| 00:10 | Hm. Ok, folks. Um, couple of things. So |
|
| 00:48 | ending unit two days. Ok. We're gonna finish up this photo trophy |
|
| 00:55 | then I just want to spend a of minutes because I'm getting a few |
|
| 01:01 | about this for those who will come about the, about that reduction, |
|
| 01:06 | table reduction, potential table. Uh And understandably I can you look |
|
| 01:10 | that and go, what's that Ok, so I, we're |
|
| 01:14 | I'll spend a few more, few on that. Um, if you |
|
| 01:17 | any questions, uh, let me but, um, because it |
|
| 01:23 | it is an important concept now. , um, anyway, so we'll |
|
| 01:28 | a little bit of time on that the end uh, before we go |
|
| 01:33 | then, um, so remember the quiz, uh, it will cover |
|
| 01:38 | from 6, 13 and 14, you're gonna have like uh 10 days |
|
| 01:47 | , to start and finish it. , um, somewhere within that time |
|
| 01:51 | . So a lot of a lot time to do that and it's |
|
| 01:54 | I'm just doing it that way because got spring break in the middle. |
|
| 01:56 | I said what the heck. Smart work. The last one there |
|
| 02:00 | this unit is due on the also after spring break. So, |
|
| 02:05 | let's see, anything else? quite a few people come by this |
|
| 02:10 | and interestingly, uh, wearing right? That have like logos that |
|
| 02:18 | from my era, right? Not , like a CDC, something that |
|
| 02:21 | out. The A CDC. Is here the A CDC person in my |
|
| 02:26 | class? So, uh I ask , who's AC DS? Do you |
|
| 02:29 | who a CD is? She actually she couldn't name anybody in the band |
|
| 02:34 | she knew who it was, you , I think, um uh who |
|
| 02:38 | it? Oh, you had, , I asked you about what are |
|
| 02:42 | famous for? You know? But what there is this thing they're |
|
| 02:46 | for anybody know, smoking dope, pot is their thing pot. Uh |
|
| 02:54 | had a scene where they, this , they come out of this |
|
| 02:56 | It's like this green smoke coming out . So, anyway, OK. |
|
| 03:00 | tell your parents. I'm telling you . Um, boys, gentlemen. |
|
| 03:04 | , uh, oh, Zeppelin led . Uh is that person here? |
|
| 03:10 | Led Zeppelin? Sure. Anybody know led Zeppelin is. Oh, my |
|
| 03:15 | . OK. I'm gonna teach a on because I, I'm a big |
|
| 03:20 | person. Uh and I play as and um actually my obsession right now |
|
| 03:26 | white stripes and Jack White. which is for me is that's contemporary |
|
| 03:30 | me. OK? Because that's like two thousands, right? But Jack |
|
| 03:33 | is still playing anybody in white Jack White, there you go. |
|
| 03:39 | um uh anyway, all right. to science, right? OK. |
|
| 03:46 | So recap, right? So last . Um All right. So it |
|
| 03:54 | through reset where if I put this thing on it. So um metabolism |
|
| 04:02 | the other thing I should mention because doing this all the time these days |
|
| 04:05 | you see me after spring break, like, not gonna recognize me because |
|
| 04:08 | is coming off. OK. So just, this is coming up. |
|
| 04:15 | anyway. All right. So back track. Um so a table, |
|
| 04:20 | ? So we look at um started me right in the stage of metabolism |
|
| 04:26 | poly and uh pate oxidation. If look away and fermentation and electron |
|
| 04:35 | et cetera, et cetera. And we looked last time at anaerobic |
|
| 04:40 | right? Same process, same right? Uh It just that we're |
|
| 04:47 | um what's at the end? Changing that. OK. Right |
|
| 04:53 | OK. What we accept? So so different types of molecules and molecules |
|
| 04:59 | accepts or number, depending on the reduced or oxidized the component is it'll |
|
| 05:08 | different roles, right? So here's of the dividing line right there |
|
| 05:15 | right? Whether it serves a role an energy source, like oxidize it |
|
| 05:22 | electron source or as an acceptor right here. For anaerobic respiration. |
|
| 05:30 | So we went through that and so the process covering Lioy, which of |
|
| 05:36 | , Lioy, remember we, we by what's the source, right? |
|
| 05:41 | inner game, right? Then uh Trophy is kind of that um |
|
| 05:49 | Maybe you find it in lipes, find it in heros. It's |
|
| 05:53 | it's a feature that's um very common the energy release you get from |
|
| 05:58 | Ok. Um The genesis we talked and then remember a simulator dissimulator |
|
| 06:05 | It's a similar to earth. The organism is hanging, right? It's |
|
| 06:09 | it. It's part of it is ? Or at least in the dissimulator |
|
| 06:15 | and in that case, others are to use it. OK? So |
|
| 06:20 | processes can be both types. Um Then uh that's when we, |
|
| 06:27 | that's when we end it and we into a little bit of photo |
|
| 06:33 | And so in phototropic. Um So , uh so what you see over |
|
| 06:39 | these guys are here, I don't to memorize these names, but |
|
| 06:45 | I think my uh battery just Uh Let's do this. We've got |
|
| 06:52 | . In fact, just give me sec 112, that thing. There |
|
| 07:08 | go. OK. Um So don't to memorize these names, but these |
|
| 07:12 | all members of cyanobacteria. OK? They are the bacterial, the only |
|
| 07:19 | types that photosynthesize just like a plant allergy does. OK? Uh With |
