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00:01 So today uh continue on Chapter finish it up on Thursday we are

00:09 little bit a little behind but that's we got those, have you seen

00:13 course schedule, there's like as we towards each exam there's like a ketchup

00:20 so that's that's kind of those days for a little behind that we have

00:24 kind of catch up. Okay so so you know um don't ever worry

00:35 we get to an exam we may have covered everything that's gonna be an

00:41 , I'll adjust okay so the exam only cover where we get to.

00:47 so don't worry about that but of uh I'll keep informed that. But

00:54 that's why I built in those capture for those kind of things that get

00:59 . So uh any anyway so thursday supposed according to the last thing uh

01:08 heart attack before uh if we get it and just be very very any

01:14 it. So like they would just of do the bulk of that.

01:20 Okay so uh do you try to um care for that, as mentioned

01:30 emails I sent out already. So send send out another one on

01:34 So remember the just kind of apparently going to see how you can do

01:41 that way that will do a bunch questions here. So anyway just uh

01:48 like I said it's likely most of chapter four will be next week.

01:52 uh So again this weekend routine right weekly quiz and smart work. So

01:58 that that will be uh pretty much week for if you go through this

02:03 . Okay so again uh you know be facing you reminders so you don't

02:08 these things uh you know frankly how can't not know when these things do

02:15 because it's supposed to right in your when you go on the blackboard uh

02:20 are reminders of kind of just uh on your cell phone calendar things so

02:25 don't forget. So uh let's see kind of recap, you know?

02:36 let's do this question first. So here is your session I.

02:40 . Number then we'll kind of just recap the beginnings of this chapter.

02:46 so look through here. Uh we four things um it's one at the

02:54 . Uh we'll talk about that next very soon but that's that's more about

03:00 concept of the importance, their concept that. Okay. Process if you

03:09 . Um mm hmm So let me on a timer. So we got

03:19 going. Okay, Brief, brief , posit five seconds and they just

03:47 in and here we go. 432 . Okay there we go. Alright

04:11 um yeah self interior hip, Okay that's um alright so remember

04:22 water water route to the area of side. That's gonna be the hyper

04:27 side. So these terms platonic hyper , they're always relative to each

04:33 So you can assume that one is the cell exterior, the environment around

04:42 cell is hyper fine then for the , Vice and vice versa. So

04:50 are you taking pictures of each Okay, so bottom line water move

04:55 the high side side. So why you move out? Not into

05:00 Okay. Uh and then we talked the envelope, right? That term

05:06 , we use that um in the of because there can be lots of

05:13 in terms of what's beyond the Classic. Right? So that that

05:19 boundary that basically defines the cell, membrane as a concept from any

05:25 But then you can have stuff that's components infrastructures external to that and that's

05:33 refers to So of course can be we learned today. It can be

05:37 many different things. So a you have another memory can have cell wall

05:42 this and that um simple diffuse. does not just simply just mark a

05:49 through the membrane. Okay, so like small, typically small non polar

05:55 of gas is not uh remember we to involve a protein that's your facilitated

06:04 future. Right. And so this below. So this is this um

06:10 is an ion Grady of course. . Both of these are but this

06:15 here, okay. Is a very uh i on radiant used in we

06:27 these as well. Uh it's it's form of it's a form of stored

06:34 . Okay, so this is something into the next unit. Uh And

06:39 concept really is about combining energy using with energy releasing processes. Okay,

06:48 overriding concept here. So a proton , it's very common to use that

06:53 a means to do very intellectual work particularly in bacteria and archaea.

07:00 And so uh the the energy so to metabolism. So remember if you

07:09 like policies and cell respiration. And so ultimately that energy, the

07:15 you eat energy is used to basically a proton. Great. Okay,

07:23 we can use this this I've circled as a way to do work in

07:32 very attractive right? One of the ones is the couple that proton gradient

07:39 a T. P. Production. , we have to expend a TP

07:44 do that. But we're gonna get lot more tons back in surplus that

07:49 using. Right? And uh hinges sustaining. Great. Okay. And

07:56 example. Okay. Just looking at direction of the arrows, is the

08:00 here. Right? So this is energy here, Right? We're shoving

08:04 protons on one side of the right? And we're using a different

08:10 , but we can use this for functions. Okay, in this

08:16 manos is a sugar, right? can be an energy source for

08:19 So um if we're pumping it this as shown that's uphill. My primary

08:27 are going uphill. That's energy okay, how we doing what we're

08:33 to find energy release of protons going way right going from high to low

08:41 out in right to manage going the way. Okay so it uh this

08:51 active transport as well. Okay with transport. But instead so we have

09:00 it could do is put in a here doing a teepee hydraulics. Make

09:05 make that give that the energy But then it's more efficient though.

