Previous
Next
© Distribution of this video is restricted by its owner
00:00 | and you know, Yeah. Good . Yeah, I guess when you |
|
|
00:15 | before me, it doesn't let me in. And even had Thio reset |
|
|
00:22 | password, which was not incorrect. e think Zoom may have some problems |
|
|
00:29 | , um, somebody has a free and also a paid for account because |
|
|
00:36 | the same email. Okay. we're here. Okay, this is |
|
|
01:06 | we we kind of left off. thing I want to remind everybody before |
|
|
01:13 | get started is the first exercise is November 11th. Before lunch time. |
|
|
01:20 | going to get a second exercise. be do the same date. A |
|
|
01:24 | of times I give you Ah. , long deadline. Not so you |
|
|
01:29 | till the deadline to do it. just so you have plenty of time |
|
|
01:32 | plan when you condone it. you know, the sooner you get |
|
|
01:38 | first exercise done, which shouldn't take long of you follow the instructions |
|
|
01:43 | Once you get that done, get in. And, uh and then |
|
|
01:48 | gonna have ah, pretty simple logging . Very basic. But I just |
|
|
01:53 | make sure everybody kind of gets an of how to look at the log |
|
|
01:57 | estimated without pulling out your petro physics . And and then, uh, |
|
|
02:09 | by this afternoon I will assign your exercise, and that one's gonna be |
|
|
02:17 | November 18th. And then, the mapping exercise will come next |
|
|
02:26 | So hopefully, uh, you'll have time to do that and and I'll |
|
|
02:31 | you a deadline since there's no other after this and just so you can |
|
|
02:37 | your time, I'll give you a , actually, after the exam. |
|
|
02:42 | if you want to get it done you'll be, you could do it |
|
|
02:46 | . And I just think, you , I have this more difficult exercise |
|
|
02:52 | the end of the class and we an exam at the end of the |
|
|
02:56 | , and because of that, you thio, you know, schedule your |
|
|
03:04 | a little bit with a little bit constraints because you're worried about the exam |
|
|
03:08 | you haven't exercise at the same So when times available, I usually |
|
|
03:12 | people to spend a little time after the exam so that they can focus |
|
|
03:19 | exam first and then finish up the exercise. But once we start doing |
|
|
03:25 | mapping exercise? The sooner you get on it, the better It will |
|
|
03:30 | okay with that, then, of , next Friday, we have a |
|
|
03:36 | , and that's going to cover most that we get finished today. |
|
|
03:42 | uh, I will send out a guide. Um, probably tomorrow s |
|
|
03:49 | that you can get that. Okay with that. Okay, |
|
|
04:01 | we're gonna look at some of the basic logging tools, and I didn't |
|
|
04:08 | to see it, but I'm assuming being recorded. Are we being |
|
|
04:11 | Maria? Yes. Yes, it's . Okay, I guess you're the |
|
|
04:20 | . Yeah. Um, so we're be looking at the sonic log, |
|
|
04:27 | density log and neutron logging tool. , uh, my buttons aren't working |
|
|
04:36 | , okay? And one of things the the sonic log. Of |
|
|
04:44 | it's just velocity. And everybody, think, knows the velocity is quicker |
|
|
04:49 | denser materials. Here's a list out your book that just lists, |
|
|
04:55 | some of the different densities just to of illustrate that, um, different |
|
|
05:00 | have different densities, and consequently, can discriminate between these different materials based |
|
|
05:08 | the velocity of sonic waves, sound . And I think you know, |
|
|
05:17 | you throw oil and gas into some these things, it's going to slow |
|
|
05:21 | down a little bit. And that's thing here. You can see, |
|
|
05:26 | , fresh water is slower. You , um, some hydrocarbons in |
|
|
05:32 | It could slow down even more. , here you can see a sonic |
|
|
05:39 | and we'll talk a little bit more this and the density law. Because |
|
|
05:45 | of those logs, compared to the Tiv ity will actually help us get |
|
|
05:51 | estimate of total organic carb carbon bye passing method and and different hybridization of |
|
|
06:03 | method where you're looking at something that to density of the rock and the |
|
|
06:08 | re sensitivity of the rocket the same given that organic material is going to |
|
|
06:14 | less dense and, uh, and more energy and therefore it will slow |
|
|
06:21 | the velocity on. Then there's an way to look at resisted. It |
|
|
06:25 | up for ah lot of organic so there's a no overlap between the |
|
|
06:30 | log and the resistive ity log whichever log you use, and it's different |
|
|
06:36 | various places, so it works really somewhere, and some places and other |
|
|
06:41 | , it doesn't work very well at . And when people get into those |
|
|
06:46 | of areas, they're already starting to out ways to do work arounds and |
|
|
06:50 | use these tools to interpret where we high tow low t O. |
|
|
06:55 | So it's just a matter of time this gets really resigned. Uh, |
|
|
07:01 | . And I think, uh, sure the tool toolmakers if they haven't |
|
|
07:05 | done it or working on, even better tools that might be in |
|
|
07:11 | Thio to calculate this quickly in a of different regions. Okay. And |
|
|
07:20 | , of course, the density log based on electron density and and scattered |
|
|
07:27 | an act of gamma source gamma Cesium 1 37. It was supervising |
|
|
07:36 | well when in Norway when they drop of those down there, I don't |
|
|
07:41 | if they would have gotten too excited it in the U. S. |
|
|
07:44 | in Norway they were really worried about a cesium source into a well because |
|
|
07:49 | lost the tool. But they do Ah, it's It's not a tremendous |
|
|
07:57 | of this, uh, element, it zits enoughto cause concern. If |
|
|
08:02 | was ever to get out, it's in a Well, I don't know |
|
|
08:05 | what would be to concerning, but Norway they're very safety conscious, and |
|
|
08:11 | kind of just a little quick Um, but anyway, you can |
|
|
08:19 | here looking at things. Um, interesting. Shale could be very |
|
|
08:27 | Um, you know, the more what are you having? It is |
|
|
08:33 | have a big impact on on the density of this. And and, |
|
|
08:40 | course, uh, you can see of these other things like lime |
|
|
08:45 | uh can be with no Prasit e to be very dense with a lot |
|
|
08:52 | ferocity or 10% porosity. Here's it's dense. And of course, you |
|
|
08:58 | down here with gas and an oil that sort of thing. It's even |
|
|
09:02 | sort of than most of these more less what are bearing, uh, |
|
|
09:09 | stones and lime stones. And of you can see here the the low |
|
|
09:16 | , of course, is is here limestone or, you know, has |
|
|
09:21 | process, so it's gonna have fluids it. Have water in it. |
|
|
09:26 | if you have oil and gas in , the density is going to be |
|
|
09:29 | be a little bit less. Except gas, there's a there's sort of |
|
|
09:34 | , opposite effect on the gas. me. And so here we |
|
|
09:43 | um, starting out with we got density log in the neutron log. |
|
|
09:49 | talked about the neutron log, but pretty much goes through the neutron |
|
|
09:55 | And it's basically, uh, looking the density of neutron density of neutrons |
|
|
10:03 | a in any rock whole rock which would include fluids and and also |
|
|
10:12 | rock mass and course. As we , hydrogen atoms, um, are |
|
|
10:23 | in neutron density, obviously, And so you can see here that you've |
|
|
10:32 | something, Ah, limestone Here, , that has probably oil or water |
|
|
10:39 | it. It's coming out about the . But down here in the |
|
|
10:43 | you can see that the neutron ferocity very high because because there's bound water |
|
|
10:51 | here and that water scott oxygen in , and that adds neutrons to the |
|
|
10:59 | . And over here, the density , um, has a lower ah |
|
|
11:09 | there. So this is kind of the the Newtown Rock. The process |
|
|
11:20 | over here, but it's it's pretty on track with where it should be |
|
|
11:23 | the density. So you can see we've got a good clay bound water |
|
|
11:27 | . Here you come up into a and, uh ah, Normally, |
|
|
11:36 | , oil is gonna have look as it has lower Prasit e than |
|
|
11:41 | But here in this one, you see that it's equal when we get |
|
|
11:45 | gas. Everything changes because both tools sort of an opposite response. And |
|
|
11:55 | you can see the neutron Prasit which is over here for sales and |
|
|
12:03 | here, or Prasit e and water or oil on. Come over |
|
|
12:12 | You can see that the neutron Prasit really drops down to something below |
|
|
12:21 | And that's because it's seeing mostly hydrogen , which, of course, don't |
|
|
12:28 | have neutrons, so it makes it like there's nothing there. It's just |
|
|
12:34 | , really low. Ah, lower . So you're not seeing, um |
|
|
12:41 | , the liquids that would have more Adams in them with neutrons. So |
|
|
12:46 | neutron count because way, way And of course, it makes the |
|
|
12:50 | ego really, really low, so not seeing anything that would would scatter |
|
|
12:58 | . So over here in the density , you see, just the opposite |
|
|
13:04 | in gas, and it's based on . And when you get gas, |
|
|
13:11 | a limited amount. The density is really, really hyper low, and |
|
|
13:16 | , with a low density, you high porosity calculated. So this |
|
|
13:25 | uh, gas fools this and makes too high. Gas pulls this and |
|
|
13:31 | the process he too low. And two errors or effects of gas on |
|
|
13:38 | two tools, which worked really well oil and water in a porous limestone |
|
|
13:45 | sandstone. And they worked really well Shales. Uh, except if it's |
|
|
13:52 | bound, sweater bound plays. For , if you had Mont Marila |
|
|
13:58 | that was, um, something that look like it's 80% ferocity. It |
|
|
14:05 | only be 60% ferocity or something like . So so you have Thio take |
|
|
14:11 | into account. Here. We're in rock section that's been de watered a |
|
|
14:16 | and, uh, and also compacted it's been buried time. So you're |
|
|
14:22 | going to see an 80% ferocity down like you would in Lake Turkana in |
|
|
14:27 | recent sentiments, but something that starts like a mom Marella night that |
|
|
14:32 | ah lot of water in the situation the in the deposit with us with |
|
|
14:40 | that could be even as high as Zayas 80% in, say, recent |
|
|
14:49 | . By the time they get very like this, this rock mass would |
|
|
14:52 | It's Steve Watered a lot in the has dropped off a lot, but |
|
|
14:56 | is still relatively high relative to what seeing in the density long. |
|
|
15:02 | so this these kind of offsetting things a really good gas indicator. So |
|
|
15:08 | usually always have a question on a about about the overlap. And again |
|
|
15:13 | sure you look at this look at scale because, ah, lot of |
|
|
15:18 | students uh, get this wrong. , but here you know, the |
|
|
15:30 | log is going to be showing a lower density, and therefore it peaks |
|
|
15:39 | its high, and that's the solid . Then the dash line is going |
|
|
15:49 | . I think there's almost nothing there the signal that you're looking for for |
|
|
15:58 | in the in the in the poorest and eso it's going toe report the |
|
|
16:08 | essentially too low. And therefore e me, making the density of too |
|
|
16:17 | and therefore the process the low. this is low density. This is |
|
|
16:26 | density reading. And so this is porosity because it's low density, super |
|
|
16:35 | density. And this is low Prasit because it's really reading has hired |
|
|
16:46 | Does that make sense? It z of like a switch. It's left |
|
|
16:49 | right. But make sure you look it to make sure you clearly understand |
|
|
16:53 | going on with these things. So does the scale of density increase to |
|
|
16:59 | to the right opposite to the scale neutral. Um, here's the density |
|
|
17:10 | and processes going up in this direction density is going down in this |
|
|
17:17 | Yeah, Okay. Okay. Density going up in this direction. Mhm |
|
|
17:29 | is going up in this direction for E. Yeah. Okay, so |
|
|
17:35 | density is going up for both in direction. It's going down for both |
|
|
17:41 | this direction. And so when you this overlap, this is uh |
|
|
17:48 | The density is too high, which the ferocity low over here. The |
|
|
17:57 | is is too high. Excuse Too low, which makes the ferocity |
|
|
18:05 | high. Okay, so densely goes this way, density goes up that |
|
|
18:12 | . Ferocity goes higher this way. goes higher this way, and so |
|
|
18:19 | scales air not reversed. Some students that the scales reversed in terms of |
|
|
18:25 | and process, but they're the They're moving in the same direction. |
|
|
18:29 | for this one. This one moves low porosity, high density. This |
|
|
18:34 | moves to, um, love high process. Did everybody get |
|
|
18:42 | And, uh, it's it's really , but you have tow even even |
|
|
18:48 | I've I look at this and I know what's going on. But when |
|
|
18:53 | sit and try to explain it, reversal could be confusing just because, |
|
|
18:59 | , the interpretation these scales are basically not the same, but they're kind |
|
|
19:06 | the same because they all it all , uh, more dense in this |
|
|
19:12 | . It all gets less dense in direction, but in ferocity, |
|
|
19:19 | goes way down this way. Ferocity up this way so the scales aren't |
|
|
19:24 | . Some students think the scales They're not reverse. The tool of |
|
|
19:27 | responses reversed because one's using density, . Uh, look at fluids in |
|
|
19:36 | rock and the other one's not. in a in a sense, it's |
|
|
19:41 | more at the whole rock, the , the more dense materials this the |
|
|
19:47 | log is really looking at at the of, of all the all the |
|
|
19:53 | in the rock. And this one's of looking at what could be highly |
|
|
19:57 | by hydrogen, which has no and it also your including, |
|
|
20:04 | the thing that would scatter it and the make the process. You go |
|
|
20:10 | okay, and I think if I shorten that explanation down to three |
|
|
20:18 | it might be simpler to you, I hope everybody understands. Here's another |
|
|
20:22 | of looking at it. Here we see the neutron log, and, |
|
|
20:26 | course, they they put the This one is up ones down, |
|
|
20:33 | still dash line is usually going to the neutron solid, usually going to |
|
|
20:36 | the density. And here on this , uh, it's real obvious. |
|
|
20:40 | just talking about ferocity and not And here ferocity you could see process |
|
|
20:44 | up this way and process. It down that way. So prostate goes |
|
|
20:51 | like this. And but scales, goes down like this and Busquets. |
|
|
20:55 | , But we have this cross over , and you can see the neutron |
|
|
21:00 | read is, um, seeing high , which is low processing. Over |
|
|
21:07 | , the density log is seeing low , which equals high porosity in the |
|
|
21:12 | it's supposed to operate Here we can a shell response. Ah, with |
