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BIOL 2301 Human Anatomy & Physiology I - 2301_lecture13_0624
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00:00 you guys ready to sprint? We our stretching this morning. Alright.
00:06 start off where we left off. on the spinal cord, spinal cord
00:11 the fibers that are going in and . What's the next thing,
00:16 ruthless. Two routes If you forget . It's that's okay. Roots form
00:20 form the spinal nerves, spinal nerves the Remy. We got the dorsal
00:25 goes to the ventral, which is we're looking at because they're going to
00:30 the plexus is and then the remote we ignore for today. All
00:36 So here we are. We're in plexus is we've talked about the cervical
00:40 . Cervical plexus is neck and back the head. Right? So now
00:45 in the break your plexus, brachial is the weird one. It's a
00:48 one. It's the hard one. right. But we're not going to
00:52 about it because I found a new and the picture makes it easier.
00:57 ? So first off, you have understand that this is a structure where
01:01 Remy. They're gonna join together right the plexus and then they're gonna separate
01:07 then they're gonna join together again in weird combinations. All right. So
01:11 going to see is this weird So like I said, you start
01:14 the Remy. So here's your Right? And then what they're gonna
01:17 is they're gonna join up together and gonna form trunks and circles here represent
01:22 trunks. Okay, So you can there are these combinations like C.
01:27 and C. Six come together and formed the superior. Then they form
01:31 middle. Well the middle is all itself and then the inferiors formed by
01:36 . A. And T. And what's happening here is that's where
01:39 getting those criss crossing of those those fibers as they're going through and then
01:45 trunks so the rain might go to . The trunks then divide and each
01:50 divides into an anterior posterior uh So you can see here here's the
01:56 trunk. This would be the post . I tried to make it clear
01:59 the little dotted lines, here's the with the square and you can see
02:04 the posterior anterior posterior and anterior. But the idea here is ray my
02:10 trunks trunks split into divisions and then divisions come back together in various combinations
02:17 create the chords. And we're going put three chords. And all the
02:22 are named based upon their location versus artery going down the middle of the
02:30 . It would help if I actually out where we are. Okay so
02:41 did not press the button. I I pressed. Oh yeah I
02:44 It is. Here's the cords. so their name relative to the axillary
02:48 is the one that's going down the . So the posterior one would be
02:52 that. The interior the media one be on this side of the laterals
02:55 so if you have your artery you're sitting like so. Okay, Very
03:03 . But it's just the name medial lateral. That's easy post here behind
03:06 again. I'm not so concerned that know the combinations if this was a
03:12 and we had a cadaver and we dig through that arm then it would
03:16 a bigger deal. Okay. What interested in is what forms from these
03:22 and these are the nerves of the . Okay, so the nerves that
03:27 most interested in, you knowing are five nerves? All right. The
03:32 slater nerve, muscular cutaneous, radial , median nerve and ulnar nerve.
03:37 can already see these two. Kind simple. You probably know figure out
03:40 those to go right. They're gonna along the length of the old and
03:45 radius. Where is the medial nerve gonna run? Probably between them.
03:49 , that's right, muscular cutaneous. kind of tells you what it
03:53 It's gonna innovate the skin and the of the arm. Axillary. Where
03:56 that deal with, what do you ? Armpits and this region.
04:01 so if we take a picture, at that. It actually shows it
04:06 lot better so that you can actually . So I'm gonna repost these.
04:09 figured this out like 10 minutes before . Like I just got to get
04:12 better picture. So this is a picture. And it kind of shows
04:16 how these nerves work. So you see the axillary nerve. It's the
04:20 . It's the deltoid muscle as well the the cutaneous, the skin around
04:25 axillary region, muscular cutaneous, it's um the lateral portion of the
04:31 Do I get that right? Uh see where we anterior arm muscles.
04:37 . All right. But you kind get a sense right muscular cutaneous radial
04:41 . It's gonna be the posterior So back here as well as the
04:45 muscles. Alright, So whenever you this, remember this is your
04:50 This is not your arm. That's forearm arm, forearm. Okay.
04:56 regard to the median nerve. Um can see median nerve is going to
05:01 um down to your fingers and mostly your hand. It does some of
05:06 anterior forum as well. All Here's the easy way to remember
05:10 Have you ever fallen asleep on your ? I woke up and I can't
05:14 anything. Have you noticed that like fingers don't work three fingers do,
05:19 vice versa. Three fingers don't work do. Well, this is trying
05:23 show you that. Okay, that's that innovation comes from, shows you
05:27 which nerve you pressed up against. the owner nerve is going to be
05:33 intrinsic cans muscles but the anterior medial the last 1.5 medial digits.
05:41 so that's what you need to know the break hill plexus. Just know
05:47 nerves and the general regions that they . Okay. Sacral plexus. All
05:54 . So that means we had to here. We have the service on
05:57 break. He'll. The other way can think about is the one that
06:01 squeezes and get you. Alright. sorry. That star trek reference very
06:07 star trek Reference sacred plexus. And lumbar plexus are the ones for the
06:13 limbs. Alright. Easy way to them up, lumbar goes to the
06:18 , goes to the back. All . In fact, some books actually
06:23 combine them together and call them the lumbago sacral plexus. Got to make
06:27 I get the combination right? All . So, we're going to be
06:31 with the sacred first. It's posterior , so it comes down and goes
06:36 through the side. It's going to from these particular Remy from the spinal
06:43 . And again, I'm not interested memorizing these. What I'm interested
06:47 What is it going to? What's forming? Alright. Typically what it's
06:51 do is you're gonna see one large that then divides in the two.
06:55 so what we say is there's an and posterior division. The anterior division
07:00 to innovate muscles that are flexing And then the post here division tends
07:08 innovate muscles that extend. So there's flex. There's your extension. All
07:14 . The two nerves were really the nerve is the sciatic nerve.
07:19 So that's the big nerve that goes down the middle. You know?
07:23 nerve, this is that nerve that really good when you stretch,
07:27 When you do uh when you bend it's the one that goes right through
07:31 gluteal muscles. You know which one talking about? Ever catch someone put
07:36 elbow in there and you're like oh Right, that's the one. And
07:41 to do it's going to split into or two different nerve, the tibial
07:46 and the common fibula nerve. All now remember, this is going down
07:50 the back. So what we're doing the tibial nerve, posterior thigh,
07:58 your leg planter foot muscles. So you see what we're doing here?
08:03 going down the back, posterior back of the leg and then underneath
08:08 foot. So basically sticking on that . Common fibula nerve is gonna be
08:13 knee muscles and the anterior and lateral muscles. So here an N
08:20 okay, well I should say here and lateral anterior lateral leg muscles.
08:29 sacred lumbar plexus, which I should put after that one, but it's
08:35 same picture. Alright, so you see here what we have again is
08:41 anterior plexus there's some overlap with the . Not as complex as the break
08:49 , but it does have an anterior division. And what we're gonna do
08:53 we're gonna form two nerves, femoral and operator. All right? The
08:58 nerve, that's the main nerve of posterior division operators? The main nerve
09:03 the anterior division. Just like we over here where we divided these up
09:07 we basically get these two divisions And those are the main nerves out
09:12 them. All right. What we're do is anterior thigh. And over
09:18 is medial thigh. And if you at the picture, this makes your
09:21 a little bit easier. It shows the anterior view. So, here's
09:26 anterior thigh, right? Here's your thigh, nice and color coded,
09:35 ? And also medial aspects of the leg. So, those are the
09:41 is and I think these two pictures make it a lot easier to see
09:45 they're going. I really looked hard a sacred plexus one and they didn't
09:51 it in my two minutes. Quick through the through the stuff. All
09:58 . It's probably in there someplace. was just like, must find these
10:03 . I wanted to find a simple like That. That's simple. five
10:08 . Easy to identify, right? don't necessarily match our colors, but
10:12 good here. Two colors. Makes life easy. They're much more complex
10:17 if you want to go find and I'll get these posted up as
10:20 as I can after class. so, those are the plexus is
10:26 and we can be done with So, what I'm interested in is
10:29 plexus, Which nerve? Where does go ken what we're gonna do now
10:38 we're now finally getting to the right? We spent time talking about
10:44 spinal cord, we talked about the nerves. So now what we're gonna
10:47 is we're going to focus in on structures of the brain. We're gonna
10:51 with the cerebrum. The cerebrum has these landmarks and you look at
10:56 it basically looks like a bunch of squiggly lines. But anonymous can use
10:59 to identify or use them to help different areas of the brain. So
11:04 you see a bump, it has special name that's called a gyrus
11:09 which is really hard to say, when you're used to seeing Gyros,
11:12 have Circus, the circus is where two bumps go together and go
11:17 It's not a very deep groove, that groove is that sulcus. And
11:21 we have fishers. And so here's example, fisher fisher is a groove
11:26 goes really, really deep and actually probably even be separated. So that
11:30 , you can actually come along and that and you basically come down to
11:34 right there. Alright, here's another fishery, pull those two things
11:38 We'll see a picture in a moment it is actually pulled apart and you
11:41 actually look deep to that. so these are landmarks that we were
11:46 to use to help us identify different of the brain. All right.
