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00:04 Okay so. Okay. Mhm. . Welcome folks. Um Just the

00:45 reminders I sent this out earlier this or today. Uh So I'm getting

00:52 blackboard please. This player this week was cover, we're gonna start and

00:58 chapter three This week. So that's what the quiz will cover. Uh

01:03 no smart work assignments due this Um There will be a couple of

01:08 following week but this week nothing. see. So a couple of things

01:14 so the confiscate or some interest last . So this thursday it opens so

01:24 sure you won't be able to sign unless you have a unless you're registered

01:30 causes and make sure you do that to reserve a seat, there will

01:34 multiple times. You can sign up The 17th and 18th when it becomes

01:43 . Uh The last thing um next last thing. So turning point

01:49 So remember that um the stuff that's up there and it's still up there

01:55 disappear right? Because it doesn't count anything. A way to check to

02:00 sure that your type of working and functional and you can see your

02:04 Okay so that will disappear. It be replaced by Uh huh. You

02:11 starting today. Okay as well the uh this week. But remember you

02:20 the attendance thing is not not a high bar. Right? So you

02:23 like eight days built into that where can choose to come or not to

02:27 without any consequences. Okay so um then finally so this is about what's

02:36 on next monday. So remember we four of these During the semester we

02:41 four of these what we call flipped . Okay. 1, 1 for

02:45 unit. And basically what you're gonna is um although I assume mostly be

02:52 before you come here anyway. But is kind of the the mastery of

02:57 information is kind of gonna be on that prior to next monday when you

03:04 to class. So that's it's only , it's only over chapter four part

03:10 and so that's available now. so it's just a video lecture lecture

03:16 and kind. So whatever it is do to to learn the material as

03:20 you can just do that. Look the lecture video and go to electron

03:26 , read the relevant book pages, have you. And then next monday

03:32 be heavily just a clicker questions. , testing on the subject, you

03:37 , mixed in with you know, that will cover certain concepts and

03:42 So if you have questions certainly that would be more heavily skewed toward

03:47 questions and content but certainly will cover of the main concepts. Yeah,

03:53 not briefly at least. So, that's next monday. Okay, um

04:02 questions call me. So we're gonna through interpreter three. Hopefully through all

04:10 the lot of a lot of Cell wall cell cell membranes. Cell

04:14 bacteria. Okay. And last time looked at kind of the overview of

04:19 what so it looks like we kind do the various parts. Not in

04:24 great detail. Just more here's what what it has, here's what it

04:29 like. But as we go through today Wednesday will cover many of those

04:36 in greater detail. Um the terminology that the term bacterial cell problem is

04:44 I say cell envelope, okay, have to talk about material cell won't

04:50 we'll do that shortly. So gram gram positive. And there's other

04:56 Right? There's something that you don't call gram negative quality. Um

05:02 we instead of using the terminology of , what kind of cell wall that

05:06 bacteria have which is not really Okay, you say what's the nature

05:10 the cell envelope of the bacteria? heat? So, again, it

05:16 to anything refers to what's the chemical the components. This is the inner

05:24 here to me change color. so here's the inner membrane or cytoplasmic

05:35 . Okay, that's what's going on here. All right. What is

05:39 chemical nature of that environment outside the membrane membrane? What's going on out

05:45 ? Okay. And as we'll see would be different things. Right.

05:50 primitive bacteria. It is a cell but it's a certain way that it

05:55 . Okay. So that's when I cell envelope. That's what we're talking

05:58 . Okay, there's some bacteria that have. So All right. so

06:02 what's the what what are the components the inner membrane? Okay so um

06:10 we kind of skipped over this last last time. But the main thing

06:15 here are what are the systems e the proportion of components In Karelia

06:24 What your typical of most bacteria? certainly water is going to be the

06:29 abundant molecule. Right. That's gonna true for any living thing, 70%

06:33 . Right? Uh then collectively about called informational D. N.

06:42 Different RNA type molecules tr NH Robertson RNA is and then we launch proteins

06:48 that category as well. Probably the varied right? Most variations of

06:54 More than 4000 types proteins. Um then of course there's A D.

07:01 . A. Which is only 11 of that. But it's a very

07:05 . Alright so double stranded nucleic the other components. About 5% related

07:14 the salon work. My actual peppers can um fossil lipids, other envelope

07:23 components. Okay. And then after or is everything else? Right.

07:28 I'll leave your chemical intermediates and metabolic that we call metabolites, different types

07:36 ions, calcium potassium ions et Right then this group of what's called

07:42 a means uh these here um have functions. They are charged molecules.

07:51 long molecules um rolled in. So DNA binding a lot of different roles

08:01 those important molecules for bacteria. Um we look at people I can okay

08:10 is e coli. Right so that's of the values here. We look

08:14 the components in a bacterial procreate cell cells that um that can vary.