|
|
21:20 | water. And here we can see one where you could see, |
|
|
21:24 | oil that looks like this. You go back to this. This is |
|
|
21:28 | . But if we go back to limestone, you can see there a |
|
|
21:31 | bit closer because it's a little And, uh, but here you |
|
|
21:35 | see in this particular one, you see definitely an oil leg, and |
|
|
21:40 | can see a gas leak. of course, here's water down here |
|
|
21:45 | in here. Shale. Okay. this log, uh, to keep |
|
|
21:54 | simple in your mind, you might to just focus on this log. |
|
|
21:57 | many of you probably have already worked this a lot and don't even need |
|
|
22:00 | explanation. Okay, um, and is just another example showing, |
|
|
22:09 | uh, that overlap again. And syndicating. It's not dramatic, but |
|
|
22:16 | probably oil in this log here as to gas, which would be probably |
|
|
22:22 | off the scale. And here you see these air, these computer generated |
|
|
22:30 | , and it's got to be the laying here, which is sometimes called |
|
|
22:36 | shale. But if we say we're usually talking about solicit classics, |
|
|
22:42 | is really what they're looking for. then, uh, over here talks |
|
|
22:47 | oil saturation. So, um, you thought this was gas, |
|
|
22:53 | the computers already decided it's oil, you're out of luck on that. |
|
|
22:58 | sometimes you can get these interpreted Can their algorithms air? Great. |
|
|
23:06 | again, if one variable, there's little bit different, like one area |
|
|
23:11 | using fresher water, mud and stuff that, and it might have a |
|
|
23:17 | impact, or the invasion of the is greater. You can get all |
|
|
23:23 | different things that could cause problems, in normal circumstances, this would work |
|
|
23:27 | perfectly. Okay, so here we're about wire line logs so beyond rock |
|
|
23:37 | and porosity and permeability And by the , and jump up and down and |
|
|
23:42 | and shout Because I said it but these air porosity and permeability |
|
|
23:50 | So back here again, if I asked you what are the three main |
|
|
23:56 | of wire line logs? It would rock fluids, porosity and perms. |
|
|
24:02 | that's 123 Okay, but what else we use these wire line logs |
|
|
24:12 | Yeah, like, well, cake stuff like you used the caliber longs |
|
|
24:22 | . Could you say that again? just quite hear you, like wall |
|
|
24:26 | , uh, so things you need caliper logs for. Okay. |
|
|
24:33 | well, we're looking kind of it main ones. And you're right. |
|
|
24:35 | are other tools, and we're going get to the other tools, but |
|
|
24:39 | , there's things. Look for mud on also invasion. There's a lot |
|
|
24:45 | other things there cement logs, all of other things. But looking at |
|
|
24:51 | tools, what else do we use tools for? Relation? Yeah, |
|
|
24:58 | it. That's one of the main . We also will look at, |
|
|
25:04 | , say a gamma or SP and ity combination to come up with what |
|
|
25:12 | call log motifs and that helps us out a lot of things. You |
|
|
25:19 | had sequence fatigue, graffiti. And don't know if you had different shapes |
|
|
25:23 | your I discussed by Johnny, but he would where you have different patterns |
|
|
25:31 | a gamma log and the resistive ity that help you determine whether it's finding |
|
|
25:37 | coursing upwards transgressive, regressive in that and and that sort of thing. |
|
|
25:47 | , um Okay, So, here we these are the things that |
|
|
25:54 | doing, uh, with the three tools, but with those same |
|
|
26:01 | we're also gonna be looking at lateral and variation of strata, and this |
|
|
26:06 | really important. And this is important for for ah, most geoscientists |
|
|
26:14 | because most geoscientists were taught, you figure out anything between a well without |
|
|
26:21 | . But you don't have to have to correlate and figure out lateral continuity |
|
|
26:26 | sometimes a variation in strategy. And two wells I know if you're a |
|
|
26:36 | , you may need to sit down I say this, but you can |
|
|
26:39 | pick faults with two wells that air by and then you also looking at |
|
|
26:48 | of these faces. Interpretation. Using and different trends can also help you |
|
|
26:55 | sequence boundaries and sequence sequences in terms what they actually are within those |
|
|
27:05 | And here is just, ah, example of log motifs. And I |
|
|
27:10 | when people first started working on probably in the late eighties in |
|
|
27:16 | Uh, every oil company put out chart of its own log motifs. |
|
|
27:22 | , and this is how it always . And it's never quite this |
|
|
27:26 | And of course, if this is gamma log, that's probably a pretty |
|
|
27:30 | drop. If this was an SP , you wouldn't be a pointy, |
|
|
27:35 | an SP log might kind of fade up here in an oil sand. |
|
|
27:43 | was filled with oil up past a point. You had an oil water |
|
|
27:46 | say, down here. So log back and forth between us with SP |
|
|
27:52 | gamma, you can find some But in general, um, faces |
|
|
27:59 | this are a lot more complicated in . Then just one standard motif for |
|
|
28:05 | deposition environment. For example, if corps the middle of a channel. |
|
|
28:13 | , it only has a clay. it the top and then flu viel |
|
|
28:18 | , floodplain shells. On top of , you're probably just going to see |
|
|
28:22 | solid sandstone if you're looking at a bar. This is more like what |
|
|
28:26 | point bar part of ah, of river system would look like. So |
|
|
28:31 | can change dramatically, even though it's the same thing. So who |
|
|
28:38 | Even medical doctors like black and white now, and that's why they don't |
|
|
28:43 | a lot of diagnosis by looking at patient checking the patient. They spend |
|
|
28:49 | of time trying to find a machine will tell them the exact answer, |
|
|
28:53 | it's good that we have those But sometimes diagnosis is important. It's |
|
|
28:58 | for geoscientists. I don't understand that is not not perfectly responding to clear |
|
|
29:08 | and white answers for log motifs and lot of other things as we've been |
|
|
29:12 | through this. So anyway, um I guess I don't have it |
|
|
29:19 | . I'll have it in another one we talk about it after this. |
|
|
29:26 | , ah, a lot of studies use log motifs. When you look |
|
|
29:31 | them, you have a really, hard and time and trying to figure |
|
|
29:38 | here you can see we have basically have a bell shaped thing here |
|
|
29:44 | uh, and and, of course finding upwards. And we get finding |
|
|
29:51 | sequences for a lot of reasons. not just for a fu Viel dominated |
|
|
29:56 | Terry, but but we get thes apps word sequences for a number of |
|
|
30:02 | . So we always have to put like this in context. Uh, |
|
|
30:09 | Ariel spacing of the wells. In words, um, if I have |
|
|
30:15 | rough idea What The coastline was se and the Paley is seen, and |
|
|
30:21 | looking at appeal. Pelleas Scene I'm going to see thicker sand bodies |
|
|
30:28 | to the coast. If it's a island, I'm going to see, |
|
|
30:33 | , thicker sand bodies perpendicular to the of its flu viel system. And |
|
|
30:39 | just little things like that give you whole different suite of faces to be |
|
|
30:45 | for to apply these motifs that, , just looking at the logs might |
|
|
30:51 | very identical and very different geologic And that's something you have to |
|
|
30:57 | Okay, so now we're going to to the the exercise, and I |
|
|
31:05 | pulled up. There it is. I'm going through this, I just |
|
|
31:13 | you to know this has been but at the back, there's you |
|
|
31:18 | print thes out at sheet size toe on and there at the end of |
|
|
31:22 | whole thing. But I'm going to through ones that have annotations on |
|
|
31:28 | The the clean ones in the back can print out so you can do |
|
|
31:31 | exercise on, then hopefully everyone can access to scanning. It could scan |
|
|
31:38 | and send it to me. And , this is this is gonna be |
|
|
31:44 | Ah, basic. Ah, Yeah, uh, kind of how |
|
|
31:50 | do this quick Sort of a quick dirty estimate. Um, I suppose |
|
|
31:56 | of you're gonna probably scan it, it and try to use software. |
|
|
32:02 | try, try Thio resist from doing . Just try to look at this |
|
|
32:07 | really Ah, very more simple minded , um, and kind of use |
|
|
32:14 | you know about the standard responses you see. But also consider that the |
|
|
32:21 | responses could be a little bit off because there could be variables that aren't |
|
|
32:29 | defined in the data that I'm gonna giving. Okay, so So one |
|
|
32:37 | the first things that we're gonna look is rock tool and course There's a |
|
|
32:43 | called Alfa, which is sort of the shale with a gamma log. |
|
|
32:48 | there's different ways to do this of an algorithm with gamma log. But |
|
|
32:56 | I think you know, we can of use the same approach with the |
|
|
32:59 | log to figure out approximately how clean sandstone is using the gamma long. |
|
|
33:09 | , so this is a slide I you before. And so we're going |
|
|
33:13 | be looking for this static SP out . You're gonna be looking for your |
|
|
33:21 | baseline back here. And why is the shale baseline? Because because here |
|
|
33:28 | hitting shale, and that's about um positive as the return gets. |
|
|
33:35 | is as positive against. It usually up pretty well, but it can |
|
|
33:42 | or decreased a little bit, sort going up and down bill for |
|
|
33:46 | uh, reasons in terms of Konate and everything else that's going on in |
|
|
33:52 | formation as we go from shallow to , but, uh but it's easy |
|
|
33:57 | to do in this exercise. So way I want you to do this |
|
|
34:06 | when you push this and make it . Sorry about that. But |
|
|
34:12 | um uh, we have a log different from a lot of books, |
|
|
34:24 | anyway, here we have something where think you have 100% here. So |
|
|
34:31 | would be the static SP right through . And let me, um, |
|
|
34:39 | if I can draw a straight Okay, This is supposed to be |
|
|
34:48 | straight line, so bear with So that's your static sp. Of |
|
|
34:55 | , this is a really thin, bed. You might never really get |
|
|
34:59 | static SP, but you can kind guess it where it should be. |
|
|
35:03 | s O, this is 100% sand then we come down here to if |
|
|
35:15 | go back here, we're looking for shale baseline, and that shell baseline |
|
|
35:20 | come again. This is supposed to straight. Something like that. |
|
|
35:29 | follow the pen. It's just gonna like that. So it's easy to |
|
|
35:35 | a shale baseline. And of this is showing you 100% here where |
|
|
35:39 | static SP should be. And here's the shale baseline should be. And |
|
|
35:47 | that you can calculate an Alfa, 50% Alfa should be right about |
|
|
35:58 | So what is that saying? Just 50% makes between sand and shell. |
|
|
36:08 | mix. It's sort of in a because it's more here. But this |
|
|
36:15 | the limit of where you get down 50% and this is the limit of |
|
|
36:19 | to 50%. But here's 75% so is all the way up to |
|
|
36:25 | And, of course, this is . And so when we're looking for |
|
|
36:32 | pay section, uh, oftentimes it's to for ah, height, go |
|
|
36:38 | and pick that 50%. And when get your log, I want you |
|
|
36:43 | color this in. Actually, I you to color in this part behind |
|
|
36:50 | 50% line with yellow meaning. It's sand in here in this interval. |
|
|
37:02 | , here's the 50. I'm sorry would be it doesn't quite show, |
|
|
37:07 | here's, you know, here's the so show it kind of like yellow |
|
|
37:11 | here. By the way, you colored pencils to do this. Unless |
|
|
37:18 | are really good with your graphics. , um, software. You could |
|
|
37:24 | it that way, too, but would be your 50% showing that that's |
|
|
37:33 | sand and probably effective ferocity. And up in here, just fill this |
|
|
37:40 | on the other side of the 50% with whatever color hydrocarbon you think is |
|
|
37:44 | to be in that well of its , its blue or excuse me, |
|
|
37:50 | . It's water, it's blue. it's oil, it's it's gonna be |
|
|
37:56 | . And if it's scarce, it's to be written, okay? And |
|
|
38:02 | is just thing here to kind of you an indication of what you've |
|
|
38:09 | Here's water. Here's an oil water . And here, uh, here's |
|
|
38:16 | oil water contact. Here's the top the transition zone, and this is |
|
|
38:20 | with oil up here. Okay, don't think you're going to see much |
|
|
38:28 | a transition zone in these wells Just remember, uh, you're gonna |
|
|
38:36 | looking at the deep log for whether not there's resistive ity out here in |
|
|
38:40 | true formation. Uh, the rock ity true out here in the outer |
|
|
38:48 | of this un invaded zone. So you have a deep log that has |
|
|
38:58 | high resistive ity, what's that going mean about the rock? The true |
|
|
39:03 | ? Uh, resistive ity? I high resistive ity out here. |
|
|
39:09 | resistive. Iti is going to be here, right? Because this goes |
|
|
39:12 | the wellbore, so I have high ity here. Hi resistive ity |
|
|
39:16 | What does that normally mean? If in a sandstone, a porous |
|
|
39:23 | that's a show, right? Yeah, it's gonna be hydrocarbons. |
|
|
39:29 | ? And if it's if it's it's gonna be higher. Resistive ity |
|
|
39:36 | of time. Then it would be here. Okay, But if I |
|
|
39:43 | , uh, say fresh water coming here instead of salt water, this |
|
|
39:49 | ity could be a little bit right? Not just the mud filling |
|
|
39:53 | the pores and displacing the liquids. also, the liquids themselves are gonna |
|
|
39:58 | more resistant than the liquid out If there is no, uh, |
|
|
40:05 | or gas. So, like, is marine water out here, and |
|
|
40:09 | pumping freshwater in here this resistive ITI going to be higher than the marine |
|
|
40:15 | out here. If I put hydrocarbons here, hydrocarbons will have higher resistive |
|
|
40:20 | , but it might not be as from this is. It ought to |
|
|
40:25 | . But the key to all this stuff is if you if you see |
|
|
40:30 | resistive iti in the deep tool, there's probably going to be hydrocarbons whether |
|
|
40:37 | get the overlap that we're used to when we when we look a deep |
|
|
40:43 | shallots, if you're. If you're at a bed that you know has |
|
|
40:49 | water, marine water and it's a a porous bed. Have you seen |
|
|
40:55 | where the shallow will have a greater than the deep and have it still |
|
|
40:58 | oil? If you have oil out , there's going to be resisted |
|
|
41:07 | It's going to be more resisted If you just have water out |
|
|
41:11 | then you have to worry about But usually the resistive ity um out |
|
|
41:17 | is gonna be higher than it is this section below The reasons TV and |
|
|
41:23 | could get pretty high and almost match resistive ity out here or sometimes be |
|
|
41:27 | little bit higher. But but having resistive ity Ah, in the distant |
|
|