09:11 not do that. Let's not waste TP to that. This is the

09:14 we get as protons travel down the because that does provide an energy release

09:21 we'll see. Okay. So is that basic concept of energy releasing process

09:28 ? To an energy requiring process? . And and from bacteria it can

09:34 to transport things. They can look the transport stuff, they can link

09:38 to um to make um A. . P. S. If you

09:44 80% think they can use it for . You can use. Right so

09:49 of different functions for these things in uh in and so a very common

09:57 to maintain these proton ratings for that . Okay. Again it's just a

10:05 releasing putting those things together. We'll that a lot of metabolism how that

10:10 in different ways. Okay. Very uh concept that you know how life

10:18 . I'm buying these two processes. . Many questions about that.

10:23 So basically inside the hippo tonic. basically, if the water moves into

10:33 cell, which is false, that it will become hippo tonic. Uh

10:39 to me would be a confusing way think about it, because it's hypertrophic

10:44 of water, Reuven. It's gonna right, but it's actually become the

10:52 . It's gonna be it's gonna be the bacterial tends to make itself

10:59 you don't have excess here making too . You don't sell all too

11:03 But so me trying to maintain a bit of, right? Yeah,

11:20 little bit of back and forth. yeah, it's always it's always gonna

11:26 some that goes back a long but it's all about keeping a certain

11:30 there. Okay, so, this idea of energy, energy releasing

11:38 requiring, that's something you'll hear a , especially when you get into the

11:42 unit. Okay, um and okay, so, we went

11:47 kind of here was here is appropriate and kind of overview fashion here are

11:51 various parts and bits of it, like I said, we'll go into

11:55 detail on things were gonna really focus this today. The nature of the

11:59 wall variations in the cell envelope. not not all here have a cell

12:05 , nor do all archaea. So gonna be variations, but we'll get

12:09 nature of that we mentioned envelope. . And and then we went through

12:16 uh areas, these constituents, the fossil lipids realized was already review for

12:26 . You've got over the stuff Uh they looked at the membrane

12:31 So those those is very very hydrophobic for your heat loving uh higher types

12:43 uh then started in the transport uh basic types there. Okay. And

12:51 just continuing on, continuing on. . And this is what that question

12:56 question. Just we just had we through kind of the. Okay,

13:02 again, we're gonna see uh use and use of proton gradient uh in

13:09 ways. Okay, here's for super . Okay. Uh so again,

13:15 efficiency here of not expanding more Different this skin, but rather harness

13:20 energy release uh of the proton gradient they come in and then use that

13:27 . Different. Super ocean. Let's waste more tp. So again,

13:31 very efficient preclearance or anything. They super efficient. Right? Um and

13:37 again, it's not just for this can be used. This process

13:42 be used for something else over There's multiple functions for this.

13:49 Um so, okay, so just couple of mechanisms um that we see

13:57 preparing, Okay, transport mechanism. are both active, both active transport

14:03 . So you can tell as we're a Tps to drive the process.

14:10 this is one here is what we abc transporters. So it's very

14:14 Okay, so you have a specific protein that interacts binds to the starch

14:22 . This is common for acid these kinds of things. Um and

14:29 structure will see this as we go the nature of the cell envelope.

14:34 is actually a gram negative bacterium. I say that because we see a

14:39 of cosmic space out here is actually outer membrane. Okay. Om

14:47 And there's this space in between there it's often where molecules passing out apart

14:54 then come in and then they kind sorted out and based on whether there

14:59 a specific cell binding protein like it will then bind to it and

15:05 it. Okay, again transport Okay, so it's gonna be certainly

15:12 . Okay. Um this over Okay, relies on the concept of

15:22 . Saw glute um move independent of other. Okay. Yeah, I

15:30 that off of there. Um So is glucose. Right. We have

15:35 examples glucose and mannitol both um illustrating same point. Okay, so

15:44 Okay. And there's a specificity in of body to the transport protein and

15:51 it comes in it's immediately false correlated glucose. Six phosphate. Okay.

15:58 if that weren't the case right. just came as glucose without being glucose

16:06 keep coming in until when. I told my glucose is the same

16:13 both sides and there's no more. I you have the site started to

16:20 independently. Two different Pakistani's keep coming as long as you keep cross

16:30 So another kind of liberal way to the flow of glucose that haven't explained

16:37 . Right. And just keep it it's and that keeps coming uh simply

16:45 mental transport the same way again So it's really independent. Okay.

