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00:01 | you saw this slide at the very , the very first lecture and today |
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00:08 | you look at the images in this , you will realize how much more |
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00:14 | understand. And also new material that will learn today too. So we |
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00:20 | early on about the path of physiology neural infections in the central nervous system |
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00:28 | COVID 19. And I said that going to update some material and so |
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00:32 | dated some material. And it's interesting it is still an evolving story in |
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00:40 | different respects is in the moment there's more research that is being |
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00:44 | But if you look at pub med search for covid and central nervous system |
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00:51 | neuron, you have about six or research articles and reviews that have been |
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00:56 | . That's a lot in two But that doesn't solve a lot of |
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01:00 | that this virus is presenting itself and new mutations variants as well. So |
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01:06 | talked about the viral entry into the . Now I noticed some of this |
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01:13 | not unique to Covid 19 but we talking about it with respect to covid |
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01:17 | . You can have my Romeo when viruses in the blood that reaches |
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01:23 | So now you understand that if you an infection through inhaling the virus or |
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01:28 | touching the surfaces and somehow you have infection in the blood. Now it |
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01:35 | breach the blood brain barrier. So understand how that happens to enter into |
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01:43 | cns into the brain. We also this unique anatomy of the nasal cavity |
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01:53 | in particular the bottom plates of the that contains the crib reform formation that |
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02:04 | all of these minute administrations in the bound that allow for the whole factory |
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02:12 | neurons to send their processes after the bind to the cilia from these receptor |
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02:23 | to process that as a smell information the level of the factory evolved by |
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02:30 | secondary order neurons and further on central projections. So if you inhale the |
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02:44 | through the nose it can actually enter the surrounding olfactory epithelium and metal factory |
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02:55 | and caused the infection of olfactory receptor . Hypoxia damage, compromise the blood |
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03:05 | barrier. If you have infection in lungs and there's several things that could |
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03:11 | happening now you're having less oxygen because lungs are infected. As you |
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03:18 | neurons are exquisitely sensitive to loss of to hypoxia and so cutting them off |
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03:25 | little bit can already impair neuronal cutting them off a lot depriving the |
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03:32 | off the oxygen being on the ventilator has a significant effect on the brain |
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03:40 | . Sars-Cov-2 which is abbreviated COVID-19 reaches stew receptors on neuronal tissues. Thanks |
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03:49 | stew is a cell surface receptor which angiotensin converting enzyme two and it is |
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03:57 | not just in the brain and different cells as you learn today but it's |
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04:03 | present and other organs, not just the lungs but also in the kidneys |
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04:10 | heart and of course in the cns PNS and potentially mesen enteric nervous system |
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04:18 | another point of entry to these two . So if we look at what |
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04:26 | learned about the factory system and we to understand what an oz mia is |
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04:34 | is loss of smell. And we at the cellular mechanisms for it. |
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04:42 | find some interesting things that we didn't . When we talked about the olfactory |
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04:49 | , we talked about these primary olfactory neurons and their cilia that are projecting |
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04:57 | the base of the skull into the cavity. And this is where the |
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05:02 | molecules by. And then we talked how that signal gets transmitted to the |
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05:09 | order neurons. And there you have Gomory lite structure in the olfactory |
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05:15 | then onward projections to the central nervous areas in the cortex and sub cortical |
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05:22 | . So these are our olfactory receptor . And it turns out that these |
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05:29 | r olfactory receptor neurons Do not contain two receptors. So how does the |
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05:37 | get into the brain? And how the virus lost sense of smell? |
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05:43 | what is the loss of sense of losing sense of smell is actually losing |
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05:49 | Sylvia? And this is unique for olfactory receptor neurons is that they can |
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05:55 | and regrow the cilia as you regain sense of smell when you looked in |
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06:01 | inner hair in the air circles and and outer hair cells, their cilia |
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06:07 | regenerate but for the factory receptor neuron that actually do regenerate Now. So |
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06:19 | the virus has to hang onto H2 , how does it infect the |
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06:27 | It turns out that the cells that find in the olfactory epithelium that are |
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06:34 | sussed intact ocular cell is sort of supporting role cell and progenitor ourselves are |
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06:42 | responsible for clearing the utterance and enter the olfactory epithelium. So these cells |
