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00:00 and you know, Yeah. Good . Yeah, I guess when you

00:15 before me, it doesn't let me in. And even had Thio reset

00:22 password, which was not incorrect. e think Zoom may have some problems

00:29 , um, somebody has a free and also a paid for account because

00:36 the same email. Okay. we're here. Okay, this is

01:06 we we kind of left off. thing I want to remind everybody before

01:13 get started is the first exercise is November 11th. Before lunch time.

01:20 going to get a second exercise. be do the same date. A

01:24 of times I give you Ah. , long deadline. Not so you

01:29 till the deadline to do it. just so you have plenty of time

01:32 plan when you condone it. you know, the sooner you get

01:38 first exercise done, which shouldn't take long of you follow the instructions

01:43 Once you get that done, get in. And, uh and then

01:48 gonna have ah, pretty simple logging . Very basic. But I just

01:53 make sure everybody kind of gets an of how to look at the log

01:57 estimated without pulling out your petro physics . And and then, uh,

02:09 by this afternoon I will assign your exercise, and that one's gonna be

02:17 November 18th. And then, the mapping exercise will come next

02:26 So hopefully, uh, you'll have time to do that and and I'll

02:31 you a deadline since there's no other after this and just so you can

02:37 your time, I'll give you a , actually, after the exam.

02:42 if you want to get it done you'll be, you could do it

02:46 . And I just think, you , I have this more difficult exercise

02:52 the end of the class and we an exam at the end of the

02:56 , and because of that, you thio, you know, schedule your

03:04 a little bit with a little bit constraints because you're worried about the exam

03:08 you haven't exercise at the same So when times available, I usually

03:12 people to spend a little time after the exam so that they can focus

03:19 exam first and then finish up the exercise. But once we start doing

03:25 mapping exercise? The sooner you get on it, the better It will

03:30 okay with that, then, of , next Friday, we have a

03:36 , and that's going to cover most that we get finished today.

03:42 uh, I will send out a guide. Um, probably tomorrow s

03:49 that you can get that. Okay with that. Okay,

04:01 we're gonna look at some of the basic logging tools, and I didn't

04:08 to see it, but I'm assuming being recorded. Are we being

04:11 Maria? Yes. Yes, it's . Okay, I guess you're the

04:20 . Yeah. Um, so we're be looking at the sonic log,

04:27 density log and neutron logging tool. , uh, my buttons aren't working

04:36 , okay? And one of things the the sonic log. Of

04:44 it's just velocity. And everybody, think, knows the velocity is quicker

04:49 denser materials. Here's a list out your book that just lists,

04:55 some of the different densities just to of illustrate that, um, different

05:00 have different densities, and consequently, can discriminate between these different materials based

05:08 the velocity of sonic waves, sound . And I think you know,

05:17 you throw oil and gas into some these things, it's going to slow

05:21 down a little bit. And that's thing here. You can see,

05:26 , fresh water is slower. You , um, some hydrocarbons in

05:32 It could slow down even more. , here you can see a sonic

05:39 and we'll talk a little bit more this and the density law. Because

05:45 of those logs, compared to the Tiv ity will actually help us get

05:51 estimate of total organic carb carbon bye passing method and and different hybridization of

06:03 method where you're looking at something that to density of the rock and the

06:08 re sensitivity of the rocket the same given that organic material is going to

06:14 less dense and, uh, and more energy and therefore it will slow

06:21 the velocity on. Then there's an way to look at resisted. It

06:25 up for ah lot of organic so there's a no overlap between the

06:30 log and the resistive ity log whichever log you use, and it's different

06:36 various places, so it works really somewhere, and some places and other

06:41 , it doesn't work very well at . And when people get into those

06:46 of areas, they're already starting to out ways to do work arounds and

06:50 use these tools to interpret where we high tow low t O.

06:55 So it's just a matter of time this gets really resigned. Uh,

07:01 . And I think, uh, sure the tool toolmakers if they haven't

07:05 done it or working on, even better tools that might be in

07:11 Thio to calculate this quickly in a of different regions. Okay. And

07:20 , of course, the density log based on electron density and and scattered

07:27 an act of gamma source gamma Cesium 1 37. It was supervising

07:36 well when in Norway when they drop of those down there, I don't

07:41 if they would have gotten too excited it in the U. S.

07:44 in Norway they were really worried about a cesium source into a well because

07:49 lost the tool. But they do Ah, it's It's not a tremendous

07:57 of this, uh, element, it zits enoughto cause concern. If

08:02 was ever to get out, it's in a Well, I don't know

08:05 what would be to concerning, but Norway they're very safety conscious, and

08:11 kind of just a little quick Um, but anyway, you can

08:19 here looking at things. Um, interesting. Shale could be very

08:27 Um, you know, the more what are you having? It is

08:33 have a big impact on on the density of this. And and,

08:40 course, uh, you can see of these other things like lime

08:45 uh can be with no Prasit e to be very dense with a lot

08:52 ferocity or 10% porosity. Here's it's dense. And of course, you

08:58 down here with gas and an oil that sort of thing. It's even

09:02 sort of than most of these more less what are bearing, uh,

09:09 stones and lime stones. And of you can see here the the low

09:16 , of course, is is here limestone or, you know, has

09:21 process, so it's gonna have fluids it. Have water in it.

09:26 if you have oil and gas in , the density is going to be

09:29 be a little bit less. Except gas, there's a there's sort of

09:34 , opposite effect on the gas. me. And so here we

09:43 um, starting out with we got density log in the neutron log.

09:49 talked about the neutron log, but pretty much goes through the neutron

09:55 And it's basically, uh, looking the density of neutron density of neutrons

10:03 a in any rock whole rock which would include fluids and and also

10:12 rock mass and course. As we , hydrogen atoms, um, are

10:23 in neutron density, obviously, And so you can see here that you've

10:32 something, Ah, limestone Here, , that has probably oil or water

10:39 it. It's coming out about the . But down here in the

10:43 you can see that the neutron ferocity very high because because there's bound water

10:51 here and that water scott oxygen in , and that adds neutrons to the

10:59 . And over here, the density , um, has a lower ah

11:09 there. So this is kind of the the Newtown Rock. The process

11:20 over here, but it's it's pretty on track with where it should be

11:23 the density. So you can see we've got a good clay bound water

11:27 . Here you come up into a and, uh ah, Normally,

11:36 , oil is gonna have look as it has lower Prasit e than

11:41 But here in this one, you see that it's equal when we get

11:45 gas. Everything changes because both tools sort of an opposite response. And

11:55 you can see the neutron Prasit which is over here for sales and

12:03 here, or Prasit e and water or oil on. Come over

12:12 You can see that the neutron Prasit really drops down to something below

12:21 And that's because it's seeing mostly hydrogen , which, of course, don't

12:28 have neutrons, so it makes it like there's nothing there. It's just

12:34 , really low. Ah, lower . So you're not seeing, um

12:41 , the liquids that would have more Adams in them with neutrons. So

12:46 neutron count because way, way And of course, it makes the

12:50 ego really, really low, so not seeing anything that would would scatter

12:58 . So over here in the density , you see, just the opposite

13:04 in gas, and it's based on . And when you get gas,

13:11 a limited amount. The density is really, really hyper low, and

13:16 , with a low density, you high porosity calculated. So this

13:25 uh, gas fools this and makes too high. Gas pulls this and

13:31 the process he too low. And two errors or effects of gas on

13:38 two tools, which worked really well oil and water in a porous limestone

13:45 sandstone. And they worked really well Shales. Uh, except if it's

13:52 bound, sweater bound plays. For , if you had Mont Marila

13:58 that was, um, something that look like it's 80% ferocity. It

14:05 only be 60% ferocity or something like . So so you have Thio take

14:11 into account. Here. We're in rock section that's been de watered a

14:16 and, uh, and also compacted it's been buried time. So you're

14:22 going to see an 80% ferocity down like you would in Lake Turkana in

14:27 recent sentiments, but something that starts like a mom Marella night that

14:32 ah lot of water in the situation the in the deposit with us with

14:40 that could be even as high as Zayas 80% in, say, recent

14:49 . By the time they get very like this, this rock mass would

14:52 It's Steve Watered a lot in the has dropped off a lot, but

14:56 is still relatively high relative to what seeing in the density long.

15:02 so this these kind of offsetting things a really good gas indicator. So

15:08 usually always have a question on a about about the overlap. And again

15:13 sure you look at this look at scale because, ah, lot of

15:18 students uh, get this wrong. , but here you know, the

15:30 log is going to be showing a lower density, and therefore it peaks

15:39 its high, and that's the solid . Then the dash line is going

15:49 . I think there's almost nothing there the signal that you're looking for for

15:58 in the in the in the poorest and eso it's going toe report the

16:08 essentially too low. And therefore e me, making the density of too

16:17 and therefore the process the low. this is low density. This is

16:26 density reading. And so this is porosity because it's low density, super

16:35 density. And this is low Prasit because it's really reading has hired

16:46 Does that make sense? It z of like a switch. It's left

16:49 right. But make sure you look it to make sure you clearly understand

16:53 going on with these things. So does the scale of density increase to

16:59 to the right opposite to the scale neutral. Um, here's the density

17:10 and processes going up in this direction density is going down in this

17:17 Yeah, Okay. Okay. Density going up in this direction. Mhm

17:29 is going up in this direction for E. Yeah. Okay, so

17:35 density is going up for both in direction. It's going down for both

17:41 this direction. And so when you this overlap, this is uh

17:48 The density is too high, which the ferocity low over here. The

17:57 is is too high. Excuse Too low, which makes the ferocity

18:05 high. Okay, so densely goes this way, density goes up that

18:12 . Ferocity goes higher this way. goes higher this way, and so

18:19 scales air not reversed. Some students that the scales reversed in terms of

18:25 and process, but they're the They're moving in the same direction.

18:29 for this one. This one moves low porosity, high density. This

18:34 moves to, um, love high process. Did everybody get

18:42 And, uh, it's it's really , but you have tow even even

18:48 I've I look at this and I know what's going on. But when

18:53 sit and try to explain it, reversal could be confusing just because,

18:59 , the interpretation these scales are basically not the same, but they're kind

19:06 the same because they all it all , uh, more dense in this

19:12 . It all gets less dense in direction, but in ferocity,

19:19 goes way down this way. Ferocity up this way so the scales aren't

19:24 . Some students think the scales They're not reverse. The tool of

19:27 responses reversed because one's using density, . Uh, look at fluids in

19:36 rock and the other one's not. in a in a sense, it's

19:41 more at the whole rock, the , the more dense materials this the

19:47 log is really looking at at the of, of all the all the

19:53 in the rock. And this one's of looking at what could be highly

19:57 by hydrogen, which has no and it also your including,

20:04 the thing that would scatter it and the make the process. You go

20:10 okay, and I think if I shorten that explanation down to three

20:18 it might be simpler to you, I hope everybody understands. Here's another

20:22 of looking at it. Here we see the neutron log, and,

20:26 course, they they put the This one is up ones down,

20:33 still dash line is usually going to the neutron solid, usually going to

20:36 the density. And here on this , uh, it's real obvious.

20:40 just talking about ferocity and not And here ferocity you could see process

20:44 up this way and process. It down that way. So prostate goes

20:51 like this. And but scales, goes down like this and Busquets.

