| 00:00 | I collect myself. All right. , jesus. Um Alright, blackboard |
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| 00:09 | . So if blackboard quizzes only gonna chapter five, that's a given. |
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| 00:13 | think we all know that. So schedule er opens tomorrow. Well, |
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| 00:20 | guess technically 11 59. Tonight PM p.m. So ticket time slots important I |
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| 00:28 | be ready to go. Um There be multiple time slots on both |
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| 00:33 | I can't tell you what exactly because determines that will determine that. So |
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| 00:39 | see it when you open it But generally there will be a number |
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| 00:42 | options. Okay? So the what backward weekly quiz And mastering. So |
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| 00:51 | gonna cover what we talked about Tuesday today. Um And mastering mastering assignments |
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| 00:56 | uh monday. So uh So again still got a couple of weeks before |
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| 01:02 | exam. Lots of time. Don't it off. And I hope I |
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| 01:06 | you've already started studying. So um I said, if you have questions |
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| 01:09 | stuff, it's disappeared. A couple . Yeah, I was right in |
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| 01:14 | middle and it went away. All . Thanks. So um So you |
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| 01:22 | , office hours in person and However, if you need, if |
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| 01:25 | want to ask questions, I'm I'm . Okay. So so let's so |
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| 01:33 | can at least accomplish in the next guess by now 45 minutes is um |
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| 01:41 | finishing up Chapter five. All So, I realize this is a |
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| 01:44 | subject. It can cause problems and and this and that. So remember |
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| 01:49 | trying to keep this simple as simple you can make it. There's some |
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| 01:53 | um you can only make so but you know, it could be |
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| 01:58 | , much much worse. Trust I could say memorize all 80 |
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| 02:02 | Memorize every enzyme in the process. ? That would be horrific. Of |
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| 02:05 | . So, it's about understanding if understand the basics of again, not |
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| 02:15 | repeating myself, but the energy releasing with the energy requiring process. |
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| 02:20 | And so that's what's going on all the place. Okay, so, |
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| 02:26 | we have so just know the Okay, here are here are the |
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| 02:33 | Okay, Like colossus, uh an important branch point pira bait |
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| 02:41 | Okay, You can go to fermentation go to and again, which way |
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| 02:46 | goes is all determined by what's available the organism. And what is the |
|
| 02:51 | ? Okay. If it's you you only have one option and that's going |
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| 02:56 | respiration. Yes. Your muscles can that's under certain conditions, right? |
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| 03:01 | muscles get fatigued. You're working them hard. Then they get low in |
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| 03:05 | and they can begin to ferment. acid production is what is the |
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| 03:08 | You feel OK? But as a a whole living entity, you can't |
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| 03:14 | yourself with fermentation. It doesn't produce energy for you. Okay. But |
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| 03:19 | the bacterial world, many of those do lots of different things. |
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| 03:24 | Because obviously they're a small cell, don't have as much to continue with |
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| 03:27 | an energy perspective. So they do can utilize lots of different metabolism. |
|
| 03:33 | , but again, it's it's right? It goes depends on what's |
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| 03:37 | , what it can do, et . And so respiration and fermentation basically |
|
| 03:43 | that box there. But there's other to come in respiration. Right? |
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| 03:47 | we go beyond para bait too, cycle and electron transport chain. So |
|
| 03:54 | important thing to remember is what goes , what comes out, what are |
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| 03:57 | energy molecules? I'm not even going make you remember how much the energy |
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| 04:02 | it would be good to know. overall, right? Like the 34 |
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| 04:07 | get from respiration versus four. That's that substrate level phosphor relation. |
|
| 04:12 | ? We do that in a couple spots right here, like classes here |
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| 04:17 | once here in the Krebs cycle. the bulk is the energy for these |
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| 04:21 | energy molecules N A D H um A D X to any of the |
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| 04:27 | in particular. Right? You're making lots of N A D H. |