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06:51 | particular sussed intact ocular cell contains a receptors. So suss mm hmm. |
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07:05 | based on results obtained from patients and animal models. This is what's going |
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07:11 | right now. This is an evolving . Yeah. The sustain tacular cells |
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07:17 | ace two and they seem to be first, impairment of such negatively effects |
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07:25 | leading to the inhibition of odor The cascade and double lines is an |
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07:32 | of outer perception, simultaneously rapid immune induced in the subset of ransom and |
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07:40 | micro villi cells Michavila ourselves. This to activation of lymphocytes and macrophages and |
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07:49 | infiltration into the O. E. or factory petroleum as well as secretion |
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07:57 | pro inflammatory cytokines. So inflammatory processes on and this is going to be |
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08:02 | common theme inflammatory cytokine cytokine storms that generated with covid infection, it is |
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08:12 | known currently whether Stars Cove passes to Iran's as these neurons do not express |
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08:19 | two and that's a question on the of infection of progenitor cells requires |
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08:26 | So this is not clear if this there too. But they're in close |
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08:34 | both of them with Justin tacular And so they proposed that there is |
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08:42 | trans cellular infection essentially from the sustained selves and potentially progenitor ourselves onto the |
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08:49 | Iran's. And when the Iran's get there is a loss of the |
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08:57 | Okay. And there is no ability the voters to bind and so you |
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09:03 | the perception of smell. This is necessarily unique to COVID-19 and its |
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09:10 | It can also be some of these pathways and some of these symptomology is |
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09:15 | an Oz Mia can be experienced with viruses flu like viruses, Common cold |
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09:22 | sometimes too. I have experienced loss smell twice in the last five |
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09:29 | The first time was maybe about five ago, the second time was about |
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09:34 | weeks ago and I tested negative for and I lost the sense of smell |
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09:39 | taste for one night and it then back. It was also it's very |
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09:47 | but that's what happened And and when lose the sense of smell, the |
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09:53 | becomes pretty monochrome when you lose the of smell and taste, it's really |
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10:03 | and it's really just almost like I to say I have this like despair |
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10:10 | almost like you said like never you know and you keep tasting things |
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10:16 | then you're like, oh salt is , bitter is gone you know ah |
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10:21 | is still there, it's like gone know cancel our coffee and it smells |
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10:28 | gloves that's bad you know then you're spices still there then the spices going |
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10:35 | and you're pouring pepper on your you're like this is bad you |
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10:39 | So obviously the two are intricately We didn't talk about how we have |
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10:46 | perception of taste which is you know sweet umami better ah and our perceptions |
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10:55 | taste and things that we taste a of it is in hand enhanced by |
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11:00 | sense of smell. So now let's we know this entry through the nose |
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11:07 | we also understand the blood brain barrier . There are these two receptors in |
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11:13 | endothelial cells and as you know this the end epithelial lining of the blood |
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11:19 | barrier and once that blood brain barrier breached and neurons and glial cells express |
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11:25 | two receptors and those cells can be . So essentially if you have a |
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11:33 | breach of blood brain barrier and that happen not only because you have a |
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11:38 | viral load in the blood but also of the inflammatory process is an infection |
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11:45 | then the theory aligning now you have greater chance of this virus passing and |
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11:51 | the brain cells in the cns Yes we're about to get to that very |
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12:01 | question so we know this olfactory route . Right. And that would be |
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12:08 | of you know the primary and the order neurons. How does this breach |
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12:14 | with blood brain barrier? I also your convenience included some of the figure |
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12:21 | . So we can look at the . There are three trans cellular |
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12:25 | para cellular migration and trojan horse through microfiche invasion. These are the three |
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12:32 | mechanisms and models of penetration of the from the blood into the brain |
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12:39 | So then the epithelial cell infection is cellular infection from the blood and the |
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12:46 | cells and then astra sides and then glial cells and then neurons. Okay |
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12:52 | the entire neuron glial circuit gets You have paracel real migration where you |
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12:59 | a breach and tight junction because of infection because of the inflammatory processes potentially |
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13:08 | of the other factors forming in the like coagulated factors which may tighten the |
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13:15 | brain barrier in some areas loosen it others have this parasite cellular migration and |
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13:20 | microfiche enveloping it entering as a Children . Now the cells that are infected |