|
| 07:26 | using water oxidizing it giving off OK. So um very many different |
|
| 07:35 | of these guys, very important, in aquatic uh um ecosystems, uh |
|
| 07:42 | , marine environments um along with of , plants and algae, the uh |
|
| 07:47 | OK, so what's common among So the commonality among all photos, |
|
| 07:51 | they some kind of molecule that absorbs , right? Um that molecule in |
|
| 07:57 | process uh you have an excitation occurring of the Exor of light. Um |
|
| 08:05 | then uh of course, having the is pretty common, right? Certainly |
|
| 08:09 | respiration. But so too photos in your membrane where you're gonna stuff it |
|
| 08:14 | of these molecules child. And that's you're gonna have be able to generate |
|
| 08:20 | gradient that proton gradient. And then you know, of course, the |
|
| 08:24 | captures linked to homo energy like providing energy to chemical energy, right? |
|
| 08:31 | that's pretty much common to all photocopy for the process of actions is not |
|
| 08:40 | , right? So this is where sort of systems were just like just |
|
| 08:47 | um respiration, like transport needs something give to it. So too |
|
| 08:54 | right? So water does that advance and bacteria. Um And that's what |
|
| 09:01 | call SSIs reactions. OK. but we started with a process that |
|
| 09:08 | not Chl based, it's a non based system. That's what we looked |
|
| 09:13 | at the end last time. So I wanted to begin with a |
|
| 09:19 | that relates to that. Ok. that's this one here. Let me |
|
| 09:26 | that. So which should which is , false, false regarding bacterial or |
|
| 09:35 | based photocopy? That's the other OK. So let me go ahead |
|
| 10:20 | count down 29. Um I hope have the chance to have one day |
|
| 10:32 | fun next week. I don't spend entire time studying for this for god's |
|
| 10:37 | . OK? Um You gotta at have one day off. You don't |
|
| 10:42 | the whole week off. Ok? maybe a few days from there is |
|
| 10:46 | . Ok. Ok. Um If able some aren't, you know, |
|
| 10:51 | have to make, you have to more. I work more shifts but |
|
| 10:57 | something good in there. You Don't go all teaching Chong on me |
|
| 11:03 | . Ok? You don't know what is. Just Google it. You |
|
| 11:12 | big green cloud of smoke. But you know you should know anything |
|
| 11:17 | that, right? All right. see what we got here. |
|
| 11:25 | So we gotta go back and look um oh God, let's go out |
|
| 11:31 | . Jesus More batteries. So let use a podium mic. Sorry, |
|
| 11:36 | crazy. Ok. Let me try . Testing, testing, testing, |
|
| 11:44 | first thing. Ok. Can you me from? Can you hear |
|
| 11:48 | Ok, here here? Ok. right. All right. So I |
|
| 11:53 | need this one anymore then. All . So uh we need to |
|
| 11:58 | you need to go back and review factor adoption baseload trophy. OK. |
|
| 12:04 | uh if you're one of these you appear what color purple, |
|
| 12:11 | right? Because you absorbing, you're um um uh you're absorbing uh what |
|
| 12:22 | trying to say, green light. . And reflecting. So you |
|
| 12:27 | OK. So you're not absorbing blue red wavelengths, you're absorbing green wavelengths |
|
| 12:33 | light. OK. Um uh Requires electron donor. That's one of the |
|
| 12:41 | about that system is it doesn't use , right? It's not, it |
|
| 12:46 | have a electron transport system that's receiving for that purpose, right? It's |
|
| 12:51 | of light. And so the pigments that photons of light and that unique |
|
| 12:58 | with the retinal, right, absorbs and the absorption of light leads to |
|
| 13:05 | kicking out the protons to form a rate, right? Which is then |
|
| 13:08 | to an A T P. So so it doesn't require an electron donor |
|
| 13:13 | the system. OK. Um Doesn't like chlorophyll, does not use like |
|
| 13:18 | . So the correct one here is C right? They are photo |
|
| 13:24 | OK. They are photo hetero um light system they possess is strictly just |
|
| 13:29 | produce A T P S, But they they eat organic organic |
|
| 13:36 | OK. Um So that is I realized. So OK. Which is |
|
| 13:50 | . You get credit for it. worry about it. Goodness. |
|
| 13:54 | I I can't tell you for my . OK. Um OK. So |
|
| 14:00 | reread the question here, which is . We're going back through the |
|
| 14:04 | There's only one true statement here. for messing me up. It was |
|
| 14:08 | intentional. Um Any questions about Ok, so that's my bad, |
|
| 14:13 | that is the correct answer, Ok. Sorry about that. Um |
|
| 14:20 | try not to do that but I promise you. All right. So |
|
| 14:26 | your adoption based photo. Ok. ok, let's go on to, |
|
| 14:33 | we're gonna look at three types of . OK. The one you're most |
|
| 14:39 | with, I assume the chlorophyll based plants and algae and santa bacteria. |
|
| 14:45 | . Um The oxygen photosynthesis and we call it that because the process itself |
|
| 14:52 | oxygen. OK? Um The other use the components of oxygen and |
|
| 15:03 | but they only use half of right? So in other words, |
|
| 15:07 | photosynthesis has two parts, right? the system two and one, |
|