11:49 so the brain has four major We've already learned two of them in
11:53 very generic way. And we're gonna down a little bit deeper over the
11:57 of the class. But this large right here is the cerebrum, this
12:01 tiny thing right there is the cerebellum this right here sticking down before you
12:06 to the spinal cord that is called brain stem so far so good.
12:10 then the picture you can't see in in this particular picture of the dying
12:14 because it sits underneath the temporal right on top of the brain
12:19 All right. And we're gonna we're walk through them. Alright? So
12:23 what you do is you go from cerebrum work your way down through the
12:27 cord and out through the spinal Sorry, your book does it
12:31 All right. And in fact I well I think I tried very hard
12:35 kind of follow that kind of pattern with the street. Now if you're
12:39 familiar shri brahma is divided into two . Their column hemispheres. So you
12:44 a left and a right hemisphere. ? So which is your left
12:48 Which side? Right? Over My right, you're right, my
12:56 , right, which is weird So this is left, this is
13:00 , right. So just remember cadaver the table and you're good to go
13:05 right, so the left and right hemisphere, it's divided by that longitudinal
13:12 . Each hemisphere has five areas. names of these areas are called
13:17 And the limbs of the lobes are simple. The four of them are
13:21 up. You should already know because sit underneath the bones in which they're
13:25 , which they're named. So we the frontal lobe, right, parietal
13:29 , occipital lobe, temporal lobe. you have one on each side
13:34 Unlike the bones where it's just one lobe or one frontal bone. And
13:38 we have this weird one called the , which I've grayed out because it's
13:42 hard to see. That is the . You have to go underneath the
13:47 lobe and underneath the frontal lobe and where it kind of sits all
13:53 The frontal lobe is defined by this sulcus. All right? So you
13:59 see the dotted line here dotted line . That central sulcus serves as the
14:05 between the frontal lobe and the parietal . So if you can find that
14:10 sulcus, you can and it's a easy one to find, right.
14:14 it goes all the way down to lateral fissure. You'll see here that
14:18 called lateral sulcus because that's what they to call it. But then they
14:21 it's really a fissure. So they the name. So some books still
14:24 the old name. All right. here. So here's the frontal
14:29 frontal lobe. As the first You're going to see in that frontal
14:33 just uh anterior to the central sulcus called the pre central gyrus. It's
14:42 in front of the central gyrus or central sulcus. Alright, so what
14:48 you think the name of that virus right there Post central gyrus?
14:53 Nice, simple, easy language. right. Typically when we think of
14:57 frontal lobe, I want you to of voluntary motor activity. Such you
15:01 around speech, your thought. So thinking about the frontal lobe? Is
15:07 thinking about the thinking about the thinking on and on. Decision making and
15:12 ? All right. So this is of the thought area. The next
15:17 the the one back is gonna be lobe. Again we have the pre
15:21 sorry the post central gyrus, it's separated by the from the front
15:26 by the central circles. It's separated the occipital lobe by the parietal occipital
15:31 . So it even names it. then here we have the lateral uh
15:36 , lateral fissure stops about there. if you keep that dotted line going
15:40 the way back to the parietal lobe serves as the boundary between the parietal
15:43 and the temporal lobe, parietal lobe all about receiving uh somatic sensory
15:51 Alright, Samantha sensory input. I'm gonna give a big time out
15:56 . Do not write this down About of your brain is visual processing.
16:02 . So what we're doing is we're these unique areas but the likelihood is
16:07 processing is taking place there as Okay. But I'm going to point
16:11 where primarily visual processing starts. All . So Samantha century parietal lobe,
16:22 lobe got our parietal occipital sulcus. so what we have now, there's
16:29 occipital lobe primarily involved in visual processing visual memory. All right. The
16:36 I remember this is when I look things, my eyes act as
16:40 they are not and they project to back of my brain. So that's
16:45 I remember visual. All right, movement, voluntary movement and thinking.
16:54 sensory information, visual information. And moved down to the temporal lobe,
17:00 lobe sitting on the side. We've talked about the lateral fissure. That's
17:05 be what separates from the frontal uh it from the parietal, the parietal
17:11 sulcus is what separates the temporal from occipital and what we have here is
17:17 structure that deals primarily with auditory processing well as olfactory processing. What's
17:23 Thank you. Sense a smell And visual processing as well. Alright.
17:29 this is primary visual everything kind of out from there. And finally we
17:33 the insula which is that deep structure I just described. Um here.
17:37 memory and Gus station. Alright. know what gas station is sense of
17:45 . All right. What we described are basically the five. Well four
17:49 the five special senses plus the non sense of touch. When you look
17:57 the white matter of the of the you're going to see now remember how
18:04 looked at the spinal cord. White was on the outside. Gray matter
18:07 on the inside. What we've done is where the processing, there's more
18:12 in the cerebral, there's not enough on the inside for the gray
18:14 So, we need to put gray on the outside again. So,
18:17 white matter sits inside of a layer gray matter. This gray matter is
18:23 the cortex because it's on the So here you can see the white
18:28 kind of drawn over with all these . What these lines represent in the
18:33 are the fibers and where they Alright. They have three basic directions
18:39 they have three basic names. We commiserated tracks, commiserate tracks move between
18:45 two areas on either side of the . Alright, that's the blue
18:52 Alright. We have association tracks. association track basically moves from one part
18:58 the brain to the other part of brain. Alright, If you go
19:01 distances, it's called longitudinal physically, they go to a nearby joy iris
19:08 one virus to the next, then refer to it as an RQ eight
19:12 creates a little tiny art little Mcdonald's . All right. And then if
19:16 going down to the spinal cord and . We refer to the projection
19:23 All right. So between hemispheres commercial the hemisphere in different parts. It's
19:30 association if it's nearby it's called It If it's far away it's
19:39 So moving from the cerebrum, we're to come back to the cerebrum in
19:42 a minute. We're gonna move down the brain stem. Did you guys
19:47 watch pink in the brain when you growing up? Do you remember the
19:50 song? No. All right. look it up later. Youtube.
19:55 seconds long. It was one of little shorts that they throw in there
20:00 . And the brain singing the parts the brain and the central part of
20:06 song is brain stem brainstem. All . Three parts of the brain
20:12 We're gonna start from the bottom and our way up. I don't know
20:15 I just did it that way. , this bottom part near the spinal
20:18 is called the medulla medulla oblon gata its long name. But if you
20:23 watched the water boy Water boy. wrong with what? What What What
20:29 he say about the alligator? Why do why are alligators so ornery?
20:35 . No, no, no. because of their medulla oblon gata.
20:38 wrong with your brain. Your medulla gata. You know, there's a
20:42 line in there. There you I used to want to create a
20:47 of all the movies. You should . But I just realized that you
20:51 don't have enough time to do So. All right. Alright.
20:55 there's a medulla medulla. It plays role in autonomic reflexes. Alright,
21:01 again, here we get to the nervous system again. Um It is
21:06 for relaying information from the hypothalamus which gonna be up here, down to
21:11 different structures that the hypothalamus controls. we're dealing with visceral structures like the
21:18 . Um And uh cardiovascular system in of the blood vessels, all sorts
21:24 fun stuff. Alright. You also is where the fourth ventricle is
21:30 Then you have the ponds ponds. this fatter middle region? It basically
21:35 as a site of relay between the and the cerebrum as well as from
21:39 cerebellum to parts of the spinal Lastly we have the midbrain. Midbrain
21:45 on top of everything. It is that's responsible head and eye movement in
21:51 to movement and sound. Did you ever watch a brady bunch? Of
21:54 not. You guys are too young know what the brady bunch is?
21:58 , don't know the brady bunch. . You okay. Did you watch
22:02 actual brady bunch or just a All right. Alright. So did
22:06 watch the actual brady bunch. Alright. There's an episode of the
22:11 bunch and I gotta be careful here I can get really distracted where Greg
22:15 learned how to drive. Greg is oldest son. Alright. He learned
22:19 to drive and he's in a parking and as he's backing out of the
22:22 space, he rear ends somebody and and that person takes them to small
22:27 court. Right? So we've got now, this is the whole
22:32 The guy shows up to court, an older man and he is there
22:36 that neck brace as if Greg had plowed right into him and it's clear
22:42 gonna lose because you know 16 years just learning how to drive, he's
22:46 mom and dad's car and he's rearing an old man and all is
22:51 We're down in the last five minutes the episode, how is Greg going
22:53 get out of this? And I never remember the dad's name. Alright
22:58 , the dad shows up, he's the courtroom, in the back of
23:00 courtroom and he knows the old man faking it because you know, gotta
23:05 Greg, Greg's not gonna lie The Bradys and he drops his
23:09 the dad drops his briefcase and it the ground and makes up and when
23:14 hear a sound like that, what your natural response behind you to look
23:20 turn now if you had whiplash you be able to turn your neck and
23:26 what the guy did. He turned Aha faking it. Well that's because
23:32 midbrain allows you to do that? what does it? Alright that didn't
23:37 for you. Has anyone, have ever heard someone yell hey behind you
23:41 you turned around was your name? ? No, but she turned around
23:46 . That's a reflex that's going to as a result of the midbrain.
23:50 watch tennis ball moving. You ever that thing scurrying your apartment over in
23:58 corner of your eye. U Yeah. All right, structures that
24:06 need to know. All right. the medulla we have the pyramids.