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13:31 | they have microbial antigen, they release factor I. FM. Type |
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13:39 | I then we'll look at it in subsequent slide. I just want to |
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13:42 | you a general idea now and that for destruction of these cells infected |
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13:49 | So this is a an immune response the cleanup response and you have the |
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13:55 | glia involved in these processes and mediating inflammatory processes and responsible for injury and |
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14:03 | and cleanup. So of course if have normal immune response, if that |
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14:10 | response is compromised then you promote trans infection essential. And you promote these |
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14:21 | instead of being killed and eliminated and . You promote them lingering around and |
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14:28 | the infection. So this is We already discussed following a respiratory tract |
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14:37 | may disseminate in the systemic circulatory So this is obviously in the blood |
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14:43 | it reaches blood brain barrier, the may invade host and the ethereal cells |
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14:49 | talked about this authoring tie junction programs psychosis by immune cells. The Children |
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14:59 | in both in both of these Both of these MB waste cells infected |
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15:05 | SARS released type one into for parents after neighboring and immune cells to the |
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15:10 | of which alert sorry the neighboring and cells to the presence of the |
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15:17 | So that the cells of microbes leah get activated and start taking care of |
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15:23 | . And the cells themselves can induce processes to kill themselves programmed cell death |
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15:32 | they may go necrosis. Non programmed death injury, trauma infection induced under |
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15:41 | conditions. In fact that cells are by host immune cells to prevent further |
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15:46 | on the spread of SARS covid So you have these COVID-19. He |
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15:55 | the activation and the epithelial damage and have because of endothelial damage both in |
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16:01 | blood. The release of the inter . I'll one interleukin six mon aside |
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16:08 | protein serum interferon. These are all , pro inflammatory molecules that are referred |
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16:16 | as side Akane storms. It's a reaction to clean up and engage some |
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16:22 | the immune response inflammation. But with is unchecked. There's a balance as |
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16:28 | learn to every system. There's a to gaba to gaba and glutamate glutamate |
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16:34 | neurons and glia a certain balance. that inhibition. If that information is |
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16:42 | , the neurons are in fact that a lot of information then that could |
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16:47 | to significant or permanent damage In the . COVID-19. Apart from the breach |
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16:55 | blood brain barrier can also cause problems causing problems and death. Brain vascular |
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17:03 | infection can promote coagulant calculations of open these and trump was formation trump |
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17:12 | trumpets formation. So clogging up the vessels, coagulating the blood, gathering |
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17:19 | together. And then once it what can happen is when the small |
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17:24 | vessels get blocked up. They can the pressure builds up and they can |
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17:29 | and then you have bleeding. The in the brain you have the formation |
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17:35 | edema and other complications binding of ace receptors. You have immune system |
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17:43 | neuronal apoptosis and neuronal necrosis. And I included for you to look at |
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17:49 | articles and I'll actually even show you to find these articles. Apart from |
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17:54 | finding in the folder and in in few minutes. So this is a |
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18:01 | that you're familiar with. But now going to walk through it in great |
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18:06 | overview of C. N. And overview P. M. |
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18:10 | Do you have a question a better to um activate the T. |
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18:19 | Two receptors or to find a way Prevents 80 81? So can CB |
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18:27 | receptors. I would suggest that this a good line of thinking. CB |
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18:32 | receptors are widely expressed from Michael Greer they regulate the release of chrome parameter |
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18:39 | upon. So I think that CB chapter agonists natural agonists would probably be |
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18:45 | interesting solution to controlling some of the . So not just in the brain |
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18:51 | in the body as well. So good question. Okay so how's it |
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19:01 | the virus directly? Respiratory droplets. contact with infected individual indirectly format |
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19:09 | We know that dr physiology theories violent into the brain adverse immune response, |
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19:16 | response and respiratory stress. Hang onto three will review them in the subsequent |
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19:22 | in greater detail. What's the histological hyper dense areas in ct scans? |
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19:30 | the ct scan computer tomography? So sophisticated three dimensional x rays essential. |
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19:39 | you will see hyper dense areas and brains that have infections with covid 19 |
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19:45 | symptom was the analysis, headache in that's not that bad on the |
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19:54 | But if you get a major you may have a stroke or meningitis |