20:55 , But we have this cross over , and you can see the neutron

21:00 read is, um, seeing high , which is low processing. Over

21:07 , the density log is seeing low , which equals high porosity in the

21:12 it's supposed to operate Here we can a shell response. Ah, with

21:20 water. And here we can see one where you could see,

21:24 oil that looks like this. You go back to this. This is

21:28 . But if we go back to limestone, you can see there a

21:31 bit closer because it's a little And, uh, but here you

21:35 see in this particular one, you see definitely an oil leg, and

21:40 can see a gas leak. of course, here's water down here

21:45 in here. Shale. Okay. this log, uh, to keep

21:54 simple in your mind, you might to just focus on this log.

21:57 many of you probably have already worked this a lot and don't even need

22:00 explanation. Okay, um, and is just another example showing,

22:09 uh, that overlap again. And syndicating. It's not dramatic, but

22:16 probably oil in this log here as to gas, which would be probably

22:22 off the scale. And here you see these air, these computer generated

22:30 , and it's got to be the laying here, which is sometimes called

22:36 shale. But if we say we're usually talking about solicit classics,

22:42 is really what they're looking for. then, uh, over here talks

22:47 oil saturation. So, um, you thought this was gas,

22:53 the computers already decided it's oil, you're out of luck on that.

22:58 sometimes you can get these interpreted Can their algorithms air? Great.

23:06 again, if one variable, there's little bit different, like one area

23:11 using fresher water, mud and stuff that, and it might have a

23:17 impact, or the invasion of the is greater. You can get all

23:23 different things that could cause problems, in normal circumstances, this would work

23:27 perfectly. Okay, so here we're about wire line logs so beyond rock

23:37 and porosity and permeability And by the , and jump up and down and

23:42 and shout Because I said it but these air porosity and permeability

23:50 So back here again, if I asked you what are the three main

23:56 of wire line logs? It would rock fluids, porosity and perms.

24:02 that's 123 Okay, but what else we use these wire line logs

24:12 Yeah, like, well, cake stuff like you used the caliber longs

24:22 . Could you say that again? just quite hear you, like wall

24:26 , uh, so things you need caliper logs for. Okay.

24:33 well, we're looking kind of it main ones. And you're right.

24:35 are other tools, and we're going get to the other tools, but

24:39 , there's things. Look for mud on also invasion. There's a lot

24:45 other things there cement logs, all of other things. But looking at

24:51 tools, what else do we use tools for? Relation? Yeah,

24:58 it. That's one of the main . We also will look at,

25:04 , say a gamma or SP and ity combination to come up with what

25:12 call log motifs and that helps us out a lot of things. You

25:19 had sequence fatigue, graffiti. And don't know if you had different shapes

25:23 your I discussed by Johnny, but he would where you have different patterns

25:31 a gamma log and the resistive ity that help you determine whether it's finding

25:37 coursing upwards transgressive, regressive in that and and that sort of thing.

25:47 , um Okay, So, here we these are the things that

25:54 doing, uh, with the three tools, but with those same

26:01 we're also gonna be looking at lateral and variation of strata, and this

26:06 really important. And this is important for for ah, most geoscientists

26:14 because most geoscientists were taught, you figure out anything between a well without

26:21 . But you don't have to have to correlate and figure out lateral continuity

26:26 sometimes a variation in strategy. And two wells I know if you're a

26:36 , you may need to sit down I say this, but you can

26:39 pick faults with two wells that air by and then you also looking at

26:48 of these faces. Interpretation. Using and different trends can also help you

26:55 sequence boundaries and sequence sequences in terms what they actually are within those

27:05 And here is just, ah, example of log motifs. And I

27:10 when people first started working on probably in the late eighties in

27:16 Uh, every oil company put out chart of its own log motifs.

27:22 , and this is how it always . And it's never quite this

27:26 And of course, if this is gamma log, that's probably a pretty

27:30 drop. If this was an SP , you wouldn't be a pointy,

27:35 an SP log might kind of fade up here in an oil sand.

27:43 was filled with oil up past a point. You had an oil water

27:46 say, down here. So log back and forth between us with SP

27:52 gamma, you can find some But in general, um, faces

27:59 this are a lot more complicated in . Then just one standard motif for

28:05 deposition environment. For example, if corps the middle of a channel.

28:13 , it only has a clay. it the top and then flu viel

28:18 , floodplain shells. On top of , you're probably just going to see

28:22 solid sandstone if you're looking at a bar. This is more like what

28:26 point bar part of ah, of river system would look like. So

28:31 can change dramatically, even though it's the same thing. So who

28:38 Even medical doctors like black and white now, and that's why they don't

28:43 a lot of diagnosis by looking at patient checking the patient. They spend

28:49 of time trying to find a machine will tell them the exact answer,

28:53 it's good that we have those But sometimes diagnosis is important. It's

28:58 for geoscientists. I don't understand that is not not perfectly responding to clear

29:08 and white answers for log motifs and lot of other things as we've been

29:12 through this. So anyway, um I guess I don't have it

29:19 . I'll have it in another one we talk about it after this.

29:26 , ah, a lot of studies use log motifs. When you look

29:31 them, you have a really, hard and time and trying to figure

29:38 here you can see we have basically have a bell shaped thing here

29:44 uh, and and, of course finding upwards. And we get finding

29:51 sequences for a lot of reasons. not just for a fu Viel dominated

29:56 Terry, but but we get thes apps word sequences for a number of

30:02 . So we always have to put like this in context. Uh,

30:09 Ariel spacing of the wells. In words, um, if I have

30:15 rough idea What The coastline was se and the Paley is seen, and

30:21 looking at appeal. Pelleas Scene I'm going to see thicker sand bodies

30:28 to the coast. If it's a island, I'm going to see,

30:33 , thicker sand bodies perpendicular to the of its flu viel system. And

30:39 just little things like that give you whole different suite of faces to be

30:45 for to apply these motifs that, , just looking at the logs might

30:51 very identical and very different geologic And that's something you have to

30:57 Okay, so now we're going to to the the exercise, and I

31:05 pulled up. There it is. I'm going through this, I just

31:13 you to know this has been but at the back, there's you

31:18 print thes out at sheet size toe on and there at the end of

31:22 whole thing. But I'm going to through ones that have annotations on

31:28 The the clean ones in the back can print out so you can do

31:31 exercise on, then hopefully everyone can access to scanning. It could scan

31:38 and send it to me. And , this is this is gonna be

31:44 Ah, basic. Ah, Yeah, uh, kind of how

31:50 do this quick Sort of a quick dirty estimate. Um, I suppose

31:56 of you're gonna probably scan it, it and try to use software.

32:02 try, try Thio resist from doing . Just try to look at this

32:07 really Ah, very more simple minded , um, and kind of use

32:14 you know about the standard responses you see. But also consider that the

32:21 responses could be a little bit off because there could be variables that aren't

32:29 defined in the data that I'm gonna giving. Okay, so So one

32:37 the first things that we're gonna look is rock tool and course There's a

32:43 called Alfa, which is sort of the shale with a gamma log.

32:48 there's different ways to do this of an algorithm with gamma log. But

32:56 I think you know, we can of use the same approach with the

32:59 log to figure out approximately how clean sandstone is using the gamma long.

33:09 , so this is a slide I you before. And so we're going

33:13 be looking for this static SP out . You're gonna be looking for your

33:21 baseline back here. And why is the shale baseline? Because because here

33:28 hitting shale, and that's about um positive as the return gets.

33:35 is as positive against. It usually up pretty well, but it can

33:42 or decreased a little bit, sort going up and down bill for

33:46 uh, reasons in terms of Konate and everything else that's going on in

33:52 formation as we go from shallow to , but, uh but it's easy

33:57 to do in this exercise. So way I want you to do this

34:06 when you push this and make it . Sorry about that. But

34:12 um uh, we have a log different from a lot of books,

34:24 anyway, here we have something where think you have 100% here. So

34:31 would be the static SP right through . And let me, um,

34:39 if I can draw a straight Okay, This is supposed to be

34:48 straight line, so bear with So that's your static sp. Of

34:55 , this is a really thin, bed. You might never really get

34:59 static SP, but you can kind guess it where it should be.

35:03 s O, this is 100% sand then we come down here to if

35:15 go back here, we're looking for shale baseline, and that shell baseline

35:20 come again. This is supposed to straight. Something like that.

35:29 follow the pen. It's just gonna like that. So it's easy to

35:35 a shale baseline. And of this is showing you 100% here where

35:39 static SP should be. And here's the shale baseline should be. And

35:47 that you can calculate an Alfa, 50% Alfa should be right about

35:58 So what is that saying? Just 50% makes between sand and shell.

36:08 mix. It's sort of in a because it's more here. But this

36:15 the limit of where you get down 50% and this is the limit of

36:19 to 50%. But here's 75% so is all the way up to

36:25 And, of course, this is . And so when we're looking for

36:32 pay section, uh, oftentimes it's to for ah, height, go

36:38 and pick that 50%. And when get your log, I want you

36:43 color this in. Actually, I you to color in this part behind

36:50 50% line with yellow meaning. It's sand in here in this interval.

37:02 , here's the 50. I'm sorry would be it doesn't quite show,

37:07 here's, you know, here's the so show it kind of like yellow

37:11 here. By the way, you colored pencils to do this. Unless

37:18 are really good with your graphics. , um, software. You could

37:24 it that way, too, but would be your 50% showing that that's

37:33 sand and probably effective ferocity. And up in here, just fill this

37:40 on the other side of the 50% with whatever color hydrocarbon you think is

37:44 to be in that well of its , its blue or excuse me,

37:50 . It's water, it's blue. it's oil, it's it's gonna be

37:56 . And if it's scarce, it's to be written, okay? And

38:02 is just thing here to kind of you an indication of what you've

38:09 Here's water. Here's an oil water . And here, uh, here's

38:16 oil water contact. Here's the top the transition zone, and this is

38:20 with oil up here. Okay, don't think you're going to see much

38:28 a transition zone in these wells Just remember, uh, you're gonna

38:36 looking at the deep log for whether not there's resistive ity out here in

38:40 true formation. Uh, the rock ity true out here in the outer

38:48 of this un invaded zone. So you have a deep log that has

38:58 high resistive ity, what's that going mean about the rock? The true

39:03 ? Uh, resistive ity? I high resistive ity out here.

39:09 resistive. Iti is going to be here, right? Because this goes

39:12 the wellbore, so I have high ity here. Hi resistive ity

39:16 What does that normally mean? If in a sandstone, a porous

39:23 that's a show, right? Yeah, it's gonna be hydrocarbons.

39:29 ? And if it's if it's it's gonna be higher. Resistive ity

39:36 of time. Then it would be here. Okay, But if I

39:43 , uh, say fresh water coming here instead of salt water, this

39:49 ity could be a little bit right? Not just the mud filling

39:53 the pores and displacing the liquids. also, the liquids themselves are gonna

39:58 more resistant than the liquid out If there is no, uh,

40:05 or gas. So, like, is marine water out here, and

40:09 pumping freshwater in here this resistive ITI going to be higher than the marine

40:15 out here. If I put hydrocarbons here, hydrocarbons will have higher resistive

40:20 , but it might not be as from this is. It ought to

40:25 . But the key to all this stuff is if you if you see

40:30 resistive iti in the deep tool, there's probably going to be hydrocarbons whether

40:37 get the overlap that we're used to when we when we look a deep

40:43 shallots, if you're. If you're at a bed that you know has

40:49 water, marine water and it's a a porous bed. Have you seen

40:55 where the shallow will have a greater than the deep and have it still

40:58 oil? If you have oil out , there's going to be resisted

41:07 It's going to be more resisted If you just have water out

41:11 then you have to worry about But usually the resistive ity um out

41:17 is gonna be higher than it is this section below The reasons TV and

41:23 could get pretty high and almost match resistive ity out here or sometimes be

41:27 little bit higher. But but having resistive ity Ah, in the distant

41:35 This this is more of a contrast , um uh, if this was

41:42 if you knew this was Marine and this is is gonna be marine,

41:46 not a freshwater formation. Ah, by nature, this is all

41:53 uh, this this will have high ity. This usually will have,

42:01 , lower resistive ity. But if put fresh water in there, it

42:04 be higher than you'd expect. But we come out of the poorest thing

42:09 we go into the Shales, you know the reasons activity is going

42:13 drop down dramatically regardless. Okay, gonna have slightly higher resisted an organic

42:20 rock. But you're but you're not , Thio. You're not going to

42:26 the kind of thing that you see with fresh water coming so again.

