| 00:41 | Alright folks, we'll get it started the block in the middle of the |
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| 00:49 | . Um That's where we're at that . Okay so we are gonna be |
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| 00:55 | here in a couple of minutes. so um so um we have a |
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| 01:06 | tomorrow quiz And I'm asking you on today we're gonna finish up 17 and |
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| 01:18 | next week starting to uh 15. last part of this. Okay. |
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| 01:26 | The last part of this. Um uh Probably a little pathogenesis. |
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| 01:32 | so we'll have plenty of time to this shot up next week and then |
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| 01:37 | then start the next unit, the unit week after. And then they |
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| 01:42 | still a ways away. So uh weeks remember that the schedule opens |
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| 01:48 | I guess technically 12 midnight. So morning. So uh get a slot |
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| 01:58 | first lot then I guess you could up at midnight. Okay. Um |
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| 02:04 | see. Uh It's just not Okay, still going. So |
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| 02:09 | we'll stop this. We're gonna start third question. Okay. You may |
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| 02:15 | have gone to the material. You know it may not it's okay, |
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| 02:18 | work around it. But let's look this question. Almost placed it. |
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| 02:23 | , let me try again. Come . All right, let's try |
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| 02:30 | All right, like that now. happened? Hold on. Uh |
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| 02:43 | Okay. What? I don't know the hell this is. Okay. |
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| 02:54 | All right, let me all well you're answering a question. Let's |
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| 02:58 | everybody. Oh thank goodness. Alright so going to weird spacing? |
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| 03:05 | probably get around the block anyway? secondary immune system response. Is that |
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| 03:10 | memory B cell? Is anybody? that what they do? Can they |
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| 03:15 | that a nation company Upsell my antibody false uh sort of toxic T |
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| 03:24 | Is that what they do? Okay we will cover all this today. |
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| 03:31 | so we'll get through these if you're sure what they are. Well you |
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| 03:34 | hopefully know by the end today. See I'm sorry you have to open |
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| 03:42 | pool so if you want to try again. Um Okay there. Uh |
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| 03:53 | um those are working on this still of a little bit started this last |
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| 04:00 | at the end last session. So but that doesn't mean response. Remember |
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| 04:05 | the third line of defense. Um Remember your innate immune system physical |
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| 04:12 | barriers um Different cell types involved um involved fever, uh etcetera. So |
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| 04:22 | non specific they call it here is specific because it involves binding between molecules |
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| 04:31 | binding between molecules and so that's what about the effects of the adaptive immune |
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| 04:38 | . So that's what we'll discuss And the false answer here is um |
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| 04:54 | uh gluten nation clumping that. That's . Sorry. Okay false answer is |
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| 05:01 | So A. Is true. Okay B cells um that's what are built |
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| 05:09 | part of the vaccination outcome is ultimately lots of memory B cells um antibodies |
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| 05:17 | can bind to both an engine and cells at the same time. |
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| 05:21 | we'll see that very quickly here a is clumping of cells by antibody. |
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| 05:27 | , so the toxic t cells interact intracellular pathogens. That actually deep. |
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| 05:34 | the false statement. Okay um so talks with t cells interact with infected |
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| 05:42 | . So virus infected cells for example be detected by center toxic T cells |
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| 05:48 | gotten rid of. So B B would interact with extra set of pathogens |
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| 05:54 | antibodies. Okay, so let's so cover all these here today. So |
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| 06:01 | we went through kind of an overview the Pope process here. That means |
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| 06:07 | and the key thing is and that's it responds to. Okay, so |
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| 06:12 | both a there's a recognition component, detection component, recognition upon it and |
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| 06:21 | uh recognition and binding and then that about various effects. Okay, so |
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| 06:28 | went through these two halves here can uh you can associate basically two basic |
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| 06:36 | . One is the human immune The b cells respond to extra sight |
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| 06:41 | massachusetts. Okay, so and bodies their thing outside of cells they can't |
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| 06:46 | inside to sell and buy an Right? They have their external interesting |
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| 06:51 | are dealt with by topic T cells we help ourselves have a couple of |
