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00:07 Alright, y'all. So here we , we're looking at the distribution of

00:10 second exam. I'll just go ahead say it's not the best scores I've

00:14 seen and well it's it's comparable to fall, I'll just put it that

00:22 . It's it's a little bit lower it's comparable. Uh remember this is

00:26 one exam. So first off is don't panic about one exam. What

00:30 do is we ask the question, did we miss and why do we

00:32 it? Uh You can see the deviation is very, very wide.

00:37 other words, you guys are flattening curve. That was my joke I

00:40 to come in with today, you , you know like that joke?

00:43 , flattening the curve. That's when standard deviation goes wide, that means

00:48 numbers are being spread out further and and further. So that means the

00:51 end is getting further away from the end um max and men were about

00:55 same. But what happened was we a slight shift and you can even

00:59 the shift there in the curve where moved from those upper regions down the

01:03 and you can actually see it Um This is actually for the whole

01:07 , not for the exam. So anyway, so that's the exam.

01:11 what I wanna do is I want show you the two units side by

01:14 . Alright, so when I say , this includes all the top hat

01:17 connects and just what's going on in you did in the first university of

01:22 second unit And you can see I've circled two areas, but for

01:26 most part, the two different, not much of a, the difference

01:29 those two. Uh, those two , right? The blue and the

01:34 are very similar, but you're going the doctor when I see a lot

01:38 orange on the front end and that's true. Um, I would

01:41 out the big circle here on the . Those are students who have dropped

01:44 class but haven't done so yet. . In other words, they didn't

01:47 up for the exam. They haven't homework basically forever. So those are

01:52 who just haven't dropped the class And so that's one of the things

01:55 confidence to pull down just a little , but I point out this other

01:59 right here. Um, and I looking at this, I'm trying to

02:03 out what that is. Well, have 15 exams missing. So that

02:07 be part of it. Um, other is, again, we have

02:10 lot of students who have given You know, and you know,

02:14 can't make you do work. I make you decide that you want to

02:17 . If you look around the how many you guys know how many

02:20 are, are enrolled in this 400. That's, that is 80%

02:26 this classroom should be filled, And granted a 30 class. I

02:31 never a morning person if I showed to an eight o'clock class or 8

02:34 class, I was there to I mean, so I'm not dogging

02:39 for not showing up, but you expect to do well if you don't

02:43 up now, I'm talking to the right now, right? You guys

02:47 up, you fought traffic or went campus, You looked out that

02:51 saw that thunderstorm wondering whether or not gonna come our way and you're

02:55 I'm still going all right. But are people in here who miss class

03:01 a regular basis and it's not just classes across the campus, there is

03:06 high, high, high correlation between and grades the end, Alright.

03:12 doesn't matter what class you take, gonna always be true. And the

03:15 for that is humans are experiential I know that you think in your

03:20 that you are an auditory learner or learner or whatever type of learner,

03:24 your experiential what that means is you all those components and some things are

03:28 appealing to you, right? What you like to learn? How do

03:31 like to learn visual auditory visual. , Right. So, you

03:36 we like that. But the truth you need all of those and when

03:39 get up here and make an asset myself doing stupid stuff and it's

03:43 isn't it? Is watching watch the man make an ax out of

03:46 right, That helps you understand the . Alright. That's number one and

03:52 two is I've talked to you about to go about internalizing information. I'm

03:59 talk specifically the freshman. So if a sophomore or junior, this is

04:03 your first year in college, you go ahead and just kind of sit

04:06 for a second. Although the message true for you as well. College

04:10 very, very, very different than school and you know that already you've

04:14 doing it for half a semester, ? But it's incredibly different. You

04:18 have as many opportunities to rescue your , right? So you have to

04:22 how to study because the expectation is us on our end is we're giving

04:27 the information you need to know, got to figure out how to internalize

04:30 . So, the presumption is, know how to study. Now,

04:34 been in this game a long So, I know that you're all

04:36 in not knowing how to study. right. I got kids in high

04:40 right now where I'm just shaking my . I'm like, please listen to

04:43 in two years, you're gonna be off to college and you're gonna be

04:46 , I don't understand why I'm not a's and it's like, I know

04:50 because you sit around on your butt day and not you guys, I'm

04:53 about my kids, right? You do anything. You come home and

04:57 never any homework and you're going to out the hard way that you're gonna

05:01 to be self motivated. So I you on the very first day of

05:05 and I have people who've taken me who've heard this speech over and over

05:09 over again. You have to learn to organize information. You have to

05:13 time regularly exposing yourself to it in for you to internalize it. You

05:19 ? Now I know you guys are and I don't want you to

05:22 First off, you guys know when drop date is for those who are

05:25 , I gotta drop, I gotta november. What? 14? Oh

05:30 goodness. It's actually the 16th. a Wednesday. It's the middle of

05:35 week in the middle of november. you don't know how how good y'all

05:40 it right? When I was in , you have like three tests and

05:44 you screw up the first one, just like, do I stay,

05:46 I go? And the rule of was, well, we're paying a

05:49 dollars to go to school. So stay and you work harder,

05:53 The truth is is you have a bit more freedom, right? You

05:57 have how much, how much of great have you, have you learned

06:00 far? Isn't this is not a question. 50%. Yeah, we've

06:06 only done half our class. So still lots of great in front of

06:10 . Right? And in fact you another test and a whole units worth

06:14 work to actually look and see. this the class that I stay in

06:19 ? I've been trying to figure all , how do I talk to you

06:21 because I can be the tough guy say suck it up and start working

06:27 I guarantee you there is not a in this classroom who is incapable of

06:31 this material. You all got into , You know what that means?

06:35 capable, Right, notice was there prereqs for this class? No,

06:42 is no prereqs for A and That means anybody and everybody can learn

06:46 . We have no requirement to take material. Alright, so right

06:52 if you're sitting there going, I'm getting it, it's not because of

06:55 , it's because of other things that getting in your way and you've just

06:59 to figure out what those things it may be your study, you

07:03 how you study it, maybe what doing. Like if you're like

07:07 my freshman year was a blow off , you know, I went to

07:10 really good high school, my first class with my junior year in

07:15 right? I've told you guys, was a lazy, lazy, I

07:20 , I'm not exaggerating when I say students, You know, I've told

07:24 , I mean, I think I you guys the story about my couch

07:26 . No. Yeah I never showed to class. Never turned into single

07:31 assignment. Didn't do any of the . Can you imagine doing this?

07:35 I'm just going to take the tests the first, on that last test

07:38 that final exam. I turned it the professor saw me turn in the

07:42 he looked at the name, he it was me. So he was

07:45 for me. He pulled me aside said you obviously know how to do

07:49 but you obviously don't care about I don't want you taking another math

07:52 again. All right, no You know I got a B plus

07:58 the class right? And I fulfilled math requirements so I was like I

08:03 care. Right? That's the type attitude I had when it hit me

08:07 my junior year and I don't want to be like that for you

08:10 All right now I'm gonna show you and then we're gonna talk about add

08:14 because I'm not trying to be mean I know some of you are sitting

08:16 in your brain going I've got to the class so it's the end of

08:19 life. Oh no. Oh no not there. You're not panicking

08:23 You ready? You ready? There we go. Alright so this

08:31 what your grade looks like without extra . Right? All the greats that

08:36 done so far and what grades you to get, which, you

08:39 A B. C or D. right now in a is about an

08:42 . A B. Is about a A. C. Is about a

08:45 . A. D. Is around . And everything down below that is

08:48 failing grade. Now again, I'm out these right here, those are

08:53 students have already dropped the class. not gonna worry about that. All

08:57 , Some of these students right in are students who haven't taken the second

09:00 for whatever reason. And I've got got a couple of them have already

09:03 me. The rest of my think dropped the class, this group right

09:07 . If you find yourself in the to 40 to 50 range, there

09:10 no reason why you can't be up this range. All right. The

09:14 thing that's keeping you there right now your own fear of success this Oh

09:18 , I can't do it. That's you say that once, then what

09:22 done is you've already committed yourself to I'm not going to work hard and

09:25 to figure it out. All everyone else is capable and you're sitting

09:30 , there's not a lot of Trust me, there'll be plenty of

09:32 by the end of the semester. is this in fact these numbers were

09:36 exact same from the fall when I and looked at the grades. So

09:40 though there's a slight difference exactly the from last fall. Alright.