08:22 so staphylococcus says actually probably twice that . If not a little more than

08:28 . Why would that be? Why staff have more and more of that

08:34 here guests. What kind of basic types we talk about in regards to

08:44 envelope graham and gram negative. So color is actually gram negative fair for

08:51 gram positive bacteria. And grand positives well. See I have a lot

08:57 pepper look like. So grand positives characterized by very fat layer thick

09:04 Uh Grand neighbors. Not so much but they have other gram negatives have

09:10 things besides that small that gives them properties. But staff staff and other

09:19 posits would have a number of That's much higher than that because of

09:23 type of cell envelope. They have more cell wall material. Um Okay

09:28 we begin with we're gonna look at of the nature of the cell

09:34 And I'm not gonna spend a lot time because you had this before intro

09:39 uh remember the fluid mosaic model. that term? So the fossil lipid

09:45 layer. So remember that fossil lipids this a structure that part of it

09:51 water loving polar part of its non like water associated with other non polar

09:58 . Okay so your foster lipids have structure of a glycerol molecule to which

10:06 acids are bound. Which is a hydrophobic parts of the molecule. And

10:11 a chemical group bonded with phosphates pants lipid. So the chemical group here

10:17 can vary softly called as well. chemical structures. Um The fossil lipids

10:26 have of course variations as well in of length. How long is double

10:31 may be introduced into it? Um talk about that shortly. Uh So

10:37 you combine these fox olympics in a solution, they'll grouped together. And

10:43 the hydrophobic portions nonpublic portions stick together polar parts facing water as you see

10:51 possible lipid by layer. Okay. so we draw the always cities drawn

10:57 these figures like this typically. Where that's the public part of the

11:05 . And then these are are the polar fatty acid chains. Kind of

11:11 your honor. Of course now. And so it's that hydrophobic core of

11:18 . Right this part. It's basically here very hydrophobic. We also see

11:24 molecules called hope annoyed. Okay. our membranes we have cholesterol this is

11:30 of the equivalent. Is there a like molecules there which means they're very

11:38 polar and associated with the fatty So it kind of helps to stabilize

11:44 those those um fossil lipids um the hop Androids are unique to precarious.

11:52 . And so like cholesterol is unique the animal cells and we'll sell

11:57 So the um selective permeability is the you always here. Okay. And

12:06 due to the fossil different arrangement the lifted by their So that will keep

12:13 really non polar molecules. And uh me, polar molecules. Okay.

12:22 certain molecules are able to come in that. Okay. Um It's all

12:29 to the chemistry. Right. What polar, non polar nature of the

12:33 that are trying to enter or Uh And so we have to for

12:38 of those molecules that our transport. it's quite a help. Right.

12:43 that's where proteins come in. So proteins will help to bring about

12:49 use functionality from one to the right are can be enzymes, they can

12:55 transport proteins that can be involved in between cells. So, in roughly

13:02 about 50 50, 60 40 protein's , fossil lipid ratios. Okay,

13:11 of proteins in the member. And , it's the proteins that give that

13:19 functionality. Okay, so membrane proteins they're having involved in metabolism might cell

13:28 . Uh the proteins in a in of your skin cells, let's say

13:35 a set of membrane gonna be involved more things like transport. Maybe connection

13:40 cells. Okay, so there are functions of the membrane depending on what

13:44 protein. And so the saluting the fossil imprints here. And the

13:53 you see in So you see your what you see in all kinds of

13:59 . Are are these kinds of vehicles these are saturated fatty acids.

14:07 No double bonds right, completely straight . Right. So a unsaturated like

14:17 . It's supposed to be uh trying on saturated have a double bond

14:25 And in this configuration called sis creates band in the chair and that's significance

14:32 terms of how that membrane comes Okay. The spacing between the memory

14:41 you could bacteria also as well as . Have we called this cyclist.

14:48 create a second ization of molecules example propane um that 10 cemented a straighter

14:59 a little bit more stability. And so really the the whether the

15:06 is straight or bent by the double consists double bond that affects the functionality

15:13 members. Okay. In very uh that Archaea that are resistant to high

15:23 . So your thermal files and They had applications the temperature because of

15:29 attempts membranes can fall apart. So the interactions that hold them

15:34 It was too high temperature there was connected energy and so forth. Will

15:40 those molecules apart. They don't associate of course destroys the membrane kills the

15:46 because everything everything comes out. And the integrity is completely destroyed. So

15:52 is the thermal file deal with this ? They want to make their uh

15:59 acid changed with Apostle. That could straight so they can packed tightly together

16:04 have lots of associations. So we're about hydrophobic associations. Okay so There

16:12 two possible of its side by And camped. This is the water

16:18 non polar polar part. Right? water interacts here. But here this

16:26 or it's the fossil lipids interact with other. So they exclude water.

16:34 then but then they have affinity for other. Okay. And so that's

16:38 those hydrophobic actions actions keep them together anything you can do to enhance that

16:44 in pack them tightly together. It a lot more associations between them than

16:49 there's space depart. Right? So you have this a bench chain right

16:57 there then that creates spacing between. now whether it's absolutely straight or they're

17:07 . There's a proportion of those, proportion of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids

17:13 the fossil records of the members. . And that proportion you know whether

17:18 one or the other or maybe almost . Okay, it's all dependent on

17:24 like temperature heavenly influences that and what temperature that those cells are in um

17:31 can affect it. For sure fact environment around around that. And so

17:38 have to remember that the membrane integrity critical because it's a membrane that defines

17:43 sell it becomes a part then this dies because everything that comes out.

17:49 so maintaining the right membrane fluidity. , because you don't want um I

17:58 , it's cool, you don't want to fall apart. He wanted to

18:01 function. And so um the get area so you want uh to keep

18:10 functional membranes and they're also functional. so if it gets too hot or

18:15 cold, that's gonna have damaging And so we're looking at um the

18:23 Arky a membrane. So the kind hydrocarbons they have are these what are

18:29 die uh die ether molecules cholesterol die . Michael's very long. He's gonna

18:34 able to 60 carbons long. And have the ether linkage rather than the

18:40 linkage linkage is more stable. Less prone to hydraulic ISIS.