42:33 , kind of The key is if I have high resistive ity out

42:37 there's hydrocarbons out here. Whether or there's a good overlap or a lack

42:42 it are maybe even a little bit a reversal. Depends on what the

42:47 is coming in here, okay. also depends on the tool. The

42:54 distance of the tool shallow is out . It might not be as big

42:58 effect. Uh, because you don't where this line actually is all the

43:04 . You're working in a particular field a while. You get an idea

43:07 going on for sure. But you know, we're just looking at

43:12 out of the blue, um, ity out here in a sandstone that

43:17 know, is porous as effective Resistive ity out here means hydrocarbons and

43:25 extremely high resisted. It is gonna mean natural gas. And because that's

43:32 highly resistant, its's off, the resistant most of time. Now,

43:37 I'm talking about unconsolidated sediments and more sediments, the difference maybe a little

43:43 less between gas and oil, but unconsolidated sediments. It's a dramatic change

43:50 here so that the key is looking when you're looking for hydrocarbons in a

43:54 , everything's gone along like this, it pops out like that in the

43:57 . You know, you've got hydrocarbon Okay, regardless of whether you have

44:01 good overlap between your shallow and your okay? And I'll just I'll show

44:07 on your logs. What? You be looking for two. And another

44:12 that I like toe point out to is when you're looking at that gamma

44:18 . Um, I used usually look , um, you know, kind

44:25 drawn a line about like this as 100% line. And here, this

44:33 a little bit shale yer, But is sort of your the best is

44:37 to get over here for that Um, and I'm calling this a

44:44 shale streak response. And what I by subtle is is it You can

44:50 that this is obviously cleaner than And this is obviously cleaner than

44:58 This is almost not subtle. Here something that I would consider an obvious

45:05 return. But you can also see it's finding upwards on this one,

45:13 , uh, and here's here's a obvious shall return. So when you're

45:18 you try to come along here and you've decided that this mass in here

45:24 down to here, like, you , kind of you don't you don't

45:28 don't have what would be a shell . But you kind of have Ah

45:31 high in these sands. And you a gamma low in the sands.

45:36 , uh, you know, you know right away if I'm trying to

45:40 out what the net Prasit E Section is in this sandstone right

45:46 And this is a big enough shell call this a separate sandstone. But

45:50 this one right here, I would to figure out what this gap is

45:55 subtract that many feet from my net . In other words, my net

46:01 is gonna be less than say from Thio here. But I may be

46:09 up some net sand all through this over to that way, but not

46:17 and not there. So I would a gross sand in here and then

46:22 nets sand would be that gross sand the shale streaks that we're seeing.

46:30 even though it's not as obvious, this spike down here? There's obviously

46:36 loss of effective porosity here, so might want to just sort of estimate

46:41 estimate and this is really hard for to do. It's impossible for engineers

46:46 do and it's a little tough on Studio, but you put you shale

46:51 some of this Take a, this looks like it's in feet.

46:56 you take out a foot here in foot there when you see some of

46:59 gamma suppression, because again here is this is a coarsening upward sequence.

47:04 down here, it's gonna be So I might want to take a

47:07 bit out here. I might want take a little bit out here.

47:09 me, this is a little bit obvious. You would definitely take,

47:13 know, look at the scale and out how many feet you might want

47:15 take out for that. And then you come down to this one,

47:19 might take out a lot in Say, this is where you would

47:23 the top of that sand and you see it in the log.

47:27 pick that top of the sand. remove some effective porosity here because there's

47:32 shale streak there. There's definitely a streak there. There's a shale streak

47:36 . There's also some subtle shale streaks here. You might take a little

47:42 out over here because of that, how conservative you are would mean

47:48 uh, you know, maybe you only take these out over here and

47:52 worry about any of that. But the end of the day, there's

47:56 to be loss of effective process e the curve goes down here like this

48:02 when the curve, uh, kind jumps around like that and like

48:07 So this isn't real obvious, but like this one is, but there's

48:12 a little shale parties in here. a little bit shelling there. You

48:15 , the lift log doesn't reflect anything the the overall sand. The shell

48:22 is going to change a little and you're gonna lose a little bit

48:25 effective process because it's not as clean that is. Everybody see that?

48:32 , hope so. So here is the exercises here, You're gonna have

48:40 sandstone. This is 20 increments. this is 10 each. So when

48:47 answer the questions, this is 10, 10. So answer

48:52 uh, the questions that are asked that sense, the sand that we're

48:59 at Ah, it's clearly somewhere around here. Um if you have a

49:07 of that law, that's real and it would have lots of little

49:11 going up here. You would pick halfway between one of those little spikes

49:15 the next spike that gets to the . But if you pick it

49:18 you're gonna be coming way down almost your 50% line to pick the

49:23 Okay, when you do your net . But if you're gonna pick a

49:27 on this sandstone, you could go here and look at what's going on

49:30 the resistive ity. And and uh, we see that we've got

49:39 going on and this you see a here, you got your normal 16

49:48 normal kind of has a high resistive . But here you do have high

49:54 Ian that the deeper induction log so that, by itself is kind of

50:01 you, uh, look down here the shale. Look down here and

50:06 of a sudden, Europe. So may be something going on in

50:09 uh, with with an issue with mud system and whatnot. But here

50:16 have sand. You have effective porosity . You can draw your share line

50:20 about, you know, make it . Calculating you might want to put

50:24 right on that line right there. you can make it come up a

50:26 bit. And then for your your parent, SSP is here. But

50:35 I'm gonna have you, uh, at the thin bed effect and figure

50:43 what the true SSP should be. based your your net in your in

50:50 whatever your liquid is based on what see on this log here, don't

50:53 to redraw it out to here and try Thio re calculate it. Go

50:58 and make your your baseline and your SSB here and then just calculate what

51:05 true SSP should be based on the benefit and again shallow in that sand

51:13 if you decide there's gonna be hydrocarbons they've got resistive ity over here colored

51:18 what you think that resisted, he be. And before you do

51:23 you might want to see the next . Of course, Log one's gonna

51:27 this whole list of things for you work Thio to answer. And so

51:34 want you to kind of color in mythology for the sandstone where you think

51:40 have Netta Prasit e, but leave to the left so you can color

51:44 the fluid. And now, here's second law, and this one is

51:52 . And for some reason, some have a difficult time with this,

51:58 I'm not quite sure. But over , you can see you kind of

52:01 a shale line. Uh, even this is a gamma log your share

52:06 about right here, but you can it shifts a little bit. It's

52:10 always the same, but for this . Ah, good. Good point

52:13 be right through here. This would sort of your sort of your maximum

52:19 Ian. Here. See some little here to divide here. These air

52:23 obvious you. Some people like me maybe take a foot out because of

52:28 going on here. But you don't to. You could draw a

52:31 They're not, You know, maybe a couple inches there in a couple

52:35 there and say, Forget it. not gonna worry about it.

52:42 here. You're going to see uh , a little sand mass it's It's

52:50 little bit lower, so it's a bit a little bit tighter, but

52:53 still there. But we got this finding upwards sequence here, motif like

52:58 . We don't have ah, similar ity, uh, side to the

53:03 curve over here because we got something on over here Now, anybody in

53:08 class when it gets what's happening in ? Everybody says the log is a

53:15 log. It's not a crappy Something's happening there to make it look

53:20 . Um, anybody wanna take a as to why that's happening? Washer

53:29 it's not a washout. Mhm. , this, uh, this is

53:36 really, really, uh, highly response. And what's happened is the

53:45 gone. The curve scale goes all way to here, but in these

53:50 , it's gone off scale, and it's trying to print it down

53:53 but it's really quick, and it's fast. So it's It's not that

53:56 of a section. So, some logs you can see the recycling

54:01 detail, but But when a peak off scale here and it's gone way

54:07 scale Ah, and then it actually to here and then it's way,

54:12 off scale here. It's getting a tighter, and it's got this fluid

54:16 it. But remember, what's the resistant thing? And, uh,

54:20 is, uh, the fact that can't read in anything is is not

54:25 problem when it's quick and dirty. is a really, really good

54:30 Uh, something obvious. And if look at what I've explained about oil

54:35 gas and water and what kind of they are, it should be pretty

54:38 for you to pick this if you've done it before. If you've done

54:41 before, this should be very, obvious to you what it ISS.

54:45 I want to tell you the And, uh, go ahead one

54:50 the other logs. I say there one right above where you have the

54:55 sized rest to shallow right above There. Is it like a signature

55:00 the rest in the middle of the . Calgary tomorrow. You mean this

55:09 ? Yeah. Now is above the box. Where's as reds? That's

55:15 there. Yeah. Okay. That's of this curve. Okay, this

55:20 this is either anam amplified, resisted or conductivity, curve. Okay,

55:26 . So that that doesn't relate. this, this is this is coming

55:31 this direction, okay, And this these logs will go only go to

55:38 , and these logs will go all way to here. So when this

55:43 gets too high, it re cycles starts back here, and it's so

55:48 back, it's it's probably recycled a times and doesn't even know where a

55:53 . In other words, of if had all this space, that resistive

55:57 might go way up out here on scale and nothing you can do is

56:01 can change this scale so you capture of this. But this log was

56:09 done in this area with the scale they have because they wanted to see

56:13 tells them where a certain fluid And this is this is this is

56:18 a bright spot on, almost like bright spot on seismic right here.

56:23 get any brighter. And and uh, then here you see something

56:30 happening completely and, uh and you , you you're getting this kind of

56:40 that suggests something completely different from But you can't really see the overlap

56:44 calculate the overlap over here because you see the log that well. But

56:48 know one thing, you know, both both the logs were way off

56:55 scale. One thing you know, here, the resistive iti is extremely

56:59 in that log. It's very, high in that lock. And it's

57:05 whether or not this had fresh water in and made it high to

57:12 So, uh, so just from quick and dirty thing, this should

57:17 pretty easy for you to answer and your questions on that. And I

57:23 the top, I even give you top on this 1. 78

57:28 And so this is the 78 50 top is right there. Um,

57:35 might want to put a little but this this, I think,

57:38 just such. It's way off It's taken it a while to get

57:41 . And you can see it's recycling here. You could pick it at

57:47 . Excuse me. 78 40 48 49 but I'm calling it the 78

57:54 sand right here on pretty much this in here. Okay, You could

58:00 it there, You know, another up, but I've gone ahead just

58:07 it makes it easier for everybody just it the 78 50 sand and pick

58:11 top your stand there. Down Of course. Don't use This is

58:16 different If this is a sand, a different sandstone. And and you

58:22 also see it's getting a different Tiv ity response Completely different from

58:29 Uh, this part looks like that . Okay? And there's the blank

58:39 for you to work with color in come up with your nets and grosses

58:46 let me know what it iss Is that clear? Yes. So

59:38 , by the way, I noticed typo. Aziz. Usual. I

59:46 . This is slide 41 in your for tools number two. Uh,

59:53 would do a lot of cutting and I think I did it so

59:55 could get the arrow up there. , uh, in the slides that

59:59 have this says Cata Genesis again because cut and pasted it. I was

60:04 my way up, but this is Genesis appear and have corrected it in

60:10 slides, but it's not corrected in pdf. How do you like

60:24 Yeah, yeah, there's nothing um, small keypad on an iPad

60:39 I on a Mac book air. , so now we're gonna look at

60:49 ? Some other tools, and we've other tools to another tools three.