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| 06:58 | roles and we'll see how that develops . One of them. One of |
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| 07:02 | is to interact with B cells to them. Okay another is to interact |
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| 07:10 | macrophages and then drink cells. And um these uh are part of |
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| 07:22 | remote we call these things um for a pc which means antigen presenting |
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| 07:31 | These are some types. They can be part of the innate immune system |
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| 07:35 | medical supplies. But also part of interact with that w system work with |
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| 07:42 | help ourselves. Okay so they're unique types in that way. It's like |
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| 07:47 | that can work on both sides. The uh so we'll go through these |
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| 07:54 | so the other thing to remember is uh engine. Epic. Okay. |
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| 08:00 | so engines are on the surface of cell. Okay. And um they |
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| 08:07 | be they can be a number of molecules typically proteins that can be micro |
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| 08:14 | , carbohydrates etcetera um that are on periphery and it can be it can |
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| 08:19 | okay, a cell wall capsule, membrane of gram negative etcetera etcetera uh |
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| 08:27 | proteins on the surface. So these the things and just interact with antibodies |
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| 08:32 | with. And so we looked Alright, hold that up there will |
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| 08:42 | an area within that engine. Short gray red is where it actually binds |
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| 08:49 | . So we call that the epic . Okay, so if the square |
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| 08:53 | is the an engine right then this part inside is what is binding to |
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| 09:01 | we call that the epic. Okay so uh so as we look then |
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| 09:08 | at antibody structure. Okay so everybody's think of as a Y. Right |
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| 09:13 | letter Y. A couple of extra on. Okay so um there is |
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| 09:20 | that are similar called constant regions. um and variable so these change from |
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| 09:28 | the antibody out here. This is antigen binding sites. Okay. Called |
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| 09:35 | sequence variant amino acid sequence and it on what they bind to. Right |
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| 09:40 | your ability to bind all types of and they're like the number of antibodies |
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| 09:47 | have that can respond you can theoretically to like got into the it's a |
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| 09:55 | crazy number. It's like 10 to 15th or something like that. Uh |
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| 10:00 | types of different engines that are out . So remember engines that are part |
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| 10:04 | a cell like pathogens and viruses and and fungi but also remember things like |
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| 10:12 | chemicals can be a be an antigen pollen. Well aware of that in |
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| 10:19 | ragweed etcetera all these kind of things as as an agent that can stimulate |
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| 10:25 | immune system. Sometimes not in a way if you've got allergies. So |
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| 10:31 | but uh the in actuality you have you have five classes here. |
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| 10:37 | G. D. And I. . Stands for um you know |
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| 10:40 | Okay so been G. D. . M. And uh a. |
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| 10:47 | now uh not something you need to but just for your own knowledge. |
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| 10:52 | you can identify A G. D. E. Uh a based |
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| 10:59 | similarity in this constant region. So other words all I. G. |
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| 11:06 | are gonna be the same in that . All I. G. S |
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| 11:10 | the same. That's what that's how identify the class. What does that |
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| 11:15 | does that part of the antibody look ? And so each class will have |
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| 11:18 | signature sequence there. Okay and that be the same. Okay. But |
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| 11:25 | course they will differ out here. because you can you can have thousands |
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| 11:31 | I. G. Antibodies and some this and that are gonna be different |
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| 11:38 | the in the body parts. Uh and so what else do we |
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| 11:44 | ? So as I mentioned in the so these parts where that are very |
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| 11:49 | combined to an urgent of course. but then this part combined to a |
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| 11:54 | . Right? This can be a macrophage for example were not macrophage but |
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| 12:01 | can be a it can be a cell for example. Okay. Um |
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| 12:08 | how the cells actually work. They an advice on their surface to find |
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| 12:11 | hands. Okay so that is So you can have both. But |
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| 12:16 | also it could be just brain It could be a macrophage because remember |
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| 12:23 | optimization process. Right optimization is when macrophage finds this part and then these |
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| 12:31 | are stuck to the pathogen and takes whole thing. That's the optimization. |