16:55 this goes right away to Blackhawk It's an energy source, of

16:59 Okay. Um any questions? Okay, so, if if glucose

17:13 , there's a phosphate er if glucose in, uh let's say favored

17:20 whether it's high glucose count, How long you can keep flowing in

17:27 ? There's 10-11 glucose outside it will flowing and when Fine Fine. No

17:36 . Right. Good for the cell want to keep more coming in.

17:40 let's fast forward like this. And it's this one. This is independent

17:48 come here as long as possible. that's different. Yeah. So,

17:53 as medical. All right. um so I think so, this

17:59 here, I just mentioned this uh could be an issue. It's gonna

18:04 an issue for uh all kinds of in the environment. Uh whether it's

18:14 or other type of uh issue. , here looking at what are called

18:21 acids and bases that so a weak or base will only partially associate.

18:30 , So remember something like hcl strong acid. Right. That goes

18:38 to H plus and chloride ions. , completely. There's none of this

18:45 hand solution always proton, right. a strong so only partially associated.

18:55 for example, here over here you're have all three species in solution.

19:05 . Right. That's really the exist this mechanism. So what we have

19:12 we have a neutral species. And we have ionized species.

19:19 Same. Whether it's a weak a weak base, that's what you

19:22 . Okay. So it was the species should be smoked. And this

19:27 this this phenomenon is for like a uh faces something like ammonium uh gas

19:37 small. Uh And so it's because neutral species small size uncharged can pass

19:46 . Sorry, can pass through Okay. And when it does it

19:52 then associate inside the side pass. . Uh And so that can be

19:59 issue. So now you have acidity in itself or it's becoming more basic

20:06 coming okay. But it's the neutral that can it's huge. Right?

20:13 then in the end it can either acidity or make it more basic

20:19 So that's something to sell. You to be Okay, I'm sorry.

20:24 the way they do that of course with buffers. Remember buffers neutralize acids

20:30 bases and the primary buffers and they really didn't sell on the ability of

20:40 of having utilization property. So that's tends to deal with this but it

20:47 too much. And that's one of things about these memory, weak acids

20:54 . They're often preservatives and foods and types of items of products uh antimicrobial

21:04 . These things when they when they associate inside the cell that's a growth

21:12 but okay bacterial it's too much bacteria I can't handle it and it kind

21:17 just is not able to grow anymore guy but it's uh so you have

21:21 concede that preserved foods and foods um other types of gasses and bases.

21:31 you guys have that effect. So kind of help preserve food breads have

21:36 things so kind of spoiling so. so kind of in that context.

21:44 Okay. Uh any questions. Um Alright so gram positive about

21:57 So we've all heard about this part the exposed to this weapon. Grade

22:04 , your grandfather and high school I'm . Okay. Yes. Uh

22:15 That's all right. So this is know this was brought about early

22:24 or something like that. But still as old as live is still a

22:29 um technique to for a number of . One is really kind of for

22:35 tool. You can basically break apart into you know too large but you

22:44 there are lots of prepares a number don't stand gram positive but a lot

22:51 you can you can form the focus being the first way to identify.

22:56 um of course it can be by depending on where the sample coming

23:06 So for example, a you look a microscope and you see gram positive

23:14 chains. That's probably pretty good. got okay um grande native pairs right

23:26 from uh cerebral spinal food that you're an alarm system. You see them

23:35 pretty much so in different contexts you certainly diagnostic as well. Okay,

23:43 it still has a point that it has utility to this day.

23:49 of course you're gonna do it lab well. But of course the nature

23:53 the standing is all has to do the differences in the nature of the

23:59 envelope. Okay, so and that's we'll look at here next let's look

24:03 this question. Okay, it's one those before and after. So I'm

24:07 look at it um and uh don't at it again like right through all

24:21 today, it's not that one, one. Here we go.

25:12 we got the timer going. 6543. Okay snapshot got it.

25:59 , so uh we go we'll revisit in a few minutes. Alright,

26:08 now I'm gonna focus on the bacterial on and they have and a typical

26:17 that don't really fit fit either Okay, so um various layers so

26:27 can have of course it's um Uh not something that's somewhat divine but

26:39 still don't know a lot about I'll tell you why here shortly.