|
| 04:32 | ? And this is how we capture energy, right? We do the |
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| 04:36 | reactions, right? Oxidizing molecules captures . That's capturing energy. Right? |
|
| 04:42 | we do it in the form of carriers and A D H F A |
|
| 04:45 | H two because we're gonna get a of bang for our buck when we |
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| 04:49 | those things to work and you put to work in here, okay? |
|
| 04:54 | you let them give up their electrons ? Then. You do the whole |
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| 04:59 | thing. Right? That the whole osmosis mechanism, right? You harness |
|
| 05:05 | energy um the electronic transfers going on here. Okay. Are then used |
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| 05:11 | pump protons, right? And then okay, if you give them a |
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| 05:18 | to get into the cell, you release energy. Right? And that's |
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| 05:22 | we do with these 80 P sent . Right. Energy releasing energy requiring |
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| 05:29 | , protons going down and release Energy used to make a tps And |
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| 05:33 | it's all this is all course enter . Okay, so have the source |
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| 05:42 | it electrons right? Oxidize the Give the source of electrons have an |
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| 05:47 | er at the end, remember you to keep the flow going right left |
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| 05:51 | right. Have a guy that's really at the end that really likes to |
|
| 05:57 | up electrons. Right, vacuum cleaner electrons at the end have folks up |
|
| 06:02 | that are really good at spitting them . Okay, Because these molecules can |
|
| 06:07 | types that are really good at that those are really good at the other |
|
| 06:10 | . Okay, so line them up way, keep the flow going because |
|
| 06:14 | the old plastic bag over the right? You do that? You |
|
| 06:18 | it off, you're gonna block up whole system. Nothing works. You're |
|
| 06:23 | . Okay, so that's what keeps going all right. So energy |
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| 06:29 | And again, in the same just in a different way. |
|
| 06:34 | so we've got sources of energy, ? We've been focusing on primarily on |
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| 06:40 | but of course it could be proteins . You know, any kind of |
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| 06:44 | organic molecule. Um It can also inorganic. Right? That's your little |
|
| 06:50 | . Okay. Um it can be the synthesis synthesis which we'll talk about |
|
| 06:56 | . Okay. Um Light in combination water. Okay. Water being the |
|
| 07:02 | of electrons for the photosynthesis you're familiar But there's others. Okay then you |
|
| 07:08 | produce some 80 P that way. . But then also the formation of |
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| 07:14 | reduction of these carry electronic carriers to A. D. H. |
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| 07:19 | And we also get energy that way these become reduced in plants and |
|
| 07:27 | It's often in A D. H. Okay. Used for the |
|
| 07:31 | purpose. Okay. And then these what go to electron transport chain. |
|
| 07:37 | then the final except we have oxygen other Arabs do, right? You |
|
| 07:43 | have anaerobic respiration or something other than is there? Or you can have |
|
| 07:49 | organic compounds. Right? So uh these are incompletely oxidized but it does |
|
| 07:56 | as a except er so um again about producing energy. Right. This |
|
| 08:01 | how we do it by breaking down nutrient molecules. Or if you're photosynthetic |
|
| 08:06 | have a little bit different mechanism. we fixed Ceo to using with the |
|
| 08:11 | produced there. Okay. So we'll about that here in a second. |
|
| 08:15 | right, so now, before I'm open up for questions if you've got |
|
| 08:19 | , but let's look at this one . Okay, so here is a |
|
| 08:24 | about so you're inside the colon and seen this diagram before. Right? |
|
| 08:28 | don't be scared by this diagram. , so remember we have the |
|
| 08:33 | right? You see there we have transport system, right? Here is |
|
| 08:39 | proton Canadian up here, 80 So, it's this stuff you're familiar |
|
| 08:44 | . Okay, so you're inside the If this were an aerobically? |
|
| 08:50 | Re spy ring. How what would look at? 12, three, |
|
| 09:02 | or five, What would you look ? Okay, that's how I know |
|
| 09:06 | anaerobic inspiring what I'm seeing in this part. Okay, so pick one |
|
| 09:15 | let's see. Alright, so remember we set this thing up, this |
|
| 09:35 | of system up. You have something the front with a particular type of |
|
| 09:38 | . Something at the other end and has its function. Try so, |
|
| 09:44 | all about sustaining that proton gradient. ? Alright, let's try a time |
|
| 09:57 | . Okay. Um um Yeah. . Alright, so count down from |
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| 10:12 | 5 4, 3. Okay. right, So uh if you picked |
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| 10:23 | picked number three? Location three. , so why did you pick |
|
| 10:31 | Right. And so that's gonna tell what, Right, so whether it's |
|
| 10:38 | or anaerobic, that's its location Right, Okay, because B is |
|
| 10:44 | terminal except er that's in this case now in a. It's 02 for |
|
| 10:51 | and it becomes reduced to water. ? That's G. If it were |
|
| 10:57 | . Right? But yeah, you'd looking in here to see what's going |
|
| 11:00 | . Okay. That's gonna tell you at the end. Okay. Any |
|
| 11:04 | about that shouldn't be a mystery Okay if it is then you need |
|
| 11:10 | come run into my office. I mean screaming running to my |
|
| 11:14 | Okay. Um Alright so let's look , we ended with fermentation last |
|
| 11:22 | Okay so let's uh let's rehash that , but let's try this question |
