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00:01 | Thinking the brain is internalized lecture What happens when you're under anesthesia and |
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00:10 | these lectures? We already reviewed the want to tell you that volume. |
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00:23 | 17 eighties video questions. Mysterio types are running some fluid on the |
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00:32 | starts working with his rotator static electricity and basically create little practical sparks, |
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00:45 | , frog, leg, nerve, and the nerve. We don't have |
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01:00 | , channels nerves just in case there's technical issues. So today I want |
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01:13 | to have so that's it. There's new era, a new understanding that |
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01:21 | may still contain fluids but they have inside of them acting more like |
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01:27 | electricity that can communicate that electricity over as depicted in this image here. |
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01:34 | just. These are the major decisions the C. N. S. |
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01:39 | that we understand. Thank you Giovanni ushered in the air. Really trying |
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01:45 | understand the electrical how nerves control All of these details came from Now |
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01:53 | know CNS is comprised of the brain is the brain and the spinal cord |
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01:59 | going into the peripheral nerve, major , occipital, parietal, temporal, |
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02:06 | . We also know that all of sensor information comes from the dorsal park |
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02:12 | and enters the spinal cord. So of this comes into the spinal cord |
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02:20 | park here and all of the motor . Even if you said it from |
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02:25 | , from your motor cortex to move left arm. It's my spinal cord |
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02:30 | the ventral motor nerve that is moving arm. 31 pairs of spinal nurses |
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02:38 | of the sensory motor component left and . And then we move into this |
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02:53 | matter specific functions And we're actually I'm gonna end the lecture today year because |
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03:10 | don't want to rush one neuron and is really three more slides that I |
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03:18 | going to talk about. But we'll back on Thursday and I will continue |
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03:22 | the same material and thank you. can contain up 250,000 synapses and single |
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03:34 | . And in general the brain makes in a fairly fast manner and matter |
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03:43 | milliseconds, few milliseconds to tens of . Hundreds of milliseconds is a long |
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03:51 | scale for most neuronal communications and seconds really, really almost irrelevant and neuronal |
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04:00 | . So it's very fast. Electric communication. These neurons and form very |
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04:07 | networks interconnect itself and talk to each and process information and cells that are |
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04:15 | in the same areas, nuclei difficulty the same or similar type of |
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04:23 | So there are nuclei in the brain process visual information and the cells and |
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04:28 | nucleus you can serve with visual There's another area of the brain and |
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04:33 | process auditor information and that will be processing auditory information and so on. |
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04:39 | neurons are surrounded by leo stocks. fact the more abundant set type of |
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04:46 | cells in the brain are glia neurons the ones that produce action potentials release |
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04:56 | and communicate through these electrochemical means glia their own means of communication and are |
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05:03 | for different temporal modes of activity in brain, neurons can be very fast |
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05:11 | glia can be very slow, neurons concerned about communicating information with action |
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05:17 | Glia is concerned about controlling inflammatory clearing up the space from abnormal chemical |
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05:26 | or ionic increases because it's ions sodium potassium that are responsible for generating the |
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05:34 | potential in the uh we cannot generate potentials and we are instead communicating much |
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05:42 | glial waves that are mediated by calcium action potentials which are mediated by the |
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05:51 | of sodium and the flux of potassium empower themselves. So these neurons of |
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05:58 | they comprise different nuclei. These different comprise the lobes in the central nervous |
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06:06 | . So you will learn all of lobes, the frontal lobe, the |
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06:11 | lobe in the temple, the parietal , occipital lobe, cerebellum, brain |
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06:18 | , components of the brain stem and spinal cord. And this is the |
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06:23 | nervous system of all of the nerves go from the spinal cord, the |
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06:28 | cord and to the periphery. So brain and the spinal cord is the |
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06:34 | . N. S. And you these nerves that radiate out throughout your |
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06:40 | and this is your sensor information, of the sensor information. Touch, |
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06:46 | like heat, pain. Itching is below your neck to do this final |
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06:53 | and that information gets sent into the . N. S. And all |
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06:57 | from your face sensor information is handled the brain stamp and eventually by the |