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| 12:35 | yes things of these cells can happen well. So the point is. |
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| 12:39 | some antibodies can do this. They find engines and they combine the other |
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| 12:44 | to itself. That's what we call fc portion. Alright, so let's |
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| 12:49 | portion. A cell can have a FC receptor now. Uh Let's |
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| 12:58 | Okay so let's get a couple of that relate to antibody function. So |
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| 13:02 | gonna go through five different classes and um uh kind of see what their |
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| 13:11 | are. Uh a little more information them. Uh These these are located |
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| 13:17 | from different body fluids. Um they have different functions of course. Um |
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| 13:23 | here it's asking anybody's found on mucosal in mucosal secretions and functions to interfere |
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| 13:31 | pathogens adherence. Okay, so this part of that um You could call |
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| 13:37 | part of the chemical barrier. So remember that your physical barrier, |
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| 13:43 | uh mucus membranes, they have typically some kind of fluid and the fluid |
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| 13:49 | contain different types of antimicrobials. Can be something like this is I'm |
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| 13:55 | and this particular antibody can be in as well. Right, so let's |
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| 14:04 | , speed this up a little So what can happen. 10. |
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| 14:12 | . Six. Okay. two. . Yeah it's gonna be I. |
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| 14:23 | . A. So I. A. Is creations one of the |
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| 14:29 | major ways that pathogens are able to in your body is they adhere to |
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| 14:37 | mucous membranes. So that's kind of they lived in many cases. So |
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| 14:42 | meningitis organism uh lots of respiratory pathogens enter through your nose or your |
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| 14:49 | These have mucosal secretions. And often they have ways to uh to stick |
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| 14:55 | your to these uh membranes. And there's an idea you can buy into |
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| 15:00 | and block its ability to stick. fact it was a good defense for |
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| 15:05 | types of pathogens. Um Okay. illumination. Okay. It's a specialty |
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| 15:15 | this pyramid Pyra. Excuse me. So we'll line that industries the same |
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| 15:28 | . Pandas are shown the same antibodies um just be in the singular |
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| 15:37 | The singular life form. But some group together like this. Maybe not |
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| 15:43 | in groups of five but in groups two. So our G. |
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| 15:48 | Can actually do that. Okay. uh and that kind of basically enhances |
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| 15:56 | function. So it used to have there two sites? Right? We're |
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| 16:02 | in this form you don't have two a binding sites 1 2. But |
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| 16:09 | you problem arise right now you can 41234. So that kind of thing |
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| 16:19 | your ability to bind to bind Okay so uh even more. |
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| 16:27 | Even uh timer. All right. . This thing closed prematurely. My |
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| 16:42 | . Let's try it one more Sorry this is um There we |
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| 16:49 | So yeah, it's gonna enhance the of those types of hand bodies. |
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| 16:53 | all but some can form these multiple together. Okay. Um All right |
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| 17:15 | so one alright here we go. uh it is believed that m |
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| 17:26 | So mm is forms these uh types and so what happens is they can |
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| 17:32 | up a bunch of cells at one um having basically 10 and and binding |
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| 17:41 | . Um That's the last one here about this function of of so that |
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| 17:53 | certainly anybody types do their function when on top of the cell. |
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| 17:58 | Others can be free floating. Okay . G. A. G. |
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| 18:04 | . Um But others only work. give you a hint there others only |
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| 18:09 | and then sit on top of the . That's how they function. Okay |
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| 18:18 | gonna count down for nine. Alright it is going to be um |
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| 18:32 | G. D. And I. . E. So it's actually uh |
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| 18:37 | . And D. Okay so both those work I'm sitting talking about. |
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| 18:43 | huh. Down time. Okay so talk about that now. So here |
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| 18:49 | just mentioned earlier the I. A. Right? So again they're |
|
| 18:54 | the percentages you don't need to necessarily those percentages But uh idea is primarily |
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| 19:03 | not needs and percentages that they're found . Okay so it's lower because it's |
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| 19:08 | found in the cultural secretions. Uh you know throat for instance you |
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| 19:15 | body cavities are aligned with the coastal . So what they do is what's |