09:47 This is is everything that you've done this point. So if you want

09:50 calculate your grade, do you guys how to calculate your grade? You

09:56 that we talked about on the first of class? Right? Go

10:00 Look at that first lecture. Go . Look in the syllabus. It's

10:03 there. You all taken algebra. can you've taken it doesn't even be

10:09 algebra algebra. Right? This plus plus this take the average is you

10:13 , it's not hard. Alright. can figure out what your great

10:16 Now. I'm gonna talk about add and we're gonna talk about something that's

10:20 interesting. Which is anatomy. But I'm gonna I'm gonna solve this

10:23 because a lot of you right now sitting here going, oh man,

10:26 not getting that. See I'm not in a nursing school. Oh

10:30 I've got to quit. Right. I hearing that? Is that is

10:34 the echo that I keep hearing around world? All right. This is

10:40 we say to ourselves when we are getting the grade we want. We

10:44 not go whoa. Is me. dropping the class A w is an

10:50 situation. Alright, When your grade unrepeatable alright? When there is no

10:57 and you need to salvage that P. A. Or have to

11:01 that you are not getting blocked All right. So that means you're

11:05 a D. Or an F. the next grade you're going to get

11:08 gonna get you any higher. All . So how many grades do we

11:11 coming in? Still A lot. . So today's not the day to

11:16 ? So that's that's the first thing we go alright. So today's not

11:19 day to drop. What is The day of getting better figuring out

11:24 do I move from where I am where I wanna be? Alright.

11:28 number one. But let's say we we are contemplating the question. The

11:32 question we need to ask ourselves is is the lowest grade that I'm willing

11:36 take out of a class before I ? Now many of you are sitting

11:41 going well, it's an A. right. That's a lie. Your

11:46 or the feds or whomever paid for education would be sorely upset if you

11:50 the class with a B. And be sorely upset if you drop the

11:54 with the C. Those are all grades. Those will all result in

11:58 through the university. That will all in you graduating from the college and

12:04 the university. Alright. So usually that grade is probably gonna be a

12:10 . Or worse. Now there are if you are a senior and your

12:14 . P. A. Is above 2.0. A. D. Is

12:16 fine because that will be enough to you out of the university so you

12:21 to graduate with two points or Efs alright we don't wanna get

12:24 Alright so that's the first question you to ask that question. You have

12:28 be truthful about it. It's not ego. Keep your ego out of

12:32 . Keep your feelings out of This is analysis. If we put

12:35 emotions and our feelings into our analysis gonna skew it in the direction that's

12:40 going to be to our benefit. right so we have to put that

12:43 . So number one is what's the grade that I can get? You

12:45 that out? You look at this right here. What's the lowest grade

12:48 can get in the class based on numbers that you see up here right

12:51 today, what's the lowest number you get in the class and still be

12:55 52. Now some of you are wait a second. I don't think

13:01 . C. Is supposed to be 52. What did I tell

13:03 On the first day of class we a curve in this class. It's

13:07 distribution curve. You need to understand for most science courses. This is

13:11 it's gonna look like. It's not . Oh the highest grade was a

13:15 . Everyone gets eight points. That's . That's what they do in the

13:19 arts because they don't understand how to math. Alright. They don't understand

13:25 curves and statistics. So they think giving everybody a curve and really what

13:28 doing is they're making themselves feel better making the highest grade equal to

13:33 That's not how it works. So what you do is you say,

13:36 if the lowest grade I need for classes of 52 where do I sit

13:41 to that grade? Are you above 52 or you below the 52?

13:44 you're below the 52 is the 52 attainable? All right. And if

13:50 answer is yes then you have to a second question. Is it

13:55 Alright. I'm just gonna give you example. Alright. Let's say in

14:00 to get the grade you want, need to get to hundreds on the

14:03 two exams and you've never seen 100 your life. What's the probability of

14:08 getting your two hundred's zero. Thank very much. So that's when you

14:13 . Okay, well it might be possible but it's not really mathematically

14:18 Alright. So there has to be realism in this stuff. So you

14:21 to be realistic. So let's say have to score 10 20 points greater

14:25 you've been doing on the next two . Is that possible? Yes,

14:29 we have to make some adjustments and is the hardest part, right?

14:34 you look at what you've been doing what you can do and what you

14:38 do. The question is, am willing to change what's going on in

14:41 life right now to make that All right. And that's the difference

14:46 being a child and being an All right. And I'm not saying

14:49 guys are Children. I'm just saying is the step that you're making.

14:52 you say I refuse to be a , I'm now taking responsibility for my

14:58 and so what I'm gonna do is not going to study the way that

15:02 been doing because what I've been doing not getting me the grades that I

15:06 . So I've got to make some . And if you don't know how

15:09 make the change, then you come to me because I can help you

15:12 that. All right. I've talked you all about how to study how

15:15 be successful and doing So using less in terms of your prep. If

15:21 spent time I'm just gonna do this . If you spend time doing quiz

15:26 you wasted your time studying for the . Alright? You spun your

15:31 Were you busy? Yeah. How How many of you've really worked hard

15:38 for this exam? Come on. your hands up. All right.

15:42 is fun. You don't have to you in. How many of you

15:44 just blew it off So that maybe do well, yeah. Okay.

15:46 couple of you. That that was . You know, maybe I'll do

15:50 , maybe I won't. All So, I'm not dogging those.

15:53 you worked hard. You felt like worked hard, but you did all

15:56 . Those You felt like you worked . How many of you didn't get

15:58 result that you wanted? Alright. , there's a disconnect. You worked

16:04 , but you didn't get what you . So, the question is,

16:07 why? All right. So, you have to do is you have

16:10 look back and this is what that credit is. That's gonna be coming

16:13 , right? It's gonna ask the . How did you do on this

16:17 ? How did you study? What you do? And did it give

16:20 a result? If it didn't give a result? If you keep doing

16:23 you've been doing expect the same You've got to change and you've got

16:28 look at how do I organize How do I internalize it? What

16:32 is going to be best in terms helping me stick this information in my

16:38 ? All right. That's where we're . Alright. So, if you

16:44 you think that it's time to drop , come talk to me. I'm

16:50 gonna try to talk you out of . I'm just gonna play the facts

16:53 front of you. All right? job is not depending upon whether you

16:56 in the class or not. My job here is to help you

16:59 the material so you can achieve your . But if you're gonna want to

17:02 achieve your goals. Let's talk about first. All right. I want

17:08 get you into nursing school medical I want to get you into medical

17:13 . I want to get you into school and we got a lot of

17:17 school people up here and I know school over there, Dental school over

17:21 . Anyone else? What do we nurses who wants to be a

17:24 All right. All right. We've to change a little bit about what

17:29 doing. So, if you're not the grade you want, let's talk

17:32 it now. I know there's gonna 50-100 of you trying to talk to

17:36 today. We don't have enough time do all that. But what we

17:43 do is you can keep coming to if there's too big of a

17:46 I mean, I'm gonna be in office day, then you come on

17:48 or Tuesday next week and then you on and you come on If you

17:52 know what you're doing in terms of to study. If you want to

17:54 changes go back and listen to that day lecture, I didn't just do

17:58 to fill up the time. All . I want you to learn how

18:02 study. If you need to know to do it from person to

18:05 I can walk you through it. guarantee you if you study that

18:09 My other classes, a junior level , physiology. To talk about much

18:14 the same stuff that we do here a lot more in depth stuff.

18:16 had a student. The class first got a 44 Tough. Right?