60:56 basically, I'm going to go through lot of this relatively quick. Just

61:01 so you have a nice idea. of you that have worked no many

61:05 these tools and maybe some you're not with, but just show you some

61:09 of some of these and examples of of the things we do with them

61:14 a lot of the things that we through You. You've already had the

61:19 . You may have had Cem seismic already, and so a lot of

61:25 will be, uh, definitely a . But there may be some tools

61:29 here that you haven't heard about. , if you're in geophysics, for

61:34 , you'll you'll get into borehole And there's some things in here that

61:38 geologist won't see in any other So I kind of need toe pull

61:44 of that up and explain it. , So for those of you that

61:51 been in the program for several this could be your fourth semester.

61:56 semester, second or first. This your third or fourth. Have you

62:00 anything on pressure tools? You might gotten something from from Steve Norick.

62:10 Norick. I'm pretty sure Meyers talked this. Okay? Course he would

62:17 talked about this, too. well, here's one of the things

62:23 we do with some of these Um, I guess before I get

62:26 , you know, there's there's a of different tools and some of them

62:33 a lot of quick Ah, checks gone on in terms of of.

62:40 the pressure is running. These tools be expensive, so a lot of

62:44 they don't get run. But when do get run, they help.

62:48 , of course, where you're gonna to run these tools, it's probably

62:51 be in a field where you're where making a lot of money. But

62:54 got some problems with pressures and production . And, uh, some things

63:00 squaring really well with your se static model versus your arm or of production

63:11 model that you've that you've developed. other words, the geology is not

63:16 the production, and it could be of reasons for that. So sometimes

63:21 go on with these pressure tools to to figure out. In other

63:23 do I have something that's creating a barrier? Do I have a big

63:28 in, uh, and something that suggest that actually one well is in

63:34 separate fault block from another? which is why their production records were

63:38 different. Maybe you've got an oil contact coming up higher in one.

63:42 , then another. Well, you they're in the same formations, but

63:47 still, at the end of the , if it's a field where you're

63:50 a lot of money, it's It's almost always worth it to invest

63:54 money into it. If you're not a lot out of the field,

63:58 may not want to do it. though you're having problems, you're just

64:01 to go live with them. But kind of how these tools work.

64:05 when they work, they could tell a lot. And here is,

64:13 , the discovery well and all their pressures that they have coming in.

64:19 can see this, but you can that there's a perm barrier here and

64:24 have a perf up here in a up here. And this perm barrier

64:29 not allowing significant flow across here, but at the same time, maybe

64:36 is a coarsening upward sequence or something that. So the flow rate happens

64:40 be higher here. So you get offset and a shift in your pressure

64:46 , um, a little graph like . This is what you expected.

64:52 no from barrier, and this thing just keep going over. But if

64:56 a perm barrier there, and this is a little bit higher or effective

65:02 higher here than it is here, going to see a shift like

65:05 It's also possible it's a finding upwards , and your production rate would be

65:12 here and higher there. And you of see the reverse of this.

65:17 there's a lot of things you can out and a t end of the

65:20 . You know, you might not recognized or considered this being a significant

65:25 to permeability and pressure equalization. So you know, you just figured it

65:32 going to look like this. But you've got something going on with one

65:37 is an expert. And, of , with some time your your book

65:47 the or Shepherd. Did not your the shepherd do the diagram like this

65:53 a new oil water contact? If gonna move the oil out of here

65:58 remove that oil leg, then this no longer the oil leg. This

66:03 become the water leg, and you're to see pressures like that. And

66:06 the oil leg would be like And this again. What happened?

66:10 there was not a perm barrier But if there's a perm barrier there

66:15 flow rates are more effective or higher here than they are down here.

66:21 would see something like that again if it was a finding upwards, seek

66:28 you might see this This leg over , right there. And this leg

66:33 here a little bit over there. it looks like something strange is going

66:38 in the formation. Okay. And kind of why you do this.

66:45 Ah, lot of times you don't issues like this, and a lot

66:48 times you don't recognize anything different. if you had a purpose here,

66:53 might notice something strange is going on the preparations and, uh, but

66:59 , your your flow rights might drop because it z not over here going

67:05 this. It's somewhere between an average these these two depletion rates and,

67:13 , another. Another thing that would it is, since this is lower

67:17 this section, you're going to be out probably more of this, and

67:21 gonna have less oil to produce So even if the ferocity is higher

67:26 lower here, you could see something this just because you're coming up on

67:31 oil, water contact and the thickness your your total effective thickness in an

67:38 extent is shrinking. And so is is coming up. You're getting a

67:44 and thinner wedge of effective Prasit e because the reservoir would be out here

67:49 this in a wedge and you're gone from 100% sand effectiveness to where that

67:55 oil water contact is. And it's okay. And and here is just

68:08 kind of the same thing. If put another, uh, if there's

68:17 efficient water drive and there is no barrier, I just put it in

68:20 and just show you what this would like. And this could be an

68:26 fell to, So if what an area? Uh huh. And this

68:41 just showing you if you put another Phil well, over here pulling this

68:45 now, the problem is, if have multiple perps, you're gonna be

68:49 things out. So with multiple you're not usually going to see

68:53 But if you get an infield well pull it up here, that's when

68:55 gonna get that break. So it's of explaining that a little bit wrong

68:58 you. And there we go. having trouble with these buttons because sometimes

69:04 work, and sometimes they don't. , so I've gone all the way

69:08 it again. And here we back to this. Okay, so

69:13 we're looking at the flow meters. can have a flow meter like

69:17 which is measuring a flow rate of . It's mostly water, and you've

69:23 that? What air that's gonna be . But when you get into the

69:26 zone and you get to, pretty much here we're adding some oil

69:33 adding oil, and then we get a point where it's pretty much all

69:37 with Konate water in the background. then you can see here,

69:44 that you're getting, um, more . So there, come over

69:49 You can also see the same thing the pulse neutron log. But you

69:53 also see with that because they're looking the loss of hydrocarbons in here and

70:00 can see that it was like And now we've got the hydrocarbons over

70:06 . And on the second run, still have a log that looks the

70:12 . But the second run and you're have it. Uh, from

70:19 you're gonna have it swept out over . So here you can see the

70:24 zones completely taken up and you're getting and more water production through here and

70:29 . That's this is the transition zone , and there's oil, water contact

70:34 the way down here, and you're it more clearly over here in the

70:40 zone. the things were happening. you're getting where you're moving that

70:44 Water contact up up into here. , Uh, another thing that we

70:52 with wire line right logs is um See, how long have we

70:59 going down? We've been going over hour now, right? So how

71:13 if we take a short 10 minute right now? Sounds good.

71:20 uh, we'll come back here. see, based on my computer

71:23 which is not exactly what my C watches telling me. Um,

71:31 Let's make it about 10. Oh, good. All right.

71:38 , yeah. Okay. I'm back little bit late. Got distracted with

85:06 . Hey, Dr Don, did we ever decide on what day

85:09 final exam was gonna be? that's a good question. Um,

85:15 on what I've heard so far, sounds like everybody is happy with doing

85:20 on the Wednesday, but I haven't anything about moving it to Tuesday.

85:28 anybody want to move? Anyone want move it to Tuesday? Don't be

85:34 to speak up, because if it's one person, we could set it

85:38 so you can take it early. like to do it Tuesday.

85:45 How many? See? So we J D. Who was the other

85:53 Clayton played in the country? I that was J. D.

86:00 I think I would be fun doing to Zeta. Okay, so,

86:07 we got three so far. How the other seven? I wouldn't

86:12 I don't have anything on Tuesday or . I could do either day.

86:16 which everyone works better for everyone Yeah. Sitting here? Yeah.

86:22 here would work better for me. don't want and it's going to be

86:30 the It's gonna be six thio, 6 to 8. It's theoretically three

86:38 , um, time slot we're supposed give you, but I don't think

86:41 take that long because I make sure I try to make sure that the

86:49 doesn't take three hours. I have students spend three hours on my

86:55 but that's usually, uh, one of 30 students. Okay, so

87:03 going to do it on the then. Any objections? Uh,

87:09 let me know. Okay. 24th the Tuesday. Uh, let's

87:17 November 24 is Tuesday. I would would prefer to do with the

87:26 but, um, e could probably it usually works. Okay. Are

87:32 the person that was traveling? Okay. Um, you know,

87:39 keep us informed in case something E I'm trialing the day before.

87:46 only 20 seconds, so that we're it be better for me to do

87:51 on 24. The the Wednesday But can make Tuesday work problem,

88:00 And you probably don't want to take the 23rd. Yeah. Okay.

88:07 boy wouldn't work. Okay, Well, hopefully we can do the

88:12 . Yes. Okay, so we'll on the 24th if something happens to

88:17 like this can always happen. Just me know and, uh, just

88:23 , um if you find out that is taking it later than you,

88:30 , you really don't want to help get their great up. So please

88:33 communicate what was on the test until sure everybody took the test on that

88:39 . So when we take the test all be together, and, uh

88:45 you kind of know whether somebody's missing not. And, uh, and

88:51 , if you know we want We wanna remember academic honesty. I hate

88:56 keep bringing it up, but I to do it because if I don't

88:58 it when somebody does something wrong, question I get asked from the administration

89:03 Did you tell them not to And then I just look at him

89:06 , Are you kidding me? But all grown up. So everybody please

89:14 . And I will, um, my best to get the study guide

89:19 you. I think I've already got pretty much done. But I don't

89:23 to finalize until I know where we to on this, uh, lecture

89:29 as we get through today, because gonna be only on material that we've

89:33 the first two weekends. And if get farther than I think, it

89:39 be less than everything we did this . Okay, share screen. And

89:53 back here. We're looking at the world of dip meters. Has anybody

89:58 a lot of work with dip I've seen them on logs, but

90:06 really worked with him. Okay, , um a lot of times,

90:16 know, we run these things and ever uses them. But having said

90:24 , getting a good handle on the could be really important in lateral

90:29 And it's also something um, that could be important when the geology

90:39 kind of confusing, especially from the . And I'll show you one example

90:44 could show you 100 examples of when like, Oh my God, what's

90:48 on in the seismic? We need get a dip meter in there.

90:52 , uh, so when they're there definitely needed, uh, it's

90:58 easy thing to run, and I Ah, yes, like anything.