41:35 | This this is more of a contrast , um uh, if this was |
|
|
41:42 | if you knew this was Marine and this is is gonna be marine, |
|
|
41:46 | not a freshwater formation. Ah, by nature, this is all |
|
|
41:53 | uh, this this will have high ity. This usually will have, |
|
|
42:01 | , lower resistive ity. But if put fresh water in there, it |
|
|
42:04 | be higher than you'd expect. But we come out of the poorest thing |
|
|
42:09 | we go into the Shales, you know the reasons activity is going |
|
|
42:13 | drop down dramatically regardless. Okay, gonna have slightly higher resisted an organic |
|
|
42:20 | rock. But you're but you're not , Thio. You're not going to |
|
|
42:26 | the kind of thing that you see with fresh water coming so again. |
|
|
42:33 | , kind of The key is if I have high resistive ity out |
|
|
42:37 | there's hydrocarbons out here. Whether or there's a good overlap or a lack |
|
|
42:42 | it are maybe even a little bit a reversal. Depends on what the |
|
|
42:47 | is coming in here, okay. also depends on the tool. The |
|
|
42:54 | distance of the tool shallow is out . It might not be as big |
|
|
42:58 | effect. Uh, because you don't where this line actually is all the |
|
|
43:04 | . You're working in a particular field a while. You get an idea |
|
|
43:07 | going on for sure. But you know, we're just looking at |
|
|
43:12 | out of the blue, um, ity out here in a sandstone that |
|
|
43:17 | know, is porous as effective Resistive ity out here means hydrocarbons and |
|
|
43:25 | extremely high resisted. It is gonna mean natural gas. And because that's |
|
|
43:32 | highly resistant, its's off, the resistant most of time. Now, |
|
|
43:37 | I'm talking about unconsolidated sediments and more sediments, the difference maybe a little |
|
|
43:43 | less between gas and oil, but unconsolidated sediments. It's a dramatic change |
|
|
43:50 | here so that the key is looking when you're looking for hydrocarbons in a |
|
|
43:54 | , everything's gone along like this, it pops out like that in the |
|
|
43:57 | . You know, you've got hydrocarbon Okay, regardless of whether you have |
|
|
44:01 | good overlap between your shallow and your okay? And I'll just I'll show |
|
|
44:07 | on your logs. What? You be looking for two. And another |
|
|
44:12 | that I like toe point out to is when you're looking at that gamma |
|
|
44:18 | . Um, I used usually look , um, you know, kind |
|
|
44:25 | drawn a line about like this as 100% line. And here, this |
|
|
44:33 | a little bit shale yer, But is sort of your the best is |
|
|
44:37 | to get over here for that Um, and I'm calling this a |
|
|
44:44 | shale streak response. And what I by subtle is is it You can |
|
|
44:50 | that this is obviously cleaner than And this is obviously cleaner than |
|
|
44:58 | This is almost not subtle. Here something that I would consider an obvious |
|
|
45:05 | return. But you can also see it's finding upwards on this one, |
|
|
45:13 | , uh, and here's here's a obvious shall return. So when you're |
|
|
45:18 | you try to come along here and you've decided that this mass in here |
|
|
45:24 | down to here, like, you , kind of you don't you don't |
|
|
45:28 | don't have what would be a shell . But you kind of have Ah |
|
|
45:31 | high in these sands. And you a gamma low in the sands. |
|
|
45:36 | , uh, you know, you know right away if I'm trying to |
|
|
45:40 | out what the net Prasit E Section is in this sandstone right |
|
|
45:46 | And this is a big enough shell call this a separate sandstone. But |
|
|
45:50 | this one right here, I would to figure out what this gap is |
|
|
45:55 | subtract that many feet from my net . In other words, my net |
|
|
46:01 | is gonna be less than say from Thio here. But I may be |
|
|
46:09 | up some net sand all through this over to that way, but not |
|
|
46:17 | and not there. So I would a gross sand in here and then |
|
|
46:22 | nets sand would be that gross sand the shale streaks that we're seeing. |
|
|
46:30 | even though it's not as obvious, this spike down here? There's obviously |
|
|
46:36 | loss of effective porosity here, so might want to just sort of estimate |
|
|
46:41 | estimate and this is really hard for to do. It's impossible for engineers |
|
|
46:46 | do and it's a little tough on Studio, but you put you shale |
|
|
46:51 | some of this Take a, this looks like it's in feet. |
|
|
46:56 | you take out a foot here in foot there when you see some of |
|
|
46:59 | gamma suppression, because again here is this is a coarsening upward sequence. |
|
|
47:04 | down here, it's gonna be So I might want to take a |
|
|
47:07 | bit out here. I might want take a little bit out here. |
|
|
47:09 | me, this is a little bit obvious. You would definitely take, |
|
|
47:13 | know, look at the scale and out how many feet you might want |
|
|
47:15 | take out for that. And then you come down to this one, |
|
|
47:19 | might take out a lot in Say, this is where you would |
|
|
47:23 | the top of that sand and you see it in the log. |
|
|
47:27 | pick that top of the sand. remove some effective porosity here because there's |
|
|
47:32 | shale streak there. There's definitely a streak there. There's a shale streak |
|
|
47:36 | . There's also some subtle shale streaks here. You might take a little |
|
|
47:42 | out over here because of that, how conservative you are would mean |
|
|
47:48 | uh, you know, maybe you only take these out over here and |
|
|
47:52 | worry about any of that. But the end of the day, there's |
|
|
47:56 | to be loss of effective process e the curve goes down here like this |
|
|
48:02 | when the curve, uh, kind jumps around like that and like |
|
|
48:07 | So this isn't real obvious, but like this one is, but there's |
|
|
48:12 | a little shale parties in here. a little bit shelling there. You |
|
|
48:15 | , the lift log doesn't reflect anything the the overall sand. The shell |
|
|
48:22 | is going to change a little and you're gonna lose a little bit |
|
|
48:25 | effective process because it's not as clean that is. Everybody see that? |
|
|
48:32 | , hope so. So here is the exercises here, You're gonna have |
|
|
48:40 | sandstone. This is 20 increments. this is 10 each. So when |
|
|
48:47 | answer the questions, this is 10, 10. So answer |
|
|
48:52 | uh, the questions that are asked that sense, the sand that we're |
|
|
48:59 | at Ah, it's clearly somewhere around here. Um if you have a |
|
|
49:07 | of that law, that's real and it would have lots of little |
|
|
49:11 | going up here. You would pick halfway between one of those little spikes |
|
|
49:15 | the next spike that gets to the . But if you pick it |
|
|
49:18 | you're gonna be coming way down almost your 50% line to pick the |
|
|
49:23 | Okay, when you do your net . But if you're gonna pick a |
|
|
49:27 | on this sandstone, you could go here and look at what's going on |
|
|
49:30 | the resistive ity. And and uh, we see that we've got |
|
|
49:39 | going on and this you see a here, you got your normal 16 |
|
|
49:48 | normal kind of has a high resistive . But here you do have high |
|
|
49:54 | Ian that the deeper induction log so that, by itself is kind of |
|
|
50:01 | you, uh, look down here the shale. Look down here and |
|
|
50:06 | of a sudden, Europe. So may be something going on in |
|
|
50:09 | uh, with with an issue with mud system and whatnot. But here |
|
|
50:16 | have sand. You have effective porosity . You can draw your share line |
|
|
50:20 | about, you know, make it . Calculating you might want to put |
|
|
50:24 | right on that line right there. you can make it come up a |
|
|
50:26 | bit. And then for your your parent, SSP is here. But |
|
|
50:35 | I'm gonna have you, uh, at the thin bed effect and figure |
|
|
50:43 | what the true SSP should be. based your your net in your in |
|
|
50:50 | whatever your liquid is based on what see on this log here, don't |
|
|
50:53 | to redraw it out to here and try Thio re calculate it. Go |
|
|
50:58 | and make your your baseline and your SSB here and then just calculate what |
|
|
51:05 | true SSP should be based on the benefit and again shallow in that sand |
|
|
51:13 | if you decide there's gonna be hydrocarbons they've got resistive ity over here colored |
|
|
51:18 | what you think that resisted, he be. And before you do |
|
|
51:23 | you might want to see the next . Of course, Log one's gonna |
|
|
51:27 | this whole list of things for you work Thio to answer. And so |
|
|
51:34 | want you to kind of color in mythology for the sandstone where you think |
|
|
51:40 | have Netta Prasit e, but leave to the left so you can color |
|
|
51:44 | the fluid. And now, here's second law, and this one is |
|
|
51:52 | . And for some reason, some have a difficult time with this, |
|
|
51:58 | I'm not quite sure. But over , you can see you kind of |
|
|
52:01 | a shale line. Uh, even this is a gamma log your share |
|
|
52:06 | about right here, but you can it shifts a little bit. It's |
|
|
52:10 | always the same, but for this . Ah, good. Good point |
|
|
52:13 | be right through here. This would sort of your sort of your maximum |
|
|
52:19 | Ian. Here. See some little here to divide here. These air |
|
|
52:23 | obvious you. Some people like me maybe take a foot out because of |
|
|
52:28 | going on here. But you don't to. You could draw a |
|
|
52:31 | They're not, You know, maybe a couple inches there in a couple |
|
|
52:35 | there and say, Forget it. not gonna worry about it. |
|
|
52:42 | here. You're going to see uh , a little sand mass it's It's |
|
|
52:50 | little bit lower, so it's a bit a little bit tighter, but |
|
|
52:53 | still there. But we got this finding upwards sequence here, motif like |
|
|
52:58 | . We don't have ah, similar ity, uh, side to the |
|
|
53:03 | curve over here because we got something on over here Now, anybody in |
|
|
53:08 | class when it gets what's happening in ? Everybody says the log is a |
|
|
53:15 | log. It's not a crappy Something's happening there to make it look |
|
|
53:20 | . Um, anybody wanna take a as to why that's happening? Washer |
|
|
53:29 | it's not a washout. Mhm. , this, uh, this is |
|
|
53:36 | really, really, uh, highly response. And what's happened is the |
|
|
53:45 | gone. The curve scale goes all way to here, but in these |
|
|
53:50 | , it's gone off scale, and it's trying to print it down |
|
|
53:53 | but it's really quick, and it's fast. So it's It's not that |
|
|
53:56 | of a section. So, some logs you can see the recycling |
|
|
54:01 | detail, but But when a peak off scale here and it's gone way |
|
|
54:07 | scale Ah, and then it actually to here and then it's way, |
|
|
54:12 | off scale here. It's getting a tighter, and it's got this fluid |
|
|
54:16 | it. But remember, what's the resistant thing? And, uh, |
|
|
54:20 | is, uh, the fact that can't read in anything is is not |
|
|
54:25 | problem when it's quick and dirty. is a really, really good |
|
|
54:30 | Uh, something obvious. And if look at what I've explained about oil |
|
|
54:35 | gas and water and what kind of they are, it should be pretty |
|
|
54:38 | for you to pick this if you've done it before. If you've done |
|
|
54:41 | before, this should be very, obvious to you what it ISS. |
|
|
54:45 | I want to tell you the And, uh, go ahead one |
|
|
54:50 | the other logs. I say there one right above where you have the |
|
|
54:55 | sized rest to shallow right above There. Is it like a signature |
|
|
55:00 | the rest in the middle of the . Calgary tomorrow. You mean this |
|
|
55:09 | ? Yeah. Now is above the box. Where's as reds? That's |
|
|
55:15 | there. Yeah. Okay. That's of this curve. Okay, this |
|
|
55:20 | this is either anam amplified, resisted or conductivity, curve. Okay, |
|
|
55:26 | . So that that doesn't relate. this, this is this is coming |
|
|
55:31 | this direction, okay, And this these logs will go only go to |
|
|
55:38 | , and these logs will go all way to here. So when this |
|
|
55:43 | gets too high, it re cycles starts back here, and it's so |
|
|
55:48 | back, it's it's probably recycled a times and doesn't even know where a |
|
|
55:53 | . In other words, of if had all this space, that resistive |
|
|
55:57 | might go way up out here on scale and nothing you can do is |
|
|
56:01 | can change this scale so you capture of this. But this log was |
|
|
56:09 | done in this area with the scale they have because they wanted to see |
|
|
56:13 | tells them where a certain fluid And this is this is this is |
|
|
56:18 | a bright spot on, almost like bright spot on seismic right here. |
|
|
56:23 | get any brighter. And and uh, then here you see something |
|
|
56:30 | happening completely and, uh and you , you you're getting this kind of |
|
|
56:40 | that suggests something completely different from But you can't really see the overlap |
|
|
56:44 | calculate the overlap over here because you see the log that well. But |
|
|
56:48 | know one thing, you know, both both the logs were way off |
|
|
56:55 | scale. One thing you know, here, the resistive iti is extremely |
|
|
56:59 | in that log. It's very, high in that lock. And it's |
|
|
57:05 | whether or not this had fresh water in and made it high to |
|
|
57:12 | So, uh, so just from quick and dirty thing, this should |
|
|
57:17 | pretty easy for you to answer and your questions on that. And I |
|
|
57:23 | the top, I even give you top on this 1. 78 |
|
|
57:28 | And so this is the 78 50 top is right there. Um, |
|
|
57:35 | might want to put a little but this this, I think, |
|
|
57:38 | just such. It's way off It's taken it a while to get |
|
|
57:41 | . And you can see it's recycling here. You could pick it at |
|
|
57:47 | . Excuse me. 78 40 48 49 but I'm calling it the 78 |
|
|
57:54 | sand right here on pretty much this in here. Okay, You could |
|
|
58:00 | it there, You know, another up, but I've gone ahead just |
|
|
58:07 | it makes it easier for everybody just it the 78 50 sand and pick |
|
|
58:11 | top your stand there. Down Of course. Don't use This is |
|
|
58:16 | different If this is a sand, a different sandstone. And and you |
|
|
58:22 | also see it's getting a different Tiv ity response Completely different from |
|
|
58:29 | Uh, this part looks like that . Okay? And there's the blank |
|
|
58:39 | for you to work with color in come up with your nets and grosses |
|
|
58:46 | let me know what it iss Is that clear? Yes. So |
|
|
59:38 | , by the way, I noticed typo. Aziz. Usual. I |
|
|
59:46 | . This is slide 41 in your for tools number two. Uh, |
|
|
59:53 | would do a lot of cutting and I think I did it so |
|
|
59:55 | could get the arrow up there. , uh, in the slides that |
|
|
59:59 | have this says Cata Genesis again because cut and pasted it. I was |
|
|
60:04 | my way up, but this is Genesis appear and have corrected it in |