24:11 pyramids are these structures right here. one has been stripped away. You
24:15 see right there this is where many those tracks that we're gonna be looking
24:20 in the next unit are going to traveling. All right there. Called
24:23 cortical spinal tracts. It tells you the name where they go to and
24:26 they come from. Core tico from core tex and they're called the cortical
24:34 so they're going down to the spinal . See how clever named this
24:41 All right. You'll see that these there's gonna be a deck association when
24:46 see that word deck cassette deck means cross over. And so there's a
24:51 of fiber that occur in the All right. We also have the
24:55 . Alright. The olives are named what they look like. Alright,
24:58 there's an olive, there's an Alright. There's going to be actually
25:02 inferior olive. Very nuclear and there's to be superior Olivari nuclear. We'll
25:06 those in just their job is to deal with appropriate receptive information from the
25:11 , appropriate deceptive means sense of Alright. It's knowing the position of
25:17 body in space. Alright, So standing like this, I know that
25:22 co anchored when I turn my head this. I know my head is
25:26 . That's a real scientific term. anchored, right? This is a
25:33 word to say. Just say it be bad uncle. It's a fun
25:37 . It's a fun word. You have good uncle. Come on.
25:41 Dunkel, Dunkel. Alright, uncles are basically areas where we have
25:47 between two structures. So it kind sits on the surface and it kind
25:51 bulges out. Which is why it's a fun word. We have the
25:56 cerebellum podunk. Als So if you an inferior one, you must have
26:01 Superior one. So the Medulla is the bottom. So this is where
26:04 cerebellum and tracks out of the cerebellum are coming and that's going to connect
26:09 medulla to the cerebellum. You can tracks are going into tracks are going
26:15 . A whole bunch of autonomic I remember we said that the autonomic
26:19 system is going to be signaled via medulla from things from the hypothalamus and
26:24 things are gonna be signaled outward. so we have the vezo motor center
26:28 controls blood pressure. We have the of the respiratory center. All
26:33 We're gonna see one. There's one the ponds as well. There's also
26:37 for all these other fun things that get to do in your life,
26:40 and sneezing and salivating and gagging and and vomiting. Don't do all that
26:44 the same time. That's not All right. I'm pointing these two
26:49 out now because you're going to need later. All right. We have
26:53 nucleus kenyatta's and the nucleus Godzilla's And they're gonna be located this
27:00 I don't think even shows them. right. Um There's the middle um
27:05 . And what they're gonna do is gonna go to this region kind of
27:07 here. And you're going to see nuclei located a little further, I
27:12 not in this particular slice, but the medulla. And it's the nucleus
27:17 honest. And nucleus priscilla's that serve a pathway from the lower region of
27:22 spinal cord that we're gonna name later we're talking about this sensory pathways.
27:28 right. And so the way that go from uh the basically from the
27:36 cord, what they're doing is they're up and then they're going to stop
27:39 and then they keep going on up the thalamus. Alright? And they
27:44 this medial medial meniscal pathway to So right. I'm not gonna spend
27:50 lot of time. Not in I'm not sure. I even ask
27:52 a question about this. I'm pointing out now, so that you'll see
27:56 later. Okay. So that you're like weird structures that I've never heard
28:01 . All right. And then we a whole bunch of cranial nuclei.
28:04 basically, you can say it's cranial number eight through cranial nerve, number
28:08 . You're gonna see it's basically these of divisions like that. So cranial
28:11 number 8-12 are located the medulla when get to the ponds. This is
28:16 you'll see. And again, all doing is looking at one slice and
28:19 of the pond is elongating. we have these podunk als there
28:23 So, there's the media and the paid uncle. This one is showing
28:26 the superior. I guess it Uh You know, there's Sarah Beller
28:30 said I said cerebral didn't I? did say, okay, good.
28:35 are cerebral paid uncles as well. . We don't see them.
28:38 anyway, here's superior. You can it off to the side. There's
28:40 middle pontin respiratory center. Where do think that plays a role in
28:47 That's Yeah, that's you're in the place. What does it play a
28:50 ? It plays a role in regulating . Superior. All very complex.
28:54 is sound located again? What cranial are located here. It's gonna be
29:00 and part of eight. So just eight was seen here. It's kind
29:04 shared between those two zones. the midbrain is the one where we're
29:10 gonna see some stuff and it's easy identify. All right, so here's
29:15 cerebral pad. Uncle. Alright. cerebral and uncle is basically the tracks
29:21 tracks coming from the cerebrum. So , it's just gonna be these bumps
29:27 stand out. All right next to cerebral proud uncle is the substantia
29:36 What that says the black substance? ? Because it's darker. It has
29:41 bunch of melanin in it and that makes it look darker. Did you
29:45 how we name things? So imagine it is 60 years ago cutting open
29:51 . It's like oh yeah, that right. There is darker than the
29:53 one. So that's the dark That's why they named now what it
29:57 . It has a whole bunch of that are responsible producing dopamine. And
30:02 had a we have a colleague here I have a colleague here who described
30:06 once as it's like a sprinkler system the brain. It basically just produces
30:10 bunch of dopamine where you have dopamine . They're going to respond to that
30:14 . I just kind of picture like her picture. All right.
30:24 this is made here and it's released the other parts of the brain where
30:28 are dopamine receptors. All right. next region is a tag mentum?
30:35 plays a major role in maintaining You have the red nuclei. Why
30:40 you think they call it that? it's kind of red and then you
30:44 the particular formation which is kind of general region I think actually.
30:49 they're showing it here. We're gonna a better picture of this particular formation
30:53 a role, primarily an alertness. , So sleep wake cycle, but
30:58 has other roles in a whole bunch different areas. Right? So I'm
31:03 to see if this is the So you can see here's a different
31:07 . This is still the midbrain, you can see how, depending on
31:11 you cut it, it's going to a little bit different looking all
31:14 And that's for our purposes. That's important. Right. I'm not going
31:17 sit there and take a slice and , where are you? Because we
31:22 haven't looked through all the sizes. right. We have this region right
31:31 , this kind of beige stuff and see the that that central canal looking
31:37 . The central canal looking thing is the, you know the aqueduct.
31:41 ? It's the cerebral aqueduct, we that earlier. Remember when we talked
31:46 the ventricles? Right, well around cerebral aqueduct is the perry aqueduct all
31:52 matter. So in the next to aqueduct gray matter, that's its name
31:59 we have the tech TEM in the team. We have the superior and
32:02 curricula. This deals with that visual where you're describing about turning your head
32:06 response to visual input as well as your head in response to auditory
32:12 In other words, you hear, , you're going to turn around because
32:15 hear the sound right? Or if see something zipping by your head,
32:20 gonna turn and try to look at . That's a reflex, right?
32:25 what your brain does. That's going be done in these curricula within the
32:28 TEM. All right now, part the reason I'm naming and showing you
32:32 things is not to just start adding into your list of stuff to
32:38 I know it feels like it but that's not what I'm doing.
32:41 . When we come back and start at the tracks and where they're coming
32:45 where they're going, they're going to coming to nuclei in these different locations
32:50 the names of these tracks come to areas and so I'm trying to connect
32:54 for you now. So it's oh now I know where they're coming
32:58 going to and then here we can we have cranial nerves, number three
33:02 cranial nerve number four, I throw out here to kind of show you
33:07 picture of the articular formation. every textbook on the planet has a
33:12 that looks like this, which is terrible picture. It doesn't explain anything
33:15 all. It's a bunch of arrows look like they're just going places and
33:20 what it's just trying to show So look there are these regions of
33:24 that sit within the brain stem and just kind of are kind of in
33:30 middle. Like so, so this shows you a slice of the medulla
33:33 you see that would be the particular highlighted in green there. All
33:38 And so this, this structure these nuclei collectively make up what is called
33:44 articular activating system and what their job is to keep the body alert and
33:52 . Alright, so for example, see that it plays a role in
33:55 and cardiac function. It plays a in the vomiting center. Mix duration
34:00 in some sex functions, you in maintaining problems, sexual arousal and
34:06 . The thing that I like to out is this part levels of alertness
34:10 this is an easy one to Have you ever fallen asleep in
34:13 I mean that that embarrassing fall asleep class. Not the one where you
34:17 kind of sit there and do I see those all the time.
34:20 are the easy ones to find the ones are this one where put your
34:25 down. Mm That's particular activating Alright. It's basically like, oh
34:34 body is moving and it shouldn't be I'm like, I'm alert now I'm
34:38 and that's an easy one to Another one is like, have you
34:41 driven? I mean think about being a small car, guys drive small
34:44 . Anyone, have you been stuck two semis doing 75 miles an hour
34:49 I 45. Yeah. And you feel the whole car capitated. It's
34:54 vibration. Yeah, it's like you're knuckling it going, I cannot
34:58 cannot move. Please, please, don't get any closer to me.
35:02 alert, you're now ready to respond what's going to happen. Particular activating
35:09 . Yeah. Well, so, the, the process of waking,
35:15 called the sleep wake cycle. All , Yeah, yeah. You're kind
35:19 doing what you're doing is there's different there there's there's a bunch of sleep
35:24 and there's a bunch of awake There's actually two different types of sleep
35:27 . And what they're doing is they're fighting each other. And so you're
35:32 to stay awake because there's something you're to accomplish or your brain is like
35:37 worst is, and I'm just thinking this where you're falling asleep and you
35:42 open your eyes, You know that ? Yeah, it's that one.