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20:04 | goes to your question which is the essential of the brain in this |
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20:09 | viral infection, which meningitis is the sequel of events too of inflammation and |
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20:17 | into neurons. There's also this condition and e accurate necrotizing encephalopathy type |
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20:27 | also known as susceptibility to infection accurate and so Phil op athena, |
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20:33 | a rare type of brain disease. a philosophy that occurs following a viral |
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20:39 | such as the flu but also following Covid infections. And when you talk |
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20:45 | meningitis, you can also talk about of these men syphilitic the meningitis by |
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20:52 | way, when you're talking about meningitis vaccines for meningitis, meningitis can be |
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21:02 | by bacteria and viruses. Both bacterial viral meningitis. When you get vaccinations |
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21:08 | meningitis, all of you probably You always say there's 16 variants. |
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21:15 | 13. Some of them get cycled . Why is that? Because there's |
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21:21 | for the viruses that cause meningitis? , There's variants that are emerging for |
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21:28 | on the chrome is knocking on our right now and it will be it's |
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21:32 | here actually. So we'll see how last wave. Hopefully the last wave |
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21:38 | the virus will treat us all. It's a constant evolutionary battle viruses trying |
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21:46 | survive and kill us. We're trying survive and kill virus. We're probably |
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21:50 | to win. It's not going to away the virus. So but we're |
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21:55 | going to win the war and battle not going to be finished. |
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22:01 | Uh huh. And why do you these different variants? Because the virus |
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22:06 | smart and the virus wants to So the virus will adapt. Some |
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22:12 | the vaccine stimulus may adapt to human and immune systems. It's very |
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22:22 | It's blasted so hemorrhages and it's a by the way, it's a fill |
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22:29 | inflammation of the brain can be also by for example viruses that are found |
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22:35 | ticks. So in certain countries or parts of this country during the breeding |
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22:42 | , which is typically in the People are very afraid to go out |
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22:47 | certain areas. They get attacked by and get bitten the carrier viruses that |
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22:53 | be so they called us a politic , actually hemorrhages. So bleeding |
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23:01 | emerging problems, ruptured blood vessels, in certain areas of information of the |
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23:09 | treatment. No conclusive treatment. one can say, how come there's |
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23:12 | conclusive treatment? Well, okay, , recovered paracetamol, anything anti |
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23:18 | anything that fights headache, vertigo without the symptoms. But is there conclusive |
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23:25 | is many conclusive treatments. There's no treatment, meaning that there's many things |
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23:30 | know will help with inflammation. But you have to be very careful. |
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23:33 | is the cause? What is the ? Is it coagulation or is it |
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23:38 | blood vessels then you need to give a coagulant because they don't have |
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23:44 | Everybody will react differently to this virus it's variants. So that's why there's |
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23:49 | conclusive treatment. There is many different in many different treatments and monoclonal antibody |
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23:56 | . And people are consuming crazy things to treat themselves and seems to work |
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24:04 | some instances directly. Now we're talking P. M. S. Peripheral |
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24:10 | system. So directly respiratory droplets and direct contact with infected individual from our |
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24:16 | . The path of physiology theories, sensory dysfunction. So we're talking about |
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24:21 | of um taste receptor cells infection of olfactory receptor neurons, histological significance falling |
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24:31 | of here like receptors and olfactory So you have a loss of these |
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24:39 | parallel receptors, main symptoms of anosmia of smell. And you see a |
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24:45 | of taste William Barr syndrome. Miller syndrome too. Some of the things |
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24:51 | involved with pressure and some of the that are involved with balance. No |
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24:56 | treatment for how do you regain the of smell the last meal? How |
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25:01 | you treat her again? The sense well? Sense of taste uh nasal |
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25:08 | potentially being delivered to medicate just these . Again this is about local |
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25:15 | So that would be quite innovative, if you lost a sense of smell |
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25:20 | maybe your load is primarily here. treated early on. For some people |
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25:27 | of smell is the first signal that have covid before they have fever |
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25:33 | For others it comes later again the and how it gets into the brain |
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25:39 | . Whether it infects it very much . Um And are there ways for |
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25:47 | if you lose a sense of we know that some people lose it |
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25:51 | a day or two others for three and then it takes about three months |
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25:55 | it to fully to come back. the things that you guys can think |