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07:04 | cortex. The other thing is what nerves do is gather information, sensor |
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07:11 | through our bodies, gather sensor information our eyes through our ears and then |
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07:17 | put motor output. So the spinal will contain the sensor components and they |
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07:23 | also contain the motor components. The components are gonna be flexing. The |
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07:28 | are gonna be moving your jaws as speak, are gonna be chewing as |
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07:33 | eat. And so it's a very system and you learn about different aspects |
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07:41 | what these different lobes are responsible for divisions of the spinal cord. From |
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07:49 | in the neck thoracic and the lorax the lumberjack and sacred areas. So |
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07:58 | onto that one until we study the of sensory system or if you really |
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08:04 | all of the details. However as move into the electoral material will understand |
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08:11 | major subtypes of cells that are in spinal cord. The motor neurons, |
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08:14 | sensory ganglion cells and the inter neurons some of the pathways running up and |
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08:21 | the spinal cord informing the highest centers processing in the in the cortex. |
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08:35 | yes correct. So if in the and the hilarious and everything in the |
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08:42 | stone is synapses we refer to them synaptic communication or those classical neuron to |
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08:49 | synapses. The motor neurons that I out of the spinal for contact the |
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08:56 | that have neuromuscular junctions. We will neuromuscular junctions because it's very simple type |
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09:03 | junction. It uses acetylcholine and it only one synaptic acetylcholine receptors. Nicotine |
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09:11 | receptors. Little contrast that with what in the C. N. |
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09:16 | Where you have nicotine acetylcholine receptors and , nick or metabolic tropic jeopardy in |
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09:23 | acetylcholine receptors and the differences between their and in the brain. So now |
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09:31 | have billions of neurons. Trillions is the absence and this image shows you |
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09:39 | colors for connectivity, the sophisticated connectivity you have in the brain but it's |
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09:47 | complex organ billions of nodes, trillions synopsis. Think about this world. |
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09:55 | , 7 billion people from the trillions connections And there's a lot going on |
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10:04 | this world. So you can think how complex this this network of cells |
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10:09 | connectivity and patterns that it can There is approximately 140 maybe 150 different |
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10:18 | of neurons in the brain and they slightly different functions. Chemical or electrical |
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10:24 | or as it is related to processing in the brain or putting the motor |
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10:31 | , this is the book and like said you should learn from this |
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10:37 | It's written by Mark Bear Barry Connors michael paradiso. They're all thought leaders |
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10:44 | neuroscience. A lot of what Mark barry Connors have studied had to do |
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10:53 | visual system um cerebral cortex and areas the brain like the thalamus. But |
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11:00 | lot of their work have also focused the plasticity in the brain. Plasticity |
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11:07 | the brain is the fact that these that we have between neurons. They |
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11:14 | plastic. That means that you can some of these connections. You can |
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11:20 | new connections, you can strengthen the ones or you can weaken the |
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11:27 | So guess what happening? What's happening now is you're learning new material, |
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11:34 | probably either building new synapses and it hours to build new synapses or you're |
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11:43 | the existing ones. Because you already this about neurons and glia and the |
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11:48 | course that you tip. So this like a refresher. So you're just |
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11:53 | and strengthening existing synopsis. So as learn even in the adulthood we can |
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12:01 | our brains. Our brains are most as were Children. And that's why |
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12:07 | Children have a traumatic brain injury or have tumor growth that gets resected from |
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12:14 | brains. They may have a full recovery of function because the brains are |
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12:21 | plastic, there's a correct environment, environment and the ability for the cells |
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12:28 | form new cells to form a new to form that plasticity is not as |
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12:35 | in the adult brains. A good that I use with plasticity is if |
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12:42 | many of us are immigrants and if come to this country when you're like |
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12:47 | years old, even if you grew in a family where english language wasn't |
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12:53 | first language, you probably are indistinguishable how you talk and how you ride |
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13:00 | native speakers. But if you've come this country when you were 19 or |
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13:09 | , or in some cases, parents came in their forties or 50s, |