35:47 man, that's my least favorite. anyway, so those the wake the
35:50 nuclear and the sleep nuclear are fighting other desperately trying to, you
35:55 one is trying to make you go sleep, one is trying to make
35:57 stay awake and you're trying to stay because you have some task?
36:05 Oh, we're gonna get right to in just a second. Yeah.
36:16 . I don't know what the reason rationale behind sleepwalking is. We used
36:21 talk about the sleep wake cycle here I just don't want to spend Expend
36:25 on that. There's four stages to . Sleepwalking takes place during stage four
36:30 is like the deepest, right? so you're you're Your brain is most
36:35 or where like level one, that's you're going into sleep and when you're
36:39 of coming out, that's your dream , that's why it's like oh you
36:42 you're you become aware of things but sleepwalking is when those parts of the
36:47 are shut down. And it's it's tends you have your most movement in
36:53 four but I don't know anything about now. In terms of sleep
36:57 sleep apnea is basically your body's saying I'm dying, I need to wake
37:01 , I need to you know, myself and get out of that.
37:04 it's probably a an emergency response. don't know if it's coming through the
37:08 this system but maybe so I mean talking respirations in there but I don't
37:13 the answer to that, you know that's just a guess. All
37:19 Cranial nerves. Yes. Yes. so when your brain, so I'm
37:31 to clear it if your brain doesn't down it's still very much alert but
37:35 not cognizant alertness, in other it's not that frontal lobe, I'm
37:40 of my surroundings. I'm not thinking stuff. I mean there's probably an
37:45 but it's not that conscious awareness I about dreaming, right? You're
37:49 you're like oh this is really, , there's my friend from high school
37:53 it's absolutely perfectly normal and then they into a rabbit and then they like
37:57 the house and you know, you're well yeah, okay, that kind
38:01 makes sense, right? You So there's a part of your brain
38:05 deals with that that cognitive awareness and there's there's parts of your brain that
38:13 supposed to sit there and kind of at the rational nature of things.
38:17 if you look at something it's like do I make sense of this?
38:21 . So if you see a picture kind of looks like a face,
38:25 see if I can do this. . Alright. You ever seen a
38:30 that has this structure in it? like a toaster oven. Right.
38:35 . You see the toaster oven? . But what we're gonna do is
38:38 gonna go ahead and do that. do we have face? We anthropomorphize
38:47 little structure. Why? Because when brains have been trained, see when
38:53 see this and those two things that's face, right? So it's very
38:58 to anthropomorphize stuff long time ago they pictures of mars and on mars they
39:05 this rock from the pictures right? the rock was like kind of like
39:10 and they had the shadow like on side and then had this interesting shadow
39:15 this. And they had an interesting like that. And I had an
39:19 shadow like that. It was oh there's people on MArs aliens left
39:26 big giant statue. And then you , they went back and took pictures
39:31 . It was like, yeah, rock just happened to be So there's
39:36 part of our brain that rationalizes and to understand the world around us based
39:40 what we what should be real or normalize. But when you're sleepwalking,
39:45 part of the brain is turned my mom used to say when I
39:49 like four years old, I'd get and walk in. We probably all
39:51 this right, We walked in and just kind of do stuff and everyone's
39:55 kind of watching you. That was apparently I walked into a party once
39:58 I just kind of walked around, know, smiled everyone and I left
40:02 went back, went back to had no awareness that I've ever
40:06 And that's an example of sleepwalking because that cognitive stuff is sound asleep.
40:13 get to the cranial nerves. Everyone afraid Deathly afraid of cranial nerves don't
40:18 all right spinal nerves come out of spinal cord. Cranial nerves come out
40:25 the cranium. Yeah, that's how they are. They're named or
40:33 right? So there's 12 of So you go one through 12 and
40:36 also have actual names that tell you they do. All right. On
40:40 test to answer the question, you see both. All right. So
40:46 might be optic nerve, cranial nerve two, right? So what you
40:52 to do is just understand what do nerves do. Alright, now they're
40:56 like I said, generally named based their function. So a lot of
41:01 have to do with uh special but they also have to do with
41:07 that would occur in the head and . So basically touch as well as
41:13 muscles, right? There's one weird that is responsible for all the viscera
41:19 thorax and the abdomen. All Remember viscera means the guts.
41:24 So that's like the really cool one everyone memorizes and you know, all
41:29 one and all the rest of You kind of memorize once and then
41:32 them away. All right, we're walk through the cranial nerve, No
41:36 is the olfactory nerve. What do think it does smell? Alright.
41:41 . And actually a lot of people at this thing right up here and
41:44 , oh look there is cranial number one, that's not these things
41:49 down the thing that looks like the on the toothbrush are the olfactory nerves
41:55 . So cranial nerve number one is stuff down here. They're attached to
42:01 olfactory bulb when you look at this , see how they point. And
42:06 like you're looking at the thing that like the toothbrush. But really what
42:09 doing is trying to point out the on the toothbrush coming out at you
42:15 ? The hardest part about olfactory or olfactory nerve. Number two is the
42:19 nerve. It's responsible for vision. three. Ocular motor. It tells
42:24 in the name, what does it ? It moves the eye. It
42:27 has its deal with the extrinsic eye . So your eye has muscles on
42:34 outside attached to it. Those are extrinsic muscles, the muscles that are
42:38 the eye that control the lens, ? Those are the intrinsic eye
42:45 the muscles that control the pupil intrinsic muscles. Alright, so extrinsic means
42:51 the eye. It also has a in the autonomic. It is responsible
42:55 the sphincter of the pupil. So one that makes it um smaller.
43:04 right. So this is just trying show you the extrinsic muscles. The
43:07 clear nerves is just one. You to memorize. It is responsible for
43:12 one muscle on the eye on the of the eye. It allows you
43:16 look down and laterally. So when see that cockroach running across the
43:20 the mouse running across the floor and look down and I don't want to
43:23 with that. It's that's looking down on the outside. That would be
43:28 trow clear. That's cranial nerve number . So well. Factory, right
43:36 . I movement. Eye movement. nerve number five. That is the
43:43 it's this big fat nerve that sits there and it creates three branches hence
43:48 gemini. The triplets. Alright century of the face muscles for shooting or
43:55 fibers. The face of detecting of face muscles for chilling. Here's another
44:02 one. The abdu since what its is is it abducts the eye.
44:09 does just one muscle. My daughter not have this cranial nerve in one
44:15 her eyes. It was just call birth defect. That's an easy way
44:19 say it right? So if I her to look this way, both
44:22 go this way, but I could her look that way when I stops
44:26 . The other eye goes this right facial nerve that innovates the muscles
44:34 the face all over the place and it does, it allows you to
44:37 your facial expressions also innovates the salivary as well as the tear gland gland
44:46 nerve, number seven, vestibular Now this is a compound word that
44:53 with the structures of the ears we in our ears a thing for the
44:59 for hearing. And we have the apparatus which is responsible for our
45:05 All right. And it forms two the vestibular nerve and the cochlear nerve
45:09 that's going to join up and form vestibular cochlear nerve. So basically the
45:14 that innovates the ear and allows you hear and deals with balance on that
45:21 . Yeah. Is that a problem the, you know? I don't
45:28 . That's a good question. I'm guess it has to do with the
45:33 but I don't know. I don't . Create another number nine gloss.
45:39 for NGO glossy is your tongue? pharynx is the fancy word for your
45:48 . Alright. So it's the tongue throat nerve. Alright, so this
45:55 going to govern the sense of taste a sensory input. It's gonna deal
46:01 one for angel muscle. What do think the fringe all muscles would be
46:07 swallowing right? Also salivary glands. vagus nerve. That's cranial nerve number
46:19 . It innovates your viscera. So get to when we talk about all
46:26 structures along the heart digestive system, that fun stuff. That's the vagus
46:39 , Create a nerve number 11. think it's easier for women to learn
46:43 one when you go in buy earrings necklaces and other things. What do
46:47 call those? And it deals with muscles of the net. So necklace
46:59 guys don't have accessories. So and finally we have the hipAA glass
47:04 The hipaa Glass cell is the below tongue nerve. HipAA. Right?
47:10 this is dealing with both the intrinsic the extrinsic tongue muscles. Alright.
47:15 they sit underneath the tongue and allow to do things like. Right.
47:22 . So the thing is we see nerves and we get this sense that
47:26 are these weird special nerves and they're right there. Just nerves that innovate
47:31 head and the neck region, spinal innovate everything else. Right? So
47:37 you're dividing your body up into these regions. And you're just saying,
47:41 do these nerves come from? They from the cranial region. And then
47:48 just name them for what they So like I said on the
47:52 what I will do, I'll just here's something like you know what is
47:57 nerve that innovates the tongue? And give you a list of the
48:01 And I'll also give you the number over time. You get to memorize
48:07 learn those things. All right. , I don't think it's important to
48:11 Which one is cranial nerve number That seems like a real kindergarten type
48:17 question. I don't I don't like type of stuff. All right.