91:04 we had more time to do more , we would We would probably be

91:09 better uses and better examples of good of meter logs. But they're not

91:14 straightforward. The answers are not The one thing that is on these

91:21 is that the regional dip is usually we get a pretty good handle on

91:25 a dictator, and that could be important. Okay, so again,

91:35 the dip meter weaken do all these . Ah, but it's not

91:42 You never want to jump in. don't think and make a lot of

91:46 interpretations without without having some context about sand units and the distribution of the

91:52 units and where the depo centers Like I was saying, if you

91:58 uh, big sand units that are perpendicular to the coast versus ones that

92:03 running parallel to the coast, it you in a different context in terms

92:07 how you interpret it. So you have to remember three dimensions. And

92:14 thing about a single well to single doesn't give you anything about three

92:20 It's really it's really only a You only get the vertical Ah,

92:29 access. When you do it you don't have lateral and the other

92:33 directions so you don't have an aerial figured out from one Well, so

92:37 when you get multiple wells and you , uh, being able to see

92:43 the depo centers are and where the Depot Center for Basin might be.

92:49 things like that, it helps you out how to use these other

92:53 including motifs and dip meters, because putting it into a three dimensional

92:59 It's starting to make some sense, so the faces that you're looking for

93:04 trying to discriminate are going to be different set of faces, depending on

93:07 it is you're seeing in some of gross features on a three dimensional scale

93:14 perspective. When, um, excuse when we, uh, started out

93:23 dip meters, Of course, they micro resistive ity logs, so there's

93:28 read on it. But they started three pads and then four pads.

93:34 um, Now they just have these that have channels on the pads.

93:39 you get up to 25 channels uh, you may have multiple

93:44 whereas we might have had a few before on each of these pads.

93:50 can anybody guess what one of the difficult things about a dip meter might

94:02 ? There's actually a couple of things could guess lateral orientation, because,

94:17 , it might always be dipping like or right, it might be dipping

94:22 away away from the Florida smooth. , well, yeah, normally,

94:28 can sort that out, but making that you understand the orientation of the

94:33 when you're pulling it up is really . So they have a way of

94:36 that. And but one of the mechanical problems eyes. When you stick

94:44 pads out, you can get hung in the well bore and,

94:49 usually a tool pusher especially and often company man too on. For those

94:55 you who don't know, usually the pusher is the guy that's being paid

94:58 drill a well, and he gets money if he drills faster.

95:05 uh so he, um, just of make a straight and simple He

95:13 no incentive to go slow. The man is the same way because he's

95:18 to keep the budget down because the it takes, uh, they have

95:23 pan rig rates. He's gonna have pay more the longer it takes

95:27 But he doesn't have the same Is the company man who makes more

95:32 ? Ah, the tool pusher is gonna make any more money, But

95:35 company might get irritated with him if takes a long time. Eso whenever

95:40 things come out, a lot of in charge of drilling it or really

95:44 that they have to do a dip law. But again, uh,

95:49 if something. One of my first uh, uh, Supervisors told me

95:56 I started working was there's two things can get out of an oil well

96:02 any kind of well, that we . One is money, and the

96:06 one is data and data could be a lot of money. So if

96:11 tool that you think you need and have a good reason to do

96:13 then it's probably a good thing to . And, uh, I've never

96:21 on a lateral well, so I know how these tools work and how

96:24 been modified, but they have been to work in lateral wells. And

96:31 wish I had more details on it I'm kind of kind of out in

96:36 woods on that, because I, , I haven't sat a well for

96:39 few years, although when I, , worked in the North Sea on

96:46 chalks, we were doing laterals, I just, uh at that point

96:50 time, I was working on a aspect of of the analysis for the

96:54 data that we've brought in. so here's Here's what One of the

97:02 really neat ones usedto look, it like something. Okay, I'm not

97:09 to say, but it looks like probe that someone might stick in you

97:12 the medical in the doctor's office of smaller scale. Mhm. I'm not

97:18 to tell you what kind of but anyway, um ah, the

97:24 in the doctor's office would be smaller this, by the way, and

97:28 , here you can see that you these pads and of course, they're

97:31 to cause problems. They could be when it's when it's lowered. But

97:35 when you start pulling it back you're gonna wanna pull that out and

97:39 just, uh, hopefully keep that moving straight up. And so you

97:45 these several pads and you can see , uh, they're looking at different

97:51 that helps them figure out what the is. So you have,

97:57 you have this thing that you're trying keep oriented. Uh, and as

98:01 coming up, you can see where dips are. Like, here's here's

98:04 curve and it's a little bit higher here, and it's a little bit

98:08 coming back down this way. So this straight line. You know,

98:16 the dip is down towards down towards and it's up somewhere between B and

98:24 . So, like this was being , this would be up dip.

98:29 down here, everywhere a and B would be more down to Okay,

98:36 , and here's what a standard, sharp, uh, looked like and

98:42 getting much more colorful now, and do all sorts of nifty stuff with

98:47 . Um, but, um, do you think is the difference between

98:54 dark tadpoles and the empty tadpoles like this Dad pull right there and

99:01 tadpole right there when you try Excuse ? Like, have something with,

99:15 , wet sand and dry sand or ? No, no, it's

99:20 you're trying to make this oil, ? And that's that's being very

99:26 But anyway, what this really means this the filled in ones, they

99:32 like they're more reliable data points, so there could be a lot of

99:37 . But here, this is probably bedding in a sandstone, which is

99:45 look chaotic and because it looks very , it might not be considered

99:50 but in fact it might be reliable you can always tell and based on

99:56 , but based on consistency, they kind of picked the ones

100:02 they have an algorithm for sorting it , and there's a lot of different

100:06 that can cause problems. And here some of the things that they talk

100:12 here's increasing dip with not that, , uh, this is chaotic.

100:19 in a sand body, for or creating it. And here you

100:24 dips in a clay stone, but don't seem to match up with some

100:27 the other ones. But these might better than those that are over

100:31 That air filled in. So uh, there's a lot of noise

100:37 hard to determine. However, this is what we're kind of looking

100:43 in terms of how to interpret And this is a uniformed pattern through

100:47 section. And imagine finally layered uh, that have lots of lamb

101:01 a lots of beds, and they're kind of when they were deposited,

101:06 were flat lines. So when you them, they dip all pretty much

101:11 , and that would be what we a green pattern. That's uniforms and

101:15 usually is gonna be in, um , in a shell because you don't

101:21 cross betting in the shale, and don't have other things going on.

101:29 , now, another thing that can , um is you can get cross

101:33 and you can have also you have on a larger scale. Changed because

101:41 coming into it, something like a or out of a channel. And

101:45 the dip is higher. And before go any farther, go back

101:51 Okay? This is the dip. where Plots out in this direction from

101:57 to here. That tells you the . Okay, The little tadpole,

102:04 pointer is telling you which direction it's in. So what would the dip

102:12 on these two tadpoles? Right Okay. And there's there's nothing Thio

102:23 you how many degrees it iss, as geologists, what's at the top

102:28 the time? North, There's always the top. So, uh,

102:36 North is top, what is? are these to sing, but it

102:41 resist. It's what, 30 to . Right there. Only 35.

102:53 , almost horizontal. Oh, I'm . Yeah, yeah. You're saying

102:57 is 30 32 or whatever, but east, right? Yeah.

103:02 Okay, So the tadpole is telling it's east. And the position in

103:08 is telling you how many degrees that it. Okay, so where it

103:15 on this scale is the dip of bed. Where that is pointing is

103:20 direction of the better. So this one's about 31. This one

103:26 be about 33 East. Okay, when we have consistent dip like this

103:35 dip direction, inconsistent tilt, it's beds that have been tilted together.

103:41 there. Ah, well, It doesn't have to be a

103:47 You can have lime stones and sand do the same thing, especially if

103:52 older and been more compact and more watered. And we're nice layered sedimentary

103:58 in the first place. But because are places where we get layer cake

104:05 . And of course, you're not at this, um, in in

104:14 big scale. So sometimes the dip to be pretty significant for you,

104:19 to pick out a direction. And the dip is subtle, it makes

104:24 little bit harder to pick it out these pads air not too far

104:29 Okay, so it's, um you , if I have a couple of

104:33 dip, you know, within a hole, the difference between this maybe

104:40 than then. You could see if was a greater one, but but

104:44 still it still works pretty well because very close up and, uh,

104:50 you can still see pretty much an on it. But the subtle angles

104:55 know, when you get less than , it's gonna be tough. Thio

104:58 see anything? Anyway, this uh, uh a good,

105:06 very well layered formation set of Uh, and most likely is

105:12 Okay, here we see. Okay. Yeah, over. My

105:28 just interrupted me. Thio. I want to get into a discussion about

105:33 , but my wife just interrupted me tell me there was a call on

105:36 on the election a few minutes So when we get done for our

105:41 break, we can all check it the truth. Anyway, um,

105:47 we look at this blue upward increasing , lot of times that means pro

105:53 , and I'll show you why. and, uh uh, this would

105:59 the red pattern. And when we Excuse me, this is upward.

106:04 is a blue pattern. I'm I'm reading it wrong again. This

106:09 blue. This is red, and looking at the slide the wrong

106:16 But here is our upward decreasing And this is our upward increasing

106:25 This one is red, and this is called blue, and this is

106:29 green. And then down here, , sometimes it's called a yellow pattern

106:36 a random pattern or bag of which was very similar to to this

106:42 in here. Okay, so let's what that kind of looks like.

106:49 is, uh, some beds that been structurally tilted, but they were

106:53 down like layer cakes in the structural is picked up on the amount of

107:01 and the angle of the debian And that's kind of what you see

107:06 . Here. You see, the is increasing. So something is causing

107:13 dip to increase in this direction. would that look? What did we

107:21 at yesterday that could look something like Roll over in a current? There

107:29 go. That's gonna Oh, I didn't put it on there.

107:34 . Yeah, but a rollover. Klein could do that. Ah,

107:37 fault. Could Could have several, , places where you might see something

107:42 this. Okay, here's Here's another showing upward increasing. And let's see

107:53 it says back here on this I just want to see if it

107:55 sense with what I'm going to Yes, it does. Okay,

108:01 , if if we don't have, , a growth fault, we might

108:06 something like this. It looks like gradation. In other words, you've

108:11 the layered shells out here. Limited like the the bottom set beds.

108:19 as we go to the top set , you're going to start,

108:24 seeing something like this. And of course, it's gonna fill in

108:27 the sand stones across the top. the shells on top of that are

108:33 to show procreation like this. You're end up with shells flat down

108:38 and we're going going from a lot flat. And you're gonna have with

108:42 stones on the top. That air up here on Program nation and but

108:47 programming shales in front of it. pro delta shells are gonna are gonna

108:52 a lot like this. Okay, , then any time you get something

109:01 this, which is a significant and, uh, this could be

109:06 nun. Conformity of faults and All surface or again, the toe

109:10 pro gradation may look something like too, when you get down here

109:14 you go to the bottom sent beds you really have to be careful interpreting

109:23 , I think you know, you use the dip angles and then you

109:28 to figure it out. Now, angular un conformity. If there's gonna

109:33 one in an area you're working and probably have an idea of where it's

109:36 happen from a least the two d maker, maybe even from grab and

109:42 . But here you have an angular conformity. You can see the dip

109:48 of the overlying beds is very different this one. So what happened was

109:52 had these beds laid down flat, rotated and got eroded, and these

109:58 laid flat on top of it. then it rotated back a little this

110:02 to get these beds to dip down this direction, and any time you

110:07 that, you know there's a lot erosion that's gone on, and that's

110:13 what happens when you have an eroding . It's tilted. You're going to

110:18 an angular un conformity like this, up with beds that were flat line

110:24 that, rotated the first time and eroded. And then it's tilted

110:28 Back this way. Um, because whole structure has has later on tilted

110:34 another direction. Okay, And here , uh, showing you a channel

110:45 there There's probably not too many real of recognizing this. But if you're

110:52 the right, you know, if know you have a flu viel

110:56 you can you can look at this of thing and you can see you

111:00 this tilted substrate that got incised. , you had a low stand

111:07 You can see the dips changing right . This is a good, good

111:12 . Also going over here is being a sequence boundary so it could help

111:19 even with with something like that. here you could have an incised valley

111:24 a low stand, cutting into something structurally tilted a little bit before the

111:28 stand. And, uh and then you have, uh, bets here

111:34 if, uh, later on tilted little bit more, actually, just

111:39 at it. The dip on this is just a little bit less than

111:43 dip on that unit. So it's to tell what they're trying to draw

111:47 . But maybe maybe these beds, , didn't tilt until those beds

111:55 But the dip here is a little less than what it is there.