18:47 And so they can memorize the cc , the polarization to an even larger

18:57 . Okay. And so and so these all stacked together in a membrane

19:03 gonna get a lot of hydrophobic interaction will allow it to maintain itself in

19:08 very high attempts. Right. Hypothermia can exist at above 80° centigrade.

19:14 , so there has to be adaptations be able to live in these

19:18 So they too have cycle ization. here's cyclo painting again. Sorry to

19:25 it straight chain plainer enable close package these chains. Okay, so this

19:35 then explain this question is kind of to reinforce this. This idea of

19:41 and saturation. So e coli can withstand the variety of actually ranges of

19:50 and ph Okay, um and so can adjust the proportions of saturated unsaturated

20:00 , right to maintain proper membrane integrity as as external temperature changes.

20:08 So this is a dynamic situation, the temperature can fluctuate, right?

20:14 so it will adjust to let the of saturated unsaturated uh depending on the

20:21 temperature. Okay. Um and so 32. Okay, this is what

20:28 like. Again, right? You see the proportion notes Unsaturated, the

20:33 with the kinks in them that bent legs below and saturated, which are

20:38 straight. Okay. And so if expose it to 42° for a

20:43 Okay, it will change. So when you look at it at

20:50 , what would be the trend you it would go to? So

20:53 So what I'm asking here is what it look like when it's made it

20:59 ? Right. Because it wants to the proportions to maintain membrane integrity.

21:04 . And so they will want to which way, which which one a

21:10 B is going to be an optimal to have? Right? Mm

21:17 Okay, so kind of um compared 32 and 42. But again,

21:23 it looking like after the cell has ? Trying to do to maintain his

21:30 ? Okay, so um let's see you can put the other two

21:37 Is it gonna look like a efforts itself. Mhm. So,

21:50 don't pick the picture Based on this what's gonna look like at 40 to

21:55 the picture that's gonna look like when cell has adjusted itself. Okay.

22:01 two different things, man. I , this this is certainly isn't just

22:23 astuteness. I mean, plants that in cold weather, same thing.

22:28 a poor proportion of saturation. They're acids. Ok, Jump in now

22:46 then stopping at 1/2. Yeah. , here we go. Okay.

22:57 much better than the other class I And uh more people got this right

23:05 . Didn't The other class was like to 70% picked B So, thank

23:10 for that. Um The Okay. why who picked a Why do you

23:21 that? Mhm. Just give me best shot. I was just thinking

23:37 . Right, increases. Okay. . Um Anyone else? Yeah.

23:50 Yeah, because assistance. Mm adjusting, adjusted. Yeah.

24:07 that's it. A little attempt to that as best it can,

24:10 Because it's fighting temperature to do High temp remember the high temps?

24:14 kinetic energy, right? It's gonna to break apart those interactions. So

24:18 gonna wanna without adjustment. That wants it's gonna it's gonna be expanding,

24:23 ? The spaces in between are gonna more and so stuff will leak out

24:29 stuff will come in. It's gonna of course not good for the

24:32 right? If it continues then it just completely fall apart. So the

24:36 is yeah, it is too make saturated fatty acids, increase the proportion

24:43 saturated fatty acids. That makes the change. They can pack together with

24:47 top. Okay. And so it's never really though an all or

24:53 Uh Probably all saturated. There's always proportion of each type. Okay,

24:59 so we're going to be more naturally an unsaturated as temperature gets elevated.

25:08 ? Um So because again, if if it doesn't try to make yourself

25:14 more two more decrease that spacing, ? Because temperatures is finding the high

25:21 , right? And make more of hydrophobic straight. Change to keep everybody

25:27 and there is an optimal value. of saturated, unsaturated to keep the

25:33 happy that are in the membrane and functioning right. Okay. Um That

25:39 sense. Alright, completely insane. . Alright. Um Alright. So

25:47 look at a little bit about This question is meant to kind

25:52 you know, cover transport and not so much. Not too many slides

25:56 . So, let's just look at first one here. This concept uh

26:00 aquatic bacterium which is a little little . There maintains an inter sailor sodium

26:08 concentration of 0.1 millimeter while living in pond blue blue blob that contains sodium

26:16 at point oh five millimeter, evidently ions are sharing a cell by.

26:22 , so let me reset this thing . Okay. Taking over here.

26:31 um again, like with the temperature with the temple external temperature, you

26:39 , appropriate healthy environment like everything Or just at the whim of whatever

26:44 environmental conditions are okay with the temperature have you. Um They have to

26:50 to that situation or they'll buy. so um in terms of the type

26:56 solvent molecules, ah the levels of are gonna obviously be I'm gonna

27:04 Okay. But it's gonna need those sort of modules and you have to

27:10 different ways to bring them in. . Um and so there's this of

27:19 responses and there's four of these Everybody does too to do that.

27:26 . Oh, pero psychosis is really eukaryotic cells. That's how put water

27:34 the flight to brian that's more reserved eukaryotic cells. So don't pick

27:39 Okay. But pinot psychosis is more cell process. Not pro curio.

27:46 . Yes, mm hmm, mm , mm hmm. Alright. So

28:22 , it's it's definitely active transport. , So if we look at same

28:30 , of course they're gonna be all of different ions being transported here.

28:35 we're just looking at once sodium So remember that it's all about the

28:41 . Right, So concentration gradient. , so Michaels will diffuse down the

28:51 hide. Low. Okay. But in this instance. So you

28:56 think, okay, hide. Low that way. Well, no,

29:00 it's saying it's holding on to It's maintaining a concentration that's higher inside

29:07 outside. Okay. Even though the would be for those sort of minds

29:12 come out of the bacterial cell That's greater is going but it's continually

29:17 them in. Okay, So it's up to the great. That's an

29:21 process requires energy to do that. , so um passive processes um down

29:29 grade. Okay. And in fact energy. Okay. And so we'll

29:36 how well combined processes that require energy processes that release energy. Right?