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| 19:20 | a neutralizing functions of neutralizing antibodies uh binding to a microbe okay They can |
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| 19:30 | prevent it from those selves and binding yourselves. Okay that's what neutralizing anybody |
|
| 19:36 | . Okay that's what Covid vaccine promotes antibodies. So by coding the virus |
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| 19:43 | virus can't stick to your cells in respiratory tract. Um And so |
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| 19:51 | G. Is typically what they call workhorse and body. It can it |
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| 19:58 | it typically shows up it's the main one in response to a pathogen or |
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| 20:06 | the vaccine versus I. G. . N. I. G. |
|
| 20:09 | . Large numbers. Okay and they a number of functions to um be |
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| 20:15 | option in so help with psychosis. can activate complement the neutralization functions. |
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| 20:22 | have a lot of these functions that are important. Fighting perfection. Okay |
|
| 20:28 | so there will be at the highest in the blood. Okay the uh |
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| 20:34 | . G. D. Is one those that works by sitting on top |
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| 20:36 | the cell. So they would sit B cells and B cells are the |
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| 20:42 | that produce antibody so it ends and to these antibodies on their surface. |
|
| 20:50 | will still be set to produce more . Okay so um B cells typically |
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| 20:56 | I. G. D. And can have my Gm on their |
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| 21:01 | Okay and that's how the engine binding to them doing their functions. |
|
| 21:09 | Um And so because B cells are found in lymphatic fluid and tissue right |
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| 21:18 | the blood you don't see I. . D. At very high concentrations |
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| 21:22 | the blood. They're sitting on top the cells which are not in the |
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| 21:26 | out of the lymphatic system. Um I. G. M. |
|
| 21:31 | not one that forms the pen So will form. So illumination is |
|
| 21:38 | clump cells together. Okay And so so what it can do by by |
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| 21:45 | this illumination function it reduces the numbers infectious units the body has to deal |
|
| 21:52 | . That kind of concentrates them. if we have for example 10 pathogens |
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| 21:58 | when this I. G. Informs um picked um reforms okay with 10 |
|
| 22:05 | sites now It can clump up a of different microbes uh at the same |
|
| 22:11 | . So now you reduce 10 infectious on the left down to one at |
|
| 22:16 | beginning to deal with. So it's important function in terms of uh concentrating |
|
| 22:21 | then dealing with these dealing with infectious like this. Okay. And then |
|
| 22:27 | I. G. E. So they found low mounts because basic skills |
|
| 22:31 | typically not in high concentrations in the right there in the surrounding fluid. |
|
| 22:37 | so uh those that have allergies, sensitivities that he fever. Things like |
|
| 22:44 | . You can blame this combination here cells are basic skills but I. |
|
| 22:49 | on top that binds the engine and it works too well you get a |
|
| 22:54 | response and that's what causes symptoms of eyes and these kind of things. |
|
| 23:01 | . And inflammatory response can result. . So uh so there's that fills |
|
| 23:07 | cells. Everything's kind of release of like I said in response to inflammation |
|
| 23:13 | these kind of things. Okay. Okay, so those are the five |
|
| 23:19 | . And so um and again remember these chemicals they release that collective term |
|
| 23:26 | on time, right? For these work on different communities themselves. |
|
| 23:31 | Um All right. Any questions at point about the structure functions? |
|
| 23:39 | Uh So let's look at this Okay, so this is so not |
|
| 23:46 | begin to more B cell function for cell function. Okay, so B |
|
| 23:54 | most immediate human immunity. T cells B cells can differentiate into antibody secreting |
|
| 24:03 | cells. The single corner population of cells can produce antibodies to many different |
|
| 24:11 | . Okay. T cells can directly infected host cells, but these cells |
|
| 24:17 | cannot directly kill cells. Okay. . Okay. Alright. Let's see |
|
| 24:47 | down. Okay. From five. . Actually. All right. Uh |
|
| 25:07 | um let's just go to the bottom the T cells can directly kill infected |
|
| 25:13 | cells. Um The b cells themselves directly kill cells. That's true. |
|
| 25:20 | T cells like a psycho toxic T um can kill an infected wholesale the |
|
| 25:26 | themselves don't kill anything that they can actions through handed bodies on their |
|
| 25:31 | Right? They actually kill anything with they produce can lead to different |
|
| 25:37 | Okay, so this is true. The single total population of plasma cells |
|
| 25:46 | produce too many different can produce antibodies many different epic tops. Uh Is |
|
| 25:52 | true images? Uh bolts anybody? it's false? You think it |
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| 26:03 | Don't be afraid anybody? Think it's false? Yes. Why? Oh |
|
| 26:13 | . Come on. Why? Because cells, what's the operative words? |
|
| 26:23 | was a a colonial population is what all the if you have a clone |
|
| 26:35 | both what the same? Your identical . Um They're the same. So |
|
| 26:44 | single clonal population of plasma cells produce . Too many different episodes. So |
|
| 26:50 | they're all the same, are they produce different antibodies? They're clones? |
|
| 26:57 | going to produce the and produce this same. Yes. Say it be |
|
| 27:05 | goodness the same antibodies. So that's the colonial colonial population is. They |
|
| 27:12 | the same function, same thing. A and so a growing population will |
|
| 27:18 | antibodies to only one episode. That's basis for your antibody response to vaccine |
|
| 27:26 | Or more infection. Okay, so the folks one um B cells can |
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| 27:34 | into anybody. Supreme. Of That's true. And that's true. |
|
| 27:40 | so um Alright so let's see how happens here. Okay. Question. |
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| 27:51 | no I got batteries. All well that's doing that. Let me |
|