48:24 bellum. This is your little So if your room is your big
48:29 , your cerebellum is your little It is the second largest structure accounts
48:33 about 11% of the total brain. we said that it connects via the
48:38 . But there are connections that go to the medulla. There are connections
48:41 go up to the midbrain but primarily the ponds. We had those paid
48:47 . Right. And so it kind shows you um where those fibers are
48:52 of going to structurally. We have nomenclature that we use here. So
48:59 can see it has folds to Right? You can see there the
49:03 . So instead of calling them circuses viruses, I rise the properties and
49:10 is the correct one. We're going call the folds folio. Now,
49:16 to means leaves, right? Leaves on a tree. Okay. The
49:24 matter which you can see here, kind of goes off are like
49:30 Right? And so they named the matter the arbor vitae. What does
49:36 vitae mean arbor is tree life. is the tree of life. All
49:51 . Now there are three different areas generally speaking, when we talk about
49:56 cerebellum, we say that the cerebellum kind of like, well, it's
50:02 for the planning of movement for the part, right? It doesn't actually
50:07 skeletal muscle and tell the skeletal muscle to do. Really, what happens
50:11 the cerebrum says, this is what want to do. I've come up
50:14 a plan. I want you to out if this plan works. And
50:18 the cerebellum is is the processor. the one that deals with what is
50:23 mechanisms that we're going to do in to create that movement. So when
50:26 say, do you know piece of . I want to go over and
50:29 over to a piece of cake. brain says this is the plan to
50:32 the walking and it says this is you should do. And then the
50:36 says, okay let me calculate and all the calculations. And so this
50:39 what you should be doing, does in real time? Very, very
50:43 , there's some other systems that are here but this is what allows you
50:46 start moving your body. Alright. it's like and I know this this
50:51 is not gonna land on everybody, if you know anything about computers,
50:56 have something that's called a CPU. the central processing unit. And about
51:01 the mid-80s they realize, you we need another processor to deal with
51:07 . And so they put the they took the graphics off the CPU
51:11 they moved it onto a separate chip they call that the GPU. That's
51:15 graphics chip. Alright, so looks I'm losing a lot of people here
51:20 the Gpu got more and more powerful all it does calculate vectors so that
51:26 can draw these really, really interesting which is why video games became more
51:30 more realistic because you got more and powerful graphics cards and they can do
51:34 calculations and computations independent of what the does. It's like we're just gonna
51:39 gonna we're gonna outsource the graphics, what the cerebellum is. It's basically
51:45 , there's a lot of calculations that been, we're just gonna go ahead
51:47 outsource that. So outsourcing the planning of the actual movement. Okay,
51:55 what it's doing now. Having said that it deals primarily with the processing
52:01 and and figuring out movement. This the thing we don't write down.
52:05 right, this is something that's gonna up in the future so that you
52:08 , oh yeah, I remember dr told me that right, there's a
52:12 out in Arkansas that likes to play the MRI machines at night,
52:17 Because during the day you do it patients but at night, you know
52:20 docs and professors get to play on machines, the big million dollar machines
52:24 they want to ask the question what the cerebellum do? So they shove
52:28 themselves into the machines and go ahead program and they say all right,
52:32 play piano underneath the MRI and see our brains look like. Let's see
52:36 this looks like. You know, counting cards, whatever it is and
52:41 they found that the cerebellum doesn't just a role in planning movement. It
52:47 plans plans, in other words, you're thinking and processing and making
52:55 It's doing all the calculations like risk and stuff like that and sending it
53:00 and saying this is the plan in to accomplish his goal, this is
53:04 you need to do kind of. . So it's actually a much more
53:08 thing, but for our purposes it a role in planning movements.
53:15 good. Alright, so you can here this is what it looks
53:19 You can see there's these three different , the color coded and what happens
53:23 you spread it out and stretched you can kind of see how these
53:26 different areas kind of look. So we have here, we have the
53:31 , yellow nodule, earlobe. so it's the one that plays a
53:35 in controlling your balance and your eye . All right. The idea that
53:40 eyes move and I don't fall over stuff. All right, at least
53:48 the region between the two hemispheres is the central verma's It actually has a
53:53 . It plays a role in it plays a role in locomotion by
53:57 coordination, so on and so Right? So the idea here is
54:02 I move, I'm moving as if has been planned out, right?
54:07 idea that my movement is smooth and doing stuff because the plan has come
54:13 . That's what that's doing. Its that instead of me jerking around and
54:18 weird stuff, the two hemispheres, right, are going to be involved
54:25 that planning process as well as learning movements. Give me an example of
54:30 complex movement. Dance. There you . That's what I was thinking
54:37 It's a complex movement, right? is not a complex movement. Walking
54:42 repetitive action. All I gotta do my foot, put my weight
54:46 catch myself before I fall on the , rinse repeat. All right,
54:52 you can see here in a very sense, what we're doing is we're
54:56 our movement, making sure that it's and you know, flows well and
55:03 is doing this in real time and sure everything is going according to
55:08 Give you an example of according to ever been walking across the street and
55:13 one of the Houston sidewalks comes grabs your foot, right? And
55:20 do this whole thing because you're on phone, right? You're always on
55:23 phone and you get that and you and you, instead of falling on
55:27 face, you cut yourself and you can look around and see if anyone
55:31 anything. But I'm still cool. right. What you did there,
55:35 you saw was your cerebellum going, , here's the plan. You're executing
55:40 plan, executing the plan. Oh goodness ! Things have changed. We
55:45 to come on the new plan. real time. Mm Right. And
55:50 instead of falling on your face, yourself before you fall on your
55:53 put your foot out and that's what does. All right, now keep
55:57 motion going. There you go, bell. All right. Diane,
56:07 . Diane cephalon has a bunch of noticed the prefix or sorry, the
56:13 and all these. It's all So the thalamus is kind of our
56:17 thing that we're gonna be looking at then everything is relative to that.
56:20 the sub thalamus sits underneath the the hypothalamus is further down and then
56:25 epithelium asses over on the top and really isn't. It kind of sits
56:28 here off to the side but that's it refers to. Alright, so
56:34 four structures in here and generally speaking dyin cephalon so you can see here's
56:40 brain stem, right? This is you couldn't see in the pictures before
56:43 sits on top of the brain it's like the ice cream on top
56:48 the cone. All right, the of these structures is to serve as
56:54 relay station between the sensory and the pathways as well as controlling your visceral
57:05 . The thalamus is the largest part the way to think about the thalamus
57:10 almost every signal that comes into your passes through the thalamus. There are
57:15 exceptions to that rule, right? that information is then going to be
57:20 to the right part of the brain process that information. So it needs
57:25 know where things go now, what means. Is that thalamus kind of
57:29 like a post office, right? receives a signal that knows where that
57:33 needs to go. And so it is a sorter. So I think
57:36 the thalamus, it's kind of like it's sorting where information goes now,
57:41 not actually sorting information, it's just as its central location. It's a
57:45 primitive part of the brain and it us that sense of awareness of what
57:50 around us. So you've heard who , have you heard of rene
57:54 You know who he is? Right the I don't know, no uh
58:03 think therefore I am, that's he's he's a philosopher. I know this
58:07 I watch lots and lots of mighty alright. There is called the philosopher's
58:12 and it's hilarious. It's a bunch how the philosophers all a bunch of
58:16 boozers. But anyway, but so Day Card he comes up with
58:22 idea I think right? Therefore I , that refers to your frontal lobe
58:27 that's your thinking part, that's your aware of self, that's how I
58:32 that I am right. The thalamus not that it just is I
58:39 it has this crude awareness of of surroundings where you can look around this
58:43 and this room is bright and there people in here, the thalamus would
58:49 there's light alright, it wouldn't understand concept of bright versus dark, it
58:54 understand light versus no light, If something was touching it, I'm
58:58 touched or I'm not being touched. that crude awareness, okay, not
59:03 being touched by something soft or something or something painful. It's I'm just
59:09 . Okay so that's part of the . It actually has this crude awareness
59:15 within it there's these different regions alright and you can see it's actually it
59:20 these two hemispheres so just like your has two parts to it. And
59:24 within these are these nuclei. And what I want to point out are
59:28 first the three gen equivalent nuclei. so just refers to a region.
59:33 we have the medial one. Mediagenic nucleus is responsible for auditory information.
59:40 when you hear things it goes there before it goes on to the temporal
59:47 . The lateral genic Hewlett nucleus deals visual input. So information from the
59:53 goes first to the thalamus through the genic Hewlett nucleus then on to the
59:59 cortex. And then lastly we have ventral nucleus which deals with all the
60:03 senses because you know they're so important yeah those two. Alright so three
60:09 lateral and ventral. We also have couple of other nuclei eyes. There's
60:15 ventral anterior ventral lateral nuclei. Alright what they do is they play a
60:22 in motor function. Now why do point this out because we're gonna talk
60:26 motor function in the next unit. and we're gonna see that it's not
60:31 the frontal lobe it's not just the , it's also the thalamus and also
60:36 basil ganglia play a role in The last one are the interior medial
60:42 . They play a role in Alright, so this idea of,
60:48 I'm experiencing something, you know? it causes me to be happy or
60:53 or angry or whatever. All so it's connecting the prefrontal cortex and
60:59 limbic system, which we're gonna talk at the very end of class and
61:03 allowing us to process and understand our to our environment and our experiences.
61:11 gonna pause there and then we will back after in about five minutes,
61:15 minutes. Sound good and then we finish up. Let's get going.
