 32:39 | ratio of these types of microbes. . And that promotes a good |
|
| 32:45 | And a good system is one that knocking down bot and is producing a |
|
| 32:51 | effluent. So influence what is what's out. Okay, so the classifier |
|
| 32:56 | important in that. Okay. And here where you also will sample, |
|
| 33:05 | ? And you look and you okay, basically take a nice |
|
| 33:10 | You know it's gonna be mixing but you take a good sample of |
|
| 33:14 | . You simply just like you put a big graduated cylinder, you know |
|
| 33:18 | sip and you just measure with How long is it taking for stuff |
|
| 33:22 | set lap how long do I, big is my clear layer? |
|
| 33:28 | So you want of course, clearly develops the stuff settling at the |
|
| 33:33 | Right? You like that to happen know in a timely fashion. |
|
| 33:38 | And so that is an indicator of well your system is operating. If |
|
| 33:42 | don't get any settling at all and something's wrong. Okay. Or something |
|
| 33:46 | between. There's all kinds of You you can see uh if you |
|
| 33:51 | something that's really foaming like crazy. ? That's an indicator of something that's |
|
| 33:56 | good. Doesn't come a good So there's different factors that play into |
|
| 34:00 | in terms of having a good And every system, Every wastewater is |
|
| 34:04 | the system will at some point screw . Okay. It just happens. |
|
| 34:10 | . These things are operating 24 Okay. And different things in the |
|
| 34:16 | coming may be toxic in there and the bacteria. Right? Or at |
|
| 34:21 | severely lower their numbers. And then systems are operating, right? |
|
| 34:24 | So there's different things like this And so um so a healthy |
|
| 34:30 | Right? So sapelo troves so separate just like decomposing. They eat dead |
|
| 34:37 | material which is basically what's coming in . Okay? So but again your |
|
| 34:43 | ones are important in this process as . Okay. So here is this |
|
| 34:50 | of some types. Okay, so one at the upper left is a |
|
| 34:54 | of those water bears. Right? ? There are microscopic animals basically. |
|
| 35:00 | The affiliates are very important. So have what are called stock means they're |
|
| 35:05 | of just sitting there in place. have these things in their mouth that |
|
| 35:09 | just moving like this and just taking food. Others are moving around like |
|
| 35:16 | guy in the lower right. Um The up there at the upper |
|
| 35:21 | is a and I guess you also amoeba in here. Um and even |
|
| 35:26 | can be indicators of the health care as well. Typically if you see |
|
| 35:31 | the algae and that algae. But associates these protozoa ones tend to be |
|
| 35:38 | sensitive to things that may be toxic then will be the bacterial types |
|
| 35:44 | And so if you see dead zones your sample and I go okay that |
|
| 35:50 | be an indicator that something is wrong be happening around with the system. |
|
| 35:54 | so health of your proto zones is is important as well. So um |
|
| 36:03 | so in a healthy system. So been mentioning about you're trying to create |
|
| 36:11 | ecosystem to promote a healthy system to down B. O. D. |
|
| 36:16 | and get good settling. And so so you have filament. This bacterial |
|
| 36:22 | that grow, you have the plant . We use that term in the |
|
| 36:27 | of biofilms. Plant tonic types that and they stuck to the surface. |
|
| 36:31 | ? So plant tonic or you're swimming then you have uh filament is types |
|
| 36:37 | form. And so these filaments, types of what form the network. |
|
| 36:41 | ? And so uh there there'll be that will produce like these Granules like |
|
| 36:47 | b starch, right? And also some of these things and they kind |
|
| 36:51 | form like a sticky glue to kind bring together these filaments. Okay. |
|
| 36:57 | and so that's this is what promotes good settling. Okay. Um part |
|
| 37:03 | Owens have their role as well. if you didn't have pros Owens, |
|
| 37:10 | might happen? So I think this is a this is a this is |
|
| 37:16 | activated sludge let's say okay. And going to go from, this is |
|
| 37:23 | clarify there. Okay, that's where getting settling, Right? We're doing |
|
| 37:29 | knocking down, getting settling and then going on to the next part of |
|
| 37:32 | process downstream. Okay. Um so that in mind. Okay, what |
|
| 37:42 | protozoan do that? You want them do settled? But their role is |
|