29:43 ? Let's talk about that. We about that a lot in in the

29:46 unit. Okay, so up or the gradient. Right, So this

29:52 releases energy that requires energy. One thing I harp on over and

30:06 again. Especially unit two. Is combining these processes. One that

30:14 when they combine that required. It all the time. All right.

30:20 So this talk about transfer quickly. , uh So, simple versus facilitated

30:28 . Both are passive processes moving just really release severity. Simple are reserved

30:38 gasses, small non polar molecules. can travel this way. Okay,

30:45 michael's get um more polar. bigger. Alright, charged.

30:54 These cannot pass through by simple They require help help in the form

30:58 protein. So hence the term. you. So male acid sugars molecules

31:05 this type. Okay, um osmosis is reserved for a while?

31:13 And water molecules move toward the area high side. Okay, so water

31:21 to the area of high salute to to stabilize them. Right to hydrate

31:25 . That's that's the way water Okay, so we have the terms

31:30 hyper tonic HIPPA tonic. Right? remember these are relative to each

31:36 So it's isotonic. Of course, on both sides. But if it's

31:42 tonic on the outside then of course interior is hippo time. Right?

31:49 vice versa. Hyper tonic interior, can assume that outside hip a

31:53 Right? So water moves toward the solid side toward the hyper tonic

32:00 Okay. And co create cells. advantage of them. They tend to

32:07 themselves interior hyper time slightly hyper So that water moves in,

32:14 It's part of helping maintain their Right? We've heard of this with

32:17 cells. Right. Turtle, Right? Plant cells have a cell

32:22 . Water comes in and just saw internal sign concentrations fill out water to

32:28 in a little bit because they have say wall to help request.

32:33 And so what it was in then membrane kind of swells up and then

32:37 up against the cell wall. And the of a plant bacterial cells do

32:43 same thing. Um I own So it goes back to this concept

32:52 energy combining energy releasing processes with an requirement process and ion gradients are a

32:58 to do that. Very common. also um the proton pump. Very

33:07 way to do this. Okay, in pumping protons out. All

33:14 we're going again from low the high required. Hence http. Right?

33:22 the energy molecule. Okay, approach gradient is used for many different

33:31 Bacterial cells used to uh multi use too. Um help transport molecules use

33:42 for all kinds of processes. As well as to make a TPS

33:47 we'll see. Okay. And so of the ways is to combine it

33:53 bringing another molecule. So here's sucrose to high. It's coming in this

34:01 . Right again, the energy required . So there's another option here.

34:08 could actually use if it wanted It could use a TP over

34:14 Right. Hydro lines that http and use the energy to pump sucrose

34:21 Right. But what have you Have you used a TP here and

34:26 ? Okay, let's be more efficient that. Alright, let's not waste

34:31 do that. Let's use the energy . Get rid of this. Use

34:37 energy release you get as protons move down the greatest. That's what the

34:45 to bring suit process. Okay, you don't have to use another 80

34:49 . So you take advantage of If any mature or anything, they're

34:53 . Right. So they're gonna do the most efficient because of course we're

34:58 competition with thousands of other species out . So this can this is certainly

35:05 to do it this way. This what we call um a sim

35:11 We're transporting molecules in the same direction . You can have anti porch where

35:21 where it's combined with another module that's out. So I'm going in.

35:27 so the concept here is the combining energy releasing with energy requiring processes.

35:34 a couple of other kind of transport . Common and precarious ap abc

35:41 So you have kind of two component . So you have a Saudi binding

35:49 specific for a certain select molecule that with its transporter. Energy requiring process

35:56 to both active transport processes. You here the um group transportation for a

36:04 . And so this takes advantage of property of science diffused independent of each

36:12 . Okay, so and look at and mannitol. Both same mechanism.

36:18 mechanisms. If you see glucose here it comes into the cell is quickly

36:25 Glucose six phosphate. Mannitol, one phosphate. And this can go

36:30 away into like all citizens sell Okay, So it's if it weren't

36:39 as it comes in. Okay. say we had 10 in glucose molecules

36:43 here. And if it weren't modified we keep coming in until when Maybe

36:52 and 5 right. Equal amount on sides then it would stop.

36:57 But because we're modifying it continually comes . Right? So the amount of

37:03 unmodified glucose is tiny. Vanishingly small it continually gets modified gets lost.

37:12 so for that reason because he keeps in. All right. So you

37:16 expand any https or anything energy but you keep modifying the molecules that comes

37:23 and and continues to come in as as you do that. Okay,

37:28 group group translocation. Very common for types of sugars I think, you

37:34 , assets to oh the membrane permanent acids bases. This is this is

37:41 problem. Precarious. Right. This something that's an issue for them can

37:47 um so we're looking at a weak weak base. Right? So weak

37:52 over here weak base over here. is a kind of generic generic form

37:58 example, This could be acidic asset example. Okay, that's a weak

38:06 . Right? So Protein eight protein 8s. Right. And we

38:13 C. O. So we have and then we have that.

38:19 so this would be the H Forum for example. Right. And

38:24 this would be the 8 - and plus of course. So, um

38:30 the point is it's on the other is a weak base. So you

38:33 think of this as maybe ammonia. . And it accepts a proton to

38:39 ammonium ion. Okay, increasing the of hydroxyl lowering the level of on

38:49 and so's space. Right. So other case, the point here is

38:53 this form? Right. So you these are partially dissociated. Right?