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13:14 | much more difficult to learn a foreign . It takes a lot more effort |
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13:20 | learn the same amount that a young can learn in a fairly short period |
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13:27 | time. That's why second languages, usually start in your the earlier you |
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13:32 | , the better the first grade kindergarten best. Then next wave is fifth |
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13:36 | , right? Everybody starts learning spanish french or something else like that. |
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13:41 | a reason for it. And that's your brains are most plastic. Adult |
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13:48 | if they get an injury, there traumatic brain injury. If there is |
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13:54 | tumor growth, there is something else happening in the brain. The |
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14:00 | The brain's are not as plastic. don't generate as many new cells we |
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14:05 | generate as easily the new connections or them. And there's a reason why |
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14:12 | you get older and older and it becomes increasingly more difficult to |
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14:16 | Also you're losing some of your sensory you can hear as well can see |
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14:21 | well, can't move as well, of these things impact. So we're |
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14:26 | beings, but we have this almost ability to restructure our brains of plastic |
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14:34 | , learn new things And shape our networks and brain outputs. And when |
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14:44 | talk about the plasticity we learn that you know cell phones didn't exist 30 |
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14:49 | ago. Therefore this didn't exist. did not exist 30 years ago in |
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15:00 | beings. How many fingers do you to type all the typewriter, anybody |
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15:09 | a typewriter? How many somebody raised five and five? Yeah. |
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15:16 | How many fingers do you use to on the phone now to do you |
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15:22 | the same amount of brain is dedicated those two fingers as to the other |
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15:26 | that you don't use? Actually we the amount of brain and the connectivity |
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15:31 | is dedicated to what we do a including this amount of sensor information which |
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15:36 | touching something a lot in a certain . But beyond that you know cellphones |
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15:41 | reshaping our bodies not just the social but they're reshaping our bodies. So |
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15:46 | such a thing as cellphone posture. know there is such a thing as |
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15:52 | cellphone neck like this which is similar think to xbox neck. These things |
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16:00 | exist 30, 40 years ago. is the screen time usage? Mhm |
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16:07 | hours? So that means that 30 ago people didn't do this for 10 |
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16:13 | . They did something else with 10 . So their brains were shaped differently |
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16:17 | bodies and their physics were shaped differently too, Just like you can shape |
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16:22 | physique. I'm not saying that brains exactly like muscles, you can grow |
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16:26 | muscle or less but you can shape physique. You can also shape the |
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16:30 | connectivity based on the activity that that is performing, including the motor functions |
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16:36 | you're controlling with just two fingers for hours a day. So uh we |
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16:42 | have issues with it. These are authors and these guys talk about the |
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16:48 | of neuroscience. Gonna touch briefly upon history of neuroscience. I'm going to |
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16:53 | this concept of brain trepidations. There's brain transformations are these openings that are |
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17:00 | symmetrical and the brain sometimes there are openings. Sometimes there's evidence that the |
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17:06 | has been opened multiple times. So just once or multiple locations and this |
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17:15 | the tools that have been used in times. 10 to 30,000 Bc. |
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17:21 | tools are found in these entrepreneur shins found throughout the globe. So it's |
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17:27 | just one location hierarchy. Indians. the regions of modern day Peru |
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17:35 | modern day Egypt regions, there are that are found that have these |
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17:44 | So the first interpretation was, well a battle injury but you cannot explain |
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17:50 | with the battle injury because the openings the cuts in the skull are precise |
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17:56 | they're symmetrical, then there is While it's some sort of a weird |
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18:04 | of punishment and torture. But if have punishment and torture, why would |
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18:10 | care about the precise symmetrical opening in skull? Okay well it was shamanism |
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18:19 | the interpretation was that there must have releasing some evil spirits from the head |
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18:26 | opening a little window in the skull allowing to the spirits from the brain |
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18:32 | exit out because people were really, intelligent 30,000 years ago. Yes. |
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18:42 | I wouldn't say so. And so most correct interpretation of this process is |
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18:47 | it is intentional and it is medicinal it is not to torture somebody but |
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18:56 | actually treat them from a certain If you have a build up of |