| 37:48 | than something else to put his own here patrol population because protozoan eat |
|
| 37:55 | that's their food. Right? Um so they can help reduce that. |
|
| 38:03 | , because those guys don't settle Okay, it's the flocks. These |
|
| 38:08 | what we call flock formation. When we're getting this the matrix with |
|
| 38:15 | momentous types and then these these other um metabolic products like PHP. And |
|
| 38:22 | to kind of help stick everything Right? And that's what settles, |
|
| 38:27 | ? But these guys that are swimming by themselves, aren't really ones that |
|
| 38:31 | settle right there just swimming around being bacterium. That's totally okay. And |
|
| 38:37 | that can end up in your right? And that contributes to |
|
| 38:43 | So you need to get rid of guys. That's part is Owens. |
|
| 38:46 | one of the big roles is to that. They feed on them and |
|
| 38:51 | knockdown B. O. D. , so um so the flock |
|
| 38:59 | right? So this is um what looking at here. So here's some |
|
| 39:04 | types. Um And so you're really growth of those informing that matrix. |
|
| 39:11 | it's a mixture of of those organic gets trapped in there as well uh |
|
| 39:17 | then begins to settle out. And this is what that I mentioned that |
|
| 39:24 | , that's what what this looks So um again, just take a |
|
| 39:30 | cylinder, pour your sample in there see how long it takes to settle |
|
| 39:33 | . So you see from here time . Okay. And then we slowly |
|
| 39:40 | settling um as we go from top bottom, it's clear okay. And |
|
| 39:46 | know, there's a there's a particular , you need to know this called |
|
| 39:51 | volume index that they use as a . Um And there's like different tables |
|
| 39:57 | look up stuff and what not to , you know, we on |
|
| 40:00 | Are we good or whatnot? Um can get things like um what's called |
|
| 40:06 | . Performing can be a result of get too much if you get too |
|
| 40:12 | of this, there's a delicate balance how much of this you form these |
|
| 40:20 | . Okay. If it's too massive massive, then it begins to trap |
|
| 40:27 | being produced as a result of These gasses get trapped by that flock |
|
| 40:32 | it's so big and massive, it's settling and then begins to trap |
|
| 40:36 | And so that's when you get a of phone thing going on. So |
|
| 40:39 | that's not good either. Right? So there are different ways you can |
|
| 40:43 | an impact. And so again, know it's because that company I worked |
|
| 40:49 | , we made we had bacterial types we would grow and we would provide |
|
| 40:56 | two different wastewater treatment systems as a seed to get the system going |
|
| 41:02 | Okay, you can actually um what treatment systems can do as well. |
|
| 41:08 | back up a second. You can go to because these, you |
|
| 41:12 | especially in residential areas, these treatment aren't that far away from the nearest |
|
| 41:19 | that's in the next next subdivision. , so you could take if this |
|
| 41:26 | over here is running so well and one over here is fine. This |
|
| 41:31 | can go over there and get some sludge and that can be the inoculation |
|
| 41:35 | they can dump into their system to it going. So that's that's possible |
|
| 41:39 | well this is really because there but what they are they're bacterial cultures so |
|
| 41:44 | speak right with some other stuff in obviously but you can take a healthy |
|
| 41:49 | and use that as an inoculation and and inoculate one that's not doing so |
|
| 41:53 | that's possible too. Okay um So let's see. Okay um any questions |
|
| 42:06 | the treatment system now You know what when you flush the toilet? Yeah |
|
| 42:19 | sludge is the activated sludge is basically of this okay that's going on in |
|
| 42:27 | system. So in that so if having optimal levels of of flagellation you |
|
| 42:36 | it right So they're not too Right? But not too tiny either |
|
| 42:40 | they don't settle as well so the range and yet it will settle |
|
| 42:44 | And so that sludge contains that material will then settle out. Um technically |
|
| 42:49 | sludge would be so look back here sludge itself is probably gonna be the |
|
| 42:55 | that settles okay and that can be back in. Right? And so |
|
| 43:01 | sludge contains of course the microbes and owns and that's why you can keep |
|
| 43:05 | it right? And they keep settling . Right? So technically the sludge |
|
| 43:10 | yeah is that stuff that settles out that contains the flocks and the pro |