112:00 which is odd, because when you at this, um, it looks

112:05 they're pretty much the same, but , you're seeing a little bit greater

112:10 . Uh, right in this, upper part here, you're gonna get

112:14 a flat line again. These these cartoons are not 100% accurate, but

112:19 we see that red pattern. And , of course, uh, what's

112:25 is you're on, you know, of you get the clay plug of

112:31 , it's gonna be flat up and then it's gonna start increasing with

112:34 dip into the center of the channel this rather than just being one channel

112:40 could be a whole channel belt, there could be, like, channel

112:44 actually in here, and we'll see kind of dips. It could be

112:48 sand unit in here on the sand in here. In each one of

112:51 could be channel belts. Excuse Channels within one channel belt.

112:58 Okay. Here is just showing you pattern you could get. Ah,

113:03 . You're getting pretty much the typical . Roll over on a normal fault

113:12 you can see how that changes the here, too. And it's pretty

113:17 when you cross the fault. Here is just a example. Cartoon

113:27 . Uh, here we have flatlining shales, but they're well bedded.

113:33 tilted together as a unit. There's deposition. All tilt in here or

113:39 positional dip in here. There's there's strata graphic dip or structural dip.

113:45 . And this is showing you the dip and down here showing you some

113:49 positional dip going on. It's causing nightmare over here and try to tie

113:54 one of these to each of I'm not sure you'd be able to

113:58 it out. Just looking at the , but But you get the

114:01 We have cross trough stratification Any time have cross trough stratification say that a

114:08 . It gets really tongue time. But you can see here that the

114:12 can be very chaotic. Uh, not really showing you what happens to

114:18 things because because there's like, the dip in one of these troughs

114:23 not gonna be like this. Like like. The pattern is showing.

114:29 gonna be more like that more like . So it keeps changing as you

114:35 from one cross dropped to the next drops. That's pretty, pretty much

114:40 . And then we go back into nice screen pattern which here has here

114:44 had sand stones in there that were and flat line. Here we have

114:49 limestone unit that may have irrational surfaces and below, but it's all state

114:54 of in layer cake fashion and then some structural component thio dip over

115:01 But no de positional component. here's one of the examples of where

115:11 might need a dip meter. You this nice slice of a three D

115:15 line and you have this a list live in there? And who wants

115:21 tell everybody What analyst with IHS Come . Geology majors. That's what kind

115:33 a John Kerry on the list of is a huge mass of of rock

115:43 slumped off of a high or It's like a gravity flow debris

115:48 Well, it's a gravity flow of type gravity deposit where you've got lots

115:53 things just rolling down in here. so you're looking at the seismic trying

115:57 figure out what's going on. You dip meter in there. It could

116:01 very useful in helping you figure out going on with with the betting in

116:06 . You know, you have some out here and betting out here that

116:09 can kind of follow. That's something strange is going on in there.

116:15 when you get really strange responses, could always be something that might be

116:20 to hydrocarbons, of course. But this case, uh, there's some

116:24 blocks, and there's some a lot on in front of this reflector and

116:30 this reflector that could show some dramatic changes because you're going to get a

116:34 of de positional dip in here and just structural dip. Okay. And

116:41 is, uh, you know, other ones had would have had a

116:46 channels in each one of these, , four pads. Ah, but

116:56 they've got the of course, they've the caliper logs, and they've got

116:59 pad sticking out the caliper log to out where you got washouts. And

117:05 the other thing is, uh, the old times we had anywhere from

117:11 one sensor on this thio they set to 25. If you're gonna have

117:16 pads, it's gonna have to be number. And if you have three

117:19 , it's gonna have to be something than 25. Could be uneven number

117:24 an odd number, but not So now they have a lot of

117:33 on each one of these, pad so you can see things at

117:38 scale and not just something way over and way over there. You're also

117:44 close up on a lateral scale changes here all the way to there,

117:50 you can see there offset so that it's like trying to get multi as

117:56 seismic out of this or something. you're you're getting a really good handle

118:00 what's going on this way in this . Over, that's seventh. There's

118:08 inches across this pad here. And things have gotten more and more elaborate

118:15 time, of course. And, , and one of the things that

118:22 you to do, of course, look at sedimentary structures and helps you

118:27 all sorts of false that have offsets fractures that don't. And and it

118:37 give you a pretty clear image of versus cross bedding. You can see

118:41 dip and you can see deposition. can see regional structural dip and de

118:47 dips. Okay, so here is one of the earlier ones looked

118:53 This is in black and white, you go around to the four pads

118:57 you can actually wrap it around like and get in idea. And of

119:01 , it's dipping in this direction. , this'll looks like regional dip.

119:06 then you've got some de positional Perhaps, uh uh, coming in

119:12 . And so it's pretty, pretty interesting. It almost looks like

119:18 piece of core coming out of the and you put it like that.

119:22 here's another one, um, comparing to a core. And of

119:29 you know, it's geologists. We a core, but a dip meter

119:32 pretty good if you can't get a . And how many of you have

119:37 on doing sort of, ah, core in A In A Well,

119:41 anybody worked on anything like that? mean, I've seen them.

119:51 Yeah, of course, as Hopefully everybody that's a geology major is

119:55 a core. And I would hope the geophysics have, but maybe you

120:00 it, but getting a core is lot of work. And,

120:06 I was sent to a well, to pick a contract jewel boundary in

120:14 well where we did not want to another $8 million to drill another

120:19 And, of course, if you flying through a formation and you think

120:25 passed the interval that you're government requirement determined that you need to cut,

120:32 have to do a side track more less to get past to some fresh

120:38 rock because you can't you can't It's something that's full of mud

120:43 For a drilling fluid, you have move to the side. So it's

120:48 a dramatic thing to do a Now, if you you decide

120:51 you know exactly where that is. can drill the court. I may

120:55 already mentioned this, but when I , someone was going to drill a

121:00 for the University of Houston across the Tertiary boundary. Uh, between the

121:06 in the camp just north of Here they used three D seismic,

121:12 they missed it by 1200 ft. they got a core of the midway

121:16 nothing on foundry. So if they , absolutely, for legal reasons had

121:22 get a core of that thing, would have had to drill another

121:25 And something like that happened in a in Azerbaijan before they pulled me to

121:30 out there and pick and pick that . And they spent, um,

121:36 million on it. Um, if drill a core, it's going to

121:40 you $3 million. I went out and was able to pick the strata

121:44 point for them where it was which much indicated that we gotten to the

121:53 depth that were supposed to drill to the country of Azerbaijan and and

122:01 we didn't need to spend $3 million drill a core at all.

122:05 uh, that that would be if worked. Well, if it didn't

122:09 well, like the other, it could have been a Muchas eight

122:12 . So for a flight over to and my own private helicopter ride,

122:18 , I was able to save them t least $3 million just paying for

122:24 couple of tickets. And I didn't a lot on that trip because the

122:28 wasn't that good on the rig. we don't get paid. We don't

122:32 charged for food. I don't think the rig. So I don't think

122:34 was much much of a food And I did get taken out to

122:39 nice restaurant. Ah, it was of underground. And where the the

122:46 trade used to come through and uh, many ah, many thousands

122:52 years ago, 2000 years ago or , Or maybe maybe just 1600 years

122:59 , they had traders gone through there they had a little restaurant. There

123:03 part of, ah, what ah, pathway between buildings that were

123:09 underground, covered up with with history society And that was that might have

123:16 expensive, but other than that, was pretty cheap compared to the three

123:20 to drill a core and the eight if you had to drill a second

123:24 , which happens quite often, so an image log that looks like this

123:29 save a lot of expense. You have, well, problems with image

123:33 , but usually it's not going to you anywhere near $3 million and you

123:38 something that looks almost like structure. me. It looks almost like a

123:44 in itself, and you can see lot of actual geological features in this

123:51 . Uh, just, uh, glad somebody else picked this out so

123:55 don't have to show you why. know it's like this, but it

123:59 showing you obvious betting, and you see there's sort of a consistency to

124:04 betting in the red. And so pretty much how you would identify the

124:11 that you're seeing and you can see looking at the rock. You can

124:14 it. So you got a good on dip. Wherever this pad is

124:18 dip. And wherever these pads are , dip structurally. But then go

124:24 and look at the deposition, Elim that you're getting here. And what

124:29 you think little things like this might ? They don't label this on

124:39 I think this is absolutely incredible. do you think these little blips are

124:46 here? It looked like something just of changed. Um, and what's

124:56 on here is because those pads air close together, they're seeing places where

125:02 know, they might have a consistent . Then there's all all of sudden

125:07 like a hole there where they don't any dip it all. And it's

125:12 because of that plugged by the But if if you can imagine,

125:16 was, ah, hole cut into section here you might get something that

125:20 like a gap, right? In words, it's basically there's no dip

125:29 . And so you're seeing it pop like that. So what do you

125:32 some of these funny features are that running across the street. Igra fee

125:38 tradition. Very good. That's probably what it iss. And if we're

125:45 at the shells and again, I they can get these tools into a

125:52 hole. I don't know how it works. I don't know that if

125:56 have crawlers on them or what, it was probably a lot more expensive

126:01 a straight hole dip meter or just deep, slightly deviated whole,

126:07 wire line, uh, type But, um, you could put

126:12 in a lateral on. You go a shale and you see a lot

126:16 this, uh, model Look to . It probably does mean bio Turbay

126:22 . And it probably does mean, , a lot of the organic material

126:28 here has been ingested. And a that I was telling you about that

126:34 into the midway, uh, the reason it was drilled in that area

126:42 people were looking at the Midway is potential source rock for completely new play

126:50 in the state of Texas, which has a lot of oil all over

126:53 place. And and even Floyd Wilson was interested in this But perhaps

126:59 I even figured it out, he it out. But the dark shales

127:03 the midway on that part of Texas heavily bioterror baited. And,

127:11 the water was deep at that Probably a least, uh, 300

127:19 not 600 m deep. And but was oxygenated. So you had a

127:26 of, uh, bio Turbay Shin on and bio Turbay Shin means there's

127:33 in there eating the organic material that were hoping would have turned into oil

127:38 gas. But when there's a of activity, uh, you know,

127:45 sort of a no go. So looked like really dark source prone?

127:54 , shells. We ran TLC analysis it, and I think the highest

127:59 got in there was 0.5 percent which is not going to do much

128:06 you, especially in something that might not as mature as we would normally

128:11 to be. In other words, would be sort of it the early

128:14 window and not through the main part the oil window so that that pretty

128:20 nixed it. And so that's a important thing. Now, when you're

128:26 laterals. You're usually drilling in a where you kind of know there's oil

128:32 and and again, that's because you figured it out from a straight

128:36 It had so much in it that must be something there that we could

128:40 laterally. But then, as you to exploit away from that initial discovery

128:48 than in ah, and conventional stuff we look at the big picture and

128:54 in and focus in on the this thing, you start out with

128:57 , Well, you know, oil and gas, it's gonna come

129:00 of the ground. You try to out where that good trend is in

129:04 distance. Uh, running some of things. An exploratory mode might be

129:09 it, but again, a lot times we don't even try that.