26:44 of membrane that can be additional membrane the inter membrane. Okay. As

26:50 see more complex arrangements. So micro , this is what causes tuberculosis that

26:57 . Um This type doesn't stain in grand scheme but it does have so

27:03 . It's kind of a bunch of stuff too. That's that's much

27:08 Um Okay, so I think these are we don't go into hardcore taxonomy

27:17 in all the various taxonomic groups names to point out because uh the first

27:24 you get one of those impact. might actually see this from accused and

27:31 bacteria bacteria a big group. Um they are characterized so yeah, just

27:40 groupings. Okay, uh persecutes of . So the program positive. Um

27:47 these are two main groups that have grandpa. Again there's groups that don't

27:53 that the grandstands not really done uh nature just isn't a minimum to get

28:00 of variable results are not consistent, having to do with a different type

28:06 so on. But again, there's of news game either. So uh

28:14 look at soil structure. So again uh plant cell wall, that's

28:22 This is not what this is completely . Palmer these two types of sugars

28:30 acid. You don't have the Okay. But you should be familiar

28:37 but it forms uh the strength of two sugars. Uh tannic acid is

28:46 the linkages occurred. So you have . So you do have of course

28:51 bond together right in the form of around set around the internet. Um

29:00 amount of this material is much more positive than Okay, um reinforcement of

29:08 occurs by this cross bridge that you here right in between the strains

29:16 occurring at the panoramic acid residents the here. Ok. The programs so

29:24 is essential for keeping this whole thing . There's a large variety of antibiotics

29:33 target uh different aspects of this cross . There's a number of enzymes,

29:39 is lots of these are targets for to prevent from the current. These

29:47 eliminated. Okay, the whole thing of falls apart so the underlying set

29:53 , a memory begins to push out , and bubble out and then lice

30:01 , remember try to keep themselves slightly tonic. So you're gonna have water

30:07 . Could press against that cell wall it's it's all about keeping helping maintain

30:13 and cell cell right? It's kind the cell wall helps do along with

30:18 being hyper time inside. Right? so if you then break these

30:25 prosperity is the whole thing becomes there's don't think it's a brick wall around

30:30 set, it's flexible. And if going across bridges that really. Um

30:41 so because it kind of forms of on itself, you can see the

30:48 here, so hyper tonic interior water to maintain shape. Um So uh

30:59 we're gonna look at kind of close now of the linkages between these

31:05 Okay. And so uh here with uh peptide sequence that by to a

31:17 sequence. Okay. No Mexican together fact. And so um the

31:25 So and so sequence you see 12345. Okay. Uh is the

31:35 found in a hero types but there variations, there can be differences in

31:42 Okay. Um so depending is fairly sequence we see. Um and and

31:49 linkages occurs by buying into this alley here. In fact there's two

31:56 One gets cleaned up. Right? we use let's go. Okay,

32:04 now you have a fully formed cross . So I said uh the enzymes

32:11 in this or target for many. you've heard you methicillin than I think

32:22 already done more than okay, all uh interacting with different components that bring

32:30 So in fact. And so, . Okay, so tennis still does

32:38 the cross one of the crossbreeding enzyme uh and so as we mentioned

32:47 there is resistance to both of Okay. And the resistance of penicillin

32:54 from a enzyme called beta. And that basically cleans the penicillin completely

33:08 be great. Okay. Um and what I used to have a protein

33:14 will basically do grade you're talking Okay, and that's what resistance is

33:22 little different. Okay, so um much is this is how I'm sorry

33:30 is how crossbreeding occurs. Is back the set here comes so it's an

33:35 that will bind there and that will the uh cross bridge formation.

33:42 so we have resistance like that maybe you. Yeah um decreases the bond

33:58 det. You're on the right Silver resistant bacterium. That would be

34:06 target. Would be a target of what could it do to prevent?

34:16 Bank of change. Yeah. I um yeah you're gonna change the

34:30 that would change this or something I think I've seen resistant don't have

34:36 have black tape. And so what means is so the is built to

34:47 the bind there and prevent the cross . Okay so change that. Allie

34:53 something else and then can't recognize Can't find and can't do it.

34:59 safe. Okay so it becomes So again, invitations to change here

35:06 make it make it something else. find it recognize it. Then you

35:12 have the effect. Resistance. Um . Yeah, recognize the terminal basically

35:29 of present. But if you have else there you can't do that.

35:38 Okay so side by side grandma So electron micrografx can see this is

35:47 easy. The grand negative basically has oreo cookie or something three layers.

35:52 ? And so you have an outer in the middle. That's so we'll

35:58 so. So here we start at bottom here. So some membrane.

36:03 we use this our inner membrane for negative because they have an extra.