|
|
60:10 | slides, but it's not corrected in pdf. How do you like |
|
|
60:24 | Yeah, yeah, there's nothing um, small keypad on an iPad |
|
|
60:39 | I on a Mac book air. , so now we're gonna look at |
|
|
60:49 | ? Some other tools, and we've other tools to another tools three. |
|
|
60:56 | basically, I'm going to go through lot of this relatively quick. Just |
|
|
61:01 | so you have a nice idea. of you that have worked no many |
|
|
61:05 | these tools and maybe some you're not with, but just show you some |
|
|
61:09 | of some of these and examples of of the things we do with them |
|
|
61:14 | a lot of the things that we through You. You've already had the |
|
|
61:19 | . You may have had Cem seismic already, and so a lot of |
|
|
61:25 | will be, uh, definitely a . But there may be some tools |
|
|
61:29 | here that you haven't heard about. , if you're in geophysics, for |
|
|
61:34 | , you'll you'll get into borehole And there's some things in here that |
|
|
61:38 | geologist won't see in any other So I kind of need toe pull |
|
|
61:44 | of that up and explain it. , So for those of you that |
|
|
61:51 | been in the program for several this could be your fourth semester. |
|
|
61:56 | semester, second or first. This your third or fourth. Have you |
|
|
62:00 | anything on pressure tools? You might gotten something from from Steve Norick. |
|
|
62:10 | Norick. I'm pretty sure Meyers talked this. Okay? Course he would |
|
|
62:17 | talked about this, too. well, here's one of the things |
|
|
62:23 | we do with some of these Um, I guess before I get |
|
|
62:26 | , you know, there's there's a of different tools and some of them |
|
|
62:33 | a lot of quick Ah, checks gone on in terms of of. |
|
|
62:40 | the pressure is running. These tools be expensive, so a lot of |
|
|
62:44 | they don't get run. But when do get run, they help. |
|
|
62:48 | , of course, where you're gonna to run these tools, it's probably |
|
|
62:51 | be in a field where you're where making a lot of money. But |
|
|
62:54 | got some problems with pressures and production . And, uh, some things |
|
|
63:00 | squaring really well with your se static model versus your arm or of production |
|
|
63:11 | model that you've that you've developed. other words, the geology is not |
|
|
63:16 | the production, and it could be of reasons for that. So sometimes |
|
|
63:21 | go on with these pressure tools to to figure out. In other |
|
|
63:23 | do I have something that's creating a barrier? Do I have a big |
|
|
63:28 | in, uh, and something that suggest that actually one well is in |
|
|
63:34 | separate fault block from another? which is why their production records were |
|
|
63:38 | different. Maybe you've got an oil contact coming up higher in one. |
|
|
63:42 | , then another. Well, you they're in the same formations, but |
|
|
63:47 | still, at the end of the , if it's a field where you're |
|
|
63:50 | a lot of money, it's It's almost always worth it to invest |
|
|
63:54 | money into it. If you're not a lot out of the field, |
|
|
63:58 | may not want to do it. though you're having problems, you're just |
|
|
64:01 | to go live with them. But kind of how these tools work. |
|
|
64:05 | when they work, they could tell a lot. And here is, |
|
|
64:13 | , the discovery well and all their pressures that they have coming in. |
|
|
64:19 | can see this, but you can that there's a perm barrier here and |
|
|
64:24 | have a perf up here in a up here. And this perm barrier |
|
|
64:29 | not allowing significant flow across here, but at the same time, maybe |
|
|
64:36 | is a coarsening upward sequence or something that. So the flow rate happens |
|
|
64:40 | be higher here. So you get offset and a shift in your pressure |
|
|
64:46 | , um, a little graph like . This is what you expected. |
|
|
64:52 | no from barrier, and this thing just keep going over. But if |
|
|
64:56 | a perm barrier there, and this is a little bit higher or effective |
|
|
65:02 | higher here than it is here, going to see a shift like |
|
|
65:05 | It's also possible it's a finding upwards , and your production rate would be |
|
|
65:12 | here and higher there. And you of see the reverse of this. |
|
|
65:17 | there's a lot of things you can out and a t end of the |
|
|
65:20 | . You know, you might not recognized or considered this being a significant |
|
|
65:25 | to permeability and pressure equalization. So you know, you just figured it |
|
|
65:32 | going to look like this. But you've got something going on with one |
|
|
65:37 | is an expert. And, of , with some time your your book |
|
|
65:47 | the or Shepherd. Did not your the shepherd do the diagram like this |
|
|
65:53 | a new oil water contact? If gonna move the oil out of here |
|
|
65:58 | remove that oil leg, then this no longer the oil leg. This |
|
|
66:03 | become the water leg, and you're to see pressures like that. And |
|
|
66:06 | the oil leg would be like And this again. What happened? |
|
|
66:10 | there was not a perm barrier But if there's a perm barrier there |
|
|
66:15 | flow rates are more effective or higher here than they are down here. |
|
|
66:21 | would see something like that again if it was a finding upwards, seek |
|
|
66:28 | you might see this This leg over , right there. And this leg |
|
|
66:33 | here a little bit over there. it looks like something strange is going |
|
|
66:38 | in the formation. Okay. And kind of why you do this. |
|
|
66:45 | Ah, lot of times you don't issues like this, and a lot |
|
|
66:48 | times you don't recognize anything different. if you had a purpose here, |
|
|
66:53 | might notice something strange is going on the preparations and, uh, but |
|
|
66:59 | , your your flow rights might drop because it z not over here going |
|
|
67:05 | this. It's somewhere between an average these these two depletion rates and, |
|
|
67:13 | , another. Another thing that would it is, since this is lower |
|
|
67:17 | this section, you're going to be out probably more of this, and |
|
|
67:21 | gonna have less oil to produce So even if the ferocity is higher |
|
|
67:26 | lower here, you could see something this just because you're coming up on |
|
|
67:31 | oil, water contact and the thickness your your total effective thickness in an |
|
|
67:38 | extent is shrinking. And so is is coming up. You're getting a |
|
|
67:44 | and thinner wedge of effective Prasit e because the reservoir would be out here |
|
|
67:49 | this in a wedge and you're gone from 100% sand effectiveness to where that |
|
|
67:55 | oil water contact is. And it's okay. And and here is just |
|
|
68:08 | kind of the same thing. If put another, uh, if there's |
|
|
68:17 | efficient water drive and there is no barrier, I just put it in |
|
|
68:20 | and just show you what this would like. And this could be an |
|
|
68:26 | fell to, So if what an area? Uh huh. And this |
|
|
68:41 | just showing you if you put another Phil well, over here pulling this |
|
|
68:45 | now, the problem is, if have multiple perps, you're gonna be |
|
|
68:49 | things out. So with multiple you're not usually going to see |
|
|
68:53 | But if you get an infield well pull it up here, that's when |
|
|
68:55 | gonna get that break. So it's of explaining that a little bit wrong |
|
|
68:58 | you. And there we go. having trouble with these buttons because sometimes |
|
|
69:04 | work, and sometimes they don't. , so I've gone all the way |
|
|
69:08 | it again. And here we back to this. Okay, so |
|
|
69:13 | we're looking at the flow meters. can have a flow meter like |
|
|
69:17 | which is measuring a flow rate of . It's mostly water, and you've |
|
|
69:23 | that? What air that's gonna be . But when you get into the |
|
|
69:26 | zone and you get to, pretty much here we're adding some oil |
|
|
69:33 | adding oil, and then we get a point where it's pretty much all |
|
|
69:37 | with Konate water in the background. then you can see here, |
|
|
69:44 | that you're getting, um, more . So there, come over |
|
|
69:49 | You can also see the same thing the pulse neutron log. But you |
|
|
69:53 | also see with that because they're looking the loss of hydrocarbons in here and |
|
|
70:00 | can see that it was like And now we've got the hydrocarbons over |
|
|
70:06 | . And on the second run, still have a log that looks the |
|
|
70:12 | . But the second run and you're have it. Uh, from |
|
|
70:19 | you're gonna have it swept out over . So here you can see the |
|
|
70:24 | zones completely taken up and you're getting and more water production through here and |
|
|
70:29 | . That's this is the transition zone , and there's oil, water contact |
|
|
70:34 | the way down here, and you're it more clearly over here in the |
|
|
70:40 | zone. the things were happening. you're getting where you're moving that |
|
|
70:44 | Water contact up up into here. , Uh, another thing that we |
|
|
70:52 | with wire line right logs is um See, how long have we |
|
|
70:59 | going down? We've been going over hour now, right? So how |
|
|
71:13 | if we take a short 10 minute right now? Sounds good. |
|
|
71:20 | uh, we'll come back here. see, based on my computer |
|
|
71:23 | which is not exactly what my C watches telling me. Um, |
|
|
71:31 | Let's make it about 10. Oh, good. All right. |
|
|
71:38 | , yeah. Okay. I'm back little bit late. Got distracted with |
|
|
85:06 | . Hey, Dr Don, did we ever decide on what day |
|
|
85:09 | final exam was gonna be? that's a good question. Um, |
|
|
85:15 | on what I've heard so far, sounds like everybody is happy with doing |
|
|
85:20 | on the Wednesday, but I haven't anything about moving it to Tuesday. |
|
|
85:28 | anybody want to move? Anyone want move it to Tuesday? Don't be |
|
|
85:34 | to speak up, because if it's one person, we could set it |
|
|
85:38 | so you can take it early. like to do it Tuesday. |
|
|
85:45 | How many? See? So we J D. Who was the other |
|
|
85:53 | Clayton played in the country? I that was J. D. |
|
|
86:00 | I think I would be fun doing to Zeta. Okay, so, |
|
|
86:07 | we got three so far. How the other seven? I wouldn't |
|
|
86:12 | I don't have anything on Tuesday or . I could do either day. |
|
|
86:16 | which everyone works better for everyone Yeah. Sitting here? Yeah. |
|
|
86:22 | here would work better for me. don't want and it's going to be |
|
|
86:30 | the It's gonna be six thio, 6 to 8. It's theoretically three |
|
|
86:38 | , um, time slot we're supposed give you, but I don't think |
|
|
86:41 | take that long because I make sure I try to make sure that the |
|
|
86:49 | doesn't take three hours. I have students spend three hours on my |
|
|
86:55 | but that's usually, uh, one of 30 students. Okay, so |
|
|
87:03 | going to do it on the then. Any objections? Uh, |
|
|
87:09 | let me know. Okay. 24th the Tuesday. Uh, let's |
|
|
87:17 | November 24 is Tuesday. I would would prefer to do with the |
|
|
87:26 | but, um, e could probably it usually works. Okay. Are |
|
|
87:32 | the person that was traveling? Okay. Um, you know, |
|
|
87:39 | keep us informed in case something E I'm trialing the day before. |
|
|
87:46 | only 20 seconds, so that we're it be better for me to do |
|
|
87:51 | on 24. The the Wednesday But can make Tuesday work problem, |
|
|
88:00 | And you probably don't want to take the 23rd. Yeah. Okay. |
|
|
88:07 | boy wouldn't work. Okay, Well, hopefully we can do the |
|
|
88:12 | . Yes. Okay, so we'll on the 24th if something happens to |
|
|
88:17 | like this can always happen. Just me know and, uh, just |
|
|
88:23 | , um if you find out that is taking it later than you, |
|
|
88:30 | , you really don't want to help get their great up. So please |
|
|
88:33 | communicate what was on the test until sure everybody took the test on that |
|
|
88:39 | . So when we take the test all be together, and, uh |
|
|
88:45 | you kind of know whether somebody's missing not. And, uh, and |
|
|
88:51 | , if you know we want We wanna remember academic honesty. I hate |
|
|
88:56 | keep bringing it up, but I to do it because if I don't |
|
|
88:58 | it when somebody does something wrong, question I get asked from the administration |
|
|
89:03 | Did you tell them not to And then I just look at him |
|
|
89:06 | , Are you kidding me? But all grown up. So everybody please |
|
|
89:14 | . And I will, um, my best to get the study guide |
|
|
89:19 | you. I think I've already got pretty much done. But I don't |
|
|
89:23 | to finalize until I know where we to on this, uh, lecture |
|
|
89:29 | as we get through today, because gonna be only on material that we've |
|
|
89:33 | the first two weekends. And if get farther than I think, it |
|
|
89:39 | be less than everything we did this . Okay, share screen. And |
|
|
89:53 | back here. We're looking at the world of dip meters. Has anybody |
|
|
89:58 | a lot of work with dip I've seen them on logs, but |
|
|
90:06 | really worked with him. Okay, , um a lot of times, |
|
|
90:16 | know, we run these things and ever uses them. But having said |
|
|
90:24 | , getting a good handle on the could be really important in lateral |
|
|
90:29 | And it's also something um, that could be important when the geology |
|
|
90:39 | kind of confusing, especially from the . And I'll show you one example |
|
|
90:44 | could show you 100 examples of when like, Oh my God, what's |
|
|
90:48 | on in the seismic? We need get a dip meter in there. |
|
|
90:52 | , uh, so when they're there definitely needed, uh, it's |
|
|
90:58 | easy thing to run, and I Ah, yes, like anything. |
|
|
91:04 | we had more time to do more , we would We would probably be |
|
|
91:09 | better uses and better examples of good of meter logs. But they're not |
|
|
91:14 | straightforward. The answers are not The one thing that is on these |
|
|
91:21 | is that the regional dip is usually we get a pretty good handle on |
|
|
91:25 | a dictator, and that could be important. Okay, so again, |
|
|
91:35 | the dip meter weaken do all these . Ah, but it's not |
|
|
91:42 | You never want to jump in. don't think and make a lot of |
|
|
91:46 | interpretations without without having some context about sand units and the distribution of the |
|
|
91:52 | units and where the depo centers Like I was saying, if you |
|
|
91:58 | uh, big sand units that are perpendicular to the coast versus ones that |
|
|
92:03 | running parallel to the coast, it you in a different context in terms |
|
|
92:07 | how you interpret it. So you have to remember three dimensions. And |
|
|
92:14 | thing about a single well to single doesn't give you anything about three |
|
|
92:20 | It's really it's really only a You only get the vertical Ah, |
|
|
92:29 | access. When you do it you don't have lateral and the other |
|
|
92:33 | directions so you don't have an aerial figured out from one Well, so |