18:22 don't know what I'm doing and Blah Blah. Why am I getting these

18:24 ? I never got in these What was me? I need this

18:26 grade. Alright. This one Fine. How are you study?

18:29 told me. All right. That's the way to study. Walk through

18:32 same stuff. I tell you guys goes and does and studies the way

18:35 tell her tell her she comes in she's mad. I didn't get the

18:40 I wanted what I said. What'd get? Well, I got a

18:43 . Alright. Alright. So your went from a 44 to a

18:47 Your grade climbed 16 points from the exam to the second exam. That's

18:53 33% increase. You're you're you're upset that. Well, I guess

18:59 Said imagine what you're gonna do on third exam again? Probably about the

19:03 thing. This is true. Over over and over. You just gotta

19:08 what you're doing. I said was hard studying that way? No.

19:11 . Okay. So let's keep it . Don't be upset that you saw

19:16 improvement. That's what it was. she wanted she was expecting 100.

19:21 No, no, no, that takes a little bit of time.

19:23 right. So that's what we're gonna shooting for. So if you need

19:26 talk, I'm happy to do it you. But I'm just letting you

19:29 because I know many of you guys panicking right now. What does,

19:33 does the score tell you? It's possible. There's not a person in

19:39 that can't get a B right right? You have half your

19:43 If you're sitting with the 45 you your score then half again you're gonna

19:48 up there. Remember the connects and top hats don't ignore them. That

19:53 padding. That's what pads your It pulls you up. It's like

19:56 test score. So if you're getting on those, well by percentiles,

20:02 pulling everything up. It's not as as you think it is.

20:07 So the grades on blackboard. so here here's the thing about

20:10 Remember it's not a good calculator. have to do your own math,

20:13 the grades on there should be accurate you see on blackboard, A grade

20:17 doesn't look like what you see on actual website. Let me know because

20:21 now and then names flip flop. had another student. Another class.

20:24 spelled his name with an O. on black on casa. It was

20:28 with a U. For some And so he was flipped and so

20:32 like, I don't know why my are all off and I'm like oh

20:34 see. Just fixing. Yeah. that's he was he was really

20:39 Like my grades are not as high I thought they were. I was

20:42 well those your numbers are accurate. me find out where it's going

20:46 So alright but blackboard should have your grades. You just need to do

20:51 math. All right. So if in that range, don't panic.

20:59 get let's get you moving. If in that dish range above 50 let's

21:04 panic. Let's get you moving If you're in that CS range,

21:08 not panic. If you're in the . S. Range, if you're

21:11 the range, you still need to to keep work in that direction.

21:15 right. Let's not be let's not satisfied with with these grades now.

21:21 that mean was I mean sounding I'm trying really hard not to be

21:26 because you know, I've had students mean not mean I want you to

21:30 you. I want you to achieve goal. I would rather every one

21:33 you get into nursing school than a student from texas A. And

21:36 How's that? Or from U. . Especially. Right. That sound

21:41 and if your post back and went one of those two schools we love

21:43 . But it's No we were Cougars Right. All right. Anyone have

21:51 about the test? It will open probably next Wednesday. I have two

21:57 who have medical issues that have to the exam that day. So that's

22:01 I'll open up. That's when the credit will open up and you'll have

22:04 a week to look at them and the extra credits and yada yada

22:07 When's our next exam? November So you got three weeks.

22:17 Any other things now? Yes. want to learn about muscles.

22:22 No. No, I don't wanna about learn about something else instead.

22:28 right. Again you don't have to running up here after class saying can

22:33 meet with you? Just you know my office is? I'll get there

22:36 about 5 10 minutes right after I we closed up shop here.

22:41 And I'll meet with as many people I can today. But remember I

22:45 class. You know, shortly I've basically office hours and I got another

22:49 . So I can't spend my entire with every kid. Every student's giving

22:53 kids your adults. Alright. So I wanna do. I don't want

22:59 talk about muscles. All right. today what we're gonna do is we're

23:03 look at the skeletal muscle and we're look at how it works. What

23:06 not gonna do is we're not gonna all the names of all the

23:09 All right, we're gonna leave that the lab because um there are muscle

23:15 and it's really really hard on a like this to sit there and point

23:18 , hey, here's this muscle These are the names of the muscles

23:20 that muscle group. So we're gonna kind of just focus in on the

23:25 and how they actually work. Um terms of skeletal muscle function. The

23:31 that you're most familiar with, the that you're most comfortable with is this

23:34 that muscles are responsible for movement. so that is 100% true. So

23:39 you think about muscle, that's what can think about. But it also

23:43 to protect and support the internal Like think about your gut. You

23:48 abdominal muscles that basically hold your gut place and that serves as a form

23:52 protection. It's not as good as bone but it's still a form of

23:56 , helps To maintain your posture. talked about stabilizing joints when we talked

23:59 bones and joints um they helped to heat. So muscles are really,

24:05 inefficient engines and so they convert energy not only kinetic energy but they also

24:11 into thermal energy and that is the of energy that keeps you warm your

24:17 of this when you shiver. But this is Houston. If you go

24:20 outside for 30 seconds, you start and that's really because your muscles are

24:24 heat as well. Alright. Also an important role in communication. Typically

24:31 we don't think about this so but the ability, our ability to

24:35 , the ability to produce gestures and facial expressions are incredibly significant in terms

24:40 how we communicate between one another and experienced this because if you've ever gotten

24:44 of those tweets and got horrible or tweets but a text and you got

24:48 offended because you couldn't understand the sarcasm whatever that was in that text,

24:53 ? Because you weren't looking at someone's while they're telling you something,

24:58 Also your ability to type and Those are also types of movements.

25:03 , those are forms of communication as . So muscles are pretty darn

25:08 All right. Um there are over names, skeletal muscles in Med

25:13 you'll probably have to learn them all you go to nursing school, you're

25:17 not gonna learn them all. If dealing with facial stuff, you're gonna

25:20 to learn all these crazy things. the idea here is that when you

25:24 a single about talk about a single in and of itself, that is

25:28 discrete organ. So collectively these 600 organs are collectively the musculature of your

25:39 . Great. We'll have to back . I don't know. My buttons

25:42 to stick and I don't know There we go. Alright,

25:47 what we're looking at this picture here a muscle. So, this would

25:52 a named muscle right here. And we call we call it the muscle

25:57 . And then if you go you'll see that we have within that

26:01 belly, we have bundles of So here, right, there is

26:04 fiber that are bound together in a and that's called a physic Ulis.

26:09 . And so you can just see , it's just an organization thing.

26:14 belly is a whole bunch of fibers have been bundled together into bundles which

26:17 bundled together. So, here's the cell that we're interested in. Here

26:23 those cells bundled together. And then bundles of the bundles is finally the

26:28 belly. All right. And if you're looking at this, these

26:34 are the thing that's doing, the is connective tissue. So, around

26:39 skeletal muscle, there is not just plasma membrane, but there is a

26:44 of connective tissue that separates that muscle from the other muscle cells. And

26:49 you take a bunch of those muscle that are wrapped in connective tissue and

26:54 wrap that in connective tissue that's going produce that vesicular vesicular that has that

26:59 tissue. And then you take a of those physically and put them

27:03 And you wrap that in connective that's where you get the muscle

27:06 So, we have names for each those layers of the connective tissue.

27:10 , so the suffix is missy um missy. Um So you can see

27:15 have an indo missy um That's gonna around the individual cell. The

27:20 Not to be confused with the which is a microorganism, that's the

27:26 tissue around the Oculus. And finally epic museum is the one that surrounds

27:31 individual muscles. Now this connective tissue beyond each of these structures and they

27:36 and join together and they form what the tendon? Alright. And the

27:42 is a structure that attaches a muscle a bone. Alright, so it's

27:47 extend beyond the muscle fiber and attaches the curiosity of the bone and it's

27:52 the muscle when it contracts it pulls that connective tissue um And that pulls

27:58 the bone. So you're not pulling on the bone, You're pulling the

28:02 tissue itself. All right. So three layers result in the tendon,

28:10 gonna be one of those days, it? Now, what we're looking

28:15 and where we're gonna be spending our for the most part is down at

28:19 level of the individual cell. The individual cell is referred to as

28:25 fiber. Alright, so when you that word fiber? Think oh I'm

28:29 about an individual cell. Alright. they first started looking at these individual

28:35 , they thought they were special And so they had special things.