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19:02 | blood spill of the blood inside the hemorrhaging, coagulation and hemorrhaging which can |
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19:09 | subsequent damage to the brain tissue. only way to clean up that wound |
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19:15 | underneath the skull, inside your brain to open the window on the skull |
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19:20 | access that wound. Why would you to do it multiple times? Because |
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19:24 | could be fluid build up and that build up re occurs every 23 months |
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19:29 | every two years or so. It be cerebrospinal fluid that's abnormal. It |
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19:33 | to be drained. So this is the first neurosurgeons in neuroscience history and |
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19:42 | historical finds remember that there was no system 30,000 years ago. There's no |
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19:51 | rooms. There's a triage system that out only about 6000 years ago that |
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19:59 | that we developed for medical reasons. that information is with medicine man with |
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20:12 | which is right. Every culture, culture you look in south America, |
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20:22 | medicine man shaman in Mongolian chinese medicine man, shaman, Scandinavian |
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20:32 | You know all everybody had because there no modern medicine cities were actually the |
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20:39 | that you would seek help with. so this is an illustration of the |
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20:44 | where a person is sitting. This one of the tools used for interpretation |
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20:50 | this is a procedure where the person sitting here. He's being held by |
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20:55 | person or supervised. Hopefully they're applying sort of a verbal anesthesia at the |
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21:02 | which was people knew and studied the and the effects of the time. |
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21:07 | you have the neurosurgeon straggling this person and during interpretation. So the most |
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21:17 | interpretation of this is that it is medical procedure. Sometimes it needed to |
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21:21 | done in multiple places. Sometimes it to be repeated multiple times in the |
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21:27 | spot in the brain of the skull certain conditions. Okay. And as |
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21:35 | move into the history which is on syllabus as the, as the second |
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21:42 | , um we will very briefly talk this guy here Which is COVID 19 |
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21:52 | back. And it's really interesting because many of you have had Covid and |
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22:00 | a sense of smile. How many you have had Covid unless lost the |
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22:06 | of smell and taste. So but is quite common in and said how |
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22:12 | of you have coded? So losing the sounds of smell is one |
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22:20 | the symptoms of covid infections. And covid came about, there were two |
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22:29 | of people, the ones that were masks over their mouths and noses and |
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22:33 | ones that were wearing their masks over mouths but not noses. Because I |
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22:42 | simulations so inhale through your mouth, inhale through our nose is a |
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22:48 | And the way that this virus can into the brain is actually can enter |
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22:55 | the nasal cavities through the air. it can in fact the olfactory epithelium |
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23:03 | a factor of a billion cells here there is an actual passageway from the |
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23:09 | nerve endings that are hanging in the top of your nose. Here and |
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23:16 | are these little tiny fin illustrations in skull that are called crew perform formation |
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23:26 | crystal galley. So this is right , right above your nose where you |
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23:32 | the factory ball. This is the processing cells that live in this bald |
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23:38 | send the sense of information or perception the sense of smoke into the higher |
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23:45 | . So what happens is this virus actually infect the brain by entering through |
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23:52 | nose is it doesn't have to enter the blood, which we call virally |
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23:58 | . So if you let's say you have exposure to the virus you inhale |
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24:04 | that goes into your lungs it goes into your blood circulates through your |
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24:10 | It can enter into the brain can the blood brain barrier and enter into |
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24:14 | brain. But it doesn't have to that. It can actually go through |
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24:19 | nose through the nasal epithelium through these openings in the skull. These openings |
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24:26 | where the nerve endings will be coming into the nasal cavity of the nasal |
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24:35 | . So you have viral entry into C. N. S. Which |
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24:39 | happen through the blood nasal cavity. a lot of it when it's in |
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24:45 | blood because you have a poxy A you have infection in the lungs but |
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24:51 | virus that means there's lack of oxygenation lack of oxygen hypoxia can start damaging |
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24:59 | blood brain barrier. So BBB is better. Business bureau blood brain barrier |
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25:05 | compromise the blood brain barrier. It's barrier that exists between the blood on |
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25:10 | brain and allow for the virus to into the brain. The virus has |