36:09 in any case these are it's just psychopathic. All right. So then

36:15 beyond that is very sick layer. the grand negative, 31 92 layers

36:27 most, in fact um the also . Right? You only see that

36:36 grand positives, not negatives. it's like a it's a reinforcement.

36:42 a if if you forgot the And see these metal this rebar,

36:50 It goes into concrete to help reinforce basically. That's what are they run

36:55 length of the uh the thickness of type of life hand. And basically

37:02 . Right? So these little lines here spanning the whole length there with

37:08 we're looking at, help reinforce Um s layer shown there will mention

37:14 in the second uh these other chains here, the gram negative more stuff

37:25 . So we have little proteins which the cell wall to the inner half

37:31 the out of it. This is kind of help stabilize it. Right

37:36 the so called sugar and lipids very in that. So uh and then

37:48 out here there's differences between you can a line through the here and you

37:56 differences between molecules that are on the half of the internet, right?

38:02 long um old policy make up the . So essentially in a nutshell,

38:13 Stating how stating changes between these two um both are subjected to this uh

38:24 stain. Uh crystal island and iodine helps fix it himself. But both

38:32 be staying this purplish color in the . We both get And also get

38:39 . So it's then where you separate out is what we call decolonization that

38:46 not gonna test you on the you're see it matter. Give it

38:52 But the uh so what you do this is the crux of the whole

38:57 if you take 95% ethanol. So will resolve memories. Alright, so

39:05 the has a lot of that member material at here that gram positive does

39:13 the basically kind of dissolves and makes . Right? And that's how the

39:18 negative loses that crystal alliance. So no longer purple after that. So

39:24 decolonization step with that. And so was after that step is gram positive

39:31 . A gram negative is colorless. , well this is where you add

39:39 called the counter today. Right? so that's negative. It's the grandstanding

39:46 . Saffron is pink. So you saffron and then that's it retains that

39:52 course. And that's paint that's the family, grandpa. Perfect.

39:58 So it's all about the nature of had this. Uh so um so

40:10 quick with gram positive then uh don't about knowing the chemical structure, showing

40:16 to you just for illustrative purposes. long polymer molecules. They can span

40:23 width of the type of like reinforced walter? Okay, this is a

40:33 that can be somewhat hard to study remember that you know, you study

40:41 bacteria these properties you're growing them Uh and you maintain them on growth

40:49 . And under those conditions they can certain features. It's not uncommon for

40:59 a brand new quote. You call a motive. Okay you keep him

41:04 a very rich road medium for Why would they lose motility over a

41:13 period? Why? Because there's no correct in the context of motility,

41:31 would I lose motility over time? what would be to find and look

41:39 ? What? So you're basically putting a super rich rich means lots of

41:46 and has everything it needs to And this is the requirement to actually

41:51 anywhere. Right? So you're sitting a buffet table. You know why

41:56 moved for us? All right Right. So keep it like that

42:00 a long period of time. It need to be motel and right.

42:04 efficiency. Right? Why hold on this thing that takes energy to move

42:10 here. So similarly s layer the of doesn't need to be maintained in

42:17 in that kind of broke condition. that's the point is there's features here

42:21 there. And I currently have when keeping it uh maintained that if you're

42:27 making me aware because again, why onto a feature that maybe isn't,

42:33 know, give them an advantage. anyway, the s layer for that

42:38 because it can be lost in their . It is proven that sometimes hard

42:43 find throughout. Okay. But they for those that have it um it

42:50 this kind of a kind of identity net sell flexible, very Horace.

42:58 . There's some space indicated made helped an even surface is okay. Um

43:07 may ride protection of some sort and that have it. Okay. Um

43:12 even something that says for those that their pathogens disease going that may maybe

43:18 various factor. Again, these are of I'm not saying he's comin future

43:24 all back here, that s layers you know, things that have been

43:28 , right? So uh unless it a uh can be a future uh

43:36 sometimes it may have the other uh nonetheless it can be out has a

43:46 around crystalline net around the cell. ? Um so the grant, that's

43:56 it for grandpa Right? That's essentially all their tech organizes maybe for that

44:07 , there's more stuff component. So have uh the liberal approaching and it's

44:13 term Myriad M U. R. . That's that term itself is your

44:21 was like and you see that term means okay, in this context is

44:27 liberal protein associated with that which you see in grand negatives. Okay,

44:34 is kind of the somewhat I guess might say the analog of because it

44:42 to anchor to anchor this pectoral. can too the outer membrane and keep

44:50 in place. That's what the proteins . Only see those names.