|
|
92:37 | when you get multiple wells and you , uh, being able to see |
|
|
92:43 | the depo centers are and where the Depot Center for Basin might be. |
|
|
92:49 | things like that, it helps you out how to use these other |
|
|
92:53 | including motifs and dip meters, because putting it into a three dimensional |
|
|
92:59 | It's starting to make some sense, so the faces that you're looking for |
|
|
93:04 | trying to discriminate are going to be different set of faces, depending on |
|
|
93:07 | it is you're seeing in some of gross features on a three dimensional scale |
|
|
93:14 | perspective. When, um, excuse when we, uh, started out |
|
|
93:23 | dip meters, Of course, they micro resistive ity logs, so there's |
|
|
93:28 | read on it. But they started three pads and then four pads. |
|
|
93:34 | um, Now they just have these that have channels on the pads. |
|
|
93:39 | you get up to 25 channels uh, you may have multiple |
|
|
93:44 | whereas we might have had a few before on each of these pads. |
|
|
93:50 | can anybody guess what one of the difficult things about a dip meter might |
|
|
94:02 | ? There's actually a couple of things could guess lateral orientation, because, |
|
|
94:17 | , it might always be dipping like or right, it might be dipping |
|
|
94:22 | away away from the Florida smooth. , well, yeah, normally, |
|
|
94:28 | can sort that out, but making that you understand the orientation of the |
|
|
94:33 | when you're pulling it up is really . So they have a way of |
|
|
94:36 | that. And but one of the mechanical problems eyes. When you stick |
|
|
94:44 | pads out, you can get hung in the well bore and, |
|
|
94:49 | usually a tool pusher especially and often company man too on. For those |
|
|
94:55 | you who don't know, usually the pusher is the guy that's being paid |
|
|
94:58 | drill a well, and he gets money if he drills faster. |
|
|
95:05 | uh so he, um, just of make a straight and simple He |
|
|
95:13 | no incentive to go slow. The man is the same way because he's |
|
|
95:18 | to keep the budget down because the it takes, uh, they have |
|
|
95:23 | pan rig rates. He's gonna have pay more the longer it takes |
|
|
95:27 | But he doesn't have the same Is the company man who makes more |
|
|
95:32 | ? Ah, the tool pusher is gonna make any more money, But |
|
|
95:35 | company might get irritated with him if takes a long time. Eso whenever |
|
|
95:40 | things come out, a lot of in charge of drilling it or really |
|
|
95:44 | that they have to do a dip law. But again, uh, |
|
|
95:49 | if something. One of my first uh, uh, Supervisors told me |
|
|
95:56 | I started working was there's two things can get out of an oil well |
|
|
96:02 | any kind of well, that we . One is money, and the |
|
|
96:06 | one is data and data could be a lot of money. So if |
|
|
96:11 | tool that you think you need and have a good reason to do |
|
|
96:13 | then it's probably a good thing to . And, uh, I've never |
|
|
96:21 | on a lateral well, so I know how these tools work and how |
|
|
96:24 | been modified, but they have been to work in lateral wells. And |
|
|
96:31 | wish I had more details on it I'm kind of kind of out in |
|
|
96:36 | woods on that, because I, , I haven't sat a well for |
|
|
96:39 | few years, although when I, , worked in the North Sea on |
|
|
96:46 | chalks, we were doing laterals, I just, uh at that point |
|
|
96:50 | time, I was working on a aspect of of the analysis for the |
|
|
96:54 | data that we've brought in. so here's Here's what One of the |
|
|
97:02 | really neat ones usedto look, it like something. Okay, I'm not |
|
|
97:09 | to say, but it looks like probe that someone might stick in you |
|
|
97:12 | the medical in the doctor's office of smaller scale. Mhm. I'm not |
|
|
97:18 | to tell you what kind of but anyway, um ah, the |
|
|
97:24 | in the doctor's office would be smaller this, by the way, and |
|
|
97:28 | , here you can see that you these pads and of course, they're |
|
|
97:31 | to cause problems. They could be when it's when it's lowered. But |
|
|
97:35 | when you start pulling it back you're gonna wanna pull that out and |
|
|
97:39 | just, uh, hopefully keep that moving straight up. And so you |
|
|
97:45 | these several pads and you can see , uh, they're looking at different |
|
|
97:51 | that helps them figure out what the is. So you have, |
|
|
97:57 | you have this thing that you're trying keep oriented. Uh, and as |
|
|
98:01 | coming up, you can see where dips are. Like, here's here's |
|
|
98:04 | curve and it's a little bit higher here, and it's a little bit |
|
|
98:08 | coming back down this way. So this straight line. You know, |
|
|
98:16 | the dip is down towards down towards and it's up somewhere between B and |
|
|
98:24 | . So, like this was being , this would be up dip. |
|
|
98:29 | down here, everywhere a and B would be more down to Okay, |
|
|
98:36 | , and here's what a standard, sharp, uh, looked like and |
|
|
98:42 | getting much more colorful now, and do all sorts of nifty stuff with |
|
|
98:47 | . Um, but, um, do you think is the difference between |
|
|
98:54 | dark tadpoles and the empty tadpoles like this Dad pull right there and |
|
|
99:01 | tadpole right there when you try Excuse ? Like, have something with, |
|
|
99:15 | , wet sand and dry sand or ? No, no, it's |
|
|
99:20 | you're trying to make this oil, ? And that's that's being very |
|
|
99:26 | But anyway, what this really means this the filled in ones, they |
|
|
99:32 | like they're more reliable data points, so there could be a lot of |
|
|
99:37 | . But here, this is probably bedding in a sandstone, which is |
|
|
99:45 | look chaotic and because it looks very , it might not be considered |
|
|
99:50 | but in fact it might be reliable you can always tell and based on |
|
|
99:56 | , but based on consistency, they kind of picked the ones |
|
|
100:02 | they have an algorithm for sorting it , and there's a lot of different |
|
|
100:06 | that can cause problems. And here some of the things that they talk |
|
|
100:12 | here's increasing dip with not that, , uh, this is chaotic. |
|
|
100:19 | in a sand body, for or creating it. And here you |
|
|
100:24 | dips in a clay stone, but don't seem to match up with some |
|
|
100:27 | the other ones. But these might better than those that are over |
|
|
100:31 | That air filled in. So uh, there's a lot of noise |
|
|
100:37 | hard to determine. However, this is what we're kind of looking |
|
|
100:43 | in terms of how to interpret And this is a uniformed pattern through |
|
|
100:47 | section. And imagine finally layered uh, that have lots of lamb |
|
|
101:01 | a lots of beds, and they're kind of when they were deposited, |
|
|
101:06 | were flat lines. So when you them, they dip all pretty much |
|
|
101:11 | , and that would be what we a green pattern. That's uniforms and |
|
|
101:15 | usually is gonna be in, um , in a shell because you don't |
|
|
101:21 | cross betting in the shale, and don't have other things going on. |
|
|
101:29 | , now, another thing that can , um is you can get cross |
|
|
101:33 | and you can have also you have on a larger scale. Changed because |
|
|
101:41 | coming into it, something like a or out of a channel. And |
|
|
101:45 | the dip is higher. And before go any farther, go back |
|
|
101:51 | Okay? This is the dip. where Plots out in this direction from |
|
|
101:57 | to here. That tells you the . Okay, The little tadpole, |
|
|
102:04 | pointer is telling you which direction it's in. So what would the dip |
|
|
102:12 | on these two tadpoles? Right Okay. And there's there's nothing Thio |
|
|
102:23 | you how many degrees it iss, as geologists, what's at the top |
|
|
102:28 | the time? North, There's always the top. So, uh, |
|
|
102:36 | North is top, what is? are these to sing, but it |
|
|
102:41 | resist. It's what, 30 to . Right there. Only 35. |
|
|
102:53 | , almost horizontal. Oh, I'm . Yeah, yeah. You're saying |
|
|
102:57 | is 30 32 or whatever, but east, right? Yeah. |
|
|
103:02 | Okay, So the tadpole is telling it's east. And the position in |
|
|
103:08 | is telling you how many degrees that it. Okay, so where it |
|
|
103:15 | on this scale is the dip of bed. Where that is pointing is |
|
|
103:20 | direction of the better. So this one's about 31. This one |
|
|
103:26 | be about 33 East. Okay, when we have consistent dip like this |
|
|
103:35 | dip direction, inconsistent tilt, it's beds that have been tilted together. |
|
|
103:41 | there. Ah, well, It doesn't have to be a |
|
|
103:47 | You can have lime stones and sand do the same thing, especially if |
|
|
103:52 | older and been more compact and more watered. And we're nice layered sedimentary |
|
|
103:58 | in the first place. But because are places where we get layer cake |
|
|
104:05 | . And of course, you're not at this, um, in in |
|
|
104:14 | big scale. So sometimes the dip to be pretty significant for you, |
|
|
104:19 | to pick out a direction. And the dip is subtle, it makes |
|
|
104:24 | little bit harder to pick it out these pads air not too far |
|
|
104:29 | Okay, so it's, um you , if I have a couple of |
|
|
104:33 | dip, you know, within a hole, the difference between this maybe |
|
|
104:40 | than then. You could see if was a greater one, but but |
|
|
104:44 | still it still works pretty well because very close up and, uh, |
|
|
104:50 | you can still see pretty much an on it. But the subtle angles |
|
|
104:55 | know, when you get less than , it's gonna be tough. Thio |
|
|
104:58 | see anything? Anyway, this uh, uh a good, |
|
|
105:06 | very well layered formation set of Uh, and most likely is |
|
|
105:12 | Okay, here we see. Okay. Yeah, over. My |
|
|
105:28 | just interrupted me. Thio. I want to get into a discussion about |
|
|
105:33 | , but my wife just interrupted me tell me there was a call on |
|
|
105:36 | on the election a few minutes So when we get done for our |
|
|
105:41 | break, we can all check it the truth. Anyway, um, |
|
|
105:47 | we look at this blue upward increasing , lot of times that means pro |
|
|
105:53 | , and I'll show you why. and, uh uh, this would |
|
|
105:59 | the red pattern. And when we Excuse me, this is upward. |
|
|
106:04 | is a blue pattern. I'm I'm reading it wrong again. This |
|
|
106:09 | blue. This is red, and looking at the slide the wrong |
|
|
106:16 | But here is our upward decreasing And this is our upward increasing |
|
|
106:25 | This one is red, and this is called blue, and this is |
|
|
106:29 | green. And then down here, , sometimes it's called a yellow pattern |
|
|
106:36 | a random pattern or bag of which was very similar to to this |
|
|
106:42 | in here. Okay, so let's what that kind of looks like. |
|
|
106:49 | is, uh, some beds that been structurally tilted, but they were |
|
|
106:53 | down like layer cakes in the structural is picked up on the amount of |
|
|
107:01 | and the angle of the debian And that's kind of what you see |
|
|
107:06 | . Here. You see, the is increasing. So something is causing |
|
|
107:13 | dip to increase in this direction. would that look? What did we |
|
|
107:21 | at yesterday that could look something like Roll over in a current? There |
|
|
107:29 | go. That's gonna Oh, I didn't put it on there. |
|
|
107:34 | . Yeah, but a rollover. Klein could do that. Ah, |
|
|
107:37 | fault. Could Could have several, , places where you might see something |
|
|
107:42 | this. Okay, here's Here's another showing upward increasing. And let's see |
|
|
107:53 | it says back here on this I just want to see if it |
|
|
107:55 | sense with what I'm going to Yes, it does. Okay, |
|
|
108:01 | , if if we don't have, , a growth fault, we might |
|
|
108:06 | something like this. It looks like gradation. In other words, you've |
|
|
108:11 | the layered shells out here. Limited like the the bottom set beds. |
|
|
108:19 | as we go to the top set , you're going to start, |
|
|
108:24 | seeing something like this. And of course, it's gonna fill in |
|
|
108:27 | the sand stones across the top. the shells on top of that are |
|
|
108:33 | to show procreation like this. You're end up with shells flat down |
|
|
108:38 | and we're going going from a lot flat. And you're gonna have with |
|
|
108:42 | stones on the top. That air up here on Program nation and but |
|
|
108:47 | programming shales in front of it. pro delta shells are gonna are gonna |
|
|
108:52 | a lot like this. Okay, , then any time you get something |
|
|
109:01 | this, which is a significant and, uh, this could be |
|
|
109:06 | nun. Conformity of faults and All surface or again, the toe |
|
|
109:10 | pro gradation may look something like too, when you get down here |
|
|
109:14 | you go to the bottom sent beds you really have to be careful interpreting |
|
|
109:23 | , I think you know, you use the dip angles and then you |
|
|
109:28 | to figure it out. Now, angular un conformity. If there's gonna |
|
|
109:33 | one in an area you're working and probably have an idea of where it's |
|
|
109:36 | happen from a least the two d maker, maybe even from grab and |
|
|
109:42 | . But here you have an angular conformity. You can see the dip |
|
|
109:48 | of the overlying beds is very different this one. So what happened was |
|
|
109:52 | had these beds laid down flat, rotated and got eroded, and these |
|
|
109:58 | laid flat on top of it. then it rotated back a little this |
|
|
110:02 | to get these beds to dip down this direction, and any time you |
|
|
110:07 | that, you know there's a lot erosion that's gone on, and that's |
|
|
110:13 | what happens when you have an eroding . It's tilted. You're going to |
|
|
110:18 | an angular un conformity like this, up with beds that were flat line |
|
|
110:24 | that, rotated the first time and eroded. And then it's tilted |
|
|
110:28 | Back this way. Um, because whole structure has has later on tilted |
|
|
110:34 | another direction. Okay, And here , uh, showing you a channel |
|
|
110:45 | there There's probably not too many real of recognizing this. But if you're |
|
|
110:52 | the right, you know, if know you have a flu viel |
|
|
110:56 | you can you can look at this of thing and you can see you |
|
|
111:00 | this tilted substrate that got incised. , you had a low stand |
|
|
111:07 | You can see the dips changing right . This is a good, good |
|
|
111:12 | . Also going over here is being a sequence boundary so it could help |
|
|
111:19 | even with with something like that. here you could have an incised valley |
|
|
111:24 | a low stand, cutting into something structurally tilted a little bit before the |
|
|
111:28 | stand. And, uh and then you have, uh, bets here |
|
|
111:34 | if, uh, later on tilted little bit more, actually, just |
|
|
111:39 | at it. The dip on this is just a little bit less than |