|
| 11:28 | Okay so while you're while you're answering , So again the studying process is |
|
| 12:09 | about little self tests along the So if you were to write down |
|
| 12:13 | a blank piece of paper, arrow, arrow, arrow, question |
|
| 12:24 | , C. 02 and water, far would you get? Could you |
|
| 12:29 | out, fill this thing out? you add? Okay well glucose goes |
|
| 12:33 | this and it makes this and blah blah blah. Right and again that |
|
| 12:40 | is you a piece of paper, pencil and that's it. Nobody |
|
| 12:44 | you know books around, you notes around, you know, computer |
|
| 12:46 | you. Nothing. Lock yourself in closet with a flashlight. Right Then |
|
| 12:51 | you come out here after 30 minutes a blank sheet of paper. But |
|
| 12:55 | said earlier, run screaming to my because something's not working okay. But |
|
| 13:01 | is the self check how much you that paper out is a direct reflection |
|
| 13:05 | the percentage percent your brain knows about . Okay, this is much better |
|
| 13:10 | any of these blackboard quizzes you're doing questions in the book or what have |
|
| 13:15 | . This is this is the real . Okay. Because very often people |
|
| 13:19 | themselves, I think they really know and I give them a simple thing |
|
| 13:22 | this and it's like I can't do . So don't even if you if |
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| 13:29 | think, you know, just even you think you know it like an |
|
| 13:32 | . Great. But then put yourself the test. Put your money where |
|
| 13:36 | mouth is. Okay. So um my advice, right? Um because |
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| 13:42 | what I'll tell you when you, those of you that come after exam |
|
| 13:45 | not having done well on it, exactly what I'm gonna tell you. |
|
| 13:49 | , so um Alright, so let's at this question here. Okay. |
|
| 13:57 | two of them are true. Let's . So fermentation journal relies on is |
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| 14:03 | true, yeah. A is relies on oxidative phosphor relation vaults, |
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| 14:13 | utilizes an A. T. A. S. Votes vaults requires |
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| 14:24 | includes reactions. That's resupply N. . D. Right? So |
|
| 14:29 | Now if yes. F. I you guessed that because you thought |
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| 14:34 | And B. Are true. Maybe thought some other combination but okay. |
|
| 14:40 | . A. A. And Are true which makes f true. |
|
| 14:44 | . Um Okay and uh also questions this there may be I think they |
|
| 14:53 | see them, you've probably seen them the on the blackboard quizzes. It |
|
| 14:57 | say none. Okay none are true none are faults. Okay so don't |
|
| 15:04 | afraid to pick that. That it be okay. But this use process |
|
| 15:11 | elimination. Just like I did read statement, put A. T. |
|
| 15:14 | . F. Buy it, read next one, then add up you |
|
| 15:17 | more than one being true or false what have you then just answer |
|
| 15:22 | Okay trust yourself. Okay don't Um The end don't um try to |
|
| 15:31 | guess very often go with your Okay if you put the work in |
|
| 15:36 | with your gut. Okay And trust try not to come back, go |
|
| 15:41 | and change answers because unless you have really really really compelling reason to do |
|
| 15:46 | , don't change it. Kind of that urge. Okay um Alright so |
|
| 15:52 | . Okay um The right so as mentioned here, resupplying N. |
|
| 15:59 | D. Okay so that's really what is about like calls this is what |
|
| 16:04 | the energy. Okay so we have fermenter has to sustain that. Okay |
|
| 16:09 | supply a source supply these two things and phosphate Of course. And then |
|
| 16:17 | this so those three things 123. and so there will be a teepee |
|
| 16:25 | . So it's generally not a Okay, because you former reform those |
|
| 16:30 | and over a micro bill. But thing is to to resupply this because |
|
| 16:37 | don't this builds up and blocks up whole system won't work. Okay, |
|
| 16:43 | remember this is the only way to a T. P. Is that |
|
| 16:45 | keep this reaction going. Okay. um so that's what these additional reactions |
|
| 16:52 | really about. Whether it's pirate to or it's part of it to ultimately |
|
| 16:58 | ethanol or two other things. It's about. That's how these things get |
|
| 17:03 | and it can keep the energy pump . Okay, so um uh and |
|
| 17:10 | more time here. Right, So looked at this at the end, |
|
| 17:13 | what's oxidized and reduced? Right, pyre bait is becoming reduced to |
|
| 17:20 | N A D. H is becoming . So that's oxidized. Right down |
|
| 17:28 | , what's reduced is a state alba . Right, so look here, |
|
| 17:33 | , look for your hydrogen atoms where been added right, right there. |
|
| 17:38 | , so it's gained electrons. and uh this this has become oxidized |
|
| 17:46 | N A. D. So again always occur in pairs. Something |
|
| 17:50 | Something else is reduced. Okay, but again, it's just about regenerating |
|
| 17:55 | fermentation reactions, regenerating this material looks call cisco and keep going because that's |
|
| 18:00 | energy source. Okay. Any Right. Alright, so again, |
|
| 18:07 | just knowing the stages what goes what comes out and the energy coming |
|
| 18:12 | . Okay. And so um so a statement or rather last question before |
|
| 18:19 | go into photosynthesis. Okay so um look at these statements one. That's |
|
| 18:27 | . Okay. Okay. The timer this one's gonna be all over the |
|
| 19:40 | . That one. Okay. It's not what you think it is but |
|
| 19:47 | put some statements in here just for purpose. Okay. Okay, counting |
|
| 19:53 | 543. Okay, let's see. . Alright. Um if you answered |
|
| 20:09 | you answered G. G. And answer G. Correct. Okay. |
|
| 20:18 | . Is correct. So let's go . There's there's in particular a couple |
|
| 20:21 | these that I know you go. has to be true. Okay. |
|
| 20:28 | right. The first one is is okay. So many people, many |
|
| 20:36 | usually say that's that's true. It's . So the operative part of the |
|