129:12 when we start trying to maximize recovery a lot of the unconventional resources that

129:17 have right now, we may see people drilling wells. It might do

129:21 like this in what you could even though it's not a frontier

129:26 it could be frontier exploration in different of these massive shale bodies that people

129:33 not drilled yet and accidentally found that was a lot of oil, but

129:38 might go poking around like they did the midway. We know there's a

129:41 shale there, but we don't know there's any potential for production. They

129:45 out really quickly in that area. no potential for it at all.

129:50 whether you drill the core or whether drilled well and did a image log

129:56 have probably helped a lot and sort sorting out the total organic carbon.

130:01 of course, using the passing method here with the cross plot between resistive

130:06 and another density tool like the density where the sonic log, you might

130:11 able to get some indication of how the source rock isas. Well,

130:17 , so, um, next thing gonna look at a sidewalk cores and

130:24 . Um, and, of course me, this This is, um

130:31 hate to keep saying this, but know that this is really data,

130:37 know, In other words, we our hands on it. It's not

130:42 it's not a cat scan. this is like when you cut somebody

130:48 and you see the tumor and the and the value of these remote sensing

130:57 that we have, including size Mint remote sensing the beauty of remote sensing

131:02 medicine and and geology is, you see things without poking into the ground

131:08 poking into the person too much. there's a big advantage there. So

131:12 tools air definitely worthwhile. But when a medical team could do a

131:20 they get a lot more reassurance that know what they're looking at in the

131:25 with geology, when we can actually a core, we actually have

131:30 We have a good idea what it is and looking closer at the photography

131:36 it, doing geochemical analyses on not just fluid stuff. You

131:41 you can run a fluid test full out and figure out an awful lot

131:45 , and there you're getting your hands it as well. And,

131:49 and getting, uh, things that us figure out the deposition environment and

131:55 age at the same time. You , the Biota that Aaron there oftentimes

132:01 tell you whether you're looking at a section or a non Marine section,

132:06 right away we'll tell you if a a channel that ah, might be

132:12 viel is flu viel and not a turban type channel. In other

132:17 if I see deep water, deep , anybody sees deepwater bio strap around

132:25 channel versus, uh, non Marine almost a lack of any kind of

132:34 around it. You know that even you might have sedimentary structures that are

132:38 , the one with the deep water around it is going to be probably

132:43 to do with the turbidity current of submarine fan and turbo tights. Whereas

132:49 it's all non Marine, it's probably to be a river and s.

132:53 , that's really critically important. And course, the age is important,

132:57 , because doesn't seem like much, know, we call things Eocene and

133:02 seen those air huge chunks of But today, in terms of age

133:09 , we can see, uh, in the rock record as small as

133:14 years and that that could end up a, uh, some sort of

133:21 stand. Maybe not a sequence but definitely ah, low stand

133:26 all sorts of things like that or event. And and then, of

133:31 , it helps tie in with and you're gonna have a correlation

133:36 And I'm going to give you the bio straight up front. And of

133:41 , analyzing the water can often help a lot of things and in terms

133:48 what your contrast is between your real one is a contrast between your formation

133:54 and your drilling fluids. Limit E that helps helps the petro physics a

134:01 . But there's other things that relate , proximity, Thio, salt masses

134:07 and sometimes it relates thio things that to maturity the rocks as well.

134:16 , so corn analysis standard core analysis looks at the same things that we're

134:21 at with the logs, process and . Uh, and here, rather

134:28 using a tool to calculate it, can look at it. But

134:32 it's interesting. Trying to measure Prasit especially permeability can be difficult because in

134:39 of permeability, you have tow push through the rock and get a flow

134:43 out of it. And what you through and how you push it through

134:48 be, um mhm, a biasing in terms of what your results

134:55 But usually you can get good permeability good ferocity because people have been doing

135:00 for century now, I think, and but those are some of the

135:06 things you look for. But then go in there and the geologist gets

135:09 there, and he describes the sedimentary where the fractures are and where discontinuities

135:16 very often. If you have a , you can see it pretty clearly

135:21 a core, and you may also able to recognize, uh, significant

135:29 that suggests there is offset, even in a court you're not going to

135:33 that much offset, it may clearly , and you might be able to

135:37 up fault. And for two, , another tool that's really important are

135:44 sidewalk wars. And that's because you have these tools going down and

135:53 know, you kind of have This is kind of, uh,

136:00 different types of sidewalk or tools, and unconsolidated sediments or like shotgun

136:06 And again, I haven't run one these tools in a while, but

136:09 think they still look the same you probably could get. I probably

136:15 get a colored picture for you, But anyway, the ah, you

136:20 these little, uh, shotgun shell charges, uh, in these things

136:26 cups and the charge pushes the cup into the formation, and it has

136:33 little cable that holds it so that you pull this out, you have

136:36 these things kind of hanging by by after they've been shot. And,

136:44 course, you can sequence them. , you drop it down the hole

136:48 and at a certain depth they start these things from the bottom to the

136:54 so that they hang down and not way the other ones and in unconsolidated

137:00 , a lot of times of there's . Marilyn night in that formation is

137:05 going to stick in the cup. , and you guys probably don't know

137:09 a film little film camp cans looked , but probably have one laying around

137:15 somewhere. But they're about the same as a Kodak film. Can used

137:20 be, uh, for ah, a typical, uh, slides that

137:26 used to make in the past. also typical pictures not large frame

137:32 but the regular 35 millimeter size, , negatives and or slides. So

137:40 cans would go in there they come , you pull it up here,

137:43 could get messed up. But the is, though, is that with

137:47 sidewalk cores, we will end up a piece of rock. Uh,

137:53 structures could be messed up, all of things that you can see.

137:57 of course, you wouldn't be able see in this, but you would

138:00 you would have your hands on a of rock. And, uh,

138:04 all these things I'm talking about right or what geologists consider Riel data.

138:09 , uh, I've had a bunch geophysicist tell me that this data is

138:16 really data, but the seismic is rial data, and the seismic tells

138:21 large scale properties of the rocks, their averages every step of the way

138:26 averages. But this is telling you really fine tuned here. I'm looking

138:32 the rock. I'm not looking ATT's that indicates the rock on a broad

138:39 , but I'm looking at in a fine scale with the rockets thes would

138:45 pulled out at certain death. You them you know I want one.

138:49 8933 ft. Um, and then go down the column where you might

138:55 it, but they pull the deepest out first, and they come up

138:58 thing and keep pulling them out. that's how that works. Now,

139:01 addition to the ones that have the cable, they do have ones that

139:05 have a little mechanical, uh, case cup where the diamond edge of

139:14 cup can kind of drill into into more consolidated rock sections. When you're

139:19 that, those air a little bit expensive, and and you can have

139:23 issues with those as well that they retract when they pull it up.

139:29 , here is, um, just you when you do have a

139:35 If you have a sidewalk where you kind of it's kind of hit or

139:38 if you have a solid core, , you can actually drill in different

139:45 to see structural features from different perspectives all three axes and thats useful

139:53 and you can take those cores and can push fluids through in different directions

139:58 kind of see what direction you The best permeability, uh, on

140:04 porosity. And this is getting back the log motif thing, uh,

140:13 we were talking about before we were looking at the basic logs. And

140:20 is something that's very typical for Here is something similarly for a

140:28 but this one is is coursing so we often assume that's going to

140:33 regressive. Uh, this one is be, of course, transgressive.

140:42 we're getting its shadowing upwards we're getting going from near shore to deeper

140:47 So we're getting finer grain were potentially from, uh, deep water too

140:55 water. And that's why that's coursing . That's why that would be regressive

140:59 transgressive. But here's the point. on the point bar is not transgressive

141:03 re aggressive. It's ah, it's of a meandering stream and it gives

141:09 this kind of pattern. And in way, uh, this is filling

141:16 in this in this direction. So a way, you had to call

141:20 transgressive or regressive. It's actually but you have a regressive sequence that's

141:25 upwards. And so that's why you to be real careful with what you're

141:30 to explain with motif locks. You're in offshore settings and you know the

141:36 you working on. We're offshore. can do this transgressive and regressive thing

141:41 you're in a lake or in a on sometimes, even, uh,

141:49 Barrier Island complexes, you have to real careful about calling something transgressive or

141:54 up front, because things could Here is something that you might see

141:59 a good turbidity flow sequence or turban . Okay, since we're logging

142:05 it's Iraq. Iraq makes it not submarine fan, but a turban I'd

142:09 is showing you what a channel sand look like. An here.

142:16 it's interesting because here's the channel, here's where it was deepest. And

142:21 where it's full and and here's the bar deposit, and this is what

142:28 usually used thio just to help us channels meandering streams. And this could

142:37 a Mannering stream here, but the of it's going to be filled with

142:41 grain stuff because the foul leg is there looks like the point bars over

142:46 because here's a slope on it. is a steeper slopes. So the

142:49 is cutting into this side and depositing on this side, This is the

142:54 Point bar over here. That's where would be. And so you're going

142:58 see that somewhat finding upwards sequence over . And of course, if you

143:02 log over here, it would be more dramatic than it is there.

143:07 even when you're working in a channel Channel Sands, they're not gonna look

143:11 this and, uh, distribute Terry Channel, for example, is pretty

143:16 where you've got this straight laminar flow like a jet shooting out into,

143:23 , if you take the Mississippi River this tributary channels are in the

143:28 bars are right in front of You have sort of a jet flow

143:32 straight through, and the distributor channels very straight. They don't meander because

143:38 where the ah, the ocean in water. The base level of finally

143:44 there's one direction to get this water of here, and it's that

143:48 And so you're gonna have As it in, you're gonna have a lot

143:52 course load. And of course, doesn't fill in. What happens is

143:55 sediment loads in here and it sinks the mud on DSO. This isn't

144:00 an incision, it's a distributor Eri . But it's but it's a

144:05 Aly uh, through time or die sinking in the shells that it was

144:10 out into. So distribute Terry Channel gonna look for the most part,

144:14 gonna look like this. Where a bar in a meandering stream.

144:20 that's deposition Lee up tip somewhat is look more like this or the flank

144:26 one of these larger channels Might start a little bit like a point point

144:31 . But to get a point you have to have meandering so that

144:34 have a cut side and you have point bank side to get that kind

144:39 a deposit. So it's good as can be. You have to be

144:46 careful with interpreting them. And I've young geologists going in making these kinds

144:53 interpretations with with flu viel sediments, you have to be really careful because

144:59 may have something that looks more like instead of those Marines, uh,

145:05 and barrier islands. Regressive, transgressive that you could see. Okay,

145:11 questions on that? Okay, here's my I'm going to skip

145:19 Uh, I'm not going to read , but you can look at these

145:23 this gives you some or, indication of what these things can look

145:31 . And it's interesting, uh, , you know, it's all over

145:39 board. And if you look at , you can see there's things that

145:42 non marine and marine. And if have bios fatigue RA fee down here

145:47 up here in the shales, a of times you don't get it in

145:51 sand because because it z it's destructive shells. And of course, you're

145:58 winnow out a lot of the the grain things that might be in there

146:05 if it's a coastal or marine So you normally you'd be looking at

146:10 shells. But if it's encased in and or its encased in, um

146:19 , non boring stuff or our lack fossils, you can tell the difference

146:23 whether it might be a title sand one of these other sands. And

146:28 with here. Here we have Viel here. We have a point

146:32 that's gonna have some marine influence that's have marine influence. Braided streams and

146:39 channels probably won't Alluvial Sands won't uh, come over here. It

146:46 a little bit different. And we're , you know, this is still

146:49 same finding upwards sequence. Ah, here you're coming up with something.