44:55 Um and so we by having this membrane we create now this middle

45:02 okay, that we call the para . Okay. And that can have

45:07 types of molecules. And amazon's floating in there that you may not see

45:12 the on the inside of the cell . So it can be kind of

45:17 own environment on itself. Okay, so a closer look again, uh

45:26 you do see here's the peptide involved that cross bridging. Right? And

45:33 looking into the liberal protein. Um you know the right? The lots

45:45 material, lots of sugary material. old a polymer units um we're missing

45:54 in a second what's called the o . Okay, so that's what that

46:02 to the party's old call sacrifice. , I'm sorry, these things.

46:08 , and so these can produce an react. Okay, um you can

46:17 can identify decades ago this was used in the context of e coli salmonella

46:26 the light That are that are you , obviously the ones of interest are

46:31 that are medically important. Right? one you know, you're familiar with

46:36 the 157 E. Coli okay so so it's a lot of time we

46:49 out that gram negatives had this material they do produce a reaction. So

46:56 can have anti producing antibodies to And it's a it's a means to

47:02 . So we will there's a operator E. Coli or salmonella. Okay

47:09 what kind is it? And then can um taking an antibody specific idea

47:19 everybody is 157 are only gonna buy that particular that particular 1570.

47:27 Very specifically allowed to idea relatively. . So that's kind of what the

47:35 h uh same same thing. So is okay but for the same purpose

47:45 reaction way because we also have various numbers and each number. So um

47:56 so focusing on uh this what we lipid a. Okay so limited

48:05 Is both the plus the sugar sugar kind of anchors it in the membrane

48:15 fatty acid chain. So this is of the part that anchors in the

48:19 . That's what you see here. . And so that in itself has

48:25 particular property as well this endo cox . So all the negatives potentially have

48:37 . It's only an issue like when cells delights when they die they

48:44 Okay because that this material released on the cells intact. Not an issue

48:52 when it dies and then it breaks then that could be an issue that

48:59 this endo toxin effect. Okay again that. This could be a new

49:07 . Right. And so when it's from the south to sell guys that

49:13 throughout the body um your new system can pick this up and detective.

49:22 . And this themselves a little bit . They did chemical cities.

49:29 And these chemicals will then give directions other souls in your body.

49:36 Which basically is called response. And that's all fine. And well

49:43 the response is a localized responsive in certain part of the body, that's

49:48 it's meant to do. If this grant has become sustainable blind wine,

49:58 in your blood circulating throughout and then it and it gives off these lipid

50:05 now circulates around the whole body. , potentially all the assistants. Even

50:10 tax. Okay, now you're finishing that can overwhelm the body.

50:18 Cause localized problem. That's what you're to handle. But body wine.

50:26 . Uh this is over. This overproduced immune response that so very negative

50:35 that's covered in blood and certainly that's good. So that's when it's most

50:41 . Right? And so that's got be careful of and if I like

50:46 ministering what types of antibiotics etcetera. , well we'll talk about this.

50:53 get the last part of the course medical microbiology but this is where the

50:58 is part of this part of the an issue only when license get killed

51:05 it was released. Have the In fact rio the Okay, just

51:17 family mention here about the velocity effect uh and it's something that's it's not

51:29 stuff can Okay. Carbohydrates but not up. But I remember I remember

51:42 gonna have some selectivity generally gets more as you get closer to the

51:48 So whereas you know, you may proteins that will let you know some

51:54 in from the membrane and I guess inner membrane more selective more specific um

52:02 has you know, proper monitored Okay. But again, the point

52:08 that selectivity gets more. So you that. Um Now and then again

52:20 in the grand data we have now space in between remembering paragraphs and I

52:27 have its own environment and enzymes. specific research processes whether transport or

52:34 Okay, but that's that's not Okay. Uh Any questions.

52:44 Alright, so here's an example. What kind of So this is uh

53:00 a grand native Catherine. Okay, experiences fever and nausea. An antibiotic

53:10 is provided to stop the infection. , a few hours later the symptoms

53:15 to worsen the maximum inhibits cell wall . Okay, additional testing, confirmed

53:24 was effective. It didn't work um clubs yellow from the patient and a

53:31 antibiotic mixing Bt was given this proves . So what happened with the

53:42 Yes. Program. Uh Right. . Right. Yeah it was bad

53:59 it was back back so we're maybe . Uh So uh that's the thing

54:15 it that to specifically for counteracting this of effect. So the climates and

54:24 actually bind bind the eliminated so that then negate the this this indoor toxic

54:32 the actual that's that's why that has set. So uh not uncommon to

54:43 to use the that's not a common . Um The really work against cells

54:52 are actively growing. Okay. And better when they do work with uh

55:02 things in fact but collectively together they uh even better. So I guess

55:09 will talk about that. But this an example of that. So um

55:16 so word about synthesis and can. so um real get to it

55:25 But next time we're gonna talk about uh psycho skeletal. Um So you're

55:37 of course if you carry out a cell structure, right carriers have a

55:43 organized extensive network of filaments. There might be two your act and

55:50 intermediate films how they organize and you yourself. Um it's been found 10

55:57 years ago. Their bacteria have these well. Not as extensive. Okay

56:03 involved in things like cell division uh shape itself and M. R.

