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BIOL 4315 Neuroscience Tue Th 4-5.30pm - NEUROSCIENCE Lecture 01_Introduction Course Materials and COVID-19 in the CNS
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00:01 Thinking the brain is internalized lecture What happens when you're under anesthesia and
00:10 these lectures? We already reviewed the want to tell you that volume.
00:23 17 eighties video questions. Mysterio types are running some fluid on the
00:32 starts working with his rotator static electricity and basically create little practical sparks,
00:45 , frog, leg, nerve, and the nerve. We don't have
01:00 , channels nerves just in case there's technical issues. So today I want
01:13 to have so that's it. There's new era, a new understanding that
01:21 may still contain fluids but they have inside of them acting more like
01:27 electricity that can communicate that electricity over as depicted in this image here.
01:34 just. These are the major decisions the C. N. S.
01:39 that we understand. Thank you Giovanni ushered in the air. Really trying
01:45 understand the electrical how nerves control All of these details came from Now
01:53 know CNS is comprised of the brain is the brain and the spinal cord
01:59 going into the peripheral nerve, major , occipital, parietal, temporal,
02:06 . We also know that all of sensor information comes from the dorsal park
02:12 and enters the spinal cord. So of this comes into the spinal cord
02:20 park here and all of the motor . Even if you said it from
02:25 , from your motor cortex to move left arm. It's my spinal cord
02:30 the ventral motor nerve that is moving arm. 31 pairs of spinal nurses
02:38 of the sensory motor component left and . And then we move into this
02:53 matter specific functions And we're actually I'm gonna end the lecture today year because
03:10 don't want to rush one neuron and is really three more slides that I
03:18 going to talk about. But we'll back on Thursday and I will continue
03:22 the same material and thank you. can contain up 250,000 synapses and single
03:34 . And in general the brain makes in a fairly fast manner and matter
03:43 milliseconds, few milliseconds to tens of . Hundreds of milliseconds is a long
03:51 scale for most neuronal communications and seconds really, really almost irrelevant and neuronal
04:00 . So it's very fast. Electric communication. These neurons and form very
04:07 networks interconnect itself and talk to each and process information and cells that are
04:15 in the same areas, nuclei difficulty the same or similar type of
04:23 So there are nuclei in the brain process visual information and the cells and
04:28 nucleus you can serve with visual There's another area of the brain and
04:33 process auditor information and that will be processing auditory information and so on.
04:39 neurons are surrounded by leo stocks. fact the more abundant set type of
04:46 cells in the brain are glia neurons the ones that produce action potentials release
04:56 and communicate through these electrochemical means glia their own means of communication and are
05:03 for different temporal modes of activity in brain, neurons can be very fast
05:11 glia can be very slow, neurons concerned about communicating information with action
05:17 Glia is concerned about controlling inflammatory clearing up the space from abnormal chemical
05:26 or ionic increases because it's ions sodium potassium that are responsible for generating the
05:34 potential in the uh we cannot generate potentials and we are instead communicating much
05:42 glial waves that are mediated by calcium action potentials which are mediated by the
05:51 of sodium and the flux of potassium empower themselves. So these neurons of
05:58 they comprise different nuclei. These different comprise the lobes in the central nervous
06:06 . So you will learn all of lobes, the frontal lobe, the
06:11 lobe in the temple, the parietal , occipital lobe, cerebellum, brain
06:18 , components of the brain stem and spinal cord. And this is the
06:23 nervous system of all of the nerves go from the spinal cord, the
06:28 cord and to the periphery. So brain and the spinal cord is the
06:34 . N. S. And you these nerves that radiate out throughout your
06:40 and this is your sensor information, of the sensor information. Touch,
06:46 like heat, pain. Itching is below your neck to do this final
06:53 and that information gets sent into the . N. S. And all
06:57 from your face sensor information is handled the brain stamp and eventually by the
07:04 cortex. The other thing is what nerves do is gather information, sensor
07:11 through our bodies, gather sensor information our eyes through our ears and then
07:17 put motor output. So the spinal will contain the sensor components and they
07:23 also contain the motor components. The components are gonna be flexing. The
07:28 are gonna be moving your jaws as speak, are gonna be chewing as
07:33 eat. And so it's a very system and you learn about different aspects
07:41 what these different lobes are responsible for divisions of the spinal cord. From
07:49 in the neck thoracic and the lorax the lumberjack and sacred areas. So
07:58 onto that one until we study the of sensory system or if you really
08:04 all of the details. However as move into the electoral material will understand
08:11 major subtypes of cells that are in spinal cord. The motor neurons,
08:14 sensory ganglion cells and the inter neurons some of the pathways running up and
08:21 the spinal cord informing the highest centers processing in the in the cortex.