61:21 , so the thalamus um and this you know, kind of a just
61:26 of an area that is responsible for control. All right. It's gonna
61:31 information what they call the basal Um It's basically where tracks are gonna
61:37 moving in and out. So when talk about movement, it's going to
61:40 part of the that those complexes that responsible for movement. All right,
61:46 this is we're gonna be parts of substantia nigra. This is what I'm
61:49 for. The substantia nigra as well the red nuclear part of this
61:56 So you can kind of see that of extend upward epidural thomas.
62:01 The most interesting part is the pineal , but the Hammond Hammond Mueller nuclei
62:07 there as well. So again, you hear that word nuclei, what
62:10 the nuclear, I mean what does nucleus mean? It means an area
62:13 you have a bunch of cell bodies processing is taking place. Right?
62:18 here the nuclei that are located in area that are responsible for visceral and
62:23 responses to odor. Alright, When smell something that makes you happy,
62:29 you learnt nuclei when you smell something you get repulsed, right, have
62:36 nuclei. So it's playing a role attaching smell and emotion together the pineal
62:43 . This is one that you're more more familiar with, more interested
62:45 It's the one that secretes melatonin melatonin an important role in regulating the circadian
62:51 of your life. It's not the molecule, it's one of the hormones
62:55 regulates it. And so you can about in terms of regulating puberty,
62:58 sleep wake cycle, which we're most with it, your biological clock.
63:02 idea of like it's time to do or Y in my life,
63:06 And I'm not talking about just having . I mean, they're like,
63:09 need to grow up, right? now I'm now an adult and actually
63:14 of that conversion. That period of of going from child to adult is
63:20 idea of like I'm learning my I'm regulated. So Peniel glenn that
63:24 a role in that. All The hypothalamus is like the big
63:30 Alright, so thalamus plays a major in in in sorting information. The
63:35 when we think about it is really we call the master hormone structure.
63:42 regulates so many different things, primarily with questions of homeostasis of the
63:47 All right. It controls your viscera in incredible ways now of interest.
63:54 you're looking at it, you can right there. Um There's these two
64:00 , right? There's a bump right . It's actually right there. Not
64:03 , but that one right there. the mammal, everybody. All
64:06 And basically these bulges basically serve as as a area where we're going to
64:12 , do those reflexes with emotions. is it sub is it hype
64:17 you know, that's fine, But the mammalian bodies are easy to
64:21 in terms of anatomical structure. The Dibble. Um Is this stock like
64:26 ? So I'm just gonna put my over so that little portion above my
64:31 right there. That's the infant Um And these are neurons that are
64:35 down to the next structure called the gland, which is that structure right
64:40 . Pituitary gland is responsible for releasing and lots of hormones in your body
64:45 actually six different hormones that are being through there. Alright. And it's
64:51 through the hypothalamus. So here you see there's the pituitary gland there's the
64:55 lem. Um I guess I got wrong. That's the optic eye
64:59 So the mammalian bodies would be Alright anyway, jelly beans. You
65:04 not need to know the jelly Okay. The different color. These
65:08 just showing you like there's all sorts different nuclei that are found in the
65:12 . They play multiple roles in all of different things. So for example
65:17 super uh super optic nuclei and the want to snow pair of ventricular
65:28 Those two, for example, are for producing the same two hormones that
65:34 released from the pituitary gland. And specifically in the post, you
65:39 need to know that I'm just trying show you. So there's different regions
65:42 are responsible for could be similar things different things. And this is kind
65:46 the big list, right? I you can kind of see it's the
65:50 control center, there's that word controlling things that I have no conscious
65:55 over emotional response. Body temperature. ? You do know your body temperature
66:01 over the course of the day and when you go to sleep, your
66:04 temperature goes back down again. And as really the thing that when you
66:09 up is your body temperature starts That's actually one of the things.
66:13 it's being regular by the hypothalamus. you're hungry, when you're thirsty,
66:19 , when you wake up and go sleep but dr wayne. You just
66:21 me a particular activating system, but it's going to be regulations to
66:26 hypothalamus that's going to have influence on particular activating system. Right? When
66:30 sitting there going I need to fall . For example control of the endocrine
66:36 which are all those hormones. So there's all these different things.
66:41 you think of homeostasis, think hypothalamus probably regulated through the hypothalamus nine times
66:47 of 10 hypothalamus. Now we're going come in and we're gonna dive deeper
66:55 structures of the cerebrum. Okay, Abram responsible for the conscious mind back
67:03 Renee Take art I think therefore I okay. It is that awareness of
67:09 awareness of your surroundings. So we're about thoughts sensory perception as well as
67:15 . So, when you think of of these things, your intelligence,
67:18 reasoning, your judgment, your motor , visual activities, auditory activities,
67:23 of these things are being done at level of the cerebrum. All
67:28 The very fact that you can understand I'm saying. See what I'm
67:32 listening to me, seeing me where your seat is uncomfortable, that you're
67:36 of listening to me that is your . So we cut through the cerebral
67:43 and what we're gonna do is we're focus now on the gray matter.
67:46 what we call the white matter? a bunch of tracks that are traveling
67:49 either the different hemispheres or different parts the brain or down to the spinal
67:55 . We want to focus on the matter. The cortex refers to the
67:58 matter that is found on the All right. You can see that
68:03 have two different hemispheres. So we gray matter on either side of
68:06 And in fact there's actual layers within . There's six different layers. And
68:10 on where you are, those layers gonna differ. Right? So,
68:14 making stuff up because I'm not interested learning layers. But like layer one
68:18 the front low might be thin, layer one in the occipital lobe might
68:21 thick. Right? But there's always layers. Right? So this is
68:28 all that complex processing takes place is the cortex. Right? So here
68:35 can see the two hemispheres, And they're just trying to show you
68:38 lows by color. Here's that longitudinal . So, you can separate those
68:42 out. The fishers are the two . If you look at them,
68:46 not mirror images of each other. right. They are concerned with the
68:52 side of the body for the most . So, you moving your right
68:55 is work that's being done on your side of your brain. All
68:59 Remember how we talked about the And we said there's crossing over
69:03 That's why is because the fibers cross at that point. All right.
69:09 even though that these two sides are necessarily the same. They don't necessarily
69:13 the same things. There is a of activity that goes back and forth
69:18 between those two hemispheres. Alright, there may be shared activity on either
69:24 , but you may see one side harder than the other and vice
69:27 There's been lots of really interesting experiments where they actually cut the two hemispheres
69:33 and they can act independently of each and be completely unaware of each other
69:37 what they're doing. It's it's kind weird. We'll get to that in
69:45 second. It's called lateralization And I it's like four slides away. That's
69:49 good question and I don't want to it. So, if I don't
69:51 your question well, we'll we'll get it. That's a good question.
69:56 . Alright. So what I want do is I want to narrow in
69:58 there's three basic types of areas you're to see in the cerebrum We have
70:04 areas. Motor areas are responsible for , right? Sensory areas are responsible
70:09 processing sensory input and then we have areas where you're going to integrate
70:15 like censoring input and then determine what to be happening so that you can
70:19 some sort of motor output. so does that kind of makes
70:23 Information comes in, is sensory I to process that and then once I
70:28 out what needs to be done, can take different sources of sources of
70:34 , combine it together and come up some sort of solution. Then tell
70:38 motor areas what to do. All , and then that information then relayed
70:44 . So I want to start on motor area. I want you to
70:46 at this picture very closely, look the boxes, each of these
70:52 You see something that stands out between boxes. Only one of them has
71:00 in it. So the motor areas no note where all the motor areas
71:05 . They're in one area, they're the frontal lobe. You don't have
71:09 areas in the insulin, you don't motor areas in the temporal lobe.
71:11 don't have motor areas in the occipital . You don't have motor areas over
71:14 in the parietal lobe. The only that motor areas are located in the
71:18 lobe. The first primary motor area need to understand. It's called the
71:24 motor cortex. It's called M. . That's the abbreviation for it.
71:28 , M. One is here in pre central gyrus right there. The
71:33 area. Alright. Its job is deal with voluntary movement. Right?
71:39 skeletal muscles, we have another area here. It's called Broca's area.
71:47 many guys speak spanish fluently or even fluently but just like barely got 11
71:52 . What is the word for mouth . Alright, boca? His
71:58 Where do sounds come from? Your ? All right Broca's area governs the
72:06 of the mouth so that you can sound. That's how I remember
72:12 Okay. It controls the muscles of . It does not control the actual
72:17 itself but meme making sounds that sound words. That is Broca's area.
72:23 right. We also have superior to area. We have the super or
72:27 front I. Field. Alright, controls the voluntary movement of eyes.
72:32 look at me straight eyes on me look up at the ceiling without moving
72:34 head, look down the floor with left light, right? Yeah,
72:38 the frontal eye field. Okay. movement of those extrinsic eye muscles and
72:44 your eyes to move around is done the front I. Field This picture
72:51 here shows you that primary motor cortex M one in the pre central gyrus
72:56 what you can see as you can it's organization here. What this is
72:59 is called a homunculus. Alright now probably heard the word homunculus before.