56:10 . B. Is one of us in family in rod shaped bacteria.

56:17 and facilitates the synthesis of pepper Okay so you see the and so

56:27 we're dealing with the grand negative. ? See the outer membrane inner

56:32 Okay, so in the middle here see the M. R.

56:36 B. So it's kind of like scaffold in a way holding holding place

56:42 these components. And so here is petrolite camp being synthesized. Right?

56:48 are all so you see the term binding proteins. These are all targets

56:53 uh for for antibiotics. But so petrol I can synthesized here and

57:02 complex moves it moves on this Okay. And so in the rod

57:09 cell it's there's bits of these R. E. B complexes.

57:18 , that are throughout the length of set. Right? And these will

57:21 eventually link up. Okay, We'll connect right to form the whole strand

57:32 the set. Okay, and so it's like a scaffold to kind of

57:38 the whole organizes the whole process. , think of it as like someone

57:43 arrives on the kind of effect Okay. And in different cell types

57:50 it can vary. Okay, so is what the rod shaped cells,

57:53 is what basically what this is showing . Okay, um kind of throughout

58:00 of links. Okay. In cells a center skeletal element in the

58:07 Okay, that facilitates synthesis. there's other types that do it either

58:13 one cold or the other. This again gonna be specific for rod

58:18 Okay, so variation. Okay. it just depends on the type.

58:25 . Now um these types down here either format one pole or the

58:32 These are types that tend to have of these weird shapes like branching forms

58:38 this like that. Okay. Like or club shape this that kind of

58:45 kind of civil since this kind of that kind of weird shapes.

58:50 Uh Right. And of course our . Okay as a as a girl

58:58 in fact there's a term again that not sure if I mentioned this in

59:03 course but it's called play a more . That means a shape that is

59:12 uniform kind of they're not all uniformly same thing or the caucus or

59:18 Um They're like irregular forms and branching . That's terrific of what is

59:27 Okay any questions about that right Here's a question that relates kind of

59:34 . Okay so again its susceptibility to of silk. Okay. Which bacterium

59:42 going to be the most. You three points there. We have opened

59:49 . Um So this is uh something spending a couple of seconds on had

59:58 answering here. Um is that whatever testing antibiotics or even answer questions you

60:12 uh examine the effect on gram negative pop because there are no differences and

60:18 all about the nature of that cell . Okay and this is certainly one

60:24 those and the relationship to growth is that can affect the uh effectiveness of

60:36 for sure, try. Okay. mm 210. Alright, okay.

61:17 across the board there. 1 17 . Okay. Um hit um b

61:34 saw you. And why did you me? Just go Right,

61:39 I'm sorry. Yeah, is that only logic you had be over

61:49 Give me that. Why? you're on the right track. So

62:10 else? Okay. Okay. So like you're alluding to it really boils

62:19 to when when? So you're saying , let's say that you're saying there's

62:25 targets available really when it's growing Right, So in the grow fast

62:32 well in gross form period. we're talking about this. Okay.

62:39 that so that's obviously a bacterial do I? Right, so you're

62:44 see lots of those forms in a growing culture. Okay. And the

62:52 wall synthesis of course, in the shaped cells occurring right here.

62:58 And so that's what that's what we cetaceans occurring there of course. So

63:03 synthesis is occurring as we saw, , little scaffold things across the length

63:08 the rod. Right, so when the and that? And the and

63:12 cue to begin cell wall synthesis is course when the cell is divided,

63:19 ? That's when new several materials moves be made, we're gonna make a

63:22 new cell. You gotta have a wall around or whatever the envelope

63:26 Right? And so that activity is be maximal when a cell is rapidly

63:33 . Okay, so fast growing population lots of cells obviously in that dividing

63:40 , right? Less so in the growing population. So there's gonna be

63:45 targets right, in the fast growing . Okay. And so that's where

63:51 antibiotic really have its effect. Best on a fast growing population,

63:57 so much in the slow growing. And uh that's triana for penicillin but

64:04 other types of antibiotics as well growth it works better when the growing

64:09 Right, there's more targets available. . And so in fact this is

64:16 a strategy that enables bacteria become They can sense the presence of antibiotic