| 27:55 | this on. Okay, so um humor, humor immunity we're talking about |
|
| 28:06 | cells and their function. Okay so though they deal with exercise or |
|
| 28:22 | Okay so let's see. All right So the so there are two pathways |
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| 28:44 | one that's most common is what we're see here on the screen. That's |
|
| 28:49 | uh the T cell T. Cell and independent process. Okay so in |
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| 28:57 | words it requires the B cell requires T. Cell to be part of |
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| 29:01 | process. Okay the other part we'll about next is independent of the cell |
|
| 29:06 | does not require a T cell to it. Okay so um so what |
|
| 29:12 | is engine binds and will be on of the B cells that can be |
|
| 29:20 | G. D. And I am on top and binding energy into it |
|
| 29:26 | occurs as well as B cells were these energetic fragments. Okay and so |
|
| 29:35 | so B cells B cells dendritic cells um macrophages have these class two types |
|
| 29:47 | MHC molecules. Okay and so they'll antigen. So B cells can be |
|
| 29:54 | within itself. Okay and so they that function to interact with a |
|
| 30:00 | Cell. Okay so showing that energon . Helper type two cells respond. |
|
| 30:09 | . And they in turn activated into antibody producing plasma cells through the turn |
|
| 30:20 | into a plasma cell as well as memory B cells so both are the |
|
| 30:25 | of this activation. Okay so again is what's called the T dependent |
|
| 30:31 | Right. And these tend to be most common ways to activate B |
|
| 30:35 | Okay to involve t t help Okay. And so um so the |
|
| 30:48 | the other thing that happens and let's a couple flies there's a process why |
|
| 30:57 | t independent type doesn't need to help T. Cell. And we'll see |
|
| 31:00 | here. But let's look first at clonal clonal selection process. So what |
|
| 31:05 | talking about is when an engine is . Okay you're gonna have pools of |
|
| 31:12 | cells. Right? Thousands of pools cells. Right. And so each |
|
| 31:17 | have anybody sitting on top and each will be able to theoretically respond to |
|
| 31:24 | energy that's out there. Okay so what this is about here. This |
|
| 31:28 | what clone selection is about you're gonna So we're just keeping it simple 1234 |
|
| 31:35 | of these. Okay. Each one one in itself is a is a |
|
| 31:41 | the same. Okay. Is a population. This is one they all |
|
| 31:48 | the same antibody that binds to the engine right to Is one that has |
|
| 31:53 | to a different engine. All bind that same different engine. So and |
|
| 31:57 | forth. So we have four groups know your body will have thousands of |
|
| 32:00 | . Okay so um so as an comes in here is read. Children |
|
| 32:05 | . Okay, presumably it will bind the antibodies of one of these |
|
| 32:12 | Okay, this example it's binding to 123 but number four. Okay so |
|
| 32:19 | B cells that are that are four the four group for C group. |
|
| 32:25 | . We'll bind that and okay. then only that group then goes on |
|
| 32:31 | differentiate. Okay. So they were what's called clonal expansion. So you |
|
| 32:38 | a few cells here that then responds Angela divide. Okay. So you |
|
| 32:44 | a population of clones. Okay. then they differentiate into memory B cells |
|
| 32:53 | plasma cells. Plasma cells are the ones that may Okay uh The lifetime |
|
| 33:00 | plasma cell is about 60 days. then they die all right. A |
|
| 33:07 | cells of course can last for Right. They can last 30 40 |
|
| 33:13 | . Okay. Just sitting in your for the next time that the engine |
|
| 33:19 | then they can uh start the producing . So what happens is when the |
|
| 33:25 | the memory cell get stimulated then it into a plasma cell. And more |
|
| 33:31 | cells. Okay. The plasma cells produce the antibody. So but you |
|
| 33:40 | , memory cells although they can last long time. Um Some do kind |
|
| 33:46 | lose their what's called a mi no over time. So they're not as |
|
| 33:52 | in terms of responding to engine as once were. All right. So |
|
| 33:57 | kind of figures into why you need booster shot every now and then for |
|
| 34:01 | like tetanus for example you get a shot every 10 years or so as |
|
| 34:05 | as certain other other vaccines. So kind of meant to boost up the |
|
| 34:11 | of memory cells. Okay. Um the the t independent engines, they |
|
| 34:22 | require this activation by a Visa. . And so the reason is so |
|
| 34:29 | jump back to this and this next I'm going to show you is only |
|
| 34:34 | explanatory purposes you're not gonna be tested . Okay. But it's the only |
|
| 34:39 | to kind of tell you how it these two processes. Okay. The |
|
| 34:45 | engineers itself requires um engine. Of buying the body on the surface. |
|
| 34:52 | here's a what you would call a engine compared to a big, super |
|
| 34:57 | molecule, like a big sugar polymer something. Right, So this is |
|
| 35:03 | this is called an average sized. , typical, typical size. |
|
| 35:08 | So what has to happen is because know, anybody can have two binding |
|
| 35:13 | they interact and bind engine and they what's called a b cell receptor. |
|
| 35:19 | this process of binding and kind of together, it's called happening again, |
|
| 35:26 | worry about it. And just kind showing you how this happens. Uh |
|
| 35:30 | then leads to uh MHC molecules show it also comes into the cell and |
|
| 35:36 | shows it. Right? And so process only happens with t dependent uh |
|
| 35:43 | dependent process. But with your more sized engines is the more common |
|
| 35:49 | Okay another way to kind of bring antibodies together. Okay, bunches of |
|
| 35:56 | together to act to activate the cell to do this to do that. |
|
| 36:02 | see this big blonde polymer. So we combined and bring together a |
|
| 36:10 | of the antibodies on the surface. big and that's what activates that receptor |
|
| 36:15 | makes the cell able to then produce without the contribution of the T. |
|
| 36:22 | getting into it. Okay um that's the basic difference T. Independent this |
|
| 36:30 | and T dependent. So it's about size of the energy. Okay and |
|
| 36:37 | I said the more common is with know these regular size that called regular |
|
| 36:41 | . Typical size. And uh this this can't happen of course it |
|
| 36:46 | But they have these really large ones not as common but it happens as |
|
| 36:52 | . Okay um the yeah so the thing to remember is that when its |
|
| 37:00 | occurs whatever mechanism you're gonna have platform and memory cells form. Okay and |
|
| 37:08 | really is what forms the basis for . Okay um let's uh let's talk |
|
| 37:17 | this. So any questions this Okay so uh so time of |
|
| 37:25 | This could be this could be It could be initial exposure do by |
|