28:38 so they gave all the parts of cell that we've already learned special

28:42 just like they did in the axon of the neuron right there on had

28:47 these special names but it's just oh that's the same thing that we've

28:51 as, as a generic as this that's the same thing here,

28:54 We have a sarcoma. Sarcoma is the plasma membrane, right? We

28:59 a sarko plasm. Sarko Plaza is cytoplasm. And what's unique about the

29:05 Alright, is that it has a bunch of glasses. OEMs and the

29:09 um is simply a glycogen crystal. you guys know what glycogen is,

29:16 is it? It's a sugar. why carbohydrates sugar is what we're looking

29:22 here. So what do muscles need order to work? Energy. They

29:28 to produce energy. So they need to break down to make energy.

29:33 the first thing you need to understand is muscles don't have to wait for

29:36 to be delivered to it. It stores it up. All right,

29:40 stored in the form of glycogen. is really just huge glucose stores.

29:45 basically taking a whole bunch of glucose and and putting them into a chain

29:49 we usually do that in the liver the muscles the other place where this

29:52 . So the muscles already have sugar up secondly it has in it

29:58 myoglobin is like hemoglobin and if you're with anything about hemoglobin, hemoglobin is

30:03 is to bind up oxygen and to it around in the blood,

30:06 It actually it's found in red blood . So myoglobin is a molecule very

30:11 hemoglobin found in these cells and it up oxygen. And why do we

30:15 up oxygen? And the reason for is because we can use oxygen to

30:20 break down glucose glucose. Plus oxygen us energy um in spades it allows

30:26 to go through the entire um process breaking down glucose to get us more

30:33 more energy. It's the um glad pathway and oxidative phosphor relation for those

30:39 you who've taken biology. She said one. Alright then the other thing

30:48 there's lots of mitochondria, why do need mitochondria A. T.

30:53 It's the battery of the cells. the more cells the more mitochondria having

30:57 sell the more energy this thing is because it needs more energy or more

31:02 TP to do its job. So A T. P. Is kind

31:05 important in these cells. Lastly it's nucleotide most people don't understand or get

31:09 . The reason this is multi nucleotides each muscle cell starts off life as

31:13 very very tiny. Itsy bitsy singles cell and it's fine another itsy bitsy

31:17 tiny muscle cell and says hey let's a bigger muscle cell and so it

31:21 together and then other cells merge And so what you end up with

31:24 a very, very large cell. you think of a muscle fiber,

31:28 is as big or as long as muscle is itself. So using my

31:32 as an example, the bicep is to here to there, that is

31:36 length. Alright. So each muscle in that bicep is roughly that same

31:41 and that's a function of a whole of cells coming together and forming one

31:45 , very large cell. This is it's multi nuclear hated. Now within

31:51 we're going to see a couple of organs that are unique alright. And

31:56 we refer to these internal structures as triad. Now the only thing that's

32:03 here is the transfer tubular tubular. t tubules are basically little openings in

32:10 cytoplasm that creates a tunnel. So it's it's only open to the

32:15 So literally the tube that goes all way through the cell and opens up

32:18 the other side. Alright, so like a tunnel through the cell.

32:22 these are closely associated with the endo critical. Um specifically the smooth endo

32:28 critical. Um And the smooth endo particular job is to to sequester way

32:34 hold up calcium and the t tubules right next to the Sarka plasma

32:39 Um And the region nearest the T . So here's our T tubules,

32:43 yellow thing in our little cartoon going the way through the blue represents the

32:48 plasma critical um that stores up the and the region of the psycho plasma

32:54 nearest the T tubules called the terminal . E. So the end

32:59 the end holding spot. And so is the area where there's an interaction

33:04 the T tubules and the cytoplasmic So really this is part of that

33:08 they separated out called the triad. right. So, we have this

33:14 structure and then if you look at picture, you can see there's a

33:17 bunch of other stuff in here that's in there. All right. And

33:20 what we're gonna kind of focus on this other material is the are the

33:25 , the side of skeletal elements that the cell to do what it needs

33:28 do. So, the mile fiber to sell right, all the things

33:38 just discussed and within it you can it's just jam packed full of mile

33:44 brill's. Alright, so mile five is the term we use for the

33:49 of skeleton. There are hundreds of of these in a single muscle

33:54 In fact, the stronger you the more mile five grills you

33:58 In other words, they're the things make muscles bigger. All right.

34:03 , when you work out and and exercising and making your muscles stronger.

34:07 you're doing is you're adding more and mild five grills to your mile

34:12 which makes it fatter, makes it . Now. The mile five brill

34:18 made up of two different Myo You see how all this language works

34:22 how irritating it can be. My my oh my or Sarko? Sarko

34:26 , Right, so the Maya filaments the structures that make up the mile

34:32 . So we have mile fiber is cell. Myo five brill are the

34:36 of skeletal elements, the side of made up of little tiny fibers,

34:39 we refer to as the Myo There's two types, we got the

34:44 filament and the thin filament. And you've ever taken any sort of biology

34:47 , you've probably heard these two terms when you talked about muscles.

34:51 what we're gonna do, we're gonna at them in a little bit more

34:53 depth. The thick filament is a of miocene. And so my son

34:58 of has this appearance like a golf , right, has this head.

35:02 to it. And actually what you is you have two of these,

35:05 have this long long arm and at very end of that long arm or

35:10 , you have these two little it looks like someone's trying to box

35:13 the 20s, right? You've seen pictures of guys doing this,

35:17 that's kind of what it looks And what you have is you have

35:20 flexible hinge that sits that allows these heads to move and they're always gonna

35:26 moving in opposition to each other. don't move together. It's always like

35:30 . So what that means is that can interact with the other fibers or

35:34 the other filaments to to pull on . All right. Now, that

35:40 , the thing that we're focused on has two things of interest to

35:43 The first is that it has an binding site. So it interacts with

35:48 active molecule. That means we're gonna to find act in some place and

35:52 that's thin filaments. All right. second thing it has, it has

35:55 A. T. P. Site. Alright. And 80 ph

35:59 you hear a voice at the end . S. E. That's telling

36:01 that it's an enzyme that breaks down . T. P. So it

36:06 the energy found in that molecule. it's going to use that energy for

36:11 and it's not what you think it . All right, we're gonna look

36:14 that a little bit more in The thin filament is acting plus two

36:19 molecules. Alright, now, acting on it a binding site that is

36:25 to miocene. So we have acting attracted to Miocene. Miocene that's attracted

36:30 acting but we don't want them to all the time because the moment they

36:35 , the moment they contract, you're to get a contraction and you don't

36:37 your muscles always in a contracted You want to be able to move

36:40 muscles around. So we have something interferes with that interaction and that's this

36:45 right here at. So it's kind like my S. N. But

36:49 so that the Troppo part tells you it's not the same molecule. And

36:54 it is, if you look at little cartoon it's that green band that

36:57 and what it's doing is it's sitting front of the myosin binding site on

37:02 . So the act in the miocene come together. It's blocking the

37:07 Now obviously if it's blocking the interaction move out of the way when we

37:13 to actually get a contraction. So have to have something that pulls it

37:16 of the way and that's what that molecule is. Troponin. Alright,

37:20 the way to remember this is my has the name that tells you what

37:24 attracted to, right? It's attracted that bias and binding site but it

37:28 have the same level of traction as actual uh thick filament. Alright.