|
| 43:15 | and blah blah. Okay well what want. Yeah well what you wanna |
|
| 43:23 | back here to this one. So in your in your in your aeration |
|
| 43:30 | . Okay. Is where you're having flagellation and the B. O. |
|
| 43:35 | . Being knocked down. Okay. clarify there is where the settling is |
|
| 43:41 | . And so then that that sludge accumulates at the bottom is your bacteria |
|
| 43:48 | that you then can recycle. And the clear stuff is what goes. |
|
| 43:53 | . All right. Any other Alright. Um Alright so next is |
|
| 44:06 | of these couple of questions. Um This uh you should know this. |
|
| 44:14 | . Talking about this in Chapter 14 . Okay. See the conversion of |
|
| 44:22 | to nitrogen called mm. So that's side of that nitrogen triangle this. |
|
| 45:09 | , count down from 10. Oops 10. There we go. From |
|
| 45:25 | . All right. All right, . It is the identification. |
|
| 45:36 | Let's look at one more. so uh ammonia ammonium ion will be |
|
| 45:48 | end product of which processes. You may or may not know this |
|
| 45:58 | . Okay. Mhm. You got haircut, didn't you? Thank |
|
| 46:32 | That's good. Totally oblivious most of time. Hi. Yeah. |
|
| 46:49 | Count down 3 2 1. It is nitrogen fixation and notification. |
|
| 47:04 | , it's actually two of them. right. So we haven't talked about |
|
| 47:13 | but that when you're breaking down Organic sources for nitrogen ammonia as a |
|
| 47:25 | we call that modification. Okay. be mentioned here in a second. |
|
| 47:30 | So uh we've talked about this in times in different contexts. I think |
|
| 47:38 | first talked about this in in the of chapter one and Winograd ski and |
|
| 47:44 | microbiology and blah blah. And then last chapter we talked about it |
|
| 47:50 | And so just uh you know, a reminder, you know, kind |
|
| 47:54 | the continuum of nitrogen compounds. More forms that can become oxidized. |
|
| 48:00 | So this is what little tropes And then uh I guess we're becoming |
|
| 48:04 | reduced, which is what's anaerobic Right? De identification. Okay. |
|
| 48:11 | so again, the importance of Um the sides of triangle are primarily |
|
| 48:19 | metric fixation, magnification unification. Um , certain types of bacteria that do |
|
| 48:29 | . Okay. Um and nothing Um a modification can occur among different |
|
| 48:37 | can do this. Not just but but certainly the three sides of |
|
| 48:40 | triangle because the modification is not really of the side of the triangle, |
|
| 48:45 | begin the importance of nitrogen. Um terms of ecosystems, you know, |
|
| 48:50 | producers, right? Your plants cyanobacteria, they require these things nitrogen |
|
| 48:56 | well as phosphorus. And uh the the activity of bacteria that do that |
|
| 49:03 | these various nitrogen compounds for them. and even if you're if you're you're |
|
| 49:09 | even if you hate vegetables, You don't like the plants of any |
|
| 49:14 | . Right? You of course probably on those that need those. |
|
| 49:19 | Your cows and whatnot. Right. the meat you eat if you are |
|
| 49:22 | meat eater uh that meat likely is that requires the plant material. So |
|
| 49:29 | or directly you depend on that. . So now in terms of of |
|
| 49:37 | artificial. Right? So haber bosch I think is still in it's been |
|
| 49:42 | for 100 plus years and it's still as a production fertilizers production of ammonia |
|
| 49:52 | using uh nitrogen and hydrogen. Uh process requires high temp I believe pressure |
|
| 50:04 | a catalyst to carry this out. of course the same process not in |
|
| 50:08 | of storage geometry but the fixation of to form ammonium occurs biologically of course |
|
| 50:14 | require these extreme conditions. Okay. and so of course not fixation is |
|
| 50:21 | brings into the environment in the first . Okay. And that's heavily relied |
|
| 50:26 | by bacterial types particularly those that have with certain plants. Okay. And |
|
| 50:33 | the triangle here we've seen before. fixation process um there's types that can |
|
| 50:40 | this on their own by themselves. and then but the more significant activity |
|
| 50:47 | is are those bacteria that have symbiotic with certain plants. That's that's the |
|
| 50:52 | of nitrogen that comes into systems is those kind of associations. Symbiotic nitrogen |
|
| 50:58 | . Okay. Um The notification side basically little trophy. Right? So |
|
| 51:06 | taking these reduced nitrogen compounds and oxidizing . Okay. To nitrite to |