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25:15 | hang on to something when it enters the body. This virus hangs onto |
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25:22 | two receptors which are angiotensin converting enzyme receptors. And so it happens that |
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25:32 | two receptors, the president olfactory epithelium don't have them in the olfactory receptor |
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25:39 | endings that their president olfactory affiliate. once the virus enters here you can |
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25:44 | fact the factors that can in fact receptor neurons. And because of the |
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25:50 | of these nerve endings, you lose census now and the whole world because |
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25:55 | bland because then you start appreciating how comes through your nose without your |
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26:04 | If you're eating foods or drinking drinks either salty sweet, sour, bitter |
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26:14 | that's all. And texture. So and temperature cold. There's no banana |
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26:23 | . Okay, there's there's no there's flavors, there's no citrus smells, |
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26:29 | no flavors. The bathrooms are like know same thing, you can work |
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26:33 | a perfume store restaurant, you want tell the difference. So now if |
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26:40 | lose the taste of the sense of then you're down to texture and temperature |
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26:48 | it's difficult. It's difficult actually. can be depressant. I lost my |
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26:53 | of smell for about five days and it started coming back I was like |
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26:58 | it smells so good. Like everything so good. Lemons, everything you |
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27:04 | , except to the bathroom. So and these ace two receptors are everywhere |
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27:13 | the body. So you will find . And uh heart kidney, |
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27:19 | central and peripheral nervous system. These receptors, their function is to regulate |
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27:26 | pressure And increasingly COVID-19 infections are viewed something to do with blood, abnormal |
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27:39 | or kogelo empathy if you may that can generate. And so if it |
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27:45 | in the brain it will cause vascular and associated problems, inflammation and cellular |
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27:52 | in the brain. If it's infected the lungs, it will start causing |
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27:57 | and problems and subsequently in those So this is something that's important to |
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28:04 | . So if you are wearing a , cover your notes. Doesn't matter |
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28:10 | you uh are six ft or you still have to come and |
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28:16 | Uh I saw a lot of tall especially walking around like this at the |
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28:23 | the Heat of the Tendon. When when you know, when there were |
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28:26 | outside of the grocery stores. That just three years ago, right? |
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28:32 | was the spring of 2020 and I that most of you, I guess |
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28:39 | into university life where were in your year of university life at that |
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28:45 | So it's pretty amazing how the world . I've uploaded some articles and we're |
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28:54 | come back and we're gonna talk more this infections and the network here in |
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29:00 | olfactory epithelium and how the covid virus different cells in the olfactory epithelium. |
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29:08 | I want to talk to you briefly this. This is something that I've |
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29:12 | is this is the blood and this the brain tissue. And so the |
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29:18 | is innovated with all of these micro everywhere throughout the brain. So why |
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29:24 | we have innovation of his blood nationals the brain because when you breathe oxygen |
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29:32 | into your lungs, goes into your and the blood carries that oxygen into |
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29:40 | brain and neurons require a lot of and they're very sensitive to loss of |
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29:48 | . That's why when uh mar Hamlin his cardiac arrest, his heart |
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29:57 | If your heart stops for longer than minutes you may wake up as a |
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30:04 | . He was so lucky that the medics were on the sidelines and gave |
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30:09 | Cpr immediately that revived his heart and gave him oxygen within minutes so that |
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30:19 | has a proper supply of oxygen. are exquisitely sensitive to the loss of |
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30:26 | . You can have organs live without levels of oxygen for a long time |
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30:32 | , if they get cut off from , if there's hypoxia they will start |
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30:38 | within minutes. And so it becomes question. And it's a blessing that |
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30:45 | Hamlin came back and is now out the hospital within a week or |
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30:50 | And you know, probably attending the now and they're talking about him getting |
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30:54 | on the field and playing football Uh That's that's remarkable and that's because |
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31:02 | was done so fast. But if is not done so fast, somebody's |
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31:08 | stops for five minutes, six You don't have the specialist around. |
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31:13 | don't revive that person, they don't their heart 789, 10 minutes |
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31:20 | that person is typical to put in medical coma. It's kept in a |