73:04 just basically refers to something that's human right if you watch Full Metal alchemist
73:09 I know some of you see I I've got some geeks in here who
73:12 seen it before. Alright, Homunculus a term that they used over and
73:17 again. It's a human like this is that homunculus and you can
73:22 does this kind of look like a , There's your trunk and your hands
73:25 your feet and there's your face and your other structures. All the parts
73:30 the human are there. They're just in the right place where you expect
73:33 to be, but what this is really a map showing you where those
73:38 are going to be regulated. So bigger the structure, Right? So
73:43 can see right here, my hand really, really big because there's a
73:47 of stuff that's being regulated through the . Right? Or through the brain
73:51 govern your hand. And what kind movement do we have in our
73:53 Fine. Of course, fine. you have to do a lot of
73:58 calculations to make your fingers do all fun movement. Right? So your
74:02 dedicates a lot of space to right? You know, moving my
74:08 . Probably not so much. That sense. Look at your tongue,
74:15 ? Because we gotta waggle around a . Actually, why would our time
74:20 so governed? What do we use tongue for? Besides eating and
74:24 Please? Speech That's right. That's we're looking for, speech Right?
74:29 keeping the class clean. Right? , So it's speech speech right?
74:37 if I cut off my hand, gonna happen is is that I'm no
74:41 regulating the movement of my hand and I might compensate for it by doing
74:46 things. And so areas that I'm using are gonna get smaller and every
74:50 that need more more activity are gonna larger. So there's a certain degree
74:54 plasticity that does occur in the All right. Um mm Yes.
75:01 we'll deal with that in a Okay. Maybe if I don't answer
75:05 question we'll come to it. So got to cut two questions kind of
75:08 the queue. Right lateralization, phantom . All right now look at the
75:13 areas, look at the little picture here, look at the little boxes
75:17 the sensor areas everywhere else. Do have any in the frontal lobe?
75:22 . All right. So you can processing of sensory input is done in
75:26 the other loaves. So I'm just kind of walk around the corners.
75:29 start here, parietal lobe. That's you're gonna see the primary somatosensory
75:32 That's the sense of touch. The primary notice something keeps using the
75:37 primary that means this is the first . Doesn't mean it's the only
75:42 Right? So there are Secondary and and so on and so forth areas
75:46 like I said with visual there's like of them. Right? So in
75:49 occipital of this is v one that's to be in the occipital primary visual
75:56 as visual input. All right, around the end temporal lobe we're going
76:00 see the primary auditory cortex. We're going to be the primary olfactory cortex
76:05 of sound processing of taste or it's Excuse me. Olfaction smell and then
76:11 in the in slow way down on inside. That's where the sense of
76:14 is going to be processed. that's the primary gustatory cortex, focusing
76:22 the sense of touch. Alright. of touch. You can see again
76:25 is gonna be that post central You can see again the homunculus and
76:31 it's so Samantha topically organized again. can see what things are important in
76:38 of receiving information. So why do think the lips are so important
76:44 The answer would be oh it's right? It's not kissing. I
76:47 I was kissing. I wish that the answer. It's much more fun
76:50 teach the class, right? But answer is that I think about what
76:54 the things that you put in your ? Right? These are things that
76:57 possibly cause damage to your body. would never ever drink at Starbucks you
77:03 right, right off the off the , Right where they give it to
77:07 , it's like 350°. It's like And the and the and the barista
77:13 of looks at you and smiles like can't wait till you drink this
77:18 The first thing that's gonna touch of lip, your and your tongue and
77:21 gonna be like whoa, I'm not that in my body, I'm gonna
77:24 that sit out for three hours, ? All the dangerous things that can
77:29 your body are going to first come your lips, That's why they're so
77:36 . Ever eaten a dorito the wrong . Yeah. Right. But you
77:41 just see it's again where do we stuff? Mostly lips and in terms
77:46 our hands. All right. I'm answer your question now even though the
77:54 really comes in the next unit. . The question was what about phantom
77:59 ? Alright, phantom limb is basically remove a limb right? And you
78:05 feel the sensation of whatever was And the reason for that is because
78:10 fibers still are still originating from the right? And they go down to
78:17 place where that limb was lost. the touch receptors, what we've done
78:21 is we haven't lost the actual nerve . The nerve fibers are there.
78:25 just innovating here but they're going directly the somatosensory cortex. They're not Remapped
78:31 map to where the fingers should And so when you stimulate that nerve
78:37 the brain says oh because of the I'm organized. That must mean it's
78:42 from here right? By stimulate So that's really what that phantom limb
78:48 . It's it's simply the stimulation of fiber that used to innovate the structure
78:54 was lost. And so it's perceived being still there. See? No
79:06 heard that but yeah, I don't how that works. So but I've
79:10 of that. Right. Yes. Berkus Yeah yeah. If you're interested
79:19 Euro stuff take his class he's he's he's the man that when you deal
79:24 when you when you deal with the tissue, yeah, generate all the
79:31 like this. Let's see. So , it's gonna it's gonna always,
79:35 parts of your brain are gonna show of plasticity, but with regard to
79:39 movement, if you're not actually moving right, there's nothing to move,
79:44 you're going to see that degeneracy. probably something that's more familiar in terms
79:47 touch. If you still have those , you know, you're gonna just
79:51 it differently, but you're not gonna the area because you're still getting
79:55 I suppose if you lost the the itself, then it probably show more
80:02 . That's a guess he has Yes. Right? That's true,
80:13 ? And again, that's that plasticity dealing with the networks and how those
80:17 actually talk to each other. That is the most irritating noise,
80:23 . Alright. You've probably heard or at one point in your life that
80:28 right brained or left brained, Oh, I can't learn that
80:31 I'm right brained. Oh, I learn that. I'm better at
80:36 That's not how lateralization actually works. . Now we said the two hemispheres
80:41 nearly identical, but there are some . For example, that Broca's area
80:45 always gonna be found on make sure get this right? The left side
80:50 the brain, just making sure That's the left side of the
80:54 Alright. So brokers and we're naked we're necklaces where speech is done.
80:58 right? So it's always over it's never well if it's on the
81:04 side, you probably are a mirror of yourself, but you're not going
81:07 have a brokers and brokers. It's only on one side. So this
81:11 an example of that sort of Alright. And so there have been
81:16 things have been mapped to the different . So in other words, when
81:19 hear language sounds uh that will be in the left hemisphere, whereas for
81:24 , non language sounds would be processed the right hemisphere. But are you
81:29 sounds only on one side of the ? No, it's being processed on
81:32 side of the brain. It's just type of sound is being processed.
81:36 right. Now, lateralization correlates highly handedness. Alright. We got a
81:41 of people who are right handed in right, right hands. Alright?
81:46 of being sinister, Right? That's , that's where that that's where it
81:51 from, sinister is left handed, ? So right handed people, you
81:56 have Broca's area and Warnecke sitting on left side of your of your
82:00 right? If you are sinister or handed, you probably have Broca's on
82:07 left side of your brain but not . You could have been this is
82:13 weird one, You could have been twin an identical twin very early on
82:18 development that lost the twin during um genesis, right? And you can
82:25 a mirror image now. The way know, you're a mirror image is
82:28 when they go do an X ray your heart's backward and everything else is
82:31 , all the organs are backwards. like you're a mirror image of
82:34 So there's some left handed people who not twins, who are mirror images
82:39 the twin that didn't get past, the 16 or 18 cell stage,
82:45 is flipped around. It's a mirror . Yeah. So if you ever
82:49 an X ray, if you know you get an X ray, they
82:51 and they put that little thing that left side or right side or something
82:54 that. The reason they have to that is because it was like,
82:58 there are people who are backwards on inside, so instead of your heart
83:04 down this way pointing down that Yeah, so it's just a mirror
83:11 . All right, So the left , what we say is the speech
83:16 , which means that's where Broca's area , right? It doesn't mean that
83:20 good at english classes and bad at classes. Alright, so this is
83:26 of that breakdown, it has to with spatial ability and all these different
83:30 but we're good at all those I know it's lateralization just isn't how
83:36 divide the labor up in the All right, we're coming down to
83:42 wire here, we're gonna deal with couple of other structures. The basal
83:46 . This is gray matter. That's to the white matter. Alright.
83:51 the outside here is the cortex the that here are colored this thing right
83:56 and this structure right there. That's basal nuclei. All right. So
84:02 you'll see sometimes in older textbooks they them the basal ganglia. But remember
84:06 we said. Ganglia are found in peripheral nervous system. So they've come
84:10 and they kind of renamed them. right. These things are important in
84:16 of monitoring movement. Alright. So movement has a lot of different structures
84:21 are involved in this. All They typically these structures will play a
84:25 in inhibiting antagonistic movement. Alright. guys all heard of Parkinson's disease?
84:31 . The characteristic of Parkinson's is the . Right? You see people and
84:35 have the tremor. What you're looking is failure in the basal nuclei.
84:40 what I said is that you're trying create smooth movement when I go and
84:44 a drink. My arm is moved there. I've got a plan,
84:47 ? But I may over contract my too much to go a little bit
84:50 the left. Then my body tries compensate goes over a little bit too
84:54 to the right and it keeps doing back and forth but before I ever
84:58 an opportunity to contract that muscle. sarah bellum says hey you're not executing
85:03 plan that we talked about. So is what we want to do and
85:06 it actually adjusts all the contractions and before they ever occur so that you
85:11 that smooth movement. All right. you destroy the basal nuclei which are
85:17 for making those small corrections before it happens, what you end up with
85:23 you get the first contraction that's an , then the compensation and back and
85:28 and you can now see what do have? You have a tremor.