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26:00 | as neuroscientists that would be potential programs which people could regain sense of |
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26:07 | Maybe it's through olfactory stimulation of Turpin's letting people rebuild the specific maps for |
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26:15 | Turpin's and then exposing them to complex . Which is the fruit of flour |
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26:22 | will have many therapy means in a which will still have two or 3 |
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26:28 | in it. So is that is something that is in the future? |
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26:34 | he said the virus may win. you know, we'll have this problem |
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26:38 | back. Is that something that could plastic lee? Those nerve endings retrained |
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26:44 | re grow faster and then people will wow instead of three weeks on average |
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26:49 | takes me one week to regain my of smile. That would be significant |
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27:03 | environment. I can't hear you. sorry, represent yourself nasal spray. |
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27:16 | . Okay cool. So maybe that a nasal spray that I'm mentioning here |
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27:21 | it's mentioned in that article. Okay, interesting. Also conducted. |
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27:27 | the mandatory and so you need to the endocannabinoid system. That means you |
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27:34 | to go for a long run I mean if you talk about what |
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27:41 | talked about how and the cannabinoids get by stress and then we talked about |
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27:46 | know if you do repeated physical long distance running, cycling, |
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27:52 | whatever you know playing lifting. That's stress on the cells. It's continuous |
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27:57 | . So that boosts into cannabinoid You know it also causes the runner's |
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28:02 | if you if you have if you long distance. Ah So yeah those |
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28:09 | all there interesting strategies and I think everybody's thinking of many different strategies and |
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28:15 | that. I don't know if then cannabinoid system would be the first one |
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28:19 | mind. I think people would fall on some of the common anti |
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28:24 | common things that they've used for decades they can quickly apply with the exception |
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28:29 | M. RNA technology which is brand and it seems to be like a |
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28:35 | in a way for the vaccines. we'll see what else it can do |
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28:39 | . But you also mentioned last and what Trevor comment. Yeah. Yeah |
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28:48 | right. The circuit. The inhibitory could be potentially relieved with the CB |
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28:54 | activation. Good. Alright. Unlike when you guys ask questions and |
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28:58 | about previous lectures and how they relate this lecture because that's how I would |
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29:03 | for you to remember things. So physiology, peripheral is the chemo dysfunction |
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29:09 | reaches the nose reaches olfactory mucosa inflammatory . You have the Nazmi radusa manifesting |
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29:19 | if you have in the C. . S. These are the three |
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29:24 | that we talked about. Three ways enter into the brain, adverse immune |
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29:28 | and respiratory stress or a viral entry the brain. You have leukemia. |
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29:34 | a virus to cerebral circulation. Yes it's in the blood, it's in |
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29:39 | Assyrian brah. Now you have undoubtedly with these three receptors. Get recognized |
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29:46 | reaches the brain and the olfactory evolved the nasal passage. So maybe some |
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29:52 | this component here is shared. So the nasal passage we also can be |
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29:58 | some of these endothelial lining, some the neuronal and glial components. And |
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30:04 | have opted emphasis on brain cells leading intracranial pressure and cerebral edema. If |
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30:11 | have cerebral edema you have a compression the brain stem potentially and that can |
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30:16 | your respiration. What does that That means if you have a swelling |
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30:22 | the brain stem as you learn brain in different parts of the brain control |
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30:26 | functions. Brain stem controls vital functions heart rate and breathing. So now |
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30:32 | you have the pressure on the brain . Now you're also significantly complicating things |
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30:41 | control of the heart rate and with breathing rate, desperation. So you |
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30:49 | breakage of blood brain barrier causing cerebral possibility adverse immune responses to viral invasion |
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30:58 | the cytokine release over abundant cytokine storms two receptors recognized by the virus and |
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31:06 | cells causing the site of kind response normal response have apoptosis. Or you |
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31:14 | the necrotic encephalopathy and hemorrhaging inside a of storms respiratory stress, loss of |
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31:23 | in the lungs. If you lose in the lungs, you're in trouble |
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31:29 | your brain because the brain consumes a of it and it needs it in |
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31:35 | minutes without oxygen can kill your But other organs also need oxygen. |
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31:42 | you may experience a multi system organ , possible neural injury in the brain |
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31:48 | a consequence of hypoxia. And again necrotic and so Philip with the inflammatory |
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31:54 | in the brain. So this is . N. S. And this |
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31:58 | C. N. S. How does it happen? What data do |