| 15:12 | So when we look at the other of phototropic, They either have just |
|
| 15:18 | systems, two or just photos systems . So it's separate. OK. |
|
| 15:24 | And that's the basic difference, What the two parts do are the |
|
| 15:28 | things they do in oxygen and photosynthesis just just put apart. OK. |
|
| 15:34 | that's essentially in a nutshell difference with three types. The other difference of |
|
| 15:38 | , is this other type of sophy where the bacteria has either support |
|
| 15:44 | one or two. OK. Uh only seen in bacteria, you don't |
|
| 15:51 | it in, in any kind of , you don't see it in any |
|
| 15:54 | of plant or algae. Those things have the two to get. |
|
| 16:00 | So uh of course, this oxygen is what dominates earth. Of |
|
| 16:07 | um producers, right? These are producers, right? Um they uh |
|
| 16:14 | they class or remember uh they fix , right? They auto um the |
|
| 16:21 | but remember your chemo aro like can fix CO2. But in terms |
|
| 16:28 | you know, Overall co2 fixation and , these these types here, the |
|
| 16:34 | that die, OK. It says convert 10% of their co2 in the |
|
| 16:39 | . That's much more than what these tropes to. OK. Uh Of |
|
| 16:44 | , they're the foundation for most They're the most powerful in the ecosystem |
|
| 16:50 | the CO2 fixation provides organic material that other levels feed on, right? |
|
| 16:55 | producer levels. So um obviously very . So um so a chlorophyll, |
|
| 17:02 | the chlorophyll based systems and the bacterial we'll talk about in a second, |
|
| 17:07 | similar, very similar to a couple modifications of very similar structure. Um |
|
| 17:13 | so, of course, what they in common is the fact that you |
|
| 17:16 | an area of the molecule here. a very mild pole that's gonna fit |
|
| 17:21 | membrane. These are all things stuffed membranes, OK? And of |
|
| 17:25 | the light absorbing part in yellow, what chromophil refers to. Anything that |
|
| 17:30 | four absorbs light, the uh the stains in lab, if you're |
|
| 17:35 | lab, the the crystal violet and sass these all have also promo force |
|
| 17:41 | them which they give you that, color. Um OK. So uh |
|
| 17:48 | so we take the chlorophyll molecules. it's not just them, but it's |
|
| 17:53 | molecules plus proteins plus accessory pigments. ? Things like xantho and, and |
|
| 18:01 | kind of things kind of help to the range of OK. And so |
|
| 18:07 | arranged the internet complexes and tending to signal they're receiving is photons of |
|
| 18:13 | OK? If you wondering why I'm here kind of weird because this is |
|
| 18:17 | I got to magnify my voice, ? Microphone, I ran out of |
|
| 18:21 | . So anyway, um just bear me. So uh so you see |
|
| 18:28 | the arrangement, right? So it's a packed in the membranes and |
|
| 18:32 | absorption of light uh is all very on the angle of these molecules and |
|
| 18:38 | ability to absorb maximum amount of And so they're packed full because it's |
|
| 18:44 | of random which of these will initially light. OK. So, but |
|
| 18:49 | they do, they then will that is passed until you finally get to |
|
| 18:53 | reaction center. OK. And so it as it is passed, this |
|
| 18:59 | passed on, you get a kind a drop, drop, drop, |
|
| 19:01 | in energy, but in the middle a pair of uh proteins that are |
|
| 19:08 | for molecules rather that are, that adjusted are and if they can, |
|
| 19:15 | they draw light, they're able to out these electrons they possess. And |
|
| 19:19 | what really starts the whole process. . And so electrons are knocked out |
|
| 19:25 | then that goes on to a series characters, right? So in |
|
| 19:29 | the complex here, the what you call a photo system, OK, |
|
| 19:33 | is this combination of these antenna complexes reaction center or photo system is is |
|
| 19:40 | getting up, getting electrons. So they get kicked out, then they |
|
| 19:44 | to be resupplied. OK. So essence, the photos system has become |
|
| 19:50 | , right? They've lost electrons through absorption of light energy. OK. |
|
| 19:55 | then what feeds that in, in , in the um oxygen, this |
|
| 20:01 | water, right? Water gives up to the system to keep feeding |
|
| 20:05 | OK. And so um it's redox , right? But it's kind of |
|
| 20:11 | , that's the initial driving. So in terms of the uh stuffing |
|
| 20:16 | into membranes then. So OK. don't be confused when we're talk when |
|
| 20:23 | specifying bacteria that need a sign of , um the um uh chlorophylls, |
|
| 20:32 | ? So, I mean, chloroplasts if they don't have chloroplast, |
|
| 20:35 | ? But you, you're familiar with term and that term in the context |
|
| 20:40 | chloroplasts, OK. Uh But in that do this uh it's not a |
|
| 20:46 | health, right? The thyroid is the name given to the the cytoplasm |
|
| 20:52 | which is highly folded up, And connected by these uh little |
|
| 20:59 | right? It's, it's literally that part of its cytoplasmic membrane. |
|
| 21:03 | It's not an organ health. It's a chloro, OK. But they |
|
| 21:07 | call it a thyroid because it's stuff of these chlorophyll pigments. OK? |
|
| 21:15 | it's where you're going to generate the gradient across. OK. So in |