38:56 like a strong answer. Hcl in goes all to protons and corridor.

39:05 . Nothing else here. We have species in solution here here and

39:11 Okay. It's this one or this that's neutral and it's small. And

39:17 can penetrate through the membrane and so neutral molecules can diffuse. And when

39:26 do inside the cells of protoplasm they partially to associate and then either create

39:35 or becomes more basic. Right? so internally the ph drops or rises

39:41 on this is a weak acid or is coming. And we are.

39:47 so there's there's different types of drugs are designed this way to have this

39:51 effect um all different types of food preservatives to prevent spoilage. Work

39:58 way like citric acid uh para amino , P. A. B.

40:03 you see that a lot of Mhm. Because they will inhibit growth

40:09 microbes in Iran the food. And then do it by this kind

40:12 mechanism. This is growth inhibitory. . Uh Of course the bacteria can

40:19 to counteract it through the use of and primarily in that's going to the

40:27 of the medial acids and amino acids both uh acidic and basic properties and

40:33 can they can active active effect internally it's not too much um Any questions

40:45 . So uh Okay. So here's question we're gonna get this again for

40:50 . I just kind of take a at it and we'll um see it

40:55 at the end. Okay so we'll upon these things. Look at the

41:15 . Yes. Alright. 10 Mhm. Okay. A little over

42:27 over the map there. Okay I the data storage, let's go

42:31 We'll come back. We can see question here a little bit as we

42:35 those points. So um All right alone. So um so as we

42:45 through this there's going to be different as we'll see um of course the

42:51 and negative then there's some variations we'll at. Okay um The terms here

43:01 acute back three. Um these kind these are number one. These are

43:07 groupings. Okay there's like Oh I eight or 9 major taxonomic groupings among

43:16 . And These are two big Really. Proteus bacteria is a big

43:21 . But what classifies characterizes both of is the fact that all grand natives

43:25 lumped into. Program bacteria all ran into from acute. Okay um I

43:33 it because I've seen these terms on professional exams, I think we're going

43:41 pop up there so it might be putting the back of your head.

43:45 . Um Alright so let's go get structure here. So so what what

43:51 it do? Well don't think of cell wall as this immovable brick

43:59 Okay so it's actually very dynamic. it's this flexibility to it but it

44:05 does provide uh integrity to the It is porous. Okay, you

44:12 the cytoplasmic membrane china controls the activity what comes in and the proteins in

44:19 so that the surrounding cell wall tends to be very restrictive in terms of

44:24 continued comes out. Okay. But the main function for really structural support

44:30 much. Okay. And so it's like the D. N.

44:36 Will translate the sugar phosphate backbone. . And then you have the typeface

44:42 attached to that kind of similar here the core of the backbone of these

44:47 sugars in the cellar moronic acid and can't And in between you have a

44:57 that cross bridge link them together. . Languages will occur here with this

45:04 shirt. I mean in the cell acid, it's those that are in

45:10 and his cross bridges are important to structure. So the you have to

45:16 the the underlying inner membrane right? push through and eventually lies.

45:26 And so this cross bridges are important keeping it together. Okay, and

45:30 lot of your antibiotics are what work different parts of cell wall synthesis,

45:35 this cross bridging interfering with that can so remembering the license to sell to

45:42 . Okay, like penicillin for Um and so when we look at

45:48 cell wall structure. So this would a a rod shape sell of

45:53 Okay and so it's basically one continuous house this paper look like him

46:01 Okay. And that in combination as mentioned earlier, the osmotic pressure.

46:08 slightly hyper time water will flow in . And so that will help to

46:15 shape. Okay. And so like like a water filled balloon in a

46:21 box. Right? The box is cell wall believable? Is the cytoplasmic

46:26 and pushes against that box and it to kind of help maintain shape.

46:32 , um one term I need to because it was on the slide is

46:38 porn. Okay, so aqua por are specific for water movement.

46:48 so I started reading that water can move across the membrane. Okay,

46:55 if the cell needs rapid movement of , right? So if it's under

47:00 stress for example. Okay. And needs to be gotten rid of in

47:05 of solute concentrations around the cell, can pop out aqua por into the

47:10 and get rapid movement that typically occurs , it's under kind of some kind

47:15 a osmotic pressure stress. Okay, too much water can come in and

47:20 can cause it to break up so tries to control that. Okay,

47:27 the cross bridging. Okay, so the peptide sequence that forms the cross

47:37 five Amino acids. OK um this a very common sequence you see in

47:45 . Okay, but there are variations as well, Careful not necessarily all

47:51 same. There's sometimes they have all peptide mall five amino acids are the

47:56 . But the point is there's very can be variation. Okay, now

48:01 is an unusual uh amino acid dynamic acid. You only see it in

48:08 cross bridges. Okay. And it's the actual linkage forms. Okay so

48:14 see a kind of a segment of cell wall and the linkage occurs in

48:18 fashion where when it binds that this other element at the end is

48:26 . Okay so um then you form cross bridge and again the cross bridging

48:33 at the in the Seattle Gramick This is also um in the ceiling

48:41 acid, N. A. For short. Okay. That's where

48:44 cross breeding occurs. Or their proximity parallel strands. Um Now, so

48:53 uh there are a number of targets this process for antibiotics. So it's

48:59 just one enzyme that carries out, multiple enzymes that carry out cell wall

49:05 and many of these are targets for . Okay, so penicillin um is

49:14 he's one of those. It targets enzyme that produces these cross bridges.