|
| 51:13 | Okay And then these get reduced this this is respiration. Right? Using |
|
| 51:20 | oxidized forms as terminal except ear's become respiration. Okay. Anaerobic respiration |
|
| 51:28 | And some uh and some of these are a similar story. Some are |
|
| 51:34 | Torrey. Remember the similar story hanging it, right? The end product |
|
| 51:40 | the metabolism the organism hangs onto it part of the biomass. Okay, |
|
| 51:46 | Torrey. No let's let go. now the modification as mentioned uh metabolism |
|
| 51:57 | in sources. So you know right proteins are made of amino |
|
| 52:01 | You begin to break these down. release the amine groups from reno acids |
|
| 52:06 | that's what causes the ammonia formation. and so um these these can be |
|
| 52:12 | by various types of organisms not just , fungi and etcetera. Um The |
|
| 52:20 | basically how we uh we get our from organic sources typically so proteins we |
|
| 52:26 | and what not. That's how we our nitrogen. Um now so nicely |
|
| 52:34 | . So this is a complicated Okay, it has involved several genes |
|
| 52:44 | in this. It's a process that sensitive to oxygen. Very sensitive to |
|
| 52:50 | and very energy requiring. Okay and um don't don't need to memorize these |
|
| 53:00 | names but just giving you an idea the types that do this and it's |
|
| 53:04 | widespread. Um This is we're gonna about next week mechanisms of horizontal gene |
|
| 53:13 | and it's certainly this property is one is likely one that transfer to very |
|
| 53:22 | bacterial types because Klebsiella clostridium pseudomonas are different bacterial types. Yet they all |
|
| 53:32 | this property of species of them serve property of metric fixation. So it's |
|
| 53:37 | so that's why it's not that horizontal transfer. Probably can't afford the transfer |
|
| 53:41 | these of this process to these Um um structure mrs which has produced |
|
| 53:48 | types of drug antibiotics is also when can do this. So um to |
|
| 53:55 | I did my my dissertation was on fixation. So I that was many |
|
| 54:01 | ago. 34 years ago. Holy . Um Anyway you can go to |
|
| 54:06 | . H. Library and see the there if you so desire. Um |
|
| 54:11 | way back with cobwebs and whatnot in back of the library attic. Probably |
|
| 54:17 | now. Um Anyhoo so um so types are actually all what we call |
|
| 54:25 | living. They're not symbiotic types. your symbiotic types right? So be |
|
| 54:30 | very common. Another one is called , a very common to have specific |
|
| 54:35 | with plants. And so you know the humanist plants, things like soybean |
|
| 54:41 | peanut plants. Uh um Four leaf . Heard of those. I'm sure |
|
| 54:49 | are also in this group. Um is another one. The the uh |
|
| 54:58 | so the the many of these plants are in this group. If not |
|
| 55:02 | of them are able to live in that are very nutrient poor. Okay |
|
| 55:11 | peanut plants you actually grow in kind sandy soil. Okay so it's not |
|
| 55:15 | nutrient rich to begin with. But these plants have their own kind of |
|
| 55:20 | source with them they can they can in these areas. Okay. So |
|
| 55:24 | inhabit areas that other plants can't even to grow because they lack they can |
|
| 55:29 | very nutrient poor. Okay so the of nitrogen fixation leads to the symbiotic |
|
| 55:37 | . Okay leads to a it's a a leadership with of course chemical signals |
|
| 55:46 | going back and forth between the plant a bacterium to initiate the process. |
|
| 55:51 | um the na jules. And if if you pull a one of these |
|
| 55:57 | of plants that can do this out the ground, look at the |
|
| 56:00 | right. You'll see these little visible things on the routes and those are |
|
| 56:05 | modules or the fixations occurring. And so there's a differentiation of the |
|
| 56:11 | the bacteria that do this differentiate into types that are that are nitrogen |
|
| 56:16 | As we'll see um similarly in cyanobacteria photosynthetic. Just like a plant or |
|
| 56:23 | analogy they use water and form Um They too can have the specialized |
|
| 56:32 | . So you see point with the there what's called the Heros ist. |
|
| 56:36 | ? So those are differentiated cells and like the credit regular intervals. I |
|
| 56:42 | it's like one every 10 cells as Heros ist. Okay and it's a |
|
| 56:48 | that's free of oxygen because remember the of nitrogen fixation is very oxygen |
|