| 20:42 | is this right respiration. Whether it's anaerobic Arabic, it's not fermentation is |
|
| 20:49 | like that. Okay. Yeah, doesn't require oxygen but that's where the |
|
| 20:53 | ends. Respiration is a very specific . Right? It involves all the |
|
| 20:57 | we just looked at the uh Krebs electron transport chain 80 P synthesis. |
|
| 21:05 | that stuff. Right. That's not not a part of fermentation. Okay |
|
| 21:10 | The other one. Power baits actually during glucose is oxidized. And power |
|
| 21:17 | oxidized. Um And so it's it's oxidized. I know we didn't mention |
|
| 21:23 | but don't worry so much about it it actually is oxidized during that |
|
| 21:27 | Um So any D. H. really not the source. The source |
|
| 21:33 | where N. A. D. . Is made from. So the |
|
| 21:36 | would be like say glucose is what look at this example we looked at |
|
| 21:39 | many times the glucose would be the any D. H. Is kind |
|
| 21:42 | is formed as a result of oxidizing source. Okay um auction becomes reduced |
|
| 21:50 | water. Okay so during that process so it picks up electrons and becomes |
|
| 21:58 | to water. Um A we just about that earlier so fermentation and oxygen |
|
| 22:05 | elation don't correlate. Okay. Any questions on here? Okay Yeah so |
|
| 22:13 | that says part of it becomes reduced . Right. Right. Right. |
|
| 22:25 | No because that's actually a different So technically by then it's not |
|
| 22:30 | pirate loses C. 02. And in the process now it's no longer |
|
| 22:35 | bait. And so then it reacts the kuwaiti formula away. Um Good |
|
| 22:44 | . Uh Any other questions? Alright so um photosynthesis. So here |
|
| 22:54 | remember our our the two basic terms mentioned starting on day one the autotrophs |
|
| 23:01 | thing. Right so remember photosynthesis um um photo autotrophs right. Are |
|
| 23:10 | SeO to write but there are also header trophies that don't. Okay um |
|
| 23:16 | familiarity I'm assuming with this process is these two things here algae plants uh |
|
| 23:24 | chloroplasts in them that that facilitate Right? So um but so in |
|
| 23:32 | types. Okay uh santa bacteria in is one that does this process just |
|
| 23:39 | algae and plants. Okay. No . Um Remember way back the endosymbiont |
|
| 23:46 | . So uh photosynthetic bacteria were the of the chloroplast. Okay. But |
|
| 23:53 | so we look at structures in bacterial types like these guys. Remember |
|
| 24:01 | Okay so car boxy zones, those those are Granules that occur as a |
|
| 24:08 | of a lot of co two fixation on. Okay that's the enzyme that |
|
| 24:12 | they pack them into these um car zones. Tyler Coy's or the membrane |
|
| 24:18 | folds where you pack it full of photosynthetic pigments. Um Gas factory kind |
|
| 24:25 | helps us go up and down in water column to get to the right |
|
| 24:29 | of wavelength of light chroma to force have those. Those are collections of |
|
| 24:35 | , photosynthetic molecules. Okay. Are absorbing molecules. Okay, so you |
|
| 24:40 | see some of the specialized structures in in these photo trophic bacteria. Okay |
|
| 24:46 | but remember in the context of dial accords are not an organ l |
|
| 24:52 | so they don't have organelles like like cells do. Okay but they will |
|
| 24:56 | these structures that relate to this kind metabolism. Okay so uh so the |
|
| 25:03 | reaction then. We'll see here. so again it is I mean it |
|
| 25:11 | redox like we just saw with the respiration um It's just lights the driving |
|
| 25:17 | . Okay and so we can look it in 22 ways. Your familiarity |
|
| 25:23 | with oxygen IQ photosynthesis. So oxygen produced as a byproduct. Okay. |
|
| 25:28 | so lights. I mean that's what plants, algae and cyanobacteria do. |
|
| 25:33 | , is this process? And so you're gonna have oxidation reduction going |
|
| 25:38 | CO2 is reduced. So um it a lot of energy to build build |
|
| 25:44 | molecule. Okay and so you can the number of atoms there are in |
|
| 25:50 | to C. 02, you have put together six of these units. |
|
| 25:53 | that's a lot of lot of bond going on. That's a lot of |
|
| 25:58 | . Right? And so that that then that you supply a lot of |
|
| 26:03 | . Okay and that's what um the oxidation of water. Okay. To |
|
| 26:11 | these uh oh to form oxygen. so water is the source of the |
|
| 26:17 | that's being formed here. Okay so might look at it and go, |
|
| 26:22 | this is just like the reverse of . No. Okay um obviously very |
|
| 26:28 | components involved involves light. Okay, well. Um But it's very energy |
|
| 26:35 | to to fix CO two and make organic molecules. Okay and the energy |
|
| 26:39 | from this part of the process. ? The light energy and the water |
|
| 26:44 | form 02 because we're going to convert light energy to chemical energy and make |
|
| 26:49 | . T. P. S. N. A. D. |
|
| 26:51 | H. Okay, so now the type that you may not be familiar |
|
| 26:56 | , it's what's called an oxygen. uh you still have a donor but |
|
| 27:02 | just not water. Right? So water is not the donor, it's |
|
| 27:07 | like this. Okay then you're not to form 02 from that. |
|
| 27:13 | so that's why they call it an genic. They use sources of electrons |
|
| 27:18 | don't form 02. Okay, so why you have that term. There's |
|
| 27:22 | groups purple sulfur, green sulfur. they have that name. Many of |
|
| 27:28 | use these kind of sulfur compounds as electron source for the process. Hence |
|
| 27:33 | these names. Ok, so um oxidation reduction. Right? We're |
|
| 27:39 | fixing Sio two. That's the Okay, so it becomes reduced. |
|
| 27:44 | again, just using a different electron here, H two S. That |
|
| 27:48 | oxidized to sulfur. Okay. So then you know, it's driven by |
|
| 27:54 | . Okay, so it is a process. Just using some a little |
|
| 27:58 | different molecules to to serve as electron . Okay, so um and so |
|
| 28:07 | light dependent and light independent. So of course are light dependent reactions |
|
| 28:13 | Okay, um but the part that's of course is the C. 02 |
|
| 28:19 | . So within each of these, ? The C. 022 organic |
|
| 28:25 | That part is independent. Okay. , because they don't need independent in |
|
| 28:32 | sense they don't need light participating in reaction to fix the 02. |