| 37:31 | by a infection. Okay and so appearance. So again this is a |
|
| 37:42 | that occurs over several days because remember body has to recognize that detected number |
|
| 37:51 | recognize it and buy into it. there's a time element to that. |
|
| 37:55 | and so there's always gonna be some involved for that reason. So you |
|
| 38:00 | there even exposing engine takes about a right before we begin to see um |
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| 38:07 | response by the body. Well detective . Okay and so what happens is |
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| 38:13 | exposure, This is the primary Okay so Angie is introduced whether vaccine |
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| 38:20 | infection. And uh first antibodies form . I. G. M. |
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| 38:27 | ? They formed the pension reforms And then followed by I G. |
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| 38:33 | I mentioned before this this whole process anybody information and uh immune system in |
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| 38:40 | , the system is very complicated and they don't talk about it here but |
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| 38:48 | a learning curve for these cells and . Okay so initially these I. |
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| 38:56 | . M. Aren't that great. but because they have the pension reforms |
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| 39:03 | helps you can pump up the number even if you can't the binding is |
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| 39:08 | that great. Okay but then the . G. G. S that |
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| 39:13 | . So so you have you can a B cell here. Okay |
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| 39:19 | Alright and um so binds and again A G. Is short for engine |
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| 39:28 | then this B cell will first produce . G. M. Well plasma |
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| 39:35 | will Okay and then this will be of not so super bindi to antigens |
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| 39:40 | they will work well enough then it's of learning curve. And part of |
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| 39:44 | kind of continued binding helps it bind kind of a thing. Okay then |
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| 39:49 | cells then switch to I. G. Okay so the same responding |
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| 39:56 | GM. Can also again switch to different antibody type G. Type. |
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| 40:02 | ? What's called? Class switching. don't worry about it but just kind |
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| 40:07 | showing the versatility of these of these of cells. So these holes can |
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| 40:12 | do this and then the same one then do the other one. |
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| 40:15 | And in the second round the I . G. Tends to be a |
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| 40:19 | binding. So I G. S are the workhorses. They say |
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| 40:23 | have lots of different functions. So get a big response from them as |
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| 40:27 | see in the blue line there. so you're so in your primary response |
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| 40:35 | takes a long while because you're just forced exposure. And again your immune |
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| 40:40 | cells have to find it bind it then do their thing. That takes |
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| 40:45 | . Right? So but what you're in that in that interval? |
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| 40:49 | Just making plasma cells and memory B . Okay? And Memory B cells |
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| 40:55 | putting away storage so you can call them later. Okay. The itself |
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| 41:01 | be the ones cranking antibody and will for about a couple of months. |
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| 41:06 | ? So if you get um second whether it's through uh infection by the |
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| 41:14 | pathogen or booster shop then that response much quicker. The time line isn't |
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| 41:21 | long. Right. More compressed. so uh that's because you've got memory |
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| 41:28 | ready to go for those in the response. Now they're ready to act |
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| 41:34 | comes along boom in your forming plasma to make anybody and you form more |
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| 41:40 | cells. Okay. So that's why response is much quicker because they're they're |
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| 41:45 | and ready to go. Okay. And of course that's obviously the nature |
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| 41:50 | what you get a booster shot to enhance that response and make lots of |
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| 41:57 | cells. Okay. Um Now the in some vaccines do this better than |
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| 42:06 | and we'll talk about that. We'll about vaccines and a little bit of |
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| 42:10 | later. But some vaccines are better this than others in terms of producing |
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| 42:15 | of good antibodies and a big response there's a reason for that. We'll |
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| 42:21 | about that later. Um Any questions this? All right. All |
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| 42:28 | And so what happened at the end the end results and body and |
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| 42:34 | Okay well there's multiple. We've seen topic. So the the illumination function |
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| 42:39 | bindings that reduces numbers of infectious units to buy clumping and against nature of |
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| 42:48 | to binding slides. Right. Even if you can form that that Penta |
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| 42:53 | like like the I. G. . Can optimization. We talked about |
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| 42:57 | before. Right enhancing psychosis neutralization we earlier. Uh you know of course |