| 56:54 | They put it in its own compartment the hetero cis. And that's basically |
|
| 56:58 | nitrogen fixing factory. Okay. And uh so center bacterial species can do |
|
| 57:06 | . Okay. So uh so again talking about a relationship between the bacteria |
|
| 57:13 | the plant. And it's all through signals that that the bacteria get attracted |
|
| 57:18 | the plant specifically at the roots. And so very important is of course |
|
| 57:27 | chemical signaling back and forth chemo And then the formation of the what's |
|
| 57:35 | an infection thread and the curling of roots. Okay. That is critical |
|
| 57:42 | the infection to occur. So the bacteria to infect the root, the |
|
| 57:48 | and um the formation of the infection it's called. Okay. But there's |
|
| 57:55 | curling. Uh then you don't get infection occurring. And so nod |
|
| 58:01 | So these are again protein factors that this process of curling. And then |
|
| 58:07 | infection thread and then that's how it into the plant. Okay. And |
|
| 58:12 | differentiates into the back droid forms. . Which are basically just into fixing |
|
| 58:20 | . Okay. That's what they And so of course the what's the |
|
| 58:25 | relationship here? Well the plants obviously way to get nitrogen okay, fix |
|
| 58:32 | from the air form ammonium. Um Of course the bacteria gets the |
|
| 58:38 | right? Plus it gets the plant feeds it nutrients, right? So |
|
| 58:42 | can grow. Okay. But the road form is one that's that's a |
|
| 58:48 | form. It it only forms in context of this symbiosis right? The |
|
| 58:54 | that are out here, right out are not back troy. So there's |
|
| 58:59 | there's a quote normal types of right? You can cultivate these types |
|
| 59:05 | know on a plate. Like you nicolai or something. Okay? But |
|
| 59:09 | uh in this form it's it's again differentiated form. Okay specifically for fixing |
|
| 59:16 | . Okay. And so uh and it grows to a to a extent |
|
| 59:23 | you can see it, you know the naked eye in forming these |
|
| 59:28 | So um but again very energy You can see 16 80 P. |
|
| 59:35 | . Are needed to make just to one mole of nitrogen. So that's |
|
| 59:39 | a lot of energy. Okay. so um so looking at the process |
|
| 59:46 | here is the nitrogenous nitrogenous is the that does this. Okay, so |
|
| 59:55 | very sensitive to oxygen. Alright. into that comes in will be uh |
|
| 60:02 | catalysis occurs to perform ammonia mile. . And also hydrogen as a byproduct |
|
| 60:10 | N. A. D. The A. T. P. |
|
| 60:12 | . That are needed in a teepee A. D. H. So |
|
| 60:15 | will be produced by the mechanisms we about before. All right, so |
|
| 60:19 | have oxygen as eternal. Except er the whole um this private key |
|
| 60:26 | The proton pumping right there from T. P. S. |
|
| 60:30 | Um now the sensitivity so this this is the back okay um oxygen is |
|
| 60:38 | out of there because oxygen will poison whole system right? It'll interfere with |
|
| 60:44 | ease and it breaks down will not not function. So this right here |
|
| 60:51 | plant product called leg hemoglobin. Okay much like hemoglobin in our bodies |
|
| 61:00 | It binds oxygen. That's what it . The plant enzyme does the same |
|
| 61:04 | . And so in doing so we reduce the levels of auction getting into |
|
| 61:10 | keep it from getting into the back roid. Okay so um so again |
|
| 61:15 | leg hemoglobin is a very specific plant specifically for this symbiotic relationship. Okay |
|
| 61:23 | wouldn't need this otherwise specifically for maintaining this relationship with this with this uh |
|
| 61:31 | fixing bacteria. Okay and so end is um nitrogen gets fixed into ammonium |
|
| 61:39 | that can be used for production of acids and of course protein synthesis for |
|
| 61:44 | plant. Okay but um you know the plant provides materials for it to |
|
| 61:50 | . So here's a carbohydrate that features T. C. A. Cycle |
|
| 61:54 | kind of gives it the metroid energy do its thing. So again symbiotic |
|
| 62:00 | here. Okay um the let's see any questions on that. Yeah. |
|
| 62:17 | okay well because a you have a here around the back tried and then |
|
| 62:28 | have this enzyme or buying up Okay so that prevents it from getting |
|
| 62:34 | here. But it still allowed you still operate out here. Okay, |
|
| 62:41 | at a certain level. So you have respiration thing going on right |
|
| 62:46 | Except er and then do that But you can bind it to keep |