|
| 28:39 | From that aspect yeah it's independent but they rely on the energy that's coming |
|
| 28:45 | the light independent reactions because that's the way it can go is that it |
|
| 28:49 | that energy. But but technically they light independent because light is not an |
|
| 28:54 | participant in the process. Okay so sort of just make sure you got |
|
| 28:58 | straight. Okay. Um and uh course light reactions are approved the energy |
|
| 29:06 | . Okay so in um in photos in photosynthesis the process that you're most |
|
| 29:14 | with. Okay so with any of photosynthetic processes you of course have molecules |
|
| 29:20 | light. It's essential. Okay. you arrange these and in these systems |
|
| 29:29 | chlorophyll or chlorophyll based we call Okay so santa bacteria which photosynthesize just |
|
| 29:37 | a plant. A reality has chlor . Other bacterial types that do the |
|
| 29:42 | oxy genic. They have what are bacterial chlorophylls. Very similar. Very |
|
| 29:47 | similar properties but a little bit different terms of light they absorb. Okay |
|
| 29:53 | and photosynthetic types will take these laboratory arrange them with proteins and some other |
|
| 30:04 | that absorb light in a little bit wave with a wavelength to kind of |
|
| 30:08 | how much they actually can can Make it more efficient And they arrange |
|
| 30:13 | your book doesn't go into all this they're often called antenna complexes because they're |
|
| 30:19 | little antennas to absorb light. And so uh but you're probably familiar |
|
| 30:24 | the Photo Systems One and two. , there's collections of chlorophyll molecules, |
|
| 30:29 | and what we call accessory molecules that a little bit of different wavelengths of |
|
| 30:34 | . Kind of help expand the amount light absorbed. Okay, because all |
|
| 30:39 | light absorption, right? Because you're convert that, they're going to convert |
|
| 30:41 | into chemical energy. Okay. And it's really about again, it's it's |
|
| 30:47 | light reactions itself for oxidation. Redox reactions. Okay. And so the |
|
| 30:53 | of light triggers these electrons that the in the middle of the complex that |
|
| 31:00 | excited when light absorption. That's that's conversion. So you have light |
|
| 31:05 | That's energy like photons of light being . That excites the electrons, knocking |
|
| 31:10 | up to a higher state. As you see here now, what |
|
| 31:15 | is so here, in this arrangement have again, this is how oxygen |
|
| 31:19 | photosynthesis works, plants, algae and . So you'll have an arrangement of |
|
| 31:25 | system to photo System one. And so each of those are light |
|
| 31:31 | . Okay, the first complex which kind of reversed because it was discovered |
|
| 31:36 | . The photo system two is what's with A T. P. |
|
| 31:42 | Okay. And so it's the Very similar mechanism is what we already |
|
| 31:48 | about this, the A. P synthesis it's a proton gradient. |
|
| 31:51 | all that is the same. And it's just being sustained by like |
|
| 31:57 | light reactions. Okay. So when hits it, these electrons are knocked |
|
| 32:04 | of photo system two. Okay. in that at that instant that system |
|
| 32:13 | deficient in electrons. It's become Okay. And so now that actually |
|
| 32:21 | it a very powerful oxidizing agent. wants to grab electrons from something to |
|
| 32:27 | back to its normal state. And that's something that grabs electrons from |
|
| 32:33 | water. Okay, that's the fertile reaction. Okay, so it grabs |
|
| 32:38 | from water and now it can be again until light hits it again. |
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| 32:43 | it knocks them out. And so constant presence of water. Right? |
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| 32:47 | is what it needs is what supplies electrons. Right? So as light |
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| 32:51 | it grabs electrons, Light hits it electrons and of course light hits it |
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| 32:54 | they bounce out and they have to some new ones. Right? So |
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| 32:57 | keeps keeps that photo analysis process Okay, So then what happens? |
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| 33:04 | we have these electrons at these higher state right then, as they go |
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| 33:09 | , they'll give off energy. That's what's going on here. |
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| 33:14 | so the electron transport chain, so principle except it's lights the driving force |
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| 33:20 | . Alright, So it's photo photo relation. Okay, so uh so |
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| 33:26 | gonna have electron transport chain and you'll you know proteins in there in a |
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| 33:31 | role as what we saw before. accept and then they give off |
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| 33:35 | Right? So that process is the . They pump out protons. All |
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| 33:38 | , so all that's all. That's similar. Okay. And ultimately you |
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| 33:42 | a T. P. S. again by the same keamy osmosis |
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| 33:46 | Right. None of that is changing what we saw before. Okay. |
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| 33:50 | so then electrons and eventually go back to a lower energy state. And |
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| 33:55 | again have to be knocked up We got to get some more energy |
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| 33:59 | of this. And so that's where System one comes in. Okay. |
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| 34:03 | so it happens again. Right, we're back up here now and |
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| 34:07 | Another series of carriers but this time no association with with kimmy osmosis, |