146:57 Delta versus something that's a turban. Those things aren't even next to each

147:02 . And then there's the custom That's non marine, and that's

147:06 look, custard is lake And And is this called? I can't read

147:13 one of these. I have my glasses on, but I can't read

147:18 to close things. Okay, Proximal sea fans like like a fan Delta

147:24 something like that. And these all different things, and it really

147:30 to have ah, sort of an three D picture on the large scale

147:36 the frontier area, or even an area, or even a production and

147:41 area. Knowing what the context of deposits are is very, very

147:46 The strategic AFI and what but the , all systems of the strategic fee

147:51 A lot of times have been figured in outcrops and projected in the deep

147:55 , And but you also can have as you go from on short

148:00 So it helps to have bio strata data to help you distinguish between these

148:06 . And here is, uh uh I'm not I'm not gonna go into

148:11 because if I start talking about it'll get into a really long

148:15 But on your own, you can at this and one of the things

148:22 obvious is, for whatever reason, already know that this is a title

148:27 here. And so it really um, discriminate, Uh, these

148:32 motifs from one faces to a and they know that it's gonna be

148:37 kind of things that you see when have a barrier island, which they

148:41 here, and this would be a barrier. And it is so hard

148:47 find anything in the literature but even about a secondary barrier. But when

148:52 was in South Carolina, Miles who I would say is arguably the

148:56 coastal GM or apologist that ever lived will live. Hey was there and

149:01 talked about secondary barriers all the They didn't make very many figures that

149:05 them out, But but so I like this diagram because we start talking

149:11 de positional settings Or have you ever with me on hurricanes? It's really

149:15 to know the difference between a primary and a secondary barrier and basically the

149:21 barriers. One is going to take brunt of waves, wind and storms

149:27 hurricanes. And this one back here less impact from that. Uh,

149:35 I knew I was going to start too much, but this this one

149:40 here, if you have a large , you're going to see a response

149:44 here on this one, you might an erosion all surface, but no

149:49 deposits deposits on the primary when you a big hurricane and many scientists around

149:57 world, including many of them that getting funding from NSF, I think

150:01 signal is all right on the back of these barriers, and they don't

150:06 that a real major hurricane is gonna nothing here because it's going to just

150:12 straight over top of that barrier island it did bull over peninsula and starts

150:17 dumping stuff back in the secondary Which, which of you think about

150:22 Galveston area? This was this is we would call land over here,

150:26 this would be the bay. so I've said too much about

150:31 And But take a look at those while you get to it. And

150:36 . Of course, when you um, when you get core logging

150:41 you can get some real data, can start tying it to your riel

150:45 your log responses, and it makes ability thio interpret the log where you

150:51 have a core a lot more So the actual exercise of integrating these

150:58 sets where you have a core doesn't just help you figure out what's going

151:03 in that particular core interval. It gives you in that area where you

151:08 a lot of the same, things related to the pressure realities,

151:15 , the type of fluid that you be using in the drilling fluid,

151:19 sorts of things. They're gonna be on an equal basis. So if

151:24 understand over a cord section how All different things, they're going to respond

151:30 hopefully you can get a reservoir in to figure out when you have different

151:35 . Ah, in Norway, for , I don't know if they still

151:38 this, but when I was working up through at least 2000 and

151:42 they pretty much demanded that if you into a new reservoir block, you

151:47 to core it. And consequently, had lots, of course. And

151:51 had lots of ways to compare real data real fluid data with with these

151:59 that we use that are looking at ity and density, uh, from

152:05 , uh, clever methods. But able to calibrate the quality of this

152:10 or excuse me, not the tool doesn't change in the responses don't

152:16 But the responses could mean something a different, given different variables. And

152:20 you know what most of the variables here, then you can Thai and

152:25 of, um, standardized. What's on here? Relative What's in the

152:31 ? Rock on make really good It's like a good way to calibrate

152:36 tools with rock and the fluids that be in that rock. And,

152:43 , here's some core samples, just showing you things that can

152:48 Did you see this slide with Janic area? That's like I think you

152:57 and did the heat. I guess was no way for you guys to

153:02 look at Coors. Was there other than the images? Yeah, because

153:10 when he teaches the class, he these core boxes. I I think

153:13 cores air still at University of So if we ever get out of

153:18 , uh, this terrible epidemic, is pandemic or whatever, which is

153:24 even worse right now, it's really . Over 1000 people a day are

153:28 now, Um, one of the that we can do is maybe for

153:35 of you there that haven't graduated yet if you have graduated at some point

153:39 time, I can pull pull these out for the people having class,

153:43 maybe try to remember to let people that took the class, but didn't

153:48 to see if we could pull out IQ scores and go through them in

153:52 . Uh, but first I have find out if we really still have

153:55 . I know long after Janek went Thio, Uh, that is a

154:04 McMaster, uh, which is a good university, by the way,

154:07 Canada before he went there and he a really good deal to get to

154:11 up there. But long after he up there already, we still had

154:15 core boxes, and I think we probably do. But I don't know

154:18 for sure. And I do have core from the midway that didn't make

154:23 to the Cretaceous tertiary boundary, and could show that to you to which

154:27 be an interesting thing as well. here Ah, just from a picture

154:33 fact that it's going from sort of , which is probably courts rich sandstone

154:40 these shells, you can kind of , um, what's happening? Of

154:46 , Uh, when you get a look at it and you have a

154:50 that would go with this Ah, have some idea of the context,

154:54 could ah, figure out that some these air delta front sand stones where

154:59 getting ah, San san and, , offshore deposits here on then.

155:09 is of something where all of a you get a flooding, Uh,

155:17 this he says Delta front so you have ah, distribute Terry mouth

155:20 Could be some of the bigger And some of it could be in

155:25 of that in front of the D v the distribute Terry mouth for Delta

155:29 sand stones. And then you uh, sea level rises and you

155:35 this flooding surface and or C level rise. The you know, most

155:42 the settlements in, um on a sink all the time, they subside

155:47 lot. And I still think, , those that are worried about sea

155:52 rise, er underestimating the incredible amount subsidence that goes on in the Delta

156:00 . In other words, Mississippi If sea level didn't go up or

156:04 , it would be sinking anyway. , based on a tool that I'm

156:11 sure how they do it, the actual sea level rise, um,

156:17 supposed to be maybe six or seven greater than subsidence is right now.

156:24 subsidence is not is not a number consistent everywhere, So I don't quite

156:29 how other you're figuring that out. you have thes heavy sand stones loading

156:35 shell, for example, you're gonna significant subsidence. And it's where the

156:40 stones are that you have the deposits can defend against a hurricane more so

156:47 some of the shells except some of marshes will have a lot of route

156:51 stuff in it. And so if is, uh, equivalent to where

156:58 is being deposits on the levee and the in the sub acres and sub

157:04 floodplain, uh, the grasses could defend it, too. But when

157:08 in this phase, whether it's the or the shells, it's pretty

157:12 But when when it actually sinks, , and you just have the Marine

157:17 coming over the top of it. , they're more easily disrupted by the

157:23 , even though they are sticky. don't have, uh, the heft

157:29 the sand stones. And they don't the binding capacity of of the

157:33 uh, uh, flood plains that around this tributary channels and and distribute

157:41 themselves, not the ultimate channel that channels that air moving out on the

157:47 So, uh, that's really a thing to measure. I think in

157:51 general sense. And there's places, where these mud stones, when the

157:57 sit on top of them, they up, uh, a za Muchas

158:04 ft above sea level. As a of fact, s o. I

158:09 think they're considering the fact that there places where the Marine Shales,

158:14 because these air pushing down in one , these get popped up like a

158:17 in another place. Eso that that kind of tough. But just looking

158:22 this core, we can see the . All of a sudden, we

158:25 to Shales. So this is, , Deltek deposits, Obviously of several

158:31 faces. We have a flood surface , and now we're into significant flooding

158:36 here. Now we have Marine so it's, uh it's a transgressive

158:42 . Okay, so we're going. we're finding upwards here in a transgressive

158:48 , Not in a regressing self. , here is a core that I

158:53 on in South Carolina when I actually out where the Cretaceous Tertiary boundary waas

159:01 , it was mapped in South Carolina 70 to 100 years in the wrong

159:07 , and I went in there and out that it was in the wrong

159:10 . But then I had to drill these auger holes and look for outcrops

159:15 and got some core data from um U S Geological Survey Got to

159:22 out where it was. But in process of that, I worked on

159:25 lot, of course, that were and below that boundary. And this

159:29 a anybody want to guess what these , wavy and pleasure bids are.

159:39 we were talking about sedimentary structures, had a diagram that went kind of

159:47 from this to from from more sandy less sandy. And we have the

159:54 whisks here and we have particular sands here. Uh, do you remember

160:01 of the primary de positional settings that used thio to interpret this by

160:15 Okay, there these air. the answer is that to this

160:19 both gonna be marine influenced. So there's marine fossils in here, so

160:34 it down to that, so we We won't be saying this has something

160:40 do with a levee or distribute or crevasse play. What could it

160:58 No one wants to guess. Uh, 11 face, Uh,

161:06 part of a bomb. A sequence have something like this, but this

161:09 Obama's sequence. The first thing that people interpret these as our title.

161:19 second thing that they interpret these as offshore storm deposits that sometimes wino and

161:29 a wave base on the muds and and kind of window and create some

161:35 deposits. And then there's other places there is limited sand of another.

161:39 example, if this got deposited and storm came by, it might,

161:46 , reactivate this and drop the sand at the san because the other stuff

161:52 stay floated and you might get a bed that would look like this somewhere

161:56 . So these these, uh, could also be storm deposits. So

162:02 it's a storm deposit, what would an easy way to tell the difference

162:06 a storm and a title deposit? two slides ago, I gave you

162:12 clue. The green signs. We're to figure out what what this

162:27 Is it a story? Oh, sorry. I'm sorry. The grain

162:31 . Okay, well, we can a lot of the same grain size

162:35 . Um, um, that's not answer I was looking for,

162:39 uh ah, lot of times when are offshore, you're gonna have less

162:46 grains. So So what you're saying could could help you. You might

162:51 more finer grain court sands out here it was anywhere near Galveston. You've

162:59 that on the beach already, so wouldn't help there. But if you're

163:04 the Atlantic Coast, grain size might . But what would work pretty quickly

163:09 that the fossils in here are going probably be very open marine fossils,

163:15 the fossils that you might find in title system are going to be things

163:20 suggest brackish water conditions or not a marine setting. And so that's another

163:27 that you'd be able to distinguish those things. And I think it's getting

163:34 to take a lunch break. And definitely time to take a break.

163:44 Let's go and take a lunch It's now 11 38. So,

163:54 , how about if we come back 12 28? Is that about 50

164:03 . Yeah, it's Let's make it 12. 28. Come back or

164:08 it 12. 30. Make it 12. 30. Okay. All

164:15 . That was good. And if look at the slides ahead of

164:20 you can ask, You can ask questions about Uh huh. Thank

164:28 Thank you, everybody. Maria, here. Can you hear me?

164:33 you want me to stop the I'll go ahead and pause it a

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