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| 43:04 | that toxins are uh you can form to toxins like tetanus. Um And |
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| 43:10 | if toxins depend on binding to a and getting into the cell and causing |
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| 43:16 | . So if you can prevent that that's what neutralizing antibody coat pathogens are |
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| 43:22 | toxin. And now these things can't to the cell and do their |
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| 43:27 | Okay basically we're neutralizing the pathogens that uh activation of complement. We've talked |
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| 43:35 | that before so anybody can do That's the classical pathway. And then |
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| 43:42 | then it's the this one right So I think I may make this |
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| 43:50 | but this is A D. C. For short standing for hand |
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| 43:56 | dependent cars, antibodies. Cell mediated the number of cells to the party |
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| 44:03 | toxicity resulting in death of the in case parasite these are for A. |
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| 44:09 | . C. C. Is for parasites like a large worm protozoan. |
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| 44:16 | have you amoeba? What have you a very large not bacterial size or |
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| 44:23 | size with. So so to bring down that's that big is going to |
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| 44:31 | a collective effort. Right? Gonna lots of cells and so the way |
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| 44:35 | do that is to use antibody as mechanism. So and body to the |
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| 44:44 | that find cells combined combined to the part of the hand body and so |
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| 44:51 | like Phil can do that. So center fields are toxin producing cells So |
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| 44:58 | get as much of these together and finding collectively they release a toxin overwhelmed |
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| 45:05 | . Macrophages can come in as well different chemicals. So it's a way |
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| 45:12 | have self stick all across this parasite antibodies and then together kill it. |
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| 45:19 | . Um so all these results in you know, killing of the microbe |
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| 45:25 | uh not allowing to attach which then you get rid of it through the |
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| 45:30 | this way killing it here of course optimization clumping it. This can uh |
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| 45:36 | combined up bacteria and maybe macrophages and can come and involving them up. |
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| 45:42 | the end result is to get rid the passages obviously. Okay, in |
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| 45:47 | ways. So um again saying here these are all all extra senator. |
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| 45:54 | all these are all extra sailor pathogens are being dealt with here. T |
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| 46:00 | systems where we're talking about dealing Right? So speaking of T cells |
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| 46:07 | here is psycho toxic T cell. these uh interact with yourselves that maybe |
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| 46:15 | infected. So differentiation between T cell with your cells is through the MHC |
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| 46:26 | . Okay. And so remember macrophages cells. B cells MHC two. |
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| 46:35 | , that's what T helper cells interact toxic T cells interact with MHC type |
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| 46:42 | . Right. So remember if you're a B cell you're not a |
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| 46:48 | XL you're basically every other cell in body, right, lung cell, |
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| 46:53 | cell neuron, kidney cell, bladder , whatever. Right? Your body |
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| 47:00 | . If they become infected, then a T cells and find it and |
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| 47:05 | it. Okay. But they can do that by the infected cell showing |
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| 47:12 | infecting it to the body. That's the So the virus infected cell for |
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| 47:19 | , as the virus is going to life cycle, right? It's producing |
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| 47:23 | and this and that and these can bound up by MHC molecules inside the |
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| 47:30 | and go to the service. So, um, in doing |
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| 47:36 | they're going to show you the energy the body. But because they're showing |
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| 47:40 | on these class one types, That's what toxic T cells recognize. |
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| 47:47 | . So, they'll bind and then , early these chemicals. Okay. |
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| 47:55 | basically the result of killing the license cell Okay. Uh, these things |
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| 48:00 | poor performance. Right? Basically, that kind of form a tunnel in |
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| 48:05 | membrane causing stuff to leak out. , these brands are kind of like |
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| 48:11 | enzymes. So, again, and result is killed itself. Yes, |
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| 48:16 | one of your cells, but it's virus infected. No good when you |
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| 48:20 | rid of it. Getting out of population. Okay. Um, |
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| 48:25 | not necessarily all virus infected cells may this that this may happen, but |
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| 48:32 | will for many. Okay. uh, but it is an important |