|
|
111:43 | dip on that unit. So it's to tell what they're trying to draw |
|
|
111:47 | . But maybe maybe these beds, , didn't tilt until those beds |
|
|
111:55 | But the dip here is a little less than what it is there. |
|
|
112:00 | which is odd, because when you at this, um, it looks |
|
|
112:05 | they're pretty much the same, but , you're seeing a little bit greater |
|
|
112:10 | . Uh, right in this, upper part here, you're gonna get |
|
|
112:14 | a flat line again. These these cartoons are not 100% accurate, but |
|
|
112:19 | we see that red pattern. And , of course, uh, what's |
|
|
112:25 | is you're on, you know, of you get the clay plug of |
|
|
112:31 | , it's gonna be flat up and then it's gonna start increasing with |
|
|
112:34 | dip into the center of the channel this rather than just being one channel |
|
|
112:40 | could be a whole channel belt, there could be, like, channel |
|
|
112:44 | actually in here, and we'll see kind of dips. It could be |
|
|
112:48 | sand unit in here on the sand in here. In each one of |
|
|
112:51 | could be channel belts. Excuse Channels within one channel belt. |
|
|
112:58 | Okay. Here is just showing you pattern you could get. Ah, |
|
|
113:03 | . You're getting pretty much the typical . Roll over on a normal fault |
|
|
113:12 | you can see how that changes the here, too. And it's pretty |
|
|
113:17 | when you cross the fault. Here is just a example. Cartoon |
|
|
113:27 | . Uh, here we have flatlining shales, but they're well bedded. |
|
|
113:33 | tilted together as a unit. There's deposition. All tilt in here or |
|
|
113:39 | positional dip in here. There's there's strata graphic dip or structural dip. |
|
|
113:45 | . And this is showing you the dip and down here showing you some |
|
|
113:49 | positional dip going on. It's causing nightmare over here and try to tie |
|
|
113:54 | one of these to each of I'm not sure you'd be able to |
|
|
113:58 | it out. Just looking at the , but But you get the |
|
|
114:01 | We have cross trough stratification Any time have cross trough stratification say that a |
|
|
114:08 | . It gets really tongue time. But you can see here that the |
|
|
114:12 | can be very chaotic. Uh, not really showing you what happens to |
|
|
114:18 | things because because there's like, the dip in one of these troughs |
|
|
114:23 | not gonna be like this. Like like. The pattern is showing. |
|
|
114:29 | gonna be more like that more like . So it keeps changing as you |
|
|
114:35 | from one cross dropped to the next drops. That's pretty, pretty much |
|
|
114:40 | . And then we go back into nice screen pattern which here has here |
|
|
114:44 | had sand stones in there that were and flat line. Here we have |
|
|
114:49 | limestone unit that may have irrational surfaces and below, but it's all state |
|
|
114:54 | of in layer cake fashion and then some structural component thio dip over |
|
|
115:01 | But no de positional component. here's one of the examples of where |
|
|
115:11 | might need a dip meter. You this nice slice of a three D |
|
|
115:15 | line and you have this a list live in there? And who wants |
|
|
115:21 | tell everybody What analyst with IHS Come . Geology majors. That's what kind |
|
|
115:33 | a John Kerry on the list of is a huge mass of of rock |
|
|
115:43 | slumped off of a high or It's like a gravity flow debris |
|
|
115:48 | Well, it's a gravity flow of type gravity deposit where you've got lots |
|
|
115:53 | things just rolling down in here. so you're looking at the seismic trying |
|
|
115:57 | figure out what's going on. You dip meter in there. It could |
|
|
116:01 | very useful in helping you figure out going on with with the betting in |
|
|
116:06 | . You know, you have some out here and betting out here that |
|
|
116:09 | can kind of follow. That's something strange is going on in there. |
|
|
116:15 | when you get really strange responses, could always be something that might be |
|
|
116:20 | to hydrocarbons, of course. But this case, uh, there's some |
|
|
116:24 | blocks, and there's some a lot on in front of this reflector and |
|
|
116:30 | this reflector that could show some dramatic changes because you're going to get a |
|
|
116:34 | of de positional dip in here and just structural dip. Okay. And |
|
|
116:41 | is, uh, you know, other ones had would have had a |
|
|
116:46 | channels in each one of these, , four pads. Ah, but |
|
|
116:56 | they've got the of course, they've the caliper logs, and they've got |
|
|
116:59 | pad sticking out the caliper log to out where you got washouts. And |
|
|
117:05 | the other thing is, uh, the old times we had anywhere from |
|
|
117:11 | one sensor on this thio they set to 25. If you're gonna have |
|
|
117:16 | pads, it's gonna have to be number. And if you have three |
|
|
117:19 | , it's gonna have to be something than 25. Could be uneven number |
|
|
117:24 | an odd number, but not So now they have a lot of |
|
|
117:33 | on each one of these, pad so you can see things at |
|
|
117:38 | scale and not just something way over and way over there. You're also |
|
|
117:44 | close up on a lateral scale changes here all the way to there, |
|
|
117:50 | you can see there offset so that it's like trying to get multi as |
|
|
117:56 | seismic out of this or something. you're you're getting a really good handle |
|
|
118:00 | what's going on this way in this . Over, that's seventh. There's |
|
|
118:08 | inches across this pad here. And things have gotten more and more elaborate |
|
|
118:15 | time, of course. And, , and one of the things that |
|
|
118:22 | you to do, of course, look at sedimentary structures and helps you |
|
|
118:27 | all sorts of false that have offsets fractures that don't. And and it |
|
|
118:37 | give you a pretty clear image of versus cross bedding. You can see |
|
|
118:41 | dip and you can see deposition. can see regional structural dip and de |
|
|
118:47 | dips. Okay, so here is one of the earlier ones looked |
|
|
118:53 | This is in black and white, you go around to the four pads |
|
|
118:57 | you can actually wrap it around like and get in idea. And of |
|
|
119:01 | , it's dipping in this direction. , this'll looks like regional dip. |
|
|
119:06 | then you've got some de positional Perhaps, uh uh, coming in |
|
|
119:12 | . And so it's pretty, pretty interesting. It almost looks like |
|
|
119:18 | piece of core coming out of the and you put it like that. |
|
|
119:22 | here's another one, um, comparing to a core. And of |
|
|
119:29 | you know, it's geologists. We a core, but a dip meter |
|
|
119:32 | pretty good if you can't get a . And how many of you have |
|
|
119:37 | on doing sort of, ah, core in A In A Well, |
|
|
119:41 | anybody worked on anything like that? mean, I've seen them. |
|
|
119:51 | Yeah, of course, as Hopefully everybody that's a geology major is |
|
|
119:55 | a core. And I would hope the geophysics have, but maybe you |
|
|
120:00 | it, but getting a core is lot of work. And, |
|
|
120:06 | I was sent to a well, to pick a contract jewel boundary in |
|
|
120:14 | well where we did not want to another $8 million to drill another |
|
|
120:19 | And, of course, if you flying through a formation and you think |
|
|
120:25 | passed the interval that you're government requirement determined that you need to cut, |
|
|
120:32 | have to do a side track more less to get past to some fresh |
|
|
120:38 | rock because you can't you can't It's something that's full of mud |
|
|
120:43 | For a drilling fluid, you have move to the side. So it's |
|
|
120:48 | a dramatic thing to do a Now, if you you decide |
|
|
120:51 | you know exactly where that is. can drill the court. I may |
|
|
120:55 | already mentioned this, but when I , someone was going to drill a |
|
|
121:00 | for the University of Houston across the Tertiary boundary. Uh, between the |
|
|
121:06 | in the camp just north of Here they used three D seismic, |
|
|
121:12 | they missed it by 1200 ft. they got a core of the midway |
|
|
121:16 | nothing on foundry. So if they , absolutely, for legal reasons had |
|
|
121:22 | get a core of that thing, would have had to drill another |
|
|
121:25 | And something like that happened in a in Azerbaijan before they pulled me to |
|
|
121:30 | out there and pick and pick that . And they spent, um, |
|
|
121:36 | million on it. Um, if drill a core, it's going to |
|
|
121:40 | you $3 million. I went out and was able to pick the strata |
|
|
121:44 | point for them where it was which much indicated that we gotten to the |
|
|
121:53 | depth that were supposed to drill to the country of Azerbaijan and and |
|
|
122:01 | we didn't need to spend $3 million drill a core at all. |
|
|
122:05 | uh, that that would be if worked. Well, if it didn't |
|
|
122:09 | well, like the other, it could have been a Muchas eight |
|
|
122:12 | . So for a flight over to and my own private helicopter ride, |
|
|
122:18 | , I was able to save them t least $3 million just paying for |
|
|
122:24 | couple of tickets. And I didn't a lot on that trip because the |
|
|
122:28 | wasn't that good on the rig. we don't get paid. We don't |
|
|
122:32 | charged for food. I don't think the rig. So I don't think |
|
|
122:34 | was much much of a food And I did get taken out to |
|
|
122:39 | nice restaurant. Ah, it was of underground. And where the the |
|
|
122:46 | trade used to come through and uh, many ah, many thousands |
|
|
122:52 | years ago, 2000 years ago or , Or maybe maybe just 1600 years |
|
|
122:59 | , they had traders gone through there they had a little restaurant. There |
|
|
123:03 | part of, ah, what ah, pathway between buildings that were |
|
|
123:09 | underground, covered up with with history society And that was that might have |
|
|
123:16 | expensive, but other than that, was pretty cheap compared to the three |
|
|
123:20 | to drill a core and the eight if you had to drill a second |
|
|
123:24 | , which happens quite often, so an image log that looks like this |
|
|
123:29 | save a lot of expense. You have, well, problems with image |
|
|
123:33 | , but usually it's not going to you anywhere near $3 million and you |
|
|
123:38 | something that looks almost like structure. me. It looks almost like a |
|
|
123:44 | in itself, and you can see lot of actual geological features in this |
|
|
123:51 | . Uh, just, uh, glad somebody else picked this out so |
|
|
123:55 | don't have to show you why. know it's like this, but it |
|
|
123:59 | showing you obvious betting, and you see there's sort of a consistency to |
|
|
124:04 | betting in the red. And so pretty much how you would identify the |
|
|
124:11 | that you're seeing and you can see looking at the rock. You can |
|
|
124:14 | it. So you got a good on dip. Wherever this pad is |
|
|
124:18 | dip. And wherever these pads are , dip structurally. But then go |
|
|
124:24 | and look at the deposition, Elim that you're getting here. And what |
|
|
124:29 | you think little things like this might ? They don't label this on |
|
|
124:39 | I think this is absolutely incredible. do you think these little blips are |
|
|
124:46 | here? It looked like something just of changed. Um, and what's |
|
|
124:56 | on here is because those pads air close together, they're seeing places where |
|
|
125:02 | know, they might have a consistent . Then there's all all of sudden |
|
|
125:07 | like a hole there where they don't any dip it all. And it's |
|
|
125:12 | because of that plugged by the But if if you can imagine, |
|
|
125:16 | was, ah, hole cut into section here you might get something that |
|
|
125:20 | like a gap, right? In words, it's basically there's no dip |
|
|
125:29 | . And so you're seeing it pop like that. So what do you |
|
|
125:32 | some of these funny features are that running across the street. Igra fee |
|
|
125:38 | tradition. Very good. That's probably what it iss. And if we're |
|
|
125:45 | at the shells and again, I they can get these tools into a |
|
|
125:52 | hole. I don't know how it works. I don't know that if |
|
|
125:56 | have crawlers on them or what, it was probably a lot more expensive |
|
|
126:01 | a straight hole dip meter or just deep, slightly deviated whole, |
|
|
126:07 | wire line, uh, type But, um, you could put |
|
|
126:12 | in a lateral on. You go a shale and you see a lot |
|
|
126:16 | this, uh, model Look to . It probably does mean bio Turbay |
|
|
126:22 | . And it probably does mean, , a lot of the organic material |
|
|
126:28 | here has been ingested. And a that I was telling you about that |
|
|
126:34 | into the midway, uh, the reason it was drilled in that area |
|
|
126:42 | people were looking at the Midway is potential source rock for completely new play |
|
|
126:50 | in the state of Texas, which has a lot of oil all over |
|
|
126:53 | place. And and even Floyd Wilson was interested in this But perhaps |
|
|
126:59 | I even figured it out, he it out. But the dark shales |
|
|
127:03 | the midway on that part of Texas heavily bioterror baited. And, |
|
|
127:11 | the water was deep at that Probably a least, uh, 300 |
|
|
127:19 | not 600 m deep. And but was oxygenated. So you had a |
|
|
127:26 | of, uh, bio Turbay Shin on and bio Turbay Shin means there's |
|
|
127:33 | in there eating the organic material that were hoping would have turned into oil |
|
|
127:38 | gas. But when there's a of activity, uh, you know, |
|
|
127:45 | sort of a no go. So looked like really dark source prone? |
|
|
127:54 | , shells. We ran TLC analysis it, and I think the highest |
|
|
127:59 | got in there was 0.5 percent which is not going to do much |
|
|
128:06 | you, especially in something that might not as mature as we would normally |
|
|
128:11 | to be. In other words, would be sort of it the early |
|
|
128:14 | window and not through the main part the oil window so that that pretty |
|
|
128:20 | nixed it. And so that's a important thing. Now, when you're |
|
|
128:26 | laterals. You're usually drilling in a where you kind of know there's oil |
|
|
128:32 | and and again, that's because you figured it out from a straight |
|
|
128:36 | It had so much in it that must be something there that we could |
|
|
128:40 | laterally. But then, as you to exploit away from that initial discovery |
|
|
128:48 | than in ah, and conventional stuff we look at the big picture and |
|
|
128:54 | in and focus in on the this thing, you start out with |
|
|
128:57 | , Well, you know, oil and gas, it's gonna come |
|
|
129:00 | of the ground. You try to out where that good trend is in |
|
|
129:04 | distance. Uh, running some of things. An exploratory mode might be |
|
|
129:09 | it, but again, a lot times we don't even try that. |
|
|
129:12 | when we start trying to maximize recovery a lot of the unconventional resources that |
|
|