|
| 21:19 | context of a cyanobacteria, thyroids are , you know, the parts of |
|
| 21:24 | membrane that are stuck full of the uh in a plant cell, it |
|
| 21:29 | be in oppa but not in the cell. OK. So just remember |
|
| 21:34 | distinction. OK. So when we at uh absorption, so chlorophyll is |
|
| 21:40 | and B. Uh and again, , what's in in plant technology is |
|
| 21:45 | same thing as in cyanobacteria. So the absorption of red and blue |
|
| 21:51 | , OK. And because that's what absorb, they reflect green, they |
|
| 21:56 | green because of that. OK. so you see the peaks here and |
|
| 22:02 | and we look at bacterial chlorophyll based , very similar in structure to |
|
| 22:07 | There's a couple of chemical modifications, um the light absorption is different, |
|
| 22:14 | ? So you see the peaks our light really absorbed is out on |
|
| 22:19 | range here. OK. And that's the lower end OK. Compared to |
|
| 22:27 | . OK. And so when you at um kind of in a where |
|
| 22:33 | all coexist. OK. The hierarchy kind of if you think about a |
|
| 22:39 | body of water, right? the top will be your um oxygen |
|
| 22:47 | your algae whatnot. Typically occupy the layers. And so light, |
|
| 22:53 | And then that lower energy light trickles , right? So this this input |
|
| 22:58 | light with this energy will then go down. And that's what's picked up |
|
| 23:03 | these other types that um utilize bacterial . So these are the types that |
|
| 23:08 | either photos systems, one or not both. OK. So different |
|
| 23:13 | of photo tropes. And um uh uh often times one of them is |
|
| 23:19 | type of kind of lives, you , very low depths and sediments |
|
| 23:24 | And so um they draw very low light, uh infrared I R infrared |
|
| 23:31 | , right? OK. And so that uh wavelengths of light, the |
|
| 23:37 | the number, the less energy it , right? The smaller number more |
|
| 23:42 | it has. OK. So um in oxygen photosynthesis, OK. So |
|
| 23:51 | uh so think of so we'll know the flow of electrons, OK. |
|
| 23:56 | they are flowing, right? So going from water or the two and |
|
| 24:01 | . So it's, it's it is It goes 2-1 because source system two |
|
| 24:07 | discovered first. OK. But it out to be uh our first system |
|
| 24:11 | was discovered at first, I'm obviously, but it's second kind of |
|
| 24:14 | the order of how electrons flow. . Um Ultimately to N A B |
|
| 24:20 | OK, which forms NAV P. right. So it looks like it's |
|
| 24:24 | there's sort of two uh light energy we knock out electron and then there's |
|
| 24:32 | light in restoration, there's a series components that you see these electrons and |
|
| 24:40 | pass them off. OK. Same in, in photos. OK. |
|
| 24:47 | so the um the energy from right? And so it's the same |
|
| 24:52 | , right, reduction potential, Strong donors, strong acceptor, a |
|
| 24:58 | , a negative delta G here, ? That will generate a proton with |
|
| 25:03 | force right to pump protons out. . And so then the A T |
|
| 25:08 | S sent right here. OK. as a result, protons flow back |
|
| 25:15 | and uh ad P form, Just like we saw previously when we |
|
| 25:20 | about expiration. OK. Same Um although the components of the the |
|
| 25:27 | acceptor are different than, than what have in respiration, the concept is |
|
| 25:31 | the same, the cameo motions proton capture energy back as they flow through |
|
| 25:36 | T P A S. OK? so this, this, this Is |
|
| 25:43 | associated only with Sytem two. So you see photos system two, you |
|
| 25:49 | both the ATP making proton pump part the process right is associated with PS |
|
| 25:55 | . OK. Um so as I earlier, as these electrons are lost |
|
| 26:01 | PS two, you need to keep it keep supplying electrons. OK. |
|
| 26:08 | that's where photos comes in. Um Think so they call it, |
|
| 26:13 | call it light driven oxidation. So light branch electrons out right now with |
|
| 26:18 | oxidized, you gotta get them And so that's how water then comes |
|
| 26:23 | to supply those electrons. And that's , of course oxygen Comes from. |
|
| 26:28 | from the water that becomes oxidized to electrons to PS two. OK. |
|
| 26:36 | , uh so that's this part of flow Uh water, the PS two |
|
| 26:44 | um then the P S one. these come back down. Now, |
|
| 26:48 | again at low energy. OK. lead absorption by P S one here |
|
| 26:55 | , knocks it out. OK. then more electron carriers here. Although |
|
| 27:02 | no proton gradient. A T P associated with this part. OK. |
|
| 27:07 | just flowed to NDP which forms N P H. OK. So uh |
|
| 27:13 | the P S one, that's what's with it. OK. So when |
|
| 27:18 | look at the two other types of that are tropes, they're either gonna |
|
| 27:23 | just the two system or the And as a result, one has |
|
| 27:29 | A T P formation gradient associated with . The one with the P S |
|
| 27:35 | uh has the NDP H formation associated it. OK. So, um |
|
| 27:41 | of course, this energy ad P A T P OK. All goes |
|
| 27:48 | uh CO2 fixation, right? But all but A large portion because CO2 |
|