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| 34:14 | proton gradient or any of that. that's not part of this. It |
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| 34:19 | part of this. And just to that you have a proton gradient associated |
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| 34:26 | this one. Okay. But not with this because we're not making a |
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| 34:31 | . P. On this on this side. Right over here, it's |
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| 34:34 | any D. P. H. , so that's how these two photo |
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| 34:38 | are differentiated. And what you're gonna in a second is among bacterial photosynthetic |
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| 34:47 | . They're different from santa bacteria that different from allergy and plants they they |
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| 34:53 | have either just photo system two and associated stuff or just photo System one |
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| 35:02 | its associated stuff if you will? so it's separated separated. Okay. |
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| 35:08 | in these three things here. plants algae and bacteria. It's the |
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| 35:13 | whole shebang. The whole thing is part of the process. Okay. |
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| 35:18 | so electron flow. So we're starting here. Okay. And then we're |
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| 35:24 | in this direction. Okay. Ultimately N. A. D. |
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| 35:28 | To make N A. D. . H. Right? So energy |
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| 35:32 | A. T. P. And D. P. H. Being |
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| 35:35 | . Okay. And so um okay that that's that's the the process with |
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| 35:44 | in photosynthesis and one you're probably most with. Okay. Um now as |
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| 35:49 | said, when we switch to these couple examples it's just focusing on one |
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| 35:53 | the other photo system not to. so here are your green sulfur |
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| 35:59 | Okay so they'll have photo system Okay. Which is associated with an |
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| 36:05 | . D. P. H. . Okay. And so they'll use |
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| 36:09 | like uh social compounds like um two s. Okay or H. |
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| 36:16 | as it shows here. Okay. that's the donor. Okay so you |
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| 36:20 | produce oxygen. Hence an oxygen Okay and here are examples of of |
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| 36:27 | they're oxidized. So these are the photo analysis reactions. Okay for these |
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| 36:35 | for this particular group. Okay that's X. And in short for |
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| 36:39 | Okay so mitosis reactions um not producing but giving up electrons of course to |
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| 36:46 | the system. Okay. And so might be thinking, okay, well |
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| 36:50 | seeing in a D. P. . Here. What about A. |
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| 36:54 | . P. Okay. Yes it . It is making that okay. |
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| 37:01 | just not making it with the light photo system to write. But it |
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| 37:06 | make it okay. Um it makes so you can see here that as |
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| 37:12 | byproduct of these reactions. Right. forming protons here. Okay. At |
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| 37:20 | in these two and it will form as a result of other reactions going |
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| 37:24 | in the cell. So it can can have a proton and produce a |
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| 37:30 | through osmosis. It's just not associated the light part with the system to |
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| 37:36 | that's what's going on. Okay. certainly the light part is associated with |
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| 37:40 | DPH formation. Okay. Now, in in the last example here, |
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| 37:48 | , what we call purple non sulfur . All right. They only use |
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| 37:53 | system two. Okay, so that the A. T. P. |
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| 37:56 | one. Okay, so these are group are the top group. Right |
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| 38:03 | up for a second. So that here are auto traffic. Okay? |
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| 38:09 | they use the energy to make to CO two. That's the only thing |
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| 38:12 | can do. They can't they're not us. Okay. So that's what |
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| 38:16 | have to do. This group is photo header tropes. Okay. And |
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| 38:21 | is the operative term. Okay. they can't fix c. 0. |
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| 38:27 | . They have to have still have material. But they can uh supply |
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| 38:33 | metabolism with a tps, this light they have they give them more functionality |
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| 38:38 | you will. Okay. So they actually do that. They can be |
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| 38:41 | of trophy. Can make a tps way. But they can also do |