49:19 But there are bacteria though very common the resistant resistant types that produce what's

49:26 the which basically destroys and it's something . It's kind of really some basic

49:34 in which resistance occurs. One is . The bacteria can have a breakdown

49:39 all together like this it can have mechanism where it pumps out the

49:46 Um Speaking of a mechanism where where alters the target for the antibiotics.

49:53 altering the target means the antibiotic can't . Can't bind to the target.

50:00 Any one of these can it can . Okay and so with vancomycin resistance

50:09 Vanco Myerson um meet back up here mason and antibiotic actually binds the terminal

50:20 . Okay right here and so in so that terminal is part of the

50:28 the where the enzyme binds to make cross help make the cross bridging.

50:33 and so a bank of mines is there then that enzyme can't properly occupy

50:40 end of the of the peptide to the cross bridge. And so it

50:45 with its activity. Now there of are maximizing resistant factory. Okay so

50:53 might be the logical change? They have to counteract the effect of life

51:00 buddy. How much the bacterium change counteract that. Yeah well I

51:13 Amen you can do it. What change? And we're banking Myerson.

51:25 couldn't buy it. Maybe it's not but cannot bind what would have happened

51:35 that guy. It was no longer anymore. You can't buy it mutation

51:46 that changes that too a different molecule amino acid. Uh I've seen where

51:56 can be a change to back to it okay you can put that so

52:05 put something else there then. Bank doesn't recognize it can't buy it.

52:10 now you've developed resistance there already has resistance. So um one of the

52:17 here is that um the presence of antibiotic itself does the presence of the

52:28 self of the antibiotic itself create the . Yes or no the presence of

52:36 intercompany onyx itself create the resistance. or not. Why? Um Somebody

53:01 consumers. This is already the resistance already in a member or members of

53:09 population. Right so um that's how works. Right so the environment itself

53:21 not changing the organism to become Yeah if you said change order in

53:27 population. Okay what happens what the does is it can um promote the

53:36 of those types that have the clerical and then they become the predominant

53:43 Effort resistance is all that. Okay the bank of minus and resistant

53:49 Hypothetically in that population were already there are numbers enhanced in the presence of

53:57 the bank of because they had the the change that enables them to survive

54:02 that environment. Okay then the other dwindle out. Okay and they become

54:08 predominant once um the um because with bacteria they grow so fast. Yeah

54:19 can have a calling on player which 10 many of them more cells in

54:25 colony. They have a spontaneous mutation of about 1%. So you know

54:31 gonna be a significant number that have types of changes in there. Maybe

54:36 of those changes. One that's can to be resisted. Okay. Um

54:42 that's why because maturing grows so fast and they have mutations can can appear

54:47 then they they may enable him to adapted to the situation. Okay so

54:54 so remember that. Okay it's not environment that's directly causing the change.

55:00 the tunes already. Their environment can their growth. Okay. Um yeah

55:08 in terms of synthesis in fact so is varied from type the type but

55:17 is synthesized uh in a complex. so M. R. E.

55:23 . Okay we'll talk more about that time. But it's a sido

55:30 so you carry out like us of a very complex sino skeleton. We

55:36 remember the terms activation. Um I two bills uh micro filaments, intermediate

55:45 , these are all part of our of skeleton in ourselves. Very complex

55:51 of bikers. Right? The bacteria have some of that, not to

55:55 same degree of complexity but they do analogous types of molecules. The

56:01 R. E. B. Is of those. Okay and it forms

56:05 kind of uh scaffold if you will kind of hold this synthesizing complex can

56:14 ? And so in rod shaped cells this guy there will be arcs of

56:22 M. R. E. B throughout the cell length of the

56:27 Okay. On which synthesis is Okay then don't then don't do that

56:35 meet up joints, meet up and one continuous strand around the cell.

56:41 . Um Other cell types like a shaped cell like a caucus Right,

56:48 is only coming from the middle of cell. They called the septum.

56:54 talk about that later. Um But the middle of something but other types

56:59 at one end. Okay. And that can bring about um some unusual

57:08 morphology is when you have growth predominant at one end you get kind of

57:13 odd maybe branching forms like this can uh more kind of non uniform

57:21 Okay. But certainly the rod shaped koksal itself when they divide the out

57:27 rods are all cocks or they're all of uniform. Okay but when you

57:32 the type of the bottom or only one end or the other, then

57:37 can get some of these unusual That's what we call metamorphic. Don't

57:41 about that yet. That's where that comes from. But um it's uh

57:50 this is one thing but then it's much of it's occurring because that's kind

57:53 distinction between gram positive and gram Right? The level a pep talk

57:58 hand formed. Right? So the state itself has been around for 100

58:08 years I think since 1905 or something that. And of course it still

58:12 utility today. We haven't dropped it it's still useful. It can serve

58:18 a the first step in identifying the . Gram positive or gram negative even

58:25 not everything stains properly with the gram stain. Many. Many do.

58:31 . And so it may serve as as the first point identification. It

58:36 is part of the part of the . Okay. In identifying factor it's

58:41 positive. Redneck exists in terms of you associate the cell morphology is a

58:47 of congress or what have you so . But diagnostically it can have importance

58:54 the gram stain in the context of medical diagnosis in some cases. So

59:00 strep throat you have grand positive cox in chains. That's pretty much indicative

59:06 strep throat. Um A gram negative shaped cell that's kind of beam shape

59:16 are stuck together in pairs diplo cox find that in cerebrospinal fluid that's indicative

59:24 meningitis. Um S. T. . S. Various types of gram

59:31 can indicate gonorrhea or syphilis and so . So it still has a relevancy

59:39 . Okay. Um and so we at it's actually pretty obvious the differences

59:50 gram positive. Probably the easiest because only have very I think so.