08:35 yes correct. So if in the and the hilarious and everything in the
08:42 stone is synapses we refer to them synaptic communication or those classical neuron to
08:49 synapses. The motor neurons that I out of the spinal for contact the
08:56 that have neuromuscular junctions. We will neuromuscular junctions because it's very simple type
09:03 junction. It uses acetylcholine and it only one synaptic acetylcholine receptors. Nicotine
09:11 receptors. Little contrast that with what in the C. N.
09:16 Where you have nicotine acetylcholine receptors and , nick or metabolic tropic jeopardy in
09:23 acetylcholine receptors and the differences between their and in the brain. So now
09:31 have billions of neurons. Trillions is the absence and this image shows you
09:39 colors for connectivity, the sophisticated connectivity you have in the brain but it's
09:47 complex organ billions of nodes, trillions synopsis. Think about this world.
09:55 , 7 billion people from the trillions connections And there's a lot going on
10:04 this world. So you can think how complex this this network of cells
10:09 connectivity and patterns that it can There is approximately 140 maybe 150 different
10:18 of neurons in the brain and they slightly different functions. Chemical or electrical
10:24 or as it is related to processing in the brain or putting the motor
10:31 , this is the book and like said you should learn from this
10:37 It's written by Mark Bear Barry Connors michael paradiso. They're all thought leaders
10:44 neuroscience. A lot of what Mark barry Connors have studied had to do
10:53 visual system um cerebral cortex and areas the brain like the thalamus. But
11:00 lot of their work have also focused the plasticity in the brain. Plasticity
11:07 the brain is the fact that these that we have between neurons. They
11:14 plastic. That means that you can some of these connections. You can
11:20 new connections, you can strengthen the ones or you can weaken the
11:27 So guess what happening? What's happening now is you're learning new material,
11:34 probably either building new synapses and it hours to build new synapses or you're
11:43 the existing ones. Because you already this about neurons and glia and the
11:48 course that you tip. So this like a refresher. So you're just
11:53 and strengthening existing synopsis. So as learn even in the adulthood we can
12:01 our brains. Our brains are most as were Children. And that's why
12:07 Children have a traumatic brain injury or have tumor growth that gets resected from
12:14 brains. They may have a full recovery of function because the brains are
12:21 plastic, there's a correct environment, environment and the ability for the cells
12:28 form new cells to form a new to form that plasticity is not as
12:35 in the adult brains. A good that I use with plasticity is if
12:42 many of us are immigrants and if come to this country when you're like
12:47 years old, even if you grew in a family where english language wasn't
12:53 first language, you probably are indistinguishable how you talk and how you ride
13:00 native speakers. But if you've come this country when you were 19 or
13:09 , or in some cases, parents came in their forties or 50s,
13:14 much more difficult to learn a foreign . It takes a lot more effort
13:20 learn the same amount that a young can learn in a fairly short period
13:27 time. That's why second languages, usually start in your the earlier you
13:32 , the better the first grade kindergarten best. Then next wave is fifth
13:36 , right? Everybody starts learning spanish french or something else like that.
13:41 a reason for it. And that's your brains are most plastic. Adult
13:48 if they get an injury, there traumatic brain injury. If there is
13:54 tumor growth, there is something else happening in the brain. The
14:00 The brain's are not as plastic. don't generate as many new cells we
14:05 generate as easily the new connections or them. And there's a reason why
14:12 you get older and older and it becomes increasingly more difficult to
14:16 Also you're losing some of your sensory you can hear as well can see
14:21 well, can't move as well, of these things impact. So we're
14:26 beings, but we have this almost ability to restructure our brains of plastic
14:34 , learn new things And shape our networks and brain outputs. And when
14:44 talk about the plasticity we learn that you know cell phones didn't exist 30
14:49 ago. Therefore this didn't exist. did not exist 30 years ago in
15:00 beings. How many fingers do you to type all the typewriter, anybody
15:09 a typewriter? How many somebody raised five and five? Yeah.