|
| 62:50 | about keeping levels low. So it get into the back droid. So |
|
| 62:55 | enables it to function. Okay, that's the primary what's going on |
|
| 62:59 | Okay. Um Really? Okay, um Okay, so that's that is |
|
| 63:12 | was at one side of the of triangle, right into ammonium nitrate |
|
| 63:17 | So this is the bottom bottom. . Okay, so we did just |
|
| 63:22 | context. Right. And to write four. So we just covered fixation |
|
| 63:35 | on this part. Okay, two 3. All right, so this |
|
| 63:42 | your um little trophy. Okay, now we're right here. Okay, |
|
| 63:51 | um so there's two types. So my knowledge, there isn't a species |
|
| 63:57 | will do both. The ammonium nitrate nitrite to nitrate. There's two different |
|
| 64:02 | that do this. Okay, so Simonas and nitro backer carry out each |
|
| 64:08 | um uh part of the reaction. , um back to so this actually |
|
| 64:21 | um right. Not something that I to know but I can't reduce |
|
| 64:26 | So back to my biotech days. this was actually nitro smallest natural background |
|
| 64:31 | one of those things we grew up a product and we've marketed to um |
|
| 64:41 | the not fisheries. but you know we buy fish aquatic store. |
|
| 64:48 | so fish food and whatnot and fishes whatnot. Or to places that had |
|
| 64:53 | , you know you see restaurants have and other places. And think about |
|
| 64:58 | aquarium is um does anybody raise Have an aquarium fish in it? |
|
| 65:05 | water back there. I want somebody in the back. So what do |
|
| 65:09 | have to test on a regular basis your aquarium? Exactly. Right. |
|
| 65:16 | fish poop, fish poop and ah that poop can be broken down and |
|
| 65:23 | modification can occur. Right. And . Right. And so those can |
|
| 65:29 | of course talking to the fish. you so we market this as a |
|
| 65:32 | to um add it to your aquarium it'll um it'll remove the ammonium, |
|
| 65:40 | the ph and and stabilize the ammonium in there. So anyway, so |
|
| 65:47 | know those of you in biotech, always a market for different types of |
|
| 65:50 | microbes. Your advantage. Right, um the assimilation. So a similar |
|
| 65:57 | . Nitrate reduction is a process to um uh to to produce ammonium for |
|
| 66:05 | production of amino acids and protein So again a similar story, it's |
|
| 66:09 | it directly to the production of amino and proteins of course. Okay. |
|
| 66:17 | this is a fairly widespread kind of . Um ammonium is oftentimes a preferred |
|
| 66:28 | uh natural source easily incorporated into amino . A protein synthesis. So not |
|
| 66:34 | uncommon process. Okay. In the world. Um Now we've talked about |
|
| 66:41 | before. Right, excessive fertilizer. . Too much of this can cause |
|
| 66:45 | processed eutrophication auction depletion of water bodies water as you mentioned before. |
|
| 66:52 | So uh the identification. So so this is the now we're back |
|
| 66:59 | this side, right over here into the shore two and three. Now |
|
| 67:11 | back on this side. Okay? in the unification of course leads to |
|
| 67:18 | to and to lead to loss of from the N. Y. |
|
| 67:24 | so its respiration. So we're talking using these as terminal except ear's okay |
|
| 67:30 | reducing them. And so because it's to a net loss of nitrogen, |
|
| 67:36 | . We call it dissimilar story. ? Getting rid of it. |
|
| 67:40 | And so the stimulatory nitrate reduction um then uh and its impact. So |
|
| 67:47 | one right here, nitrous oxide, a very powerful greenhouse gas more so |
|
| 67:56 | C. 02. So, you , we talked about a couple of |
|
| 67:59 | um we're all aware of C. with the greenhouse gas but previously it |
|
| 68:05 | methane, methane um N 20. also a powerful greenhouse gas. And |
|
| 68:13 | production of this can occur in areas previously mentioned can be dead zones uh |
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| 68:22 | areas. Right. Low 102. ? Anaerobic. And if it gets |
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| 68:27 | enough that can promote the d identification . Especially if it's again, this |
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| 68:37 | runoff because that contributes nitrogen. And so we can lead to the |
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| 68:42 | if it's an excess of this Okay. In this anaerobic anaerobic |
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| 68:48 | Okay. And so this um route , this is kind of another offshoot |