59:57 right. That's pretty much a thick wall. Of course they both have

60:02 other member and now mm hmm referring the same structure here. It's the

60:10 were the first membrane, the cytoplasmic right at the boundary of the side

60:15 . Okay, now we put inter on Grand negative only because it has

60:21 out of memory associated with it. ? So, time to distinguish the

60:25 . The grand pas It has only little plastic membrane. All right.

60:31 the Grandpas began very thick, pepper can gram negative or thin layer,

60:37 or two layers thick typically anchored to outer membrane. A lot of sugar

60:44 material. Hence the term LPS for liberal policy saccharine layer. Okay.

60:50 even the rid of the just the membrane, the two halves of the

60:56 even differ. So we split that You can see that this even looks

61:01 from this part. Okay, and you have these long what are called

61:08 policy um that are part of that . Okay, so side by side

61:20 very different. Okay, so the negative is a three layers.

61:25 I remember in a membrane in between the cell wall material. Right?

61:29 positive. Police one layer. But you have the s layer which is

61:37 certainly part of it but not its is still somewhat in question. But

61:43 look at closer at at each of . Okay, so the grand positive

61:47 probably the most simplest. So, iconic assets don't need to memorize the

61:52 of this. I just want to you what it looks like. So

61:55 of you familiar with construction, maybe heard of rebar, rebar and concrete

62:00 reinforced concrete. Similar. Right? type of acid span the width of

62:08 technical I can to help reinforce Okay, so yes, you have

62:13 cross bridges between the strategy. Also these micro gas expanding the whole width

62:20 it as well. Okay, you you do have a slayer up

62:25 Think of that as kind of a a net a net of proteins surrounding

62:35 cell wall. Okay. Um for it's kind of array of proteins like

62:41 . Okay. The function is I'm not quite sure in all cases

62:50 it's been hard to study when you cells, bacteria in culture and you

62:58 transferring them to keep them alive. ? They sometimes can lose selling their

63:03 and one of them is loss of that can occur after you've done this

63:08 few times. Okay. Uh, can actually also happen with, they

63:14 lose a few time, especially if keep them happy with lots of

63:19 Right? They don't have any need move. It's all right around

63:22 So they tend to confuse a after times. So it's not hot.

63:28 for this layer, it has proven be difficult to kind of nail down

63:33 it actually does because for that but there is some evidence in some

63:38 that it may serve as attachment purpose some cases um may be in some

63:48 the variance factor it's thought. but there hasn't been a blanket all

63:53 function found for it. But in types that are lacking it, they

63:57 certain features. So it's ah it's that's kind of where it stands.

64:03 . Now the gram negative a little complicated. Right? It has um

64:12 that again, too late for the outer membrane, the right hand is

64:18 in the middle by these little perfect connecting it to the outer

64:26 The inter task with the outer And uh because we have a space

64:33 , so we have the outer membrane memory and a space that contains the

64:37 lighting. So it's called a Okay. The pair of plasm contains

64:43 sell wrong here, you see the hand time and the linkage to that

64:50 protein that anchors it within here. , um Outer membrane. Right.

64:57 we have these what are called old sacrifice long sugar farmers um a structure

65:07 anchors it into this outer membrane called core police sacra ride and it's liquid

65:11 material. Okay, um the right. Remember that the itself is

65:21 is very porous. Not not necessarily selective. Okay, if you have

65:26 layers of a gram negative uh that provide some selectivity that's out of

65:32 Certainly the molecules out here are a less specific. Okay. In terms

65:40 what comes in more selective as you to be proteins that are allowing marshals

65:50 the that means that this can also a problem. Remember in terms of

65:57 that that may be able to enter set. So remember you test

66:02 antiseptics antibiotics. You always test gram , gram positive. Cause there will

66:07 be the difference between the two really to differences in the. Okay,

66:14 if somebody buys they can have an time getting through this than others.

66:20 , so that that that would influence reflection. Antibiotics, if you know

66:25 you're dealing with a certain type of are negative. There are some that

66:31 broad spectrum that can attack both Um but the uh lipid amateur.

66:39 this is a question that relates to guy over here. Okay, this

66:47 here specifically this lipid a material. , and this is a problem potentially

66:54 any kind of gram negative infections. , so here patient has except to

66:59 the perfection. Okay, that patient fever and nausea. Thanks. The

67:10 . Prime action is given to stop infection. Mhm. However, a

67:15 hours later the symptoms continue to So what does par maxim do?

67:20 inhibits cell wall synthesis. Okay. bacteria question was well, is that

67:26 working So they tested and tested outside patient and go, yep, it

67:31 and it works against Klebsiella. So going on? Okay, uh when

67:37 was successful. Okay, so the words here are well certainly gram

67:48 Okay, except the scenic. there's another .1. And the effect

67:56 see here, it's called Indo toxin . Okay. And um it's the

68:07 a material I just circled. That's out of memory that when that stuff

68:13 released that can cause what's called a effect, basically it stimulates your over

68:20 your immune system. Okay, and we'll learn later in the semester,

68:27 immune system cells are meant to respond more of a localized fashion. Actually

68:33 an infection in a certain part of body. Your immune system cells respond

68:37 certain kind of rules and so But when it becomes a body wide

68:42 then that's too much for your body and we know it's body wide because

68:46 septicemia. Right? That means the has gotten into blood and travel throughout