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31:24 | coma, the scans are being done the brain. So if you follow |
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31:28 | hamlin story, there was there was feeling he had a feeling they did |
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31:34 | of his brain and we'll talk about imaging in this semester in this course |
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31:39 | they didn't see any obvious damage neurological . So they already knew that he's |
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31:44 | gonna come out of it fine And it seems like he did, |
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31:50 | it becomes an issue if the person lost their life, which he |
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31:54 | but he did it for a He died for about a minute. |
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31:58 | the person clinically dies for 567, minutes, they get revived. There's |
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32:07 | question of what to do if you to bring them back to life and |
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32:15 | very likely and quite common that after prolonged but it's cardiac arrest, another |
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32:21 | of problem that stops your heart or oxygen supply lungs. You sometimes the |
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32:29 | members have to make a choice what do without individual because that individual may |
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32:35 | up as a vegetable and you will to care for the rest of your |
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32:40 | and you don't know what they will for the rest of their lives once |
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32:44 | in that state, like so minutes minutes of hypoxia, you will start |
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33:05 | death of neurons. Apathetic processes, on, programmed cell death processes to |
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33:10 | on. So it's very important in case of cpr something that you understand |
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33:17 | and if there's a situation that you help or you get help as soon |
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33:21 | possible there is no time to chat and you know look if somebody's around |
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33:26 | you have to act very fast to the brain save the heart. Of |
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33:30 | if the brain save the other organs if this virus gets into the |
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33:36 | it not only carries oxygen and it carries the virus now inside the |
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33:43 | , blood and vessels will innovate throughout . And glia neurons and glia shown |
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33:52 | , this is Glia. Astrocytes legal emphasizes glia these are neurons here. |
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34:00 | you also have micro glia. This a glial cell also. So these |
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34:08 | and glia they have to sell. if there is a breach the blame |
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34:12 | blood and the barrier here and the comprised of the and the imperial cells |
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34:19 | the blood vessel lining surrounded by parasites surrounded by astra size. Last real |
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34:26 | . Astrocytes real cells will control a of what gets out of the blood |
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34:31 | goes into the brain. So we a whole mechanism with the molecule is |
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34:36 | . If the molecule is fat soluble will cross easily molecules have transporters and |
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34:43 | that will cross if the virus can fact in the south so these two |
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34:49 | it can then in fact astro sides the blood brain barrier and cause infection |
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34:54 | the brain and most of the infections the brain could be headaches fog like |
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35:01 | fog, mental fatigue, but it also be very serious leading to stroke |
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35:07 | and cell death also. And this , if you think about it, |
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35:11 | know, potentially a vaccine that you're to prevent the neurological disorder called |
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35:20 | So you take typically Meninga cocoa for vaccine and it has variants 14, |
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35:30 | variants of a virus that can cause And that is what what what COVID-19 |
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35:40 | do also infect the brain cause similar of consequences that you would have with |
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35:48 | viral infection, viral meningitis infection such inflammation and eventually loss of cells or |
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35:56 | of neurons. And neurons cannot very regenerate, especially in older brains. |
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36:02 | I mentioned, there is some new that are formed in adult brains but |
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36:07 | is no regeneration of large areas of brain that is sustained throughout the adulthood |
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36:13 | processes that are limited to high levels plasticity that's abundant during early development. |
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36:21 | , and the other information on we will come back to this because |
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36:25 | want you to understand a little bit about blood brain barrier. I want |
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36:29 | to understand a little bit more about brain Before we come back to this |
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36:35 | again and just not to confuse You have a whole lecture covid 19 |
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36:42 | sequelae. Elia is the last lecture this course. Google will be talking |
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36:47 | greater detail about what we just mentioned . I just wanted to remind everybody |
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36:53 | we still have this virus around. this is how you lose your sense |
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36:57 | smell because you get an inspection in factor of always hand more about |
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37:03 | Forward down to the semester, will be careful and test if you have |
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37:09 | suspicion of anything. I'll see everyone thursday. Thank |
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