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| 38:45 | . Okay. They can also um light and produce a tps by having |
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| 38:52 | photo system to Okay, so they that option as well. Okay, |
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| 38:58 | now what they have is what's called cyclic. So you see how it's |
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| 39:03 | back this way. Okay. It in that fashion. Okay. For |
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| 39:12 | you won't need to know for the but it happens that way because um |
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| 39:20 | there's no foot tosses reaction associated with . Remember the foot tosses reaction is |
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| 39:26 | supplies like water supplies electrons for a . Right grabs grabs electrons from from |
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| 39:31 | to supply itself. Um The thing the mountain but it's all directly related |
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| 39:38 | the wavelength of light that's absorbed. , so plants for example absorb light |
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| 39:45 | the blue and red range. this absorbs light in the far |
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| 39:52 | Okay. The bigger the number 800 . The the the lower the energy |
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| 40:00 | waves are super long, very long for example, very low energy. |
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| 40:07 | . Something But so lower energy doesn't powerful enough to grab electrons from another |
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| 40:14 | I E F. This reaction it has enough energy really to cycle |
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| 40:19 | Right? It has enough to do . But because the amount of light |
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| 40:22 | is super low energy, it just give it enough if you will to |
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| 40:27 | able to grab electrons from something. it has to just cycle them |
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| 40:30 | Right? And so that's why it that mode. Okay, um these |
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| 40:37 | you typically find um both of these you see here are aquatic. |
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| 40:43 | And they'll be in the water column with algae and with santa, bacteria |
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| 40:50 | your algae and cyanobacteria tend to hang top in terms of water more toward |
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| 40:55 | top because that's where light absorption the maximum level of light for them |
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| 41:00 | toward the top. Then below them be these guys, okay, these |
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| 41:05 | sulfur types because they then that sort light that the algae and things absorb |
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| 41:11 | rest of it trickles down. And that's kind of in the wavelength |
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| 41:16 | for these guys to use these green bacteria and then the last light to |
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| 41:21 | through. Okay, it's gonna be low energy. And these guys are |
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| 41:26 | found uh more toward the bottom and in the sediments. Right? So |
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| 41:31 | like very surface sediment regions way down . That's that's low energy like to |
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| 41:37 | down to them. And so uh they they can use that as a |
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| 41:42 | to make some 80 PS. But being header. Tropes right? Photo |
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| 41:46 | they have to have organic material to to be growing. Okay um any |
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| 41:54 | about that? Okay, so let's again, don't you don't need to |
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| 42:02 | all these molecules in this pathway Okay. There's really only a couple |
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| 42:06 | be aware of. Okay. Actually one of them is well actually it's |
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| 42:13 | enzyme, it's this thing, it's even labeled on the diagram but this |
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| 42:18 | this is for short rib isco it's what carries out basically um this |
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| 42:27 | . Okay, that's rude Biscoe for short it's probably the most abundant |
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| 42:37 | on planet Earth, considering all the that goes on all the plants, |
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| 42:43 | signing back here on planet Earth, enzyme is likely the most abundant. |
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| 42:49 | Anyway, in any case so a things as mentioned, light does not |
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| 42:56 | participate in the process. Okay. the term light independent too, is |
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| 43:02 | amount of energy needed to fix co into these glucose and other sugars. |
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| 43:09 | . Three is as you can see is a cycle, right? And |
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| 43:17 | an output. Okay, so we having to funnel some of the |
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| 43:23 | 02 that's fixed. Not all of goes this direction to make more complex |
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| 43:30 | materials. A portion has to go way. Okay. And energy as |