| 27:55 | takes a lot of energy. So remember we're building up this, |
|
| 27:59 | molecule into something like C six H 06, Right? And that's, |
|
| 28:09 | is a big molecule obviously compared to co2 is a building block to make |
|
| 28:13 | . So you're gonna put it back lot of energy to do that. |
|
| 28:16 | that's what that does. OK. I'm sure you've gone through this |
|
| 28:22 | Uh so this is your oxygen OK. Both photos systemss generates |
|
| 28:29 | OK. Then um here's electron OK. Let me uh get an |
|
| 28:37 | here. There we go. So our flow. And um now, |
|
| 28:44 | now if you look at these other systems, OK. Well, sorry |
|
| 28:50 | , this, this just illustrates the thing I just talked about but showing |
|
| 28:54 | kind of in an actual membrane. . You don't need to worry about |
|
| 28:57 | names of these uh different components. . Uh Cytochrome plato, don't worry |
|
| 29:05 | that. OK. Uh But do know what U C P S two |
|
| 29:09 | that? Of course. OK. again, for reaction supplying electrons and |
|
| 29:16 | um the flow. So you have components, Cytochrome uh quinone, these |
|
| 29:21 | common to I'm sorry, respiration as . So um and then uh also |
|
| 29:30 | , here's where the proton gradient comes , right pumping protons out and your |
|
| 29:34 | T P set days. OK. this is all part of photos |
|
| 29:38 | OK. And then photos one shows here. OK, receives electrons um |
|
| 29:45 | absorption and uh ultimately forming N AD H OK. So you know a |
|
| 29:53 | of the two processes, although you ele electrons from P S one are |
|
| 29:58 | supplied by P S two, right S two hopefully is those electrons are |
|
| 30:04 | in P S one that then goes N AD P OK, as you |
|
| 30:09 | here. OK. So um now any questions about this part that can |
|
| 30:24 | . So we'll go with bacteria that tropes that have P S one and |
|
| 30:30 | , and with those P S OK. So uh you call these |
|
| 30:34 | green sulfur bacteria because many of them H two S for example, although |
|
| 30:41 | are, there are other substrates that be used as a donor H |
|
| 30:45 | um even Xin an organic compound. And so uh so they do have |
|
| 30:51 | , this is essentially the supply, is a reaction, right? It's |
|
| 30:57 | provides the electrons to the system. . Right here. Mhm OK. |
|
| 31:06 | so um you can see right, little way back of light, |
|
| 31:11 | 8 40 compared to like in the hundreds that we saw with uh oxygen |
|
| 31:17 | . So lesser energy um but uh absorption, not electrons out to electron |
|
| 31:25 | and then fly to N AD to N A DH OK. And so |
|
| 31:30 | , photos one and that's what it's with the N AD P H |
|
| 31:34 | OK. And so it doesn't mean can't make a T P, of |
|
| 31:38 | , right? They just, it's not based on the same system as |
|
| 31:44 | is A P S two. Because you see they produce as a |
|
| 31:49 | of, for example, um the two S being the donor, we |
|
| 31:54 | it, we do form protons. . So it can't form a proton |
|
| 32:00 | . OK. And have an A P A. And so it's |
|
| 32:03 | that's how it manages A T P . OK. And so uh so |
|
| 32:09 | it is, it is an So it, it's a CO2, |
|
| 32:13 | gotta have a T P and an P H to do that. |
|
| 32:17 | So that's how it's able to do . Um You do see in many |
|
| 32:22 | the species, this complex right OK. Um It's not an |
|
| 32:29 | OK. Technically an organelle uh because are have lipid bilayer, right? |
|
| 32:34 | does have uh some fossil lipids, they're not arranged in a bilayer like |
|
| 32:39 | typical membrane. It has that plus of protein that are a part of |
|
| 32:44 | , but stuffed in, stuffed in are the l bacterial chlorophyll molecules. |
|
| 32:50 | . All these little green blobs are bacterial chlorophyll. OK. And uh |
|
| 32:55 | call this organelle, didn't say or call this structure OK. A right |
|
| 33:03 | zone is what this is full of bactero cordial paper. So it absorbs |
|
| 33:09 | , right? We see the light occurs here and electrons are knocked out |
|
| 33:16 | uh supplying uh the system. So that's the second in a nutshell |
|
| 33:21 | this one is. So there's no formation, right? Because of the |
|
| 33:27 | They use, right? So when oxidize each, any of these |
|
| 33:32 | they don't, oxygen is not a . So, hence an oxygen |
|
| 33:37 | OK. So no 02 is formed . OK. Um so that's the |
|
| 33:45 | sulfur bacteria. OK. Then the one is has two. So it |
|
| 33:52 | the ability to have the uh proton and, and um A T P |
|
| 33:58 | through the P S two light absorption . OK. And so uh the |
|
| 34:05 | about it is this is even lower than the previous. OK. So |
|
| 34:13 | we're like, it's almost like far , it's a really low energy and |
|
| 34:18 | a consequence for that. And that when the P S two is such |
|
| 34:24 | low energy absorber of light or absorber low low energy light. OK. |
|
| 34:31 | not enough to be able to extract from apo reaction. OK. So |
|
| 34:38 | ends up happening is uh that's why don't see a specific molecule here as |
|
| 34:43 | door because it's so low energy you even use that. And so what |
|
| 34:48 | is uh light absorption, the electrons are then shuttled actually come back to |
|