129:17 | have right now, we may see people drilling wells. It might do |
|
|
129:21 | like this in what you could even though it's not a frontier |
|
|
129:26 | it could be frontier exploration in different of these massive shale bodies that people |
|
|
129:33 | not drilled yet and accidentally found that was a lot of oil, but |
|
|
129:38 | might go poking around like they did the midway. We know there's a |
|
|
129:41 | shale there, but we don't know there's any potential for production. They |
|
|
129:45 | out really quickly in that area. no potential for it at all. |
|
|
129:50 | whether you drill the core or whether drilled well and did a image log |
|
|
129:56 | have probably helped a lot and sort sorting out the total organic carbon. |
|
|
130:01 | of course, using the passing method here with the cross plot between resistive |
|
|
130:06 | and another density tool like the density where the sonic log, you might |
|
|
130:11 | able to get some indication of how the source rock isas. Well, |
|
|
130:17 | , so, um, next thing gonna look at a sidewalk cores and |
|
|
130:24 | . Um, and, of course me, this This is, um |
|
|
130:31 | hate to keep saying this, but know that this is really data, |
|
|
130:37 | know, In other words, we our hands on it. It's not |
|
|
130:42 | it's not a cat scan. this is like when you cut somebody |
|
|
130:48 | and you see the tumor and the and the value of these remote sensing |
|
|
130:57 | that we have, including size Mint remote sensing the beauty of remote sensing |
|
|
131:02 | medicine and and geology is, you see things without poking into the ground |
|
|
131:08 | poking into the person too much. there's a big advantage there. So |
|
|
131:12 | tools air definitely worthwhile. But when a medical team could do a |
|
|
131:20 | they get a lot more reassurance that know what they're looking at in the |
|
|
131:25 | with geology, when we can actually a core, we actually have |
|
|
131:30 | We have a good idea what it is and looking closer at the photography |
|
|
131:36 | it, doing geochemical analyses on not just fluid stuff. You |
|
|
131:41 | you can run a fluid test full out and figure out an awful lot |
|
|
131:45 | , and there you're getting your hands it as well. And, |
|
|
131:49 | and getting, uh, things that us figure out the deposition environment and |
|
|
131:55 | age at the same time. You , the Biota that Aaron there oftentimes |
|
|
132:01 | tell you whether you're looking at a section or a non Marine section, |
|
|
132:06 | right away we'll tell you if a a channel that ah, might be |
|
|
132:12 | viel is flu viel and not a turban type channel. In other |
|
|
132:17 | if I see deep water, deep , anybody sees deepwater bio strap around |
|
|
132:25 | channel versus, uh, non Marine almost a lack of any kind of |
|
|
132:34 | around it. You know that even you might have sedimentary structures that are |
|
|
132:38 | , the one with the deep water around it is going to be probably |
|
|
132:43 | to do with the turbidity current of submarine fan and turbo tights. Whereas |
|
|
132:49 | it's all non Marine, it's probably to be a river and s. |
|
|
132:53 | , that's really critically important. And course, the age is important, |
|
|
132:57 | , because doesn't seem like much, know, we call things Eocene and |
|
|
133:02 | seen those air huge chunks of But today, in terms of age |
|
|
133:09 | , we can see, uh, in the rock record as small as |
|
|
133:14 | years and that that could end up a, uh, some sort of |
|
|
133:21 | stand. Maybe not a sequence but definitely ah, low stand |
|
|
133:26 | all sorts of things like that or event. And and then, of |
|
|
133:31 | , it helps tie in with and you're gonna have a correlation |
|
|
133:36 | And I'm going to give you the bio straight up front. And of |
|
|
133:41 | , analyzing the water can often help a lot of things and in terms |
|
|
133:48 | what your contrast is between your real one is a contrast between your formation |
|
|
133:54 | and your drilling fluids. Limit E that helps helps the petro physics a |
|
|
134:01 | . But there's other things that relate , proximity, Thio, salt masses |
|
|
134:07 | and sometimes it relates thio things that to maturity the rocks as well. |
|
|
134:16 | , so corn analysis standard core analysis looks at the same things that we're |
|
|
134:21 | at with the logs, process and . Uh, and here, rather |
|
|
134:28 | using a tool to calculate it, can look at it. But |
|
|
134:32 | it's interesting. Trying to measure Prasit especially permeability can be difficult because in |
|
|
134:39 | of permeability, you have tow push through the rock and get a flow |
|
|
134:43 | out of it. And what you through and how you push it through |
|
|
134:48 | be, um mhm, a biasing in terms of what your results |
|
|
134:55 | But usually you can get good permeability good ferocity because people have been doing |
|
|
135:00 | for century now, I think, and but those are some of the |
|
|
135:06 | things you look for. But then go in there and the geologist gets |
|
|
135:09 | there, and he describes the sedimentary where the fractures are and where discontinuities |
|
|
135:16 | very often. If you have a , you can see it pretty clearly |
|
|
135:21 | a core, and you may also able to recognize, uh, significant |
|
|
135:29 | that suggests there is offset, even in a court you're not going to |
|
|
135:33 | that much offset, it may clearly , and you might be able to |
|
|
135:37 | up fault. And for two, , another tool that's really important are |
|
|
135:44 | sidewalk wars. And that's because you have these tools going down and |
|
|
135:53 | know, you kind of have This is kind of, uh, |
|
|
136:00 | different types of sidewalk or tools, and unconsolidated sediments or like shotgun |
|
|
136:06 | And again, I haven't run one these tools in a while, but |
|
|
136:09 | think they still look the same you probably could get. I probably |
|
|
136:15 | get a colored picture for you, But anyway, the ah, you |
|
|
136:20 | these little, uh, shotgun shell charges, uh, in these things |
|
|
136:26 | cups and the charge pushes the cup into the formation, and it has |
|
|
136:33 | little cable that holds it so that you pull this out, you have |
|
|
136:36 | these things kind of hanging by by after they've been shot. And, |
|
|
136:44 | course, you can sequence them. , you drop it down the hole |
|
|
136:48 | and at a certain depth they start these things from the bottom to the |
|
|
136:54 | so that they hang down and not way the other ones and in unconsolidated |
|
|
137:00 | , a lot of times of there's . Marilyn night in that formation is |
|
|
137:05 | going to stick in the cup. , and you guys probably don't know |
|
|
137:09 | a film little film camp cans looked , but probably have one laying around |
|
|
137:15 | somewhere. But they're about the same as a Kodak film. Can used |
|
|
137:20 | be, uh, for ah, a typical, uh, slides that |
|
|
137:26 | used to make in the past. also typical pictures not large frame |
|
|
137:32 | but the regular 35 millimeter size, , negatives and or slides. So |
|
|
137:40 | cans would go in there they come , you pull it up here, |
|
|
137:43 | could get messed up. But the is, though, is that with |
|
|
137:47 | sidewalk cores, we will end up a piece of rock. Uh, |
|
|
137:53 | structures could be messed up, all of things that you can see. |
|
|
137:57 | of course, you wouldn't be able see in this, but you would |
|
|
138:00 | you would have your hands on a of rock. And, uh, |
|
|
138:04 | all these things I'm talking about right or what geologists consider Riel data. |
|
|
138:09 | , uh, I've had a bunch geophysicist tell me that this data is |
|
|
138:16 | really data, but the seismic is rial data, and the seismic tells |
|
|
138:21 | large scale properties of the rocks, their averages every step of the way |
|
|
138:26 | averages. But this is telling you really fine tuned here. I'm looking |
|
|
138:32 | the rock. I'm not looking ATT's that indicates the rock on a broad |
|
|
138:39 | , but I'm looking at in a fine scale with the rockets thes would |
|
|
138:45 | pulled out at certain death. You them you know I want one. |
|
|
138:49 | 8933 ft. Um, and then go down the column where you might |
|
|
138:55 | it, but they pull the deepest out first, and they come up |
|
|
138:58 | thing and keep pulling them out. that's how that works. Now, |
|
|
139:01 | addition to the ones that have the cable, they do have ones that |
|
|
139:05 | have a little mechanical, uh, case cup where the diamond edge of |
|
|
139:14 | cup can kind of drill into into more consolidated rock sections. When you're |
|
|
139:19 | that, those air a little bit expensive, and and you can have |
|
|
139:23 | issues with those as well that they retract when they pull it up. |
|
|
139:29 | , here is, um, just you when you do have a |
|
|
139:35 | If you have a sidewalk where you kind of it's kind of hit or |
|
|
139:38 | if you have a solid core, , you can actually drill in different |
|
|
139:45 | to see structural features from different perspectives all three axes and thats useful |
|
|
139:53 | and you can take those cores and can push fluids through in different directions |
|
|
139:58 | kind of see what direction you The best permeability, uh, on |
|
|
140:04 | porosity. And this is getting back the log motif thing, uh, |
|
|
140:13 | we were talking about before we were looking at the basic logs. And |
|
|
140:20 | is something that's very typical for Here is something similarly for a |
|
|
140:28 | but this one is is coursing so we often assume that's going to |
|
|
140:33 | regressive. Uh, this one is be, of course, transgressive. |
|
|
140:42 | we're getting its shadowing upwards we're getting going from near shore to deeper |
|
|
140:47 | So we're getting finer grain were potentially from, uh, deep water too |
|
|
140:55 | water. And that's why that's coursing . That's why that would be regressive |
|
|
140:59 | transgressive. But here's the point. on the point bar is not transgressive |
|
|
141:03 | re aggressive. It's ah, it's of a meandering stream and it gives |
|
|
141:09 | this kind of pattern. And in way, uh, this is filling |
|
|
141:16 | in this in this direction. So a way, you had to call |
|
|
141:20 | transgressive or regressive. It's actually but you have a regressive sequence that's |
|
|
141:25 | upwards. And so that's why you to be real careful with what you're |
|
|
141:30 | to explain with motif locks. You're in offshore settings and you know the |
|
|
141:36 | you working on. We're offshore. can do this transgressive and regressive thing |
|
|
141:41 | you're in a lake or in a on sometimes, even, uh, |
|
|
141:49 | Barrier Island complexes, you have to real careful about calling something transgressive or |
|
|
141:54 | up front, because things could Here is something that you might see |
|
|
141:59 | a good turbidity flow sequence or turban . Okay, since we're logging |
|
|
142:05 | it's Iraq. Iraq makes it not submarine fan, but a turban I'd |
|
|
142:09 | is showing you what a channel sand look like. An here. |
|
|
142:16 | it's interesting because here's the channel, here's where it was deepest. And |
|
|
142:21 | where it's full and and here's the bar deposit, and this is what |
|
|
142:28 | usually used thio just to help us channels meandering streams. And this could |
|
|
142:37 | a Mannering stream here, but the of it's going to be filled with |
|
|
142:41 | grain stuff because the foul leg is there looks like the point bars over |
|
|
142:46 | because here's a slope on it. is a steeper slopes. So the |
|
|
142:49 | is cutting into this side and depositing on this side, This is the |
|
|
142:54 | Point bar over here. That's where would be. And so you're going |
|
|
142:58 | see that somewhat finding upwards sequence over . And of course, if you |
|
|
143:02 | log over here, it would be more dramatic than it is there. |
|
|
143:07 | even when you're working in a channel Channel Sands, they're not gonna look |
|
|
143:11 | this and, uh, distribute Terry Channel, for example, is pretty |
|
|
143:16 | where you've got this straight laminar flow like a jet shooting out into, |
|
|
143:23 | , if you take the Mississippi River this tributary channels are in the |
|
|
143:28 | bars are right in front of You have sort of a jet flow |
|
|
143:32 | straight through, and the distributor channels very straight. They don't meander because |
|
|
143:38 | where the ah, the ocean in water. The base level of finally |
|
|
143:44 | there's one direction to get this water of here, and it's that |
|
|
143:48 | And so you're gonna have As it in, you're gonna have a lot |
|
|
143:52 | course load. And of course, doesn't fill in. What happens is |
|
|
143:55 | sediment loads in here and it sinks the mud on DSO. This isn't |
|
|
144:00 | an incision, it's a distributor Eri . But it's but it's a |
|
|
144:05 | Aly uh, through time or die sinking in the shells that it was |
|
|
144:10 | out into. So distribute Terry Channel gonna look for the most part, |
|
|
144:14 | gonna look like this. Where a bar in a meandering stream. |
|
|
144:20 | that's deposition Lee up tip somewhat is look more like this or the flank |
|
|
144:26 | one of these larger channels Might start a little bit like a point point |
|
|
144:31 | . But to get a point you have to have meandering so that |
|
|
144:34 | have a cut side and you have point bank side to get that kind |
|
|
144:39 | a deposit. So it's good as can be. You have to be |
|
|
144:46 | careful with interpreting them. And I've young geologists going in making these kinds |
|
|
144:53 | interpretations with with flu viel sediments, you have to be really careful because |
|
|
144:59 | may have something that looks more like instead of those Marines, uh, |
|
|
145:05 | and barrier islands. Regressive, transgressive that you could see. Okay, |
|
|
145:11 | questions on that? Okay, here's my I'm going to skip |
|
|
145:19 | Uh, I'm not going to read , but you can look at these |
|
|
145:23 | this gives you some or, indication of what these things can look |
|
|
145:31 | . And it's interesting, uh, , you know, it's all over |
|
|
145:39 | board. And if you look at , you can see there's things that |
|
|
145:42 | non marine and marine. And if have bios fatigue RA fee down here |
|
|
145:47 | up here in the shales, a of times you don't get it in |
|
|
145:51 | sand because because it z it's destructive shells. And of course, you're |
|
|
145:58 | winnow out a lot of the the grain things that might be in there |
|
|
146:05 | if it's a coastal or marine So you normally you'd be looking at |
|
|
146:10 | shells. But if it's encased in and or its encased in, um |
|
|
146:19 | , non boring stuff or our lack fossils, you can tell the difference |
|
|
146:23 | whether it might be a title sand one of these other sands. And |