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32:04 | have there? This is from Probably needs to be updated and update |
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32:10 | slide. But neurological abnormalities have been in about 30 percent of patients who |
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32:17 | require hospitalization. So, if you up in the hospital, A 3rd |
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32:25 | experience these neurological abnormalities from most common headaches to the most severe, most |
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32:36 | their being death. Ah 45% of with severe respiratory illness and 85% of |
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32:46 | with acute respiratory dysfunction. So the the worse off you are when you |
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32:57 | to the hospital. The worst off your symptom ologists. The closer it |
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33:02 | to act as respiratory failure. Active syndrome. The greater chance you have |
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33:09 | the 85 chance of having these neurological with mild covid 19 neurological symptoms are |
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33:18 | confined to non specific abnormalities such as , dizziness, headaches and loss. |
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33:23 | taste routinely observed in respiratory virus infections as influenza. So your professor must |
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33:31 | had an influenza virus, although I've had a flu shot. And the |
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33:39 | and booster while serious neurological complications have reported In patients with otherwise model COVID-19 |
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33:49 | most severe complications occurring critically ill patients are associated with significantly higher mortality. |
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33:58 | again, the severity of that depends many different fronts on the viral load |
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34:04 | the variant of the virus entry Whereas it establishes itself if it establishes |
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34:12 | the brain where in the brand's is . Is it affecting the blood? |
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34:17 | is your immune state? How are reacting to immune stimulation, infection. |
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34:26 | so philosophy and encephalitis. Ischemic So stroke, rupture of blood vessels |
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34:33 | the brain. Post infectious neurological We have long haul covid 19 complications |
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34:41 | they're not just psychological like depression. also physiological complications. Some of them |
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34:47 | neuro physiological complications, intensive care related manifestations. How many people get off |
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34:56 | ventilator once they get on the one in 4, one in |
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35:04 | It depends on the immune state, age, but one in five is |
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35:08 | good. 20%. Ah Sorry, in one in 41 in five. |
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35:18 | get off the ventilator, they Okay, so 2020, no, |
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35:22 | , 20-25% mortality rate. If you in the intensive care unit in your |
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35:29 | with a severe SARS infection, one 4 people perish until later. So |
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35:37 | happens if you get on ventilator and perish and you had a lack of |
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35:42 | , you had so much stress, probably have ptsd you have issues with |
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35:49 | brain circuits. It depends again, you have ruptured blood vessels. So |
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35:53 | a whole slew of things that can also chronic problems. And I'm just |
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36:00 | and not just long haul. But chronic and potentially terminal problems too. |
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36:07 | this is all very important. And is the last lecture and it is |
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36:11 | to scare you, but to just you know how things work and give |
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36:15 | more insight and things that we looked . Like the nasal olfactory system. |
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36:20 | now I understand how the virus uses system. What cells are there? |
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36:27 | blood brain barrier, how the breach through blood brain barrier. This is |
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36:32 | covid, 19. But now you think of all other things can do |
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36:38 | . Okay, other viruses can do . You can think of what if |
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36:41 | had a medication that can do that , who aren't these the three pathways |
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36:49 | can potentially get the drug into the the brain to through the south Para |
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36:55 | maybe a carrier. Maybe it's not , maybe it's not immune response, |
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36:59 | it's something else. But so these all of the very relevant And timely |
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37:05 | . And so I've posted of course material of COVID-19 that is there for |
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37:11 | reviews for you to read. But the last thing on this course I |
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37:16 | to tell you that and especially for students, you have to take advantage |
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37:25 | the University of Houston and in this of the University of Houston Libraries and |
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37:32 | of the things it can offer. so if you go to University of |
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37:36 | libraries, you will say, well should I go there? I'm just |
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37:39 | to go and do google search and my answers. Anytime you do a |
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37:45 | search and get your answers, make it's not from and lily on google |
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37:52 | somebody who is not a credible source information, be a credible source of |
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38:01 | that has to be peer reviewed. has to be published. It has |
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38:06 | be not only p reviewed and published peer reviewed and published. And something |
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38:11 | is a real publication. That is real book, but there's a lot |
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38:16 | self published stuff of course by specialists is also good as long as it |