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| 43:37 | . Okay. To um regenerate this here. Okay because that's the one |
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| 43:46 | need to add C. 02 on . Okay so a portion of this |
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| 43:50 | to go to make remaking that. you can keep fixing C. |
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| 43:54 | Because if you don't keep remaking this here reveals di phosphate, then |
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| 44:01 | 02 can't be fixed. They have to attach to. Okay, so |
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| 44:06 | you always have some going going towards and some going toward making the organic |
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| 44:11 | . So remember, another trough. to make these uh to use directly |
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| 44:16 | as building blocks to make its own molecules, nucleic acids and carbohydrates |
|
| 44:22 | Okay, it's not a trophy. , so um and so it mentions |
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| 44:28 | here. So the key intermediate glycerol phosphate. So that would be our |
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| 44:34 | three P. Would be one to . And then the disco enzyme. |
|
| 44:39 | , so this is the again, the fork in the road with |
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| 44:43 | not really a fork because it has has to go both ways. So |
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| 44:46 | not an either or thing. It's both go both ways. So both |
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| 44:51 | to go this way and that Okay and so um again it comes |
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| 44:57 | fixing C. 02 then using Use the energy usage here here and |
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| 45:05 | . Okay, so um and that's lot there's a lot of energy being |
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| 45:09 | to do this and of course um ultimately is what allows energy to be |
|
| 45:15 | . That can be used to do . Okay, um and so that's |
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| 45:22 | the basics of the Calvin cycle that need to know. Okay so |
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| 45:26 | don't need to memorize this whole But no no kind of what's coming |
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| 45:31 | of it. Okay. It's how produce organic molecules by fixing C. |
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| 45:36 | . And a portion of it has go back to making the molecule that |
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| 45:39 | that CO two becomes attached to to the whole thing going okay. And |
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| 45:43 | course requires lots of energy to do . Okay. Um Any questions about |
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| 45:50 | ? So good. Let's look at question here that relates to photosynthesis and |
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| 45:57 | I'm gonna show you a a summary . So it would be a good |
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| 46:05 | to look at. Just as a kind of am summary more or |
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| 46:12 | But let's look at this. Let reopen that. Sorry, I just |
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| 46:16 | it here. Okay. Okay. . Which is up to 10 seconds |
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| 47:09 | counting down from 10. So this similar to a previous question hint, |
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| 47:26 | anybody wants to change their answer. right, here we go. |
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| 47:33 | Whoa. All over the map. . Um even somebody even answered a |
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| 47:39 | that wasn't even on their h Okay, if you answered mm you |
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| 47:49 | true, you are right, you true, you're right, you are |
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| 47:56 | . Okay. Um Yeah, if an oxygen IQ you don't use water |
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| 48:02 | water is what produces oxygen oxygen doesn't reduced. Water becomes oxidized to |
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| 48:10 | Oxygen is just the end product uh . 02 becomes reduced during fixation making |
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| 48:18 | big molecule out of it. Um system one is linked to N. |
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| 48:25 | . D. P. Production any , not all photos present. Have |
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| 48:31 | and two. We just saw that have one. Some have to some |
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| 48:33 | both. Okay, so here's the summary slide. So you might find |
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| 48:42 | health book, it has all three these processes side by side that you |
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| 48:48 | look at real quick and go, , is there something similar or something |
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| 48:52 | similar? And so that's this this this is worth a good look at |
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| 48:57 | to go through it? Okay, um sorry for the shenanigans at the |
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| 49:03 | here, so thanks for sticking sticking it out. Okay? And |
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| 49:09 | will happen again. But probably Anyway folks, uh come by if |
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| 49:15 | got questions otherwise, we'll see you week. Yes. Hours. Check |
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| 49:28 | syllabus. So it's uh Monday Both you can do either one. |
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| 5999:59 | |
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