| 34:55 | . OK. So it just kind cyclic in a cyclic fashion, just |
|
| 35:00 | return back So that will keep resupplying P S two. OK. Uh |
|
| 35:06 | , because it absorbs really low energy . OK. Uh And so |
|
| 35:12 | it uses this, of course, a T P, the types of |
|
| 35:15 | that do this are photo heteros. . So they um came. So |
|
| 35:24 | , whenever you see this, regardless of what's in front of |
|
| 35:30 | OK. It means that it must these more complex organic forms, they |
|
| 35:37 | fix CO2. Do not, If you ever, whenever you see |
|
| 35:41 | hetero term, no matter what's in of it, it doesn't fix |
|
| 35:44 | OK. So it gets its carbon ox metabolizing uh more complex organic |
|
| 35:50 | right? And so uh but it ability to use light to make a |
|
| 35:56 | P OK. So in a similar like uh the bacteria adoption based |
|
| 36:02 | OK. Um Those also for So um so to summarize all this |
|
| 36:11 | one slide, OK. Archaic OK. Two photos systems, |
|
| 36:20 | Um Electron flow my P uh water here they back up some water is |
|
| 36:32 | be sitting here, right? Oxidized feed it right? Water P S |
|
| 36:37 | P S one to N AD P or N AD P to N AD |
|
| 36:40 | H get electron flow. Now, we look at uh the other two |
|
| 36:45 | systems, OK. So we've got that can have PS just PS one |
|
| 36:53 | . Your green sulfur types, Um Oops here, right? Green |
|
| 37:04 | types P S one form an AD H. They are also autotrophs. |
|
| 37:09 | . Big CO2. Um don't right? Because they use something other |
|
| 37:14 | water as a donor. OK. , that's one type of photo and |
|
| 37:21 | the other type is the non non types they call them. OK. |
|
| 37:28 | so uh need to raise that. the purple on sulfur types um uh |
|
| 37:36 | the photos systems, two that's associated the gradient ad P formation bring to |
|
| 37:41 | photos systems, right? So um they're, they're hetero photo heteros. |
|
| 37:48 | . So that's essentially the three types phototropic. OK. So remember that |
|
| 37:52 | question coming up that the photos one bacteria that have that the ones |
|
| 37:57 | have the photos systems. Two uh are only found in among bacteria. |
|
| 38:06 | ? Unlike the oxygen photosynthesis, you that in santa bacteria but also in |
|
| 38:12 | and algae. OK. But those other two types, this one and |
|
| 38:16 | one are only in the bacterial world photos. OK. Um All |
|
| 38:23 | Any any questions about that? So look at a question and then it |
|
| 38:29 | of uh we wrap this up and we're gonna talk a little bit about |
|
| 38:38 | the, the reduction potential. Same a little bit. OK. So |
|
| 38:44 | you got questions about that, free fire away. So this question was |
|
| 39:28 | correctly. OK. I promise, promise. Yeah. It OK. |
|
| 39:55 | count down 19. The Stranglers. we go. 21. Oops, |
|
| 40:19 | increased it a little bit. All . Try again. All right. |
|
| 40:27 | , 32. Ok. Uh. . So which one is true? |
|
| 40:37 | Halo Akea? Are they bacterial chlorophyll their adoption? This is the adoption |
|
| 40:46 | one. Ok. So that's, it's Santa bacteria and oxygen photosynthesize |
|
| 40:56 | They're oxygen and they produce oxygen non sulfur bacteria. Light absorption by |
|
| 41:04 | bacterial oxygen linked to a pro That's . Yeah. What's not true about |
|
| 41:12 | ? Mhm Bacterial chlorophyll based. Never . OK. Green sulfur bacteria. |
|
| 41:21 | possessing photos systems. One linked to AD P H formation. Yeah. |
|
| 41:28 | Yeah, that's true. So that's only one. That's true F |
|
| 41:35 | right? Um 28. Is that ? Kudos to you? OK. |
|
| 41:45 | um All right. Well, you uh you got a week and almost |
|
| 41:51 | weeks to sort that out. So you got questions. Uh Are |
|
| 41:55 | any questions? Any questions? So let's uh look at this |
|
| 42:02 | All right. Maybe I'm back. . Maybe not. OK. |
|
| 42:06 | not that one. This one. . So one of these questions. |
|
| 42:12 | . I wanted to put this up and then then explain. OK. |
|
| 42:16 | let's see what we do here. . Let me pause that. Oh |
|
| 43:12 | . Let's count down. OK. , right? OK. Let's, |
|
| 43:46 | go through this. OK. Um get that. OK. So let's |
|
| 43:55 | at the table. All right. understandably I get you look at that |
|
| 44:00 | go W T F, right? OK. A it's any think of |
|
| 44:11 | as I don't think of it. is, it's a, it's |
|
| 44:13 | it's a ranking, it's an evaluation molecules as electron acceptor. So first |
|
| 44:21 | foremost, it's an evaluation of that cop. Number one, OK. |
|
| 44:28 | two is for each line, So look at the two boxed |
|
| 44:34 | for example. So each reaction, , you have two molecule pairs like |
|
| 44:44 | , right? Or like this, ? So the acceptor form of the |
|
| 44:52 | becomes reduced, right? It's the sector becomes reduced to form the that |
|
| 45:02 | product. OK. So for um plus right becomes reduced. It's the |
|
| 45:10 | and forms the reduced H two OK? So don't, don't even |
|
| 45:15 | at, don't even focus on OK? So we're looking at it |
|
| 45:20 | electronic sector as H plus. How is it? Right? And so |
|
| 45:25 | in your ranking, you're gonna have are gonna be good, some are |
|