37:34 it's just closely associated. So we to move it out of the

37:37 So the other molecule troponin does that the way we get it to do

37:42 is we introduce calcium to this molecule calcium binds to it. It causes

37:48 proponent to move like a hinge to the triple mice out of the way

37:53 make the mice and binding site Alright, now we're gonna go into

37:59 on this in a little bit Alright, so so far are we

38:04 me? The mile filaments, thick is my sin. Thin filament is

38:11 plus triple minus and plus proponent. the reason we name each of these

38:17 is because we need to know what parts due to help us understand the

38:22 . Alright, so all the parts important. This usually freaks people out

38:29 they see this. It's like oh this is so hard. There's eyes

38:32 their H. S. And they're . S. And their M.

38:34 there's disease and there's all these letters they're not alphabetical and they're scary.

38:38 be scared. The functional unit of skeletal muscle. Remember what I said

38:44 a mile fiber has a length to , right? The functional unit is

38:49 thing that allows it to make that fiber shrink. So what we're looking

38:55 here, we're talking about the functioning the sarcoma. Now each cell has

39:01 of Stark years. There's not just sock, there's hundreds if not thousands

39:06 thousands of Stark. I'm ears. you can kind of see here the

39:09 time they ever did this. They inside a cell and they saw a

39:13 bunch of bands. They saw dark and lighter bands and dark bands and

39:17 lighter bands. And here's the dark . Oh wait, there's a pattern

39:20 repeats itself. And so what they is they said, let's define that

39:25 of repetition. So that must mean . All right. And that's what

39:30 did. There just look in the . They don't know what these things

39:33 . It's just light bands and dark . And so they named them.

39:36 found this kind of darkish band sitting by itself and they said, we're

39:40 to call that the Z line. right. Now, I don't know

39:43 one they named first. They probably the a band first because it's a

39:46 the front, but they name And so what you have here is

39:49 have the Z line and you go and you see, oh, there's

39:52 again. And so they said, right, the space between the Z

39:56 is what is going to be called circle mirror. And so they define

40:01 they are. And then they made of the behavior and then later they

40:05 what each of these individual things All right. But what we're gonna

40:09 is we have that that after So, we're gonna kind of walk

40:12 . So the Z line here is a bunch of proteins that you're looking

40:18 from that angle, right? Can see how thick my hand is by

40:22 at it like this? No, just looks like a line, doesn't

40:26 ? But when I move my like, so, can you see

40:29 shape of my hand? Right? that's what the Z. Line is

40:33 or the Z. Disc. The Z disc is basically a bunch

40:36 proteins that are in a network or mesh work. That if you would

40:40 at it face on, you'd see it's there. All right. And

40:44 not showing you in this. And So what's coming off that mesh work

40:48 a bunch of active filaments. so you're thin filaments are expanding away

40:55 the Z. Line in both Like. So, and the area

40:59 there's just those thin filaments that's called eye band. Alright, so this

41:06 right here, the eye band goes this direction, it goes in that

41:10 is just thin filaments and then it dark. And the reason it gets

41:16 is because now you have a bunch thick filaments. Now the center point

41:21 the thick filaments, I'm just gonna ahead is over here at the

41:24 Line. The M. Line is the Z. Line, It's a

41:26 of proteins in the mesh work or . But if you turn to look

41:29 you see it like. So, you can't see it because it looks

41:32 a line. So that's the in . So you have the Z.

41:35 which is where the thin filaments The in line is where the thick

41:39 begin and the thick filaments extend in directions. Just like the thin filaments

41:43 . So the area where there's just filaments, that's the H.

41:48 And you can see in little cartoon there. So right there, that

41:52 be the thick filaments extending off. a thin filaments sending off. All

41:56 , So the guy is going over like so the H. Is coming

42:00 the other direction where the to begin overlap. Like that. That's where

42:06 have both thick and thin filaments. the a band. Now to demonstrate

42:11 just so that you can visualize Can you come up for a sec

42:15 quick? She's like, damn. should sit in the front row.

42:19 right, She's gonna be our Line. Okay, so you're

42:22 Line And I want you to put your your arm like. So,

42:25 this is the the thin filament coming , right, I'm your in

42:29 This is the thick filament coming And see there's a point where there's

42:34 overlap over there about her elbow So everything from her elbow back to

42:40 , that would be the I Everything where the tip of my finger

42:45 up to here, that would be we have overlap. So where my

42:49 begin. That's the a band and continues on this way and then the

42:53 where there is no overlap here, the H. Band and then I

43:00 the in line. You see how all works. So you can imagine

43:05 and hundreds and hundreds of these And that's what gives it this darker

43:09 where there's double overlap and when there no overlap there and there that's the

43:14 . And the H. Those are light bands. That kind of makes

43:19 . Yeah. Thank you so Now when we deal with contractions,

43:25 we're gonna be asking is is how we create a contraction? We're gonna

43:29 bringing those Z lines close together. so there's gonna be an interaction at

43:35 a band and that's gonna affect the of those bands. And we'll look

43:40 that in just a moment. Now other proteins in there because those proteins

43:45 and of themselves would kind of fall and kind of go in whichever direction

43:49 they're just filaments. And so there's structures in there. So for

43:53 we have nebula nebula sits inside the filament and basically allows that filament to

44:00 to the Z. Line. And basically creates a stiff structure so that

44:06 thin filament doesn't kind of go down doesn't go up. It just allows

44:10 to remain parallel with each other. you have a whole bunch of them

44:14 parallel. We have a molecule tit that's being shown here these little tiny

44:18 springs. So when I get a you can imagine I'm bringing the yellow

44:24 together, that's the Z. And what you're doing is you're pushing

44:27 together and so that would cause the portion of the molecule to squish

44:33 So if I release tension on that , what would happen? It go

44:39 back out. So your muscles are stuck in a contracted state. When

44:44 muscles relax, they returned back to normal shape. All right. So

44:48 allows us to contract and relax Alright, another one is a muscle

44:54 a molecule called dystrophin. So eventually will happen is the thin filaments come

45:00 up against the wall of the the circle Emma. And if you

45:04 have structure there to keep it you're in big trouble. And so

45:09 kind of what it does. That dystrophin is kind of acts in a

45:13 to make sure that these thin filaments are moving parallel to the wall of

45:19 sarcoma. So it just helps in of organization. And then we have

45:24 10 in which also cross links um thin filaments to each other. So

45:29 holds it to the Z disk. right, so, we have molecules

45:34 help to organize the other molecules and that their interaction remains in a pattern

45:42 that you can get the greatest efficiency terms of interactions. And so I'm

45:48 you don't need to know this portion you can think of like this for

45:51 thick filament, I have six thin surrounding it. So that means the

45:56 filaments are are interacting in six different . Right. And so what I'm

46:02 is I'm ensuring that there's that all of those interactions are occurring hundreds and

46:07 of times just in the on that fiber. Because you can see again

46:14 this picture. Look at all the and heads, right? All those

46:21 heads, what are they doing? pulling on the rope and they're basically

46:24 , I'm trying to bring these Z together. Alright, I'm gonna pause

46:32 for a second. I'm gonna ask question, are we okay with the

46:39 parts? All right, this is micro anatomy part of it. You're

46:43 have to go back and review with saying it once, it's not gonna

46:45 enough to get it into your right? You're gonna have to go

46:47 and review it. Have you did guys ever, as kids play mouse

46:51 ? You know that game? you played mass trap. I

46:54 I don't think anyone ever actually played game. I think you just kind

46:56 set it up to to do the the ball marble in and see what

47:00 would do. It's basically a rube machine. Alright. If you don't

47:03 the rube Goldberg machine is google Alright. It's basically a whole bunch

47:08 different things to make a simple thing . And what we're kind of doing

47:11 is we're building this rube Goldberg And so we're naming all the parts

47:15 are part of this rube Goldberg All right. So what we just

47:20 we just walk through those parts. what I wanna do is I want

47:22 pause and move away and I want to understand conceptually what a muscle belly

47:28 doing. Alright, What's going on the muscle fiber for a moment.

47:34 . Is that okay? Has to because that's the next slide.