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38:21 | peer reviewed. As long as it serious information. So once you are |
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38:26 | new age libraries you go to my and you can log in using your |
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38:33 | nut I. D. So this my cougar nut I. D. |
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38:37 | it is a stranger to that is same alias as everybody else. I'm |
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38:43 | going to give you my password for . Do you have you around? |
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38:47 | log in and now you're like oh a lot of fine things, |
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38:52 | fines and fees blocks and messages. doesn't look very very welcome and sort |
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38:58 | look above here it says new search search, citation search, journal |
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39:05 | So you can search for journals specific health and biological sciences will give you |
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39:10 | list of all of the journals. can search and go to databases. |
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39:15 | is what I typically do. And you will see popular databases. A |
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39:20 | bunch of databases but there's these popular that most of the people use. |
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39:25 | if you do research and you're looking primary research articles or if you're looking |
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39:30 | review articles and systematic review articles. go to pub man And once in |
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39:37 | mad you do a search such as and CLS oh It's kind of a |
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39:53 | tab here. Immediately shows you one these publications on COVID-19 starts About |
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40:01 | 2019. There's probably like a few know dating probably in the lab's research |
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40:06 | years back or something. 214 What if we go to this |
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40:16 | 114 results. So you just want newest stuff, right, then you |
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40:21 | these options here. You guys shop amazon. This is just the same |
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40:25 | . It's like filters, you want something cheaper, expensive, good |
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40:29 | , bad review free. You it's the same same thing. Full |
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40:33 | . I just want abstract, but want both full text and Three full |
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40:38 | . Let's say. I just want full tax because I want to see |
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40:41 | entire article. That's what this That whatever publication is listed here under |
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40:46 | 114 results, we'll give you the pdf or other digital formats of that |
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40:55 | . Let's say you just want If you don't do reviews, you |
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40:58 | a lot more to look at. my suggestion for you, let's say |
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41:02 | learned about some new field and you I'd like to learn more about |
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41:06 | This is what I would do is would go and instead of trying to |
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41:10 | all of the 359, I would for the most recent articles, maybe |
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41:14 | year, I would look for a article or maybe a systematic review article |
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41:24 | you know, and then you're down 126. Does that mean you have |
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41:28 | read all of them now? Just on a few and then when you |
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41:32 | on one of them, let's say one, you click on one of |
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41:35 | and you have these full text links this item. Springer link. So |
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41:40 | you have these links that says free tax, that means any one of |
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41:44 | two click you get the entire article you can also download a pdf of |
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41:50 | article. Uh huh. And then like, oh my God, what |
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41:54 | heck is like shoot, there's a of words here. So one thing |
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42:04 | you do is okay, don't get of a lot of words do |
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42:09 | This is the abstract. Okay, the abstract, parse out the |
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42:13 | This is not the best abstract. are the better abstract, abstract |
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42:19 | I'll show you we're still sharing So it must be. So let's |
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42:36 | to another abstract. Let's say we'll to this abstract. And uh this |
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42:42 | is more manageable. Why? Because an introduction, objective methods. So |
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42:46 | don't see it as a big blob you know, half a page, |
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42:50 | know, like again, take your . And it's scary. And half |
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42:54 | these words, I don't know. like no results was like, what |
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42:58 | they want? Objective, comprehensive analysis the psychiatric neuropsychiatrist concluded can appear during |
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43:08 | risks, gender and professional vascular distressing painting. Keywords. That's pretty |
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43:17 | . Keywords are COVID-19 etiologies, psychiatric repercussions are still in the Indian city |
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43:25 | . The kind of the key words speak. It's a very brief way |
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43:29 | saying these are the five words that going to describe this article now these |
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43:33 | the keywords. So you're looking at let's say you're here and now you're |
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43:37 | my God there's a lot of words . So what I recommend for you |
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43:41 | do is to scrawl until now. look at this, this is the |
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43:48 | from your lecture and they were like what's going on here? Blood brain |
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43:54 | ? Boom I understand this. Okay then look closer, what are these |
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43:59 | ? Astrocytes? What's going on Read the figure legends. Now you |
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44:05 | much understand a lot of times in review you'll have these two or three |