64:26 if they're growing rapidly that that sense that antibiotic will cause them to slow

64:30 to actually not grow to kind of viable but just sitting there. Not

64:36 . And then of course once you it right, there's a there's a

64:41 life, you know that it's in body goes away. So the levels

64:46 reduce then those those so that we're growing now kick in. Right then

64:53 begin to grow multiply. So that's a strategy uh that that text can

64:59 it's kind of okay with antibiotic. want me to grow. Well I'm

65:02 gonna stop and then when it passes I was growing, right? So

65:06 uh that's what they called a persistent persist. You know antibiotics there they

65:14 and then once it goes way and they multiply. So again very

65:19 Okay. On behalf of the. uh So the thing be aware of

65:26 is not only the slow growth, growth difference. But in terms of

65:34 negative and positive difference is the pencil cannot actually penetrate very well through the

65:43 membrane. Okay, so grand negatives that reason I tend not to respond

65:49 of the I remember when you got that's not as amenable to penicillin getting

65:54 there very well. Okay so you to use antibiotics that work better.

66:02 So that means, so that's why always test your testing these kinds of

66:07 you always have because you know, won't necessarily work the same on both

66:13 . Um Any questions. So so in this question, so like the

66:24 like like the more fast growing population it can be yes. Oh

66:36 To sell that outer membrane more more , more hydrophobic chemical structure not officially

66:45 through that as we go into Because there's no balance limiting grandpa.

66:52 um yeah. And so if if has like gram gram negative. So

67:00 third. Okay um there's pencil. so atypical souls, right? So

67:11 , not everything. Not all for I would say among kingdom or domain

67:20 . Okay. I would say the have Or uh let's say 64/7 3rd

67:35 . It's um like 50 50 in of having a cell wall. Okay

67:42 back then. So if pro material bacteria bacteria overwhelmingly they have sold

67:53 That's what I said. Okay um me. As one might so might

68:02 back to two totally different in terms detective bacteria. Okay. Micro planets

68:09 a cell wall altogether. Okay. among the smallest uh bacteria, the

68:15 genome. Uh they call his repertoire in your lungs. Um But they

68:21 so welcome. Okay among archaea I'd likely about 5050 have a cell wall

68:29 doped. Okay. And so but our Kia they have it's called a

68:38 Mirian, a like identical to a bit different. So use the term

68:45 Mirian. Um So the mycobacterium so these have um unusual, unusually thick

68:58 very hydrophobic hydrocarbons. Okay. And it's so prominent that it actually affects

69:13 they look, how they grow, they look when they grow up.

69:17 can see that here in the liquid that they kind of scrunched together and

69:25 on top of the interviews on the . Solid media. They have probably

69:31 crusty looking weird morphology. Okay you your touch it it's like it's like

69:41 flakes off, it's a very weird . Or it can be kind of

69:46 well and so this all relates to nature itself. Okay. And so

69:53 does. Okay but you can't stand branch. Won't stay consistently or give

70:01 up? So you do what's called diffuse heat and very concentrated dye to

70:08 it in itself. Okay, so a fast stable developed for this particular

70:14 . Right? Um And so but much more so of this.

70:22 My colleague gasses basically very long hydrocarbon . You see here mixed in with

70:28 possibilities here and they're very thick and see the thickness of this. Uh

70:34 , so very hydrophobic. So that's these cells tend to stick together and

70:39 this kind of weird growth. Um also means characteristically this group grows grows

70:49 . Alright. You collect growing 10-14 you have Brazilians to sell,

70:56 This takes about 48 hours to get . Okay. And so and it's

71:03 because of this fat. Okay, it also takes time for materials to

71:09 views into that thing and get himself ? So that that leads to a

71:13 growth. Great. It also means these are not easily because my guys

71:22 to penetrate through. So a tuberculosis not a condition you get over

71:29 And 10 days 10 day course of you have the can be a chronic

71:36 years. So that again all goes and it's very thick Cylon below pit

71:44 okay, so again they have the hand but it's far less than what

71:50 have in terms of this other So, um, okay, so

71:59 gonna revisit question again. Any So we're gonna revisit? Here's the

72:05 one we had before and open that , silly yes or no.

73:30 Messed it up. Here we five seconds to go. 321 and

73:43 , we have 1 10 went up 1 70 for uh, f is

73:54 . All right. Thanks folks, . See you guys. Perfect.

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