| 45:29 | be bad, right? So in case, it's uh worst, |
|
| 45:35 | At the top, best at the , right? Worst the best in |
|
| 45:44 | of a dividing line. And so did the signs come in the the |
|
| 45:48 | numbers and the signs in front of numbers over here. So you have |
|
| 45:54 | potential. So first and foremost is table of reduction potentials. OK? |
|
| 46:00 | , that's how you measure the goodness you will of an acceptor. |
|
| 46:05 | What's its reduction? Potential? One basic way to think about this is |
|
| 46:12 | a, a very good without And so that you see the word |
|
| 46:16 | a question, strong, right? , I think it was somewhere |
|
| 46:22 | Stronger, strong, right? If strong, that means it's, it |
|
| 46:27 | to as being better um as being as being good at, at that |
|
| 46:32 | , whether it's a donor or it's good at that. It's |
|
| 46:36 | but that's what that refers to. . So um OK. So the |
|
| 46:42 | , so like I said, one way to think about it is the |
|
| 46:44 | good ones, right? So this our dividing line and then basing that |
|
| 46:50 | now again, just focusing on just temporarily just on um this reduction |
|
| 46:59 | OK. So positive reduction potentials, molecules that have high plus values, |
|
| 47:08 | are very good at accepting electrons. think of it. So electrons are |
|
| 47:12 | charged, right? What are they positive charge? Right. So those |
|
| 47:16 | are really positive reduction potential, love those negative electrons. That's one way |
|
| 47:22 | think about it. OK. If a negative value reduction potential, what |
|
| 47:28 | you do? You go get him from me? Right? Negative repels |
|
| 47:32 | , right? So that's one way think about it. You try to |
|
| 47:36 | whatever you can to help, remember stuff, right? That's one way |
|
| 47:39 | think about. OK. So um what does that mean? All |
|
| 47:44 | So ranting of acceptor, that's what table is, right? OK. |
|
| 47:49 | now let's we go back to this over here. OK. Eraser. |
|
| 47:54 | me erase that. OK. And it's what is the donor coming? |
|
| 47:59 | if something is, is bad at one thing or maybe it's good |
|
| 48:04 | the other, maybe the reverse is . OK. So that's something we've |
|
| 48:08 | focused on. So if we're looking the, at the uh this |
|
| 48:17 | right? Or um down here, ? That or let me erase that |
|
| 48:23 | or this one, OK. From on this side, it uh |
|
| 48:30 | right? On this part of the , right? That's the exception. |
|
| 48:33 | were just, we were just looking that, we just ranked them, |
|
| 48:35 | ? We saw this guy here is . This one's good. OK. |
|
| 48:40 | , what about the other side? . What about this guy? H |
|
| 48:45 | , right? What can it Right. Well, it can't accept |
|
| 48:50 | ? Electrons, it's a reduced form the molecule. OK. So if |
|
| 48:56 | want to evaluate this thing as we already know H plus is bad, |
|
| 49:00 | . But what about as a Well, then we're looking at the |
|
| 49:03 | reaction, right? Because we have see um what that looks like and |
|
| 49:10 | way to look at it is like , right, H two to form |
|
| 49:16 | plus, right? Uh in two , right? That's, that's, |
|
| 49:23 | what the donor would do, If we can evaluate it as a |
|
| 49:26 | , that's what it's gonna look right? H2 gets ox and gives |
|
| 49:29 | electrons, right? We're looking at it as a donor. OK. |
|
| 49:34 | that means we're looking at the reverse , which means the signs flip. |
|
| 49:41 | . So where it was a um for example, positive, so remember |
|
| 49:48 | relationship between reduction potential and delta right? A negative reduction potential, |
|
| 49:54 | acceptor equates to have to use energy make it be an acceptable. Even |
|
| 50:00 | it may be bad, you have , you, you can put in |
|
| 50:04 | if you have energy to put into , maybe it will still be |
|
| 50:08 | OK? Uh But you have to a lot of energy into it to |
|
| 50:11 | it a good acceptor. OK? So the um so again, if |
|
| 50:20 | , if you look at the reverse , what's the evaluation of the |
|
| 50:23 | Well, if it's a bad it's very likely it's gonna be a |
|
| 50:27 | donor. OK? And the good , the form of the donor is |
|
| 50:30 | one that's on this side. So you're evaluating H plus as an |
|
| 50:37 | or H two as a donor, ? That's, that's the pair, |
|
| 50:41 | ? And if you're looking at the , because this is, this is |
|
| 50:45 | to you as evaluation of the acceptor the reaction is going left to |
|
| 50:51 | If you're evaluating the donor, then have to flip it around. |
|
| 50:56 | Think of if you put, if put the donor in the acceptor |
|
| 51:02 | now you have it all arranged like table, but the donor is now |
|
| 51:05 | the left, right. What would do? You'd have to reverse the |
|
| 51:09 | , do that, right? So other words, you want to put |
|
| 51:11 | blue column on the pink side where pink poems at, you have to |
|
| 51:16 | the reaction. So that's why the G, right? And the delta |
|
| 51:23 | for this reaction is positive, Equates to a negative reduction potential. |
|
| 51:29 | the reverse this one we already know a negative delta G, right? |
|