47:38 So, when you think about alright, each muscle cell is gonna

47:46 part of a larger group of muscle that have been joined together into what

47:50 called a motor unit. So motor represent a single neuron and the number

47:57 fibers that are associated with that And so we have different types of

48:02 . We have like delicate activity and activity with delicate activity. What you

48:07 is you have a single neuron going a couple of cells, very few

48:12 . But if I'm dealing with course , I'm gonna have a single neuron

48:16 to lots of cells. So you kind of imagine here I can fine

48:21 activity by recruitment of motor units. the motor more motor units. I

48:27 in with delicate activity. The greater of changes or small changes I can

48:33 . So try to help you better this. Give me an example of

48:38 delicate activity would be delicate muscle Perfect writing with your with a

48:43 Right? So I can do little movements with a pencil or a pen

48:49 I'm using very few muscles at a . But if I need to I

48:53 recruiting more muscles to create broader strokes whatever coarse movement. Give me an

48:59 of course movement. Running. And do you have running? Perfect.

49:04 . It doesn't take a lot of tuning to kind of say lots of

49:09 lifted up my leg, shift my , put my foot down,

49:13 There's not a lot of refinement So movement like course or like running

49:18 an example of like course movement. when you think of a motor

49:23 think about that. I'm dealing with many muscle fibers per neuron are

49:31 We're gonna be dealing with this a bit more. Now the second thing

49:34 need to understand about motor units is not gonna be clustered on one side

49:38 a muscle. So like a name . Like a bicep. You're not

49:41 have like all my motor units are the cells of one motor unit are

49:44 be on one side. Because then would when a contraction occurs it would

49:49 that muscle in a different direction, kind of dispersed equally. So that

49:52 you pull what you're doing is you're equally along the length of the entire

49:56 . All right. If you had dispersed unequally then you'd have unequal pulling

50:03 that individual muscle and would be shaped . Alright now this this um interaction

50:11 contraction in a motor unit is what called a twitch actually, it's within

50:16 cell itself. It's called twitch. , when you think of twitch you

50:19 think of something like this, And that's not a twitch, that's

50:24 what it is. But that's not type of twitch. When we're talking

50:28 twitch, we're talking about a contraction a sarcoma here, it's almost not

50:33 , it's not visible by the naked . You can detect it with an

50:36 but you can't necessarily detect it by watching somebody. All right. And

50:42 when we're talking about movement and making do things, we're talking about the

50:48 of twitches. And how many motor were actually recruiting into the situation Now

50:55 that interaction between the neuron and the fiber. So remember motor unit is

51:01 neuron and a number of fibers depending the activity at each of those

51:06 We're going to have what is called neuro muscular junction. Now this is

51:10 different than the synapses we learned about we talked about neurons. Alright,

51:15 it is slightly different because it's a and a muscle cell. It's not

51:19 neuron a neuron but all the things learned about at the synapse are true

51:24 . Okay, we have the synaptic . So that would be the neuron

51:30 the axon terminal, it releases a here. The neurotransmitters. Always always

51:36 under every circumstance. Acetylcholine. That is typically when it's released is

51:43 onto the muscle cell. In this underneath the synaptic knob is referred to

51:48 the motor end plate. And then space in between is just a synaptic

51:54 . And so we have a set colonists rates. We have acetylcholine

51:58 So when the acetylcholine is released, trying desperately to find those receptors and

52:03 it binds those receptors, that's gonna those channels and that's gonna allow sodium

52:08 rush into the cell and produce a potential, that greater potential is called

52:14 in plate potential. It even tells where it's at All. Right now

52:20 play potential and we're going to kind jump ahead here In play potential is

52:25 enough to automatically produce an action So when we learned about action

52:31 action potentials are gonna be in your cells as well as in your

52:35 And so what we're looking at here right up here. This would be

52:41 action potential in a neuron resulted in potential in the muscle fiber.

52:47 if you look carefully at this you can see that this precedes

52:52 Why does it proceed? What at synapse? What do we have between

52:59 moment I released till the moment that next seller responds. What do we

53:03 that? Say it again. It's refractory period synaptic delay. Alright,

53:10 remember what is an action potential and potential is simply a signal. It's

53:14 message, right? It's saying I you to contract and the muscle

53:19 Okay, I'm gonna tell myself to . And then that action potential then

53:23 over the surface of the cell. then what you see here is then

53:26 get a late, right? So a latent period before the contraction begins

53:31 ends. So the first thing that have to kind of step away from

53:35 say to yourself is action potentials are contractions. Action potentials are signals that

53:42 contractions. Okay, action potential is electrical signal, a contraction of the

53:49 getting smaller and then relaxing again. you see we have a contraction phase

53:54 a relaxation phase. Alright, so twitch is simply what we're just viewing

54:04 , that contraction and relaxation in the fiber not enough to do anything not

54:10 visible by the naked eye. Thing if you get a bunch of twitches

54:16 you can get a contraction. You watch the movie, Bugs life.

54:21 ? You guys grow up with Alright, one ant. Not a

54:27 . Thousands of ants hopper. Better out. Okay, that's the same

54:35 here. It's a summation question. ? If I want to get a

54:40 , all I gotta do is get whole bunch of muscle fibers to get

54:43 twitching together when they twitch together. creates a stronger contraction. Okay,

54:53 what this is showing you is how get this kind of summation.

54:57 you can imagine there the contractions themselves eight. Right? So one little

55:03 . Not enough. But if I two twitches together, it makes a

55:06 twitch. If I get three twitches , it makes even a bigger twitch

55:09 so on and so on. And that's what's going on. Right?

55:12 you're seeing there, If I get stimulus, that's happening fast enough,

55:17 what will happen is I get a contraction that can be maintained for a

55:23 of time. Would you like to an example of sustained contraction? Look

55:28 this. I can curl the see . Look how strong I am,

55:36 . Yeah. See I have to the load. Does this have a

55:39 to it? What is the load load is? Does it have

55:43 Yeah. Doesn't have a lot of . Thank you. You know,

55:48 doesn't have a lot of mass. it's about three ounces. Right?

55:52 all I got to do is create contraction and tell the muscle cells overcome

55:58 load and that's what will happen and can move the load and I'm sustaining

56:02 contraction, even just holding it out a sustained contraction. Alright, so

56:08 you hear the word tetanus, what looking at is that sustained contraction as

56:11 result of a series of twitches as result of multiple stimulations occurring fast

56:17 So those twitches are going to remain a contracted state tetanus. That's what

56:23 is. You ever heard of tetanus you step on a rusty nail?

56:27 , Mom doesn't want you playing outside the streets and stuff like that because

56:31 gonna step on that rest now, gonna get tetanus and we have to

56:33 you to the hospital. You got shots in your stomach. That's what

56:36 always used to tell us. I know if that's true. Right?

56:40 why do they call that that pathology ? Do you wanna know what's

56:47 It does, its specific though which it locks up? Get lockjaw.

56:54 . That's why they called it So, you get the luck john

56:57 can on your own. That's a ideology. All right, so,

57:03 force of a contraction is gonna be upon recruitment. Right? So,

57:10 is easy to see I can curl , right? You can see me

57:13 that. Okay, my bag is a little bit heavier. I'm doing

57:19 same action. Are you so handle that have the same action.

57:24 I'm doing a curl. But this is more than that. So,

57:27 did I do that same action? , in the first one, I

57:31 a couple of motor units recruited to that curl in the second action.

57:35 was like, oh, I don't enough strength, enough ability to overcome

57:41 load with the few motor units. did. So I recruited in more

57:45 units and that created enough strength to it and then I get over

57:49 And it's like, oh look, a chair. I can curl the

57:53 because I have more motor units and can keep doing this until I get

57:57 a point where I've recruited all my units and they're all contracting and they're

58:01 able to overcome the load. So could do the table and we're not

58:05 do the table because that would just sad and embarrassing. All right.

58:11 recruitment is how we overcome loads by in more and more motor units.