15:16 How many fingers do you use to on the phone now to do you
15:22 the same amount of brain is dedicated those two fingers as to the other
15:26 that you don't use? Actually we the amount of brain and the connectivity
15:31 is dedicated to what we do a including this amount of sensor information which
15:36 touching something a lot in a certain . But beyond that you know cellphones
15:41 reshaping our bodies not just the social but they're reshaping our bodies. So
15:46 such a thing as cellphone posture. know there is such a thing as
15:52 cellphone neck like this which is similar think to xbox neck. These things
16:00 exist 30, 40 years ago. is the screen time usage? Mhm
16:07 hours? So that means that 30 ago people didn't do this for 10
16:13 . They did something else with 10 . So their brains were shaped differently
16:17 bodies and their physics were shaped differently too, Just like you can shape
16:22 physique. I'm not saying that brains exactly like muscles, you can grow
16:26 muscle or less but you can shape physique. You can also shape the
16:30 connectivity based on the activity that that is performing, including the motor functions
16:36 you're controlling with just two fingers for hours a day. So uh we
16:42 have issues with it. These are authors and these guys talk about the
16:48 of neuroscience. Gonna touch briefly upon history of neuroscience. I'm going to
16:53 this concept of brain trepidations. There's brain transformations are these openings that are
17:00 symmetrical and the brain sometimes there are openings. Sometimes there's evidence that the
17:06 has been opened multiple times. So just once or multiple locations and this
17:15 the tools that have been used in times. 10 to 30,000 Bc.
17:21 tools are found in these entrepreneur shins found throughout the globe. So it's
17:27 just one location hierarchy. Indians. the regions of modern day Peru
17:35 modern day Egypt regions, there are that are found that have these
17:44 So the first interpretation was, well a battle injury but you cannot explain
17:50 with the battle injury because the openings the cuts in the skull are precise
17:56 they're symmetrical, then there is While it's some sort of a weird
18:04 of punishment and torture. But if have punishment and torture, why would
18:10 care about the precise symmetrical opening in skull? Okay well it was shamanism
18:19 the interpretation was that there must have releasing some evil spirits from the head
18:26 opening a little window in the skull allowing to the spirits from the brain
18:32 exit out because people were really, intelligent 30,000 years ago. Yes.
18:42 I wouldn't say so. And so most correct interpretation of this process is
18:47 it is intentional and it is medicinal it is not to torture somebody but
18:56 actually treat them from a certain If you have a build up of
19:02 blood spill of the blood inside the hemorrhaging, coagulation and hemorrhaging which can
19:09 subsequent damage to the brain tissue. only way to clean up that wound
19:15 underneath the skull, inside your brain to open the window on the skull
19:20 access that wound. Why would you to do it multiple times? Because
19:24 could be fluid build up and that build up re occurs every 23 months
19:29 every two years or so. It be cerebrospinal fluid that's abnormal. It
19:33 to be drained. So this is the first neurosurgeons in neuroscience history and
19:42 historical finds remember that there was no system 30,000 years ago. There's no
19:51 rooms. There's a triage system that out only about 6000 years ago that
19:59 that we developed for medical reasons. that information is with medicine man with
20:12 which is right. Every culture, culture you look in south America,
20:22 medicine man shaman in Mongolian chinese medicine man, shaman, Scandinavian
20:32 You know all everybody had because there no modern medicine cities were actually the
20:39 that you would seek help with. so this is an illustration of the
20:44 where a person is sitting. This one of the tools used for interpretation
20:50 this is a procedure where the person sitting here. He's being held by
20:55 person or supervised. Hopefully they're applying sort of a verbal anesthesia at the
21:02 which was people knew and studied the and the effects of the time.