|
|
146:28 | with here. Here we have Viel here. We have a point |
|
|
146:32 | that's gonna have some marine influence that's have marine influence. Braided streams and |
|
|
146:39 | channels probably won't Alluvial Sands won't uh, come over here. It |
|
|
146:46 | a little bit different. And we're , you know, this is still |
|
|
146:49 | same finding upwards sequence. Ah, here you're coming up with something. |
|
|
146:57 | Delta versus something that's a turban. Those things aren't even next to each |
|
|
147:02 | . And then there's the custom That's non marine, and that's |
|
|
147:06 | look, custard is lake And And is this called? I can't read |
|
|
147:13 | one of these. I have my glasses on, but I can't read |
|
|
147:18 | to close things. Okay, Proximal sea fans like like a fan Delta |
|
|
147:24 | something like that. And these all different things, and it really |
|
|
147:30 | to have ah, sort of an three D picture on the large scale |
|
|
147:36 | the frontier area, or even an area, or even a production and |
|
|
147:41 | area. Knowing what the context of deposits are is very, very |
|
|
147:46 | The strategic AFI and what but the , all systems of the strategic fee |
|
|
147:51 | A lot of times have been figured in outcrops and projected in the deep |
|
|
147:55 | , And but you also can have as you go from on short |
|
|
148:00 | So it helps to have bio strata data to help you distinguish between these |
|
|
148:06 | . And here is, uh uh I'm not I'm not gonna go into |
|
|
148:11 | because if I start talking about it'll get into a really long |
|
|
148:15 | But on your own, you can at this and one of the things |
|
|
148:22 | obvious is, for whatever reason, already know that this is a title |
|
|
148:27 | here. And so it really um, discriminate, Uh, these |
|
|
148:32 | motifs from one faces to a and they know that it's gonna be |
|
|
148:37 | kind of things that you see when have a barrier island, which they |
|
|
148:41 | here, and this would be a barrier. And it is so hard |
|
|
148:47 | find anything in the literature but even about a secondary barrier. But when |
|
|
148:52 | was in South Carolina, Miles who I would say is arguably the |
|
|
148:56 | coastal GM or apologist that ever lived will live. Hey was there and |
|
|
149:01 | talked about secondary barriers all the They didn't make very many figures that |
|
|
149:05 | them out, But but so I like this diagram because we start talking |
|
|
149:11 | de positional settings Or have you ever with me on hurricanes? It's really |
|
|
149:15 | to know the difference between a primary and a secondary barrier and basically the |
|
|
149:21 | barriers. One is going to take brunt of waves, wind and storms |
|
|
149:27 | hurricanes. And this one back here less impact from that. Uh, |
|
|
149:35 | I knew I was going to start too much, but this this one |
|
|
149:40 | here, if you have a large , you're going to see a response |
|
|
149:44 | here on this one, you might an erosion all surface, but no |
|
|
149:49 | deposits deposits on the primary when you a big hurricane and many scientists around |
|
|
149:57 | world, including many of them that getting funding from NSF, I think |
|
|
150:01 | signal is all right on the back of these barriers, and they don't |
|
|
150:06 | that a real major hurricane is gonna nothing here because it's going to just |
|
|
150:12 | straight over top of that barrier island it did bull over peninsula and starts |
|
|
150:17 | dumping stuff back in the secondary Which, which of you think about |
|
|
150:22 | Galveston area? This was this is we would call land over here, |
|
|
150:26 | this would be the bay. so I've said too much about |
|
|
150:31 | And But take a look at those while you get to it. And |
|
|
150:36 | . Of course, when you um, when you get core logging |
|
|
150:41 | you can get some real data, can start tying it to your riel |
|
|
150:45 | your log responses, and it makes ability thio interpret the log where you |
|
|
150:51 | have a core a lot more So the actual exercise of integrating these |
|
|
150:58 | sets where you have a core doesn't just help you figure out what's going |
|
|
151:03 | in that particular core interval. It gives you in that area where you |
|
|
151:08 | a lot of the same, things related to the pressure realities, |
|
|
151:15 | , the type of fluid that you be using in the drilling fluid, |
|
|
151:19 | sorts of things. They're gonna be on an equal basis. So if |
|
|
151:24 | understand over a cord section how All different things, they're going to respond |
|
|
151:30 | hopefully you can get a reservoir in to figure out when you have different |
|
|
151:35 | . Ah, in Norway, for , I don't know if they still |
|
|
151:38 | this, but when I was working up through at least 2000 and |
|
|
151:42 | they pretty much demanded that if you into a new reservoir block, you |
|
|
151:47 | to core it. And consequently, had lots, of course. And |
|
|
151:51 | had lots of ways to compare real data real fluid data with with these |
|
|
151:59 | that we use that are looking at ity and density, uh, from |
|
|
152:05 | , uh, clever methods. But able to calibrate the quality of this |
|
|
152:10 | or excuse me, not the tool doesn't change in the responses don't |
|
|
152:16 | But the responses could mean something a different, given different variables. And |
|
|
152:20 | you know what most of the variables here, then you can Thai and |
|
|
152:25 | of, um, standardized. What's on here? Relative What's in the |
|
|
152:31 | ? Rock on make really good It's like a good way to calibrate |
|
|
152:36 | tools with rock and the fluids that be in that rock. And, |
|
|
152:43 | , here's some core samples, just showing you things that can |
|
|
152:48 | Did you see this slide with Janic area? That's like I think you |
|
|
152:57 | and did the heat. I guess was no way for you guys to |
|
|
153:02 | look at Coors. Was there other than the images? Yeah, because |
|
|
153:10 | when he teaches the class, he these core boxes. I I think |
|
|
153:13 | cores air still at University of So if we ever get out of |
|
|
153:18 | , uh, this terrible epidemic, is pandemic or whatever, which is |
|
|
153:24 | even worse right now, it's really . Over 1000 people a day are |
|
|
153:28 | now, Um, one of the that we can do is maybe for |
|
|
153:35 | of you there that haven't graduated yet if you have graduated at some point |
|
|
153:39 | time, I can pull pull these out for the people having class, |
|
|
153:43 | maybe try to remember to let people that took the class, but didn't |
|
|
153:48 | to see if we could pull out IQ scores and go through them in |
|
|
153:52 | . Uh, but first I have find out if we really still have |
|
|
153:55 | . I know long after Janek went Thio, Uh, that is a |
|
|
154:04 | McMaster, uh, which is a good university, by the way, |
|
|
154:07 | Canada before he went there and he a really good deal to get to |
|
|
154:11 | up there. But long after he up there already, we still had |
|
|
154:15 | core boxes, and I think we probably do. But I don't know |
|
|
154:18 | for sure. And I do have core from the midway that didn't make |
|
|
154:23 | to the Cretaceous tertiary boundary, and could show that to you to which |
|
|
154:27 | be an interesting thing as well. here Ah, just from a picture |
|
|
154:33 | fact that it's going from sort of , which is probably courts rich sandstone |
|
|
154:40 | these shells, you can kind of , um, what's happening? Of |
|
|
154:46 | , Uh, when you get a look at it and you have a |
|
|
154:50 | that would go with this Ah, have some idea of the context, |
|
|
154:54 | could ah, figure out that some these air delta front sand stones where |
|
|
154:59 | getting ah, San san and, , offshore deposits here on then. |
|
|
155:09 | is of something where all of a you get a flooding, Uh, |
|
|
155:17 | this he says Delta front so you have ah, distribute Terry mouth |
|
|
155:20 | Could be some of the bigger And some of it could be in |
|
|
155:25 | of that in front of the D v the distribute Terry mouth for Delta |
|
|
155:29 | sand stones. And then you uh, sea level rises and you |
|
|
155:35 | this flooding surface and or C level rise. The you know, most |
|
|
155:42 | the settlements in, um on a sink all the time, they subside |
|
|
155:47 | lot. And I still think, , those that are worried about sea |
|
|
155:52 | rise, er underestimating the incredible amount subsidence that goes on in the Delta |
|
|
156:00 | . In other words, Mississippi If sea level didn't go up or |
|
|
156:04 | , it would be sinking anyway. , based on a tool that I'm |
|
|
156:11 | sure how they do it, the actual sea level rise, um, |
|
|
156:17 | supposed to be maybe six or seven greater than subsidence is right now. |
|
|
156:24 | subsidence is not is not a number consistent everywhere, So I don't quite |
|
|
156:29 | how other you're figuring that out. you have thes heavy sand stones loading |
|
|
156:35 | shell, for example, you're gonna significant subsidence. And it's where the |
|
|
156:40 | stones are that you have the deposits can defend against a hurricane more so |
|
|
156:47 | some of the shells except some of marshes will have a lot of route |
|
|
156:51 | stuff in it. And so if is, uh, equivalent to where |
|
|
156:58 | is being deposits on the levee and the in the sub acres and sub |
|
|
157:04 | floodplain, uh, the grasses could defend it, too. But when |
|
|
157:08 | in this phase, whether it's the or the shells, it's pretty |
|
|
157:12 | But when when it actually sinks, , and you just have the Marine |
|
|
157:17 | coming over the top of it. , they're more easily disrupted by the |
|
|
157:23 | , even though they are sticky. don't have, uh, the heft |
|
|
157:29 | the sand stones. And they don't the binding capacity of of the |
|
|
157:33 | uh, uh, flood plains that around this tributary channels and and distribute |
|
|
157:41 | themselves, not the ultimate channel that channels that air moving out on the |
|
|
157:47 | So, uh, that's really a thing to measure. I think in |
|
|
157:51 | general sense. And there's places, where these mud stones, when the |
|
|
157:57 | sit on top of them, they up, uh, a za Muchas |
|
|
158:04 | ft above sea level. As a of fact, s o. I |
|
|
158:09 | think they're considering the fact that there places where the Marine Shales, |
|
|
158:14 | because these air pushing down in one , these get popped up like a |
|
|
158:17 | in another place. Eso that that kind of tough. But just looking |
|
|
158:22 | this core, we can see the . All of a sudden, we |
|
|
158:25 | to Shales. So this is, , Deltek deposits, Obviously of several |
|
|
158:31 | faces. We have a flood surface , and now we're into significant flooding |
|
|
158:36 | here. Now we have Marine so it's, uh it's a transgressive |
|
|
158:42 | . Okay, so we're going. we're finding upwards here in a transgressive |
|
|
158:48 | , Not in a regressing self. , here is a core that I |
|
|
158:53 | on in South Carolina when I actually out where the Cretaceous Tertiary boundary waas |
|
|
159:01 | , it was mapped in South Carolina 70 to 100 years in the wrong |
|
|
159:07 | , and I went in there and out that it was in the wrong |
|
|
159:10 | . But then I had to drill these auger holes and look for outcrops |
|
|
159:15 | and got some core data from um U S Geological Survey Got to |
|
|
159:22 | out where it was. But in process of that, I worked on |
|
|
159:25 | lot, of course, that were and below that boundary. And this |
|
|
159:29 | a anybody want to guess what these , wavy and pleasure bids are. |
|
|
159:39 | we were talking about sedimentary structures, had a diagram that went kind of |
|
|
159:47 | from this to from from more sandy less sandy. And we have the |
|
|
159:54 | whisks here and we have particular sands here. Uh, do you remember |
|
|
160:01 | of the primary de positional settings that used thio to interpret this by |
|
|
160:15 | Okay, there these air. the answer is that to this |
|
|
160:19 | both gonna be marine influenced. So there's marine fossils in here, so |
|
|
160:34 | it down to that, so we We won't be saying this has something |
|
|
160:40 | do with a levee or distribute or crevasse play. What could it |
|
|
160:58 | No one wants to guess. Uh, 11 face, Uh, |
|
|
161:06 | part of a bomb. A sequence have something like this, but this |
|
|
161:09 | Obama's sequence. The first thing that people interpret these as our title. |
|
|
161:19 | second thing that they interpret these as offshore storm deposits that sometimes wino and |
|
|
161:29 | a wave base on the muds and and kind of window and create some |
|
|
161:35 | deposits. And then there's other places there is limited sand of another. |
|
|
161:39 | example, if this got deposited and storm came by, it might, |
|
|
161:46 | , reactivate this and drop the sand at the san because the other stuff |
|
|
161:52 | stay floated and you might get a bed that would look like this somewhere |
|
|
161:56 | . So these these, uh, could also be storm deposits. So |
|
|
162:02 | it's a storm deposit, what would an easy way to tell the difference |
|
|
162:06 | a storm and a title deposit? two slides ago, I gave you |
|
|
162:12 | clue. The green signs. We're to figure out what what this |
|
|
162:27 | Is it a story? Oh, sorry. I'm sorry. The grain |
|
|
162:31 | . Okay, well, we can a lot of the same grain size |
|
|
162:35 | . Um, um, that's not answer I was looking for, |
|
|
162:39 | uh ah, lot of times when are offshore, you're gonna have less |
|
|
162:46 | grains. So So what you're saying could could help you. You might |
|
|
162:51 | more finer grain court sands out here it was anywhere near Galveston. You've |
|
|
162:59 | that on the beach already, so wouldn't help there. But if you're |
|
|
163:04 | the Atlantic Coast, grain size might . But what would work pretty quickly |
|
|
163:09 | that the fossils in here are going probably be very open marine fossils, |
|
|
163:15 | the fossils that you might find in title system are going to be things |
|
|
163:20 | suggest brackish water conditions or not a marine setting. And so that's another |
|
|
163:27 | that you'd be able to distinguish those things. And I think it's getting |
|
|
163:34 | to take a lunch break. And definitely time to take a break. |
|
|
163:44 | Let's go and take a lunch It's now 11 38. So, |
|
|
163:54 | , how about if we come back 12 28? Is that about 50 |
|
|
164:03 | . Yeah, it's Let's make it 12. 28. Come back or |
|
|
164:08 | it 12. 30. Make it 12. 30. Okay. All |
|
|
164:15 | . That was good. And if look at the slides ahead of |
|
|
164:20 | you can ask, You can ask questions about Uh huh. Thank |
|
|
164:28 | Thank you, everybody. Maria, here. Can you hear me? |
|
|
164:33 | you want me to stop the I'll go ahead and pause it a |
|
|
5999:59 | |
|