58:17 notice I'm not changing the direction of muscle because they're all distributed within that

58:23 . They're all pulling in the same . They're just adding more and more

58:27 to do. So now, the thing I'd point out is that the

58:32 that we deal with the question of ? You know the way that muscles

58:37 I'm just I'm tired. I've used all my energy is that there might

58:41 times where I'm not using all my units? Right. So like

58:44 and I could do this all day , Right? But my muscles are

58:47 get tired. So, how do keep doing this? Well, the

58:52 of motor units that are there are in the same way that a 24

58:56 factory works. Right. I'm just the example of the 24 hour

59:00 So when you have a factory is for 24 hours, how many shifts

59:03 you have? Do you think? each eight hour shifts? Right.

59:08 have a morning shift, an evening in the early morning shift? You

59:11 kind of rotate between those three, ? So you can keep the factory

59:14 all the time. The workers never exhausted and they all get paid for

59:17 good day's work, right? eight is a good day of work,

59:21 ? And so you can keep everybody . And that's kind of what happens

59:24 the muscle to overcome fatigue is basically , oh, I'm gonna recruit some

59:30 units in and then when those get , I'm gonna bring in the next

59:33 of motor units in and let those . I'm just gonna keep reducing

59:37 But if I have recruited more and muscle units to overcome a load,

59:43 do you think is gonna happen? I have enough to do all the

59:46 ? No, eventually, what will is I'll get tired, I'll use

59:50 and fatigue. Each of the motor . To the point where there's nothing

59:54 can replace them with and that's where fatigue comes in. Now, typically

59:59 , what we do is we recruit is called a synchronous recruitment, so

60:04 they're not recruited all at the same , It's just by groups. So

60:07 asynchronous. Alright. But the thing we also have an order in which

60:12 recruit things. So anything any muscle is fatigue resistant and we're gonna learn

60:17 that on Tuesday next week. Those recruited first because we never know the

60:21 themselves. Don't know how long the is that you're going to be doing

60:25 it is that you're doing. So like I'm gonna bring in the fatigue

60:28 ones first because they'll last the And then what will happen is is

60:33 I'll have to bring in the fatigue muscles. Those are the last the

60:37 hurrah as it were. A little and little cheesecake for everybody.

60:50 So, muscle tone. What is tone will simply put it's a continuous

60:57 passive partial contraction. All right now of these have um have muscle

61:03 right? You can look at that it's really obvious on the male

61:07 Okay. And that's just that's that's one of the differences between males

61:12 females is our males are typically more is showing more of their muscle than

61:17 females are. Alright. Doesn't mean they don't have it. It's just

61:20 way that were designed. All right , what is this muscle tone important

61:24 other than that? It's just good look at all right. Actually,

61:27 reason it's good to look at is our brains have been trained to believe

61:32 healthy looking people are healthy, that's that's what it boils down to and

61:37 people mean that you're going to have Children, which means you're gonna have

61:41 species yada yada. That's just the way that it works. Okay.

61:46 , it's like if you see some the big tumor on the side of

61:48 face, you're kind of like, don't know if that's a good

61:52 All right. So, when you things like that, it's like,

61:55 , this is just evolution pointing what do we find as in potential

62:00 producing offspring for the next species or the next generation? Alright, notice

62:05 , does it say that first line body fat does not equal muscle

62:10 Alright, muscle tone is a muscle is in a sustained contracted state as

62:16 passive activity. Alright, So, can have lots of muscle tone and

62:22 have layers of fat over on top it, right? You can also

62:27 no muscle tone and no fat. , those two things are basically.

62:34 , typically what we say is that muscle tone associated with great flexibility at

62:38 muscle and joint. Why remember what the joint stronger is muscles that are

62:46 it and contracting around it? So high muscle tone usually associate with

62:52 usually associated with power. Alright, , that tone itself that you're seeing

62:59 that's gonna be determined by the connective as well as the size of the

63:02 and that's involved, secondly, it's a result of physical activity.

63:10 the more you exercise, the more work out, the greater those superficial

63:14 are gonna pop. And so that's you did it. They have typically

63:17 greater number of motor units that are all the time. So that's why

63:23 look the way they do. All , I think we're coming back

63:27 Oh I really never ever asked questions this, but this is just a

63:32 is a knowledge thing. There's an state of contraction for a muscle,

63:39 ? So there's a there's an efficient . So if you stretch a muscle

63:44 much it's it's not efficient in terms the type of contraction it can produce

63:49 if you squish the muscle too it's already in a contracted state,

63:52 really can't contract really well as And this kind of makes sense if

63:55 think about anyone who's ever done curls you've done those long curls where your

64:00 get overstretched, it's really hard to and then you get to a point

64:04 it's like, oh yeah, now easy. All right, so what

64:06 done is you've overstretched the muscle and now it's having a real hard time

64:11 that contraction happen. Alright, obviously I'm squished up, I can't contract

64:16 that much further, but I don't questions about this contest. It's just

64:19 you should know. All right, what I wanna do is I want

64:24 talk about this contraction, we're jumping into the cell and we're gonna ask

64:28 question, what is going on during contraction. Alright, so this is

64:34 of um there's three steps. We're be looking at what's happening at the

64:38 junction, What's happening here at the and ultimately this cross bridge cycling,

64:43 gonna be happening between the thick and thin filament. Those are the three

64:46 that are gonna be involved here. this is our rube Goldberg machine in

64:50 . So step number one. What's on in terms of the action potential

64:58 we are at the motor inn we have our neuron neuron has that

65:05 going down? It causes the opening calcium channels. Those calcium channels tell

65:10 uh the vesicles there to release their . The acetylcholine goes into the synaptic

65:18 from the synaptic cleft that binds those binds to the receptors. Those receptors

65:24 up their channels. So they allow to come into the cell that produces

65:28 action potential inside the motor or inside muscle cell that action potential then is

65:34 to travel over the surface of the . Okay, now, when you

65:39 of t tubules, that T tubules a tube through the cell, it

65:42 still cell surface. And so the going along the surface but it also

65:46 down through the t tubules. So that's what we're going to see

65:52 , That's step # one. Once get inside the T tubules there's gonna

65:57 a series of channels. There are gated channels and their associated with other

66:02 on the terminal cistern E. Of psycho plasma particular. Um the channels

66:08 are inside the T. Tubular called HP channels the channels inside the terminal

66:14 called ridin receptors. They're basically like they're attached to each other. So

66:18 I open one eye open up the that makes sense. So it's like

66:23 two doors that are connected together if open up one door. Well how

66:26 I do this? Open up one the other one opens like so right

66:31 one volt educated ones tied to the one. So the voltage changes the

66:36 potential that causes the D. P. Channel to open up which

66:39 the right and receptor to open up I open up the right arm

66:43 The thing that's holding in all the inside the circle Plaza in particular is

66:47 longer plugging the hole. So calcium rushing into the south So calcium moves

66:55 the cell as a result of the potential. That's step number two.

67:02 . Step number three is the forming the cross bridge. Now when we

67:06 about muscle cells and their contractions we think about action or think about A

67:11 . P. But it's not a that causes the contraction. When we

67:15 about the thin filament we said we acting we had to compromise and blocking

67:20 binding site and we had Troponin. is what binds calcium. So inside

67:25 muscle cell there's very little calcium when no action potentials. But when an

67:30 potential comes along that calcium gets released the cytoplasm and combined up to the

67:36 . When it binds to the it causes a change in the shape

67:40 the troponin. When I change the of the troponin, I'm pulling on

67:43 triple my assassin and I move it of the way of that binding

67:47 So now acting and Miocene can All right. You can think about

67:54 this. And I apologize because I a mask here in the front.

67:57 say you want to kiss somebody. ? You can't right now. Why

68:01 ? Because it's public And we don't that here. Right? But if

68:04 wanted to what do you have to ? Looking at the mask?