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44:10 | and figure legends that really summarized graphically impala graphically what is going on? |
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44:17 | pathways immune activation, coagulation, psycho . Mhm. So this is how |
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44:25 | search for different articles and you can how much you can find out. |
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44:35 | by searching in Parkman I'll give you example, covid 19 and th c |
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44:50 | drug meeting the criteria. Mobile target to treatment using CBD. So we |
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44:58 | something the normal noise CBD acts more Serotonin system and more through CB two |
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45:05 | or CB one receptor. Okay when that begin these studies last year? |
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45:11 | not surprising. How about if we C. N. S. |
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45:17 | Th C. Oh that is How long ago did we go back |
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45:25 | 80s 90s but I will say give the whole range about Gaba seventies. |
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45:41 | about Blue Demon sixties name a molecule july serotonin. Yeah sixties. What |
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45:56 | before 60s? People didn't didn't like molecules. Aah PLC. High performance |
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46:04 | chromatography, isolation of single active chemicals active ingredients from botanical extractions from everything |
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46:13 | . Because No that over 80% of of the drugs have their origin and |
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46:20 | and whatever mushrooms, flowers, things that. Okay and then they get |
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46:26 | synthesized as pharmaceuticals and reformulated as pharmaceuticals lot of times and sometimes they remain |
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46:33 | planned based drives. That's really interesting you a glimpse of when this began |
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46:38 | these reviews began And reviews is an that reviews many articles. So it's |
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46:45 | the primary literature, what we call literature is doctor So and so at |
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46:50 | University of California has discovered that this causes plasticity in the amygdala. And |
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46:58 | whole paper describes how he used some model, may be human model and |
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47:04 | the plasticity. In the Mcdonald's. review paper will say okay this review |
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47:10 | will address all of the plasticity ease have been studied in the amygdala. |
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47:17 | . And then there are even systematic papers which will say let's say now |
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47:21 | going to actually do a study. not just Gonna describe a review that |
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47:28 | 20 articles that deal with the subject . And these are the main themes |
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47:33 | this is the future of these But it will say, Let's say |
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47:38 | 200 articles that proposed this treatment With drug for these two conditions. We're |
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47:46 | to now compare the concentrations. We're to compare the regiments of that |
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47:50 | We're going to compare if people in group had one disease and another |
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47:56 | they were from another, maybe genetic that had a predisposition for another |
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48:01 | Do this analysis, meta analysis and review analysis to communicate the information in |
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48:10 | detail, summarizing it, but still that great detail. So finally, |
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48:18 | you come to the end of the articles, you will see conclusions on |
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48:23 | lot of times you will see challenges . So especially for graduate students, |
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48:29 | you're looking for new areas to this is a section that will save |
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48:35 | a lot of time. Instead of at individual primary research articles, hundreds |
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48:41 | them go to the review articles written Sometimes 5, 4, 6 people |
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48:49 | one of them is around 10-30 times five times 650 years of combined |
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48:57 | on the subject matter, telling you maybe this is the future. And |
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49:01 | doesn't mean you cannot question that or their conclusions. So there are suggestions |
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49:07 | is often a really good place to new subject matter, new areas, |
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49:14 | therapies, new challenges in the field well. So, I hope you |
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49:18 | this tool When we come back on , we will Do a review for |
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49:26 | whole section three. I will not today's material on Wednesday though because it |
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49:32 | fairly fresh and it is also relatively lecture compared to some of our recent |
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49:40 | . Thank you very much for being , being on zoom, we'll have |
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49:43 | more meeting, I think it is to be in person on thursday and |
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49:50 | you will subsequently take the exam. is no sample for certain parts of |
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49:56 | material that I covered because it's new that I covered that I didn't cover |
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50:01 | previous years to which makes it a bit more exciting for me. Makes |
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50:06 | a little bit more challenging for Maybe at the same time there is |
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50:10 | final sample exam in your folders that contain some of the questions from ah |
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50:16 | factors that matter, sensory system and on. As well as your quizzes |
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50:20 | released and you can view what questions got wrong and so bring any questions |
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50:25 | you may have this thursday relating to of the material in this third section |
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50:30 | the exam will cover this third Thank you. Thank |
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