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| 48:37 | fighting, I think, also started T cells can recognize some types of |
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| 48:43 | cell types as well. Okay in same fashion and uh get rid of |
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| 48:48 | . So uh so again dealing with pathogens. Okay um and remember the |
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| 48:56 | one that can do this is natural cells. Natural killer cells and also |
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| 49:01 | little bit different way they don't interact . I mean some Oculus but they |
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| 49:06 | also kill infected selves. So you a couple of ways to deal with |
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| 49:11 | pathogens. Um And so this other the the T. Helper cells they |
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| 49:21 | MHC to marcos that's your macrophages B . Dendritic cells. Okay and so |
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| 49:29 | a macrophage and macrophages are manager presenting right? And so they can as |
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| 49:37 | of the figure psychosis process they can some of those engines that they chewed |
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| 49:44 | from a bacterium or virus or something bind up MHC molecules and go to |
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| 49:50 | surface right? And now you can it to a T. Helper |
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| 49:54 | Okay. And so that uh that to release the site of kinds from |
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| 50:01 | T. Helper self um that they activate. Okay so what's activity of |
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| 50:07 | I think I mentioned this before what is is the future of T. |
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| 50:12 | type oneself doing this as a Helper. So this would be a |
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| 50:17 | . H. Sub one. Okay the ones that interact with uh and |
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| 50:26 | and so um here's an example. this would be an inactive or recipe |
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| 50:32 | there's an activated one. so you see how it's number of membrane folds |
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| 50:38 | . E. To the pot greatly and they're greatly enhanced. Right? |
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| 50:43 | better more obvious diagram is something looks this and then becomes you know what |
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| 50:52 | pseudo pods like that? Right? it becomes very pronounced, very |
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| 50:58 | You will. Right So these engulf , it's gonna be something that would |
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| 51:03 | much better surprising than this rustic form be and that's what this activation process |
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| 51:09 | about. Um So the uh the . Helper type two cells we saw |
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| 51:17 | . Those are the ones that interact B cells. Okay um and and |
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| 51:23 | the sauce. The teeth dependent Right. Um So alright, any |
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| 51:32 | about that T cells to help Um So this last bit is the |
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| 51:43 | for different types of. Okay, different types. So let's take a |
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| 51:48 | at this question here. Okay I it's gonna be fairly intuitive to figure |
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| 51:53 | , but let's look at the first . So which one represents vaccination? |
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| 52:01 | so you have first fork reading from to bottom. Right? Naturally acquired |
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| 52:09 | . Then each of those has the subcategories. Active passive active passes. |
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| 52:40 | counting down from 14. Alright let's vaccination is going to be c |
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| 53:01 | Yeah artificially acquired because you're getting a in the arm. Okay uh And |
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| 53:07 | is active? Right. Your your is responding and then producing antibodies. |
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| 53:12 | that's an active process. Okay. what about infection? Okay. |
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| 53:48 | A 54. Okay. So basically be the opposite of of vaccination. |
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| 54:03 | they're both gonna be active processes but not naturally acquired. So it's gonna |
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| 54:07 | uh a active active process then uh one more. Okay, everybody's by |
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| 54:16 | baby. Okay. Position of Thank insects. Okay. Yeah obviously |
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| 54:52 | knows this process from actually acquired So basically if everybody's making actually making |
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| 54:59 | advised active if they are not having do that, so if you got |
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| 55:04 | go get a shot of uh I. G. G. Which |
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| 55:09 | can do um That of course is acquired passive. So um so the |
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| 55:19 | processes here we just mentioned um are producing them? Are you not being |
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| 55:26 | and given to you? How are receiving them? Okay. So um |
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| 55:33 | again, you know, you should able to contrast both sides is to |
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| 55:38 | self functions. T cell functions. anybody information? The plaza memory cell |
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| 55:46 | selection process. Uh Primary secondary um antibody response and then T helper |
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| 55:56 | Cell toxic, toxic T. Cell . Um that is it for? |
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| 56:03 | do 15. Next time we got next week to finish all 15 we'll |
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| 56:08 | U. |
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