85:33 ? And so what you're looking at is you're looking at the failure to
85:38 the plan by getting rid of all antagonistic movements. Alright, They don't
85:44 to the motor pathways there within that that discussion between the cerebellum, the
85:50 and the cerebrum. The basil nuclear in that kind of, that group
85:55 together. There are lots of different in here. All right, the
86:00 strategy. Autumn is referring to these that have been colored right here.
86:05 these two blue colored things and this thing up here. All right,
86:09 the ones that play that role in movement and decision making of movement.
86:13 right. So lots of lots of to that. The caudate nucleus nucleus
86:19 the green one that's sitting up over . It's responsible for the appropriate movement
86:24 rhythmic movement. Alright, so think like this, you know when you
86:28 walking and you create that nice cadence that nice movement. That would be
86:32 caudate nucleus, Belinda form nuclei. . R2 structures we have the putem
86:39 which is this big thing. And the smaller triangle portion is the Globus
86:44 . Alright. Peterman, that's movement the subconscious level, the globe's
86:49 that's going to be dealing with that and exciting activity to ensure that you're
86:54 the right muscle tone. This little boy down here, the mongoloid body
87:01 an interesting role in behavioral activity, in response to fear. But you
87:07 just kind of put a big old of generic thing, emotional um um
87:12 behavioral moving moodiness type stuff. And is this little tiny thin band like
87:18 and you can think of this little as going around. It starts here
87:21 it just kind of goes around about the back like that and it has
87:25 deal with processing visual information at the level. That's still part of the
87:30 nuclei. Favorite structure, limbic Now we've done we've got a whole
87:40 of stuff away from what we're looking here and we're left with some cerebrum
87:44 well as some other structures that are of the diane cephalon. Alright.
87:48 you can see the brain stem here well. So there's your midbrain,
87:52 ponds has been colored blue and here going down through the spinal cord.
87:56 beige looking stuff is cerebrum. So are gyros is right? And then
88:02 green stuff here you can see there's amygdala. So that's part of the
88:06 nuclei. And so the limbic system all these different structures that play an
88:10 role in emotion and your understanding and of emotion. Alright plays also an
88:18 role in memory as well. So idea is feelings and thought,
88:25 If you think of something, oh don't know think of grandma breaking your
88:29 cake because we all love chocolate cake ? Everyone nod your head and say
88:32 love chocolate cake. Even if you right, does thinking of grandma on
88:35 chocolate cake make you happy? Okay. Now think of the test
88:40 monday. Just thinking of the test , I made you laugh so there's
88:45 emotion thing but does thinking about the make you sad. Yeah.
88:50 So there you go. So we're about the limbic system playing a role
88:54 all that. All right. So have the singular gyrus. We have
88:59 pair of hippocampal gyrus which is next the hippocampus. Hippocampus is the thing
89:03 looks like a horseshoe. It's kind like this shape right here that goes
89:07 that. It's not necessarily the green . It's the the shape,
89:11 And so what we're doing is we're with spatial memory right? It plays
89:16 role in dealing with how we store away. It's taking short term memory
89:22 converts in a long term memory. we already mentioned has to do with
89:26 motion and primarily deals with fear, bulb, smell and memory,
89:32 If you have you ever smelled like perfume or cologne of a significant other
89:37 you've broken up a long time ago then all of a sudden you're like
89:39 along and you just smell it and makes you think about that person.
89:43 , smell and memory alright. Or ? When you smell barbecue, it
89:47 reminds you of happiness and joy. . Right. The for next is
89:52 two things cross or come together. this is just basically where we're connecting
89:57 so that before next and then there's whole bunch of nuclei. Again,
90:01 job is to help bring this information so that you're combining emotions and memory
90:09 together, I can't believe I'm actually finish on time, aren't I?
90:14 , I can actually slow down. , I know you guys gotta test
90:18 just get through it right. We to talk a lot more about this
90:24 but I just need you to understand little bit about memory. All
90:29 The way that memory works, it with the plasticity of the brain remember
90:33 we said the brain modifies itself. so one of the ways that it
90:37 itself is basically between uh neurons. we said here we have a network
90:42 cells talking to that cell, but makes a stronger connection or it separates
90:45 connection and so on and so And so this is usually represented by
90:50 well those two cells are talking to other. All right. And so
90:54 we can do for example is if is a normal synapse, you can
91:00 I am releasing a certain amount of of a certain number of receptors.
91:04 this is going to create a certain as a result of that. But
91:08 I can do is I can have cell when it receives that signal can
91:13 back to that cell and say you what I need you to reinforce that
91:17 . I want you to release more or this cell can release a signal
91:22 this cell that says you know what want to reinforce this. I need
91:26 to make more receptors so that we a bigger response. Alright. And
91:31 this is what we talked about This is one of the ways that
91:35 can do this. And the term we use to make these changes is
91:40 long term, potentially ation or if trying to take away a signal long
91:46 depression. All right. So long part initiation is what is being shown
91:51 . It's basically saying I'm gonna do I'm gonna enhance the communication either by
91:56 the amount of neurotransmitter I'm releasing or increasing the number of receptors that I
92:00 or both. Right. I can any of those, any either of
92:03 two things or I can do them and in doing so if I have
92:08 neurotransmitter that's gonna cause a longer response a larger response. Alright, notice
92:15 is not an action potential. Do see what it says over here on
92:17 side, it says response, so gonna get a bigger response than I
92:21 did. Right. Similarly, if added more receptors, that means I've
92:25 more cells that can bind up to available neurotransmitter so I can get a
92:30 response in terms of depression, let's pretend this is the normal one
92:35 Right. Depression I can do what can take away neurotransmitter actually it's the
92:41 amount. But you know, in in the I can take away
92:45 I can take away number of receptors so it makes it harder for a
92:49 to occur. So that would be depression occurs. I'm reducing the
92:56 So when you learn something or when experience something, all right, you're
93:01 get some sort of sensory input. you're looking at this picture right now
93:05 . And I just made you focus it by looking telling you see this
93:08 right now. Right. But there's visual input if you don't pay attention
93:13 that, that information just goes Think about all the billboards that you
93:18 today, You saw them, you up and said yeah, whatever.
93:20 you just kept going right? I to get a story of that information
93:27 , insignificant to what you're doing. basically information is lost. But if
93:31 grabs your attention then what's going to is you're going to put that into
93:35 term memory. Short term memory is short. In fact they've quantified
93:40 It's like you can hold like 10 For like like two minutes time or
93:46 like that. It's very, very . All right. So in order
93:51 retain that information, you have to it. You have to go over
93:57 . You have to repeat it over over and over again. That's what
94:01 is trying to show you. Is rehearsal. So kind of the way
94:04 designed the classes based on that kind idea is like this idea of like
94:09 gonna keep seeing this over and over . I'm never gonna let it get
94:12 of my sight. If someone is harassing me with the same information over
94:16 over again, I'm never gonna forget . Right? If you don't rehearse
94:22 information is lost, but what ends happening is is that it will be
94:29 into the brain primarily in the frontal . So the hippocampus is playing a
94:35 in telling the brain how to store information. And so as you go
94:39 that repetition, as you go through that information. What's gonna happen is
94:43 going to create that pattern within that . That then can be called on
94:49 and over again. Typically what we is that long term memory is going
94:55 be limitless in terms of its You will remember everything to the end
95:00 time. It's not entirely true, it can be pretty close to
95:05 Mean I still remember stupid commercials from I was seven years old.
95:10 there's a Boy Scout commercial with charlie , you know that I could probably
95:15 to you. I'm not gonna There are things that that you will
95:22 forever and the capacity for long term Ation is limitless. There was an
95:27 I'm I'm going to reveal what sort horrible person I am. I used
95:31 watch Married with Children. I thought was the most hilarious show ever.
95:35 right. For me, it was and the daughter in that show was
95:40 characterized as being slutty and dumber than box of rocks. Alright, that's
95:45 was her character, right? And an episode where she has to study
95:49 some sort of exams like past high or something. I don't remember
95:52 And so she found somebody to study and who would give her more
95:56 but as she learned information, she forget stuff like the name of her
96:02 . So the idea being is like had a limited brain capacity. You
96:06 not have a limited brain capacity like Bundy. Alright. Your brain capacity
96:10 limitless. As long as you keep and stuff like that, you will
96:15 up doing that again. You have do some sort of retrieve retrieval on
96:22 to make that possible and it's gonna stored in the cortex. All
96:26 So just to let you know we're an earlier today. Yeah, you
96:30 go to your test. Remember we a test on monday? I'm gonna
96:34 out an email because I know that people probably not the people in here
96:38 you guys actually attend. But there people who are probably sitting there
96:42 I don't know if I should stay the class or not. And I'm
96:44 give those people who are kind of about your grades. How you go
96:49 self analyzing whether or not you stay a class or to leave the
96:52 I'm not encouraging you to drop out a class. I'm not encouraging you
96:55 stay in a class if you It's there's a there's a logical way
96:58 go through that. So, when see that email, that's what that's
97:02 . All right. I'm not talking you saying drop the class. All
97:06 . So there you go, you kick butt, take names. Go
97:08 fun, take your test, that of thing. Yeah. Uh
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