68:51 body. And the effect of the action was to kill the cells but

69:01 proved themselves and released that liberating because wasn't septicemia infection, that material is

69:07 everywhere, stimulate the immune system cells the chart. So your body goes

69:11 shock is too much. Okay, it directly relates to because it was

69:16 septicemia infection going everywhere. Okay, what did plan makes indeed. But

69:22 actually binds, it binds any Okay, so it binds that lipid

69:30 material so that counteracts the effect. , so so after an accent and

69:38 do its effect kill the cell because know you have we have to play

69:42 and be there to bind up that floating material. So it doesn't cause

69:46 issues. Right? So it's often you give to antibiotics. One does

69:51 thing for you, one does another for you together. They work

69:56 Yeah. And so again this is every gram negative. This could be

70:04 potential issue this and talk to them they don't have the material.

70:08 And if if they die then that can be released if they're LISZT of

70:13 it's it's is there a pathogen types are going to be the ones that

70:17 do this? Okay cause infections. uh so gram negative infections is kind

70:23 an extra thing to worry about in context but but particularly if it goes

70:28 become a set of systemic infection. it's not that then it's not as

70:32 of a dangerous or but it's when spreads throughout the body and it can

70:36 become a problem. Okay and so and looking at the LPS later

70:45 the endo toxin part is this Right here lipid a material. Okay

70:54 in that cell license and release that is what can stimulate the immune

70:58 Okay so term old policy. Right refers to o antigen. Okay so

71:08 Equal at only 5 7. That's the one I call the chipotle

71:13 coli. Okay there's been a number outbreaks in the last three or four

71:19 to produce a different kinds of lettuce Tainted with E. coli 0157 causing

71:25 poisoning. Okay. And so the . Comes from the particular type of

71:31 policy saccharine. This this the pathogen . Right, so you have what

71:36 called O. And H. Is of flagler. So probably 30

71:42 40 more years ago this was found to be a way to identify certain

71:48 of really E. Coli and salmonella through the O. And H.

71:53 that's what we call a zero VO for serological immunological, what does that

72:03 response? So a serological variant. so there we have there's different oh

72:09 H engines that we have antibodies to if we have a special suspected e

72:14 outbreak we can you do a test indeed of the determinant over 57 based

72:20 that particular That old engine. similarly we do the same thing for

72:26 H2. A change in the okay mentioned parafoil already. So the outer

72:34 is selective but not as effective as inner membrane. Okay, Para plasm

72:39 space in between. We have different of proteins and enzymes in there.

72:44 may not see in the cytoplasm. they function in the para plasm.

72:50 you do see some of these uh . Okay um okay I'm gonna

72:57 I'm gonna come back to that question time. What I want to do

73:01 just kind of go over quickly. a typical cell walls. Okay so

73:11 so here are kind of variations from typical gram negative gram positive Pablo.

73:18 so the you know probably the most difference is one that doesn't have a

73:25 wall at all. Michael plasma. . They are among the more

73:30 From the smaller have a micron in . Okay, very small. Um

73:38 lack of cell won't. Okay, I'd say roughly maybe half archaea may

73:46 to sell while others don't. so it's not as common as it

73:50 in bacteria but those that do have , it's not chemically identical to the

73:55 type. Hence the term pseudo Mirian like an old term for pepper

74:00 Okay, we have kind of a variation of that structure now make a

74:06 . So don't confuse, don't confuse two because they have the same prefix

74:12 right? Michael bacteria very different from plasma. Okay, so when you

74:19 at the growth, it its features features are really due to the nature

74:24 salami. Right, so in liquid they kind of grow at the top

74:29 the air liquid interface on a they kind of have disappearance. So

74:35 think of this very hydrophobic cells kind stick together right and um they enough

74:41 to the type of cell envelope they So tuberculosis is mycobacterium type leprosy is

74:47 by mycobacterium. They have these very lipids and the first thing to note

74:54 this there is pepper look like Okay, it does have that but

75:01 can't really stand it with the gram because that this big thick layer up

75:07 , it doesn't allow it to stay the same way it does with other

75:11 of programs staying with because that very layer prevents those diets from actually coming

75:19 properly. Okay, so you can't on that. So they do what's

75:23 an acid fast stain with different chemicals often involves heat to drive the stain

75:28 . Okay, but you see how this material is compared to pepper like

75:33 . Okay, a lot of again is my colleague acids very long.

75:38 60 carbons, gives it a very waxy consistency, which I um and

75:47 you stick a few stuck a wire in this car, you wouldn't know

75:51 because the detectors are very like a wax almost. Okay. And so

75:58 now because of that cell envelope, makes it they grow slow and that's

76:06 they do that thick envelope. So have a tough time diffusing into

76:12 And so nutrient modules they need take while to diffuse in and get through

76:17 membrane across the membrane so that they of they grow slow because of that

76:23 that reason. But also it can can restrict the movement of antibiotics into

76:28 cell as well. So you have be very careful types of antibiotic use

76:31 light that they'll be able to penetrate very thick layer. Okay so um

76:38 again they have they have happened like right, but in terms of proportion

76:45 much more of these my colic acids these kind of waxy materials external to

76:52 people like him. Um The and said the acid fascinating. Yes,

76:59 can't do grand things with these They don't don't stain properly. So

77:03 get what's called like a grand variable . And so you see some purples

77:08 some pink so it's not consistent. this is a better way to do

77:13 . Okay um Any questions with Alright so you guys got to go

77:21 lab so I'm gonna stop there and finish up next time.

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