21:07 you have the neurosurgeon straggling this person and during interpretation. So the most
21:17 interpretation of this is that it is medical procedure. Sometimes it needed to
21:21 done in multiple places. Sometimes it to be repeated multiple times in the
21:27 spot in the brain of the skull certain conditions. Okay. And as
21:35 move into the history which is on syllabus as the, as the second
21:42 , um we will very briefly talk this guy here Which is COVID 19
21:52 back. And it's really interesting because many of you have had Covid and
22:00 a sense of smile. How many you have had Covid unless lost the
22:06 of smell and taste. So but is quite common in and said how
22:12 of you have coded? So losing the sounds of smell is one
22:20 the symptoms of covid infections. And covid came about, there were two
22:29 of people, the ones that were masks over their mouths and noses and
22:33 ones that were wearing their masks over mouths but not noses. Because I
22:42 simulations so inhale through your mouth, inhale through our nose is a
22:48 And the way that this virus can into the brain is actually can enter
22:55 the nasal cavities through the air. it can in fact the olfactory epithelium
23:03 a factor of a billion cells here there is an actual passageway from the
23:09 nerve endings that are hanging in the top of your nose. Here and
23:16 are these little tiny fin illustrations in skull that are called crew perform formation
23:26 crystal galley. So this is right , right above your nose where you
23:32 the factory ball. This is the processing cells that live in this bald
23:38 send the sense of information or perception the sense of smoke into the higher
23:45 . So what happens is this virus actually infect the brain by entering through
23:52 nose is it doesn't have to enter the blood, which we call virally
23:58 . So if you let's say you have exposure to the virus you inhale
24:04 that goes into your lungs it goes into your blood circulates through your
24:10 It can enter into the brain can the blood brain barrier and enter into
24:14 brain. But it doesn't have to that. It can actually go through
24:19 nose through the nasal epithelium through these openings in the skull. These openings
24:26 where the nerve endings will be coming into the nasal cavity of the nasal
24:35 . So you have viral entry into C. N. S. Which
24:39 happen through the blood nasal cavity. a lot of it when it's in
24:45 blood because you have a poxy A you have infection in the lungs but
24:51 virus that means there's lack of oxygenation lack of oxygen hypoxia can start damaging
24:59 blood brain barrier. So BBB is better. Business bureau blood brain barrier
25:05 compromise the blood brain barrier. It's barrier that exists between the blood on
25:10 brain and allow for the virus to into the brain. The virus has
25:15 hang on to something when it enters the body. This virus hangs onto
25:22 two receptors which are angiotensin converting enzyme receptors. And so it happens that
25:32 two receptors, the president olfactory epithelium don't have them in the olfactory receptor
25:39 endings that their president olfactory affiliate. once the virus enters here you can
25:44 fact the factors that can in fact receptor neurons. And because of the
25:50 of these nerve endings, you lose census now and the whole world because
25:55 bland because then you start appreciating how comes through your nose without your
26:04 If you're eating foods or drinking drinks either salty sweet, sour, bitter
26:14 that's all. And texture. So and temperature cold. There's no banana
26:23 . Okay, there's there's no there's flavors, there's no citrus smells,
26:29 no flavors. The bathrooms are like know same thing, you can work
26:33 a perfume store restaurant, you want tell the difference. So now if
26:40 lose the taste of the sense of then you're down to texture and temperature
26:48 it's difficult. It's difficult actually. can be depressant. I lost my
26:53 of smell for about five days and it started coming back I was like
26:58 it smells so good. Like everything so good. Lemons, everything you
27:04 , except to the bathroom. So and these ace two receptors are everywhere
27:13 the body. So you will find . And uh heart kidney,
27:19 central and peripheral nervous system. These receptors, their function is to regulate
27:26 pressure And increasingly COVID-19 infections are viewed something to do with blood, abnormal
27:39 or kogelo empathy if you may that can generate. And so if it
27:45 in the brain it will cause vascular and associated problems, inflammation and cellular
27:52 in the brain. If it's infected the lungs, it will start causing
27:57 and problems and subsequently in those So this is something that's important to
28:04 . So if you are wearing a , cover your notes. Doesn't matter
28:10 you uh are six ft or you still have to come and
28:16 Uh I saw a lot of tall especially walking around like this at the
28:23 the Heat of the Tendon. When when you know, when there were
28:26 outside of the grocery stores. That just three years ago, right?
28:32 was the spring of 2020 and I that most of you, I guess
28:39 into university life where were in your year of university life at that
28:45 So it's pretty amazing how the world . I've uploaded some articles and we're
28:54 come back and we're gonna talk more this infections and the network here in
29:00 olfactory epithelium and how the covid virus different cells in the olfactory epithelium.