| 51:35 | because that's gonna change, right? plus becomes a minus now. |
|
| 51:41 | And so we already know hydro right? H two is used a |
|
| 51:46 | in the bacterial world as a way get energy. It's a good |
|
| 51:49 | right? And so the whole thing uh so let's go back to the |
|
| 51:53 | . OK. So requires energy. this is just reading straight off the |
|
| 51:58 | , right, right there. That's OK. It requires energy to reduce |
|
| 52:05 | electrons, going to sulfate to form two S. That's, that's what |
|
| 52:09 | is right? And we can Yeah, it does, right. |
|
| 52:14 | that's true. OK. Hydrogen sulfide be considered a strong donor. I |
|
| 52:22 | we just established that. Right. . That's literally what was my example |
|
| 52:26 | the previous slide. So that's true course, OK. Um nitrite is |
|
| 52:33 | stronger terminal acceptor then sulfate. That again, that's, that's what |
|
| 52:41 | table is doing, it's evaluating And so we can read that right |
|
| 52:44 | the table, right? And so remember strong means better, better equates |
|
| 52:50 | positive production potential, negative delta G energy off, right? And so |
|
| 52:55 | too is true. OK, which the is the correct answer. |
|
| 53:00 | So um so that's the, that's whole thing about we had an example |
|
| 53:07 | uh a couple of days lectures not this um of, of it |
|
| 53:14 | involved Saxon eight. Uh let's see guy here, right? It involved |
|
| 53:20 | and I think it was nitrate and , all right. So nitrate, |
|
| 53:26 | know, very good electronic sector, ? Uh negative delta G, |
|
| 53:32 | And we looked at Suon eight you know, that actually turned out |
|
| 53:38 | we're looking at the suing as a , right? Reverse the reaction, |
|
| 53:43 | ? Actually turns out not to be great donor because it's requires energy, |
|
| 53:47 | ? But remember this is all right? So if you're a |
|
| 53:52 | if your acceptor is that much it can overcome that bad being a |
|
| 53:57 | and the collective energy still is a delta G OK. So it's all |
|
| 54:01 | putting together, I mean, of , optimally, you wanna have the |
|
| 54:05 | donor, which is one that really up electrons, right? Well, |
|
| 54:12 | uh will give off energy, not use energy and combine that with |
|
| 54:15 | terminal acceptor. That also is when gives off energy and is more |
|
| 54:20 | right? That's what makes that flow , right? Is combining the right |
|
| 54:26 | and acceptor together, right? Because how it all connects, right? |
|
| 54:30 | all connects uh like let me just back to here real quick. Um |
|
| 54:37 | like OK, right here. Uh go back to this. OK. |
|
| 54:45 | all connect. Yeah, thank Hold on. All connects. That's |
|
| 54:53 | I'm gonna get it. Uh It all connects right here, |
|
| 55:00 | That's where it all connects donor right? Optimal. You have |
|
| 55:04 | you got your protons being pumped right? You have a negative delta |
|
| 55:09 | in that transport system, energy knocks protons, you get energy back A |
|
| 55:14 | P but you have to keep supplying , a source, have an acceptor |
|
| 55:18 | . It's all all work together, ? So go back way back to |
|
| 55:24 | analogy, right? You don't think works, tie it off right over |
|
| 55:29 | head and tied off. It all . All right. So um that's |
|
| 55:37 | hope that help that explanation. Long explanation. Sorry. Um But |
|
| 55:44 | think about it. This is that's what I was saying to |
|
| 55:46 | You're not gonna get it the first . You see it not probably not |
|
| 55:49 | the second time, but you have kind of just absorb, right? |
|
| 55:52 | If you need to just look at look at the video lecture again but |
|
| 55:57 | you have questions, of course, me know here. I wanna put |
|
| 56:00 | up. OK, go could we talking about nothing about metabolism? Do |
|
| 56:04 | remember anything about viruses? Ok. we started this whole unit with? |
|
| 56:10 | . Um let me pull this thing and let's see what we remember. |
|
| 56:24 | . Mhm. So if you've forgotten , I probably understand that. But |
|
| 56:30 | and so you got time to get back in your head. Yes. |
|
| 56:53 | good one or a bad one. I forgot all about viruses. |
|
| 57:08 | jump down from five ft 21. . D hey, let's see. |
|
| 57:29 | single trans. Let me see if remember. Um OK, I, |
|
| 57:34 | on the in the metabolism zone for few weeks. Uh template for |
|
| 57:40 | Um So might as well make a . No A is false. It's |
|
| 57:45 | template to make a transcript, So the plus is the transcript that |
|
| 57:51 | be translated. OK. Um So is false. Um Bacter of H |
|
| 57:58 | 13 forms A. No, it not. False. One goes |
|
| 58:04 | OK. Uh CRISPR type of bacterial . No, it's a type of |
|
| 58:09 | by the bacteria. OK. Nope, that's Lioy R N A |
|
| 58:16 | . No, they typical, they do their thing outside the nucleus. |
|
| 58:21 | This is the ability to affect multiple types in a single host, |
|
| 58:27 | That's tropism, it's false. Um , this is describing host range. |
|
| 58:35 | . A viruses all possess no retroviruses not. H is correct. 32 |
|
| 58:44 | to the 32. OK. All , folks see you have a good |
|
| 58:51 | next |
|