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| 68:55 | we have nitrate um again forming into . So uh we need to have |
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| 69:03 | of so again we've seen this metabolism hydrogen before right, oxidizing hydrogen uh |
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| 69:09 | of nitrate for ammonia. Okay. so uh occurs in Arabic areas um |
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| 69:17 | in fermentation because that H. Two is often a byproduct events. So |
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| 69:22 | can combine to form ammonia. Um of course can be a ph issue |
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| 69:28 | because ammonium is basic. Okay, in terms of identification. Okay, |
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| 69:34 | here is a study, I think off the coast of India whether it |
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| 69:39 | um initially um runoff of fertilizer also think contribution of pollutants as well. |
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| 69:49 | high B. O. D. led to the production of auction in |
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| 69:53 | waters then creating an anaerobic environment and a couple with the influx of these |
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| 70:01 | compounds. Okay, we have the . So here's the process here. |
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| 70:07 | , so we have uh initially Right? This is the first line |
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| 70:15 | . It's nitrate. Right? And we have a reduction. So we're |
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| 70:22 | maturity. Using that reducing it right forming nitrite right in form. So |
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| 70:28 | talking about this here. So that down, right? And then nitrite |
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| 70:36 | up. Okay. So then that gets used by other material types that |
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| 70:41 | use that as an accept er and goes down and then eventually this goes |
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| 70:46 | up. Okay? As you see , peeking there and so this of |
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| 70:53 | that's a greenhouse gas. And so you have these areas this leads to |
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| 70:58 | environment. The presence of these nitrogenous here promote identification. Okay. And |
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| 71:06 | then trigger the release of these greenhouse and it can be, you |
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| 71:10 | in these areas. This is a of occurring out here. That can |
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| 71:14 | significant in terms of these greenhouse gasses emitted. Okay. And this is |
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| 71:18 | one example off of one coast. other coast, other bodies of |
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| 71:24 | This happens as well. Okay, um the. Okay, any questions |
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| 71:33 | that? Yeah. So the unification a dissimilar torrey process. So you're |
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| 71:43 | rid of the bacteria aren't holding on it. So it's being released as |
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| 71:47 | . Torrey is the opposite. So actually using it, it makes the |
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| 71:51 | and then uses it for its own . Yes, they can have |
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| 71:57 | Yes, that's correct. And nitrogen is at the cell level is is |
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| 72:09 | in multiple ways because you have different inputs and outputs. We'll talk a |
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| 72:13 | bit about that in the context of next week. Um Any questions? |
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| 72:19 | , we only have a couple of to do. We'll finish it off |
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| 72:21 | thursday. Thanks |
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