68:07 what do you want to do if want to kiss somebody? You got

68:10 take your mask off. And that's going on here is triple triple My

68:14 is like the mask. And what is is Troponin is the hand pulling

68:19 the mask so that you can do kiss. Okay. And the only

68:22 that hand is gonna pull is if is available. Alright. So,

68:28 step two In step three is All right. So now we have

68:34 interaction miocene and acting can interact. right. And so what you can

68:39 is is now here's my binding this is acting this is my my

68:44 . So, I moved cal calcium coming and I moved Troponin which caused

68:48 to move out the way it's gonna . And when it interacts it's gonna

68:52 a pull, right? Remember, mice and we have that hinge.

68:57 . And so that's what's going on is the calcium allows for the interaction

69:01 that we can pull on the And what we're gonna do is we're

69:04 pull the acting towards the in So that means we're pulling the Z

69:08 towards that in line. But this the only thing that's going on.

69:12 you do know because you've heard already have to have lots of 80

69:16 How do we know? We need of ATP. What's inside the cells

69:21 every cell of every muscle cell, of mitochondria. Okay, so obviously

69:28 . T. P. Is So, what's it doing? And

69:31 is where it gets a little Alright, so A. T.

69:35 . Is not important to cause the . What 80 P. Does is

69:39 allows for us to break the bond acting and Myson and set it up

69:45 that a contraction can occur. if you look at this picture up

69:52 , it doesn't matter where you But we're gonna start up at the

69:54 because that's kind of what they've they've us up here for and it shows

69:58 that we've we've had the calcium come and we've bound it and we've contracted

70:03 so. Alright, so I've already through that contraction and look at what

70:08 first step is. A. P. Comes along. And what

70:11 it do? It breaks the That's step number one. Alright.

70:17 going from attached to the release Little 80p molecules showing you there.

70:22 what it's done. So eight ep necessary to break the interaction. Why

70:28 I want to break the interaction? I want to create another contraction?

70:33 if I've already contracted, I need be reset. And that's what the

70:38 of the A. T. Does is you break the energy,

70:42 know, break the bond in a . And that resets it and puts

70:46 into place so that it can attach again. Should there be an

70:51 In other words, if there's no minus in the way and then I

70:54 do it again and then I add a teepee again and I reset.

70:59 right, I'm gonna help you learn because this one's kind of cool.

71:04 . What happens to a corpse? what's one of the characteristics of a

71:10 rigor mortis, it's stiff, we call it that name, right?

71:14 we're being gross nasty. Oh look a stiff. Right, so what's

71:19 here is that the muscles are in sustained contracted state. Now why does

71:23 happen right when you're dead? Right your cells are no longer pumping and

71:31 a T. P. Right now do all your cells have a teepee

71:36 ? But they're gonna use it It's gonna bind up to whatever it's

71:41 up to and it's gonna be used . And so that's what happens in

71:43 first couple of state in the first of hours. Is that A.

71:46 . P. Is no longer being ? It's like oh look I can

71:49 that. And so it binds and basically go through the cycle of contraction

71:53 contraction and then it's stuck because there's A. T. P. And

71:57 you're in a contracted rigor state. what rigor mortis is. Okay so

72:04 purpose of A T. P. to break the bond between the thick

72:08 the thin filament, right? Break bond so that I can create another

72:14 in response to calcium, calcium allows to make the interaction a tee pee

72:24 it and resets is the other way can think about it. Now that's

72:31 the power stroke. And what are doing if you look at the pictures

72:35 , what you have is you have in line in the Z.

72:37 The myosin heads are facing to pull the in line. And what I'm

72:43 is I'm interacting with the thin And I'm saying thin filaments you come

72:47 direction towards that in line. And what I'm doing is I'm pulling the

72:52 . Line towards the in line and a result we're going to see changes

72:58 the length of the eye band and H. Band. Alright. We

73:04 see it in the in the a . And I'm gonna show you why

73:08 ready to come back up and be Z. Line. You can write

73:11 stuff down and again if you alright gonna But I want you to visualize

73:16 . Alright. So again remember she's Z. Line or she's a

73:19 Disc on the in line. All now remember I'm a thick filament and

73:23 pulling on the thin filament. Now I'm doing that the Z line moves

73:28 me. So see I'm moving and Z line moves towards me?

73:32 Alright. Did my arm change But did the distance between us

73:37 Yes. So the distance between here here changed and the distance between here

73:42 here changed right? But the distance here to here did not change.

73:47 that where we overlap is the a doesn't change length but the H band

73:54 and the eye band did. And when I stopped contracting the Z line

73:59 back to where it started and now back to our original H band.

74:04 band doesn't change length because it's dependent the length of the thick filament,

74:09 the eye band did. So when look at a contraction, what we're

74:14 is we're looking at the distance from to the other Z. Line,

74:20 ? We're bringing those closer together, ? But the length of the filaments

74:27 do not change. That makes All right. We'll do it

74:33 Look, here's the contraction. legal, legal contraction contraction contraction.

74:39 it stops. Did she get Did her arm shrink in length?

74:44 my arm shrink in length? And then relaxation and off it goes

74:50 . So the contraction does not deal the length of the filament. It

74:55 with the distance between that Z. . And you can imagine there's one

74:58 on that side doing the exact same . Okay. Thanks. Alright.

75:04 the result that we see, is that the H. Zone or

75:11 H. Band gets smaller? Because bringing the Z. Line and that

75:17 filament gets closer. Right saying so you can write it down if

75:22 need to write the I. Band smaller because the thick filament gets closer

75:28 the line really. The line is closer to the thicker filament but the

75:33 from here to here doesn't change because length of those thick filaments stay the

75:39 . Alright, So the contraction is movement of the Z. Lines as

75:44 function of the mice. And pulling the acting. Are we okay with

75:48 ? Does that make? Yes It can But it were really what

75:58 done at this point is you've contracted far as you can contract.

76:01 But once you get there, it's you're not really most of the time

76:05 never really going to get there. , the question is, does the

76:08 band really or the H zone? ? Uh does it disappear? And

76:12 really never really does. But it . Right. So, for every

76:21 , remember, we saw the slope every contraction, we have to have

76:25 relaxation. So, how do we things back to normal? What caused

76:28 contraction calcium? So, if calcium contraction to get relaxation, let's get

76:34 of the calcium. All right. , what do we have? We

76:37 a series of pumps. All The name of the pump on the

76:41 plasma critical. Um Has a special . It's called circa smooth Endo plasma

76:47 . Um calcium pump. That's where name comes from. So, what

76:49 it pump calcium? It says right there in the name, I'm

76:54 gonna ask you what circus, but just kind of is an easy way

76:56 remember. It's like, okay. so, what it's doing is it's

76:59 on Alright. It's constantly pumping. like a pump on a boat,

77:04 ? It's just sitting there constantly going constantly going when there's nothing going

77:09 When there's no action potentials. The of which calcium enter into the circle

77:14 in particular is faster than the rate which it leaves? So calcium gets

77:18 weight and hidden up in the in circle plasma particular. Um Right.

77:22 when there's an action potential that pump still going but there's more channels open

77:27 more calcium is leaving. So even it's trying to pump water or pump

77:33 back in it can't keep up and why you end up with the

77:37 So what we're doing is we're saying look if there's no E.

77:40 P. No in plate potential, no action potential. If there's no

77:44 potential were not stimulating those D. . P. Receptors and those riot

77:48 receptors. If we're not stimulating those in receptors then we're not getting calcium

77:54 into the environment. If there's no there's no contraction. So that's what's

78:00 on here. And if there's no that means the acting the medicine or

78:04 calcium. There's no active in interacting each other. All right. So

78:14 the rube Goldberg. I know we some more stuff that we could go

78:17 but you know they want to learn in here so we're gonna call it

78:20 day. Um Are there questions about ? Yeah. Alright. If you're

78:29 , you can't come and see All right. But I'm gonna ask

78:33 those hard questions like how are you ? You know that sort of

78:39 We'll get it figured out peace Right.

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