29:08 I want to talk to you briefly this. This is something that I've
29:12 is this is the blood and this the brain tissue. And so the
29:18 is innovated with all of these micro everywhere throughout the brain. So why
29:24 we have innovation of his blood nationals the brain because when you breathe oxygen
29:32 into your lungs, goes into your and the blood carries that oxygen into
29:40 brain and neurons require a lot of and they're very sensitive to loss of
29:48 . That's why when uh mar Hamlin his cardiac arrest, his heart
29:57 If your heart stops for longer than minutes you may wake up as a
30:04 . He was so lucky that the medics were on the sidelines and gave
30:09 Cpr immediately that revived his heart and gave him oxygen within minutes so that
30:19 has a proper supply of oxygen. are exquisitely sensitive to the loss of
30:26 . You can have organs live without levels of oxygen for a long time
30:32 , if they get cut off from , if there's hypoxia they will start
30:38 within minutes. And so it becomes question. And it's a blessing that
30:45 Hamlin came back and is now out the hospital within a week or
30:50 And you know, probably attending the now and they're talking about him getting
30:54 on the field and playing football Uh That's that's remarkable and that's because
31:02 was done so fast. But if is not done so fast, somebody's
31:08 stops for five minutes, six You don't have the specialist around.
31:13 don't revive that person, they don't their heart 789, 10 minutes
31:20 that person is typical to put in medical coma. It's kept in a
31:24 coma, the scans are being done the brain. So if you follow
31:28 hamlin story, there was there was feeling he had a feeling they did
31:34 of his brain and we'll talk about imaging in this semester in this course
31:39 they didn't see any obvious damage neurological . So they already knew that he's
31:44 gonna come out of it fine And it seems like he did,
31:50 it becomes an issue if the person lost their life, which he
31:54 but he did it for a He died for about a minute.
31:58 the person clinically dies for 567, minutes, they get revived. There's
32:07 question of what to do if you to bring them back to life and
32:15 very likely and quite common that after prolonged but it's cardiac arrest, another
32:21 of problem that stops your heart or oxygen supply lungs. You sometimes the
32:29 members have to make a choice what do without individual because that individual may
32:35 up as a vegetable and you will to care for the rest of your
32:40 and you don't know what they will for the rest of their lives once
32:44 in that state, like so minutes minutes of hypoxia, you will start
33:05 death of neurons. Apathetic processes, on, programmed cell death processes to
33:10 on. So it's very important in case of cpr something that you understand
33:17 and if there's a situation that you help or you get help as soon
33:21 possible there is no time to chat and you know look if somebody's around
33:26 you have to act very fast to the brain save the heart. Of
33:30 if the brain save the other organs if this virus gets into the
33:36 it not only carries oxygen and it carries the virus now inside the
33:43 , blood and vessels will innovate throughout . And glia neurons and glia shown
33:52 , this is Glia. Astrocytes legal emphasizes glia these are neurons here.
34:00 you also have micro glia. This a glial cell also. So these
34:08 and glia they have to sell. if there is a breach the blame
34:12 blood and the barrier here and the comprised of the and the imperial cells
34:19 the blood vessel lining surrounded by parasites surrounded by astra size. Last real
34:26 . Astrocytes real cells will control a of what gets out of the blood
34:31 goes into the brain. So we a whole mechanism with the molecule is
34:36 . If the molecule is fat soluble will cross easily molecules have transporters and
34:43 that will cross if the virus can fact in the south so these two
34:49 it can then in fact astro sides the blood brain barrier and cause infection
34:54 the brain and most of the infections the brain could be headaches fog like
35:01 fog, mental fatigue, but it also be very serious leading to stroke
35:07 and cell death also. And this , if you think about it,
35:11 know, potentially a vaccine that you're to prevent the neurological disorder called
35:20 So you take typically Meninga cocoa for vaccine and it has variants 14,
35:30 variants of a virus that can cause And that is what what what COVID-19
35:40 do also infect the brain cause similar of consequences that you would have with
35:48 viral infection, viral meningitis infection such inflammation and eventually loss of cells or
35:56 of neurons. And neurons cannot very regenerate, especially in older brains.
36:02 I mentioned, there is some new that are formed in adult brains but
36:07 is no regeneration of large areas of brain that is sustained throughout the adulthood
36:13 processes that are limited to high levels plasticity that's abundant during early development.
36:21 , and the other information on we will come back to this because
36:25 want you to understand a little bit about blood brain barrier. I want
36:29 to understand a little bit more about brain Before we come back to this
36:35 again and just not to confuse You have a whole lecture covid 19
36:42 sequelae. Elia is the last lecture this course. Google will be talking
36:47 greater detail about what we just mentioned . I just wanted to remind everybody
36:53 we still have this virus around. this is how you lose your sense
36:57 smell because you get an inspection in factor of always hand more about
37:03 Forward down to the semester, will be careful and test if you have
37:09 suspicion of anything. I'll see everyone thursday. Thank
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