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00:01 Alright, let's see what we got on today. Oh yeah. What

00:05 doing today is we are talking about . So the question that started off

00:10 class of here was are we ever to get to anatomy? And the

00:13 is yes, that's the part of class as anatomy. But as I

00:18 on the very first day of what we do is the first unit

00:22 basically getting everybody on the same Alright. I got the upper level

00:25 men in here. I got lower classman. I've got people who just

00:28 in from high school. I've got who have backgrounds in biology. I've

00:32 people who don't. So really the is to make sure that we all

00:37 because the worst thing in the world walking into a class and not having

00:41 sort of understanding and you're just like into the deep end, you

00:45 And you'd be like, I alright for those of you who are

00:48 math people, it'd be like taking and then just being dropped in the

00:52 end of of count three and you'd like, what do these symbols even

00:58 ? And so that's what we're trying not do is we're not trying to

01:01 into the deep end. And so we're gonna do today is we're just

01:04 continue working up that ladder. We're get through in this first unit.

01:07 gonna get through tissues and then once get the tissues then we get down

01:11 dirty. We're gonna get ugly and talking about the integra mint, which

01:14 a fancy word for the skin. then we're gonna move from there.

01:17 right. So today is we're talking cells and I think on Tuesday next

01:23 it's also more cells. And then , the last lecture before the exam

01:27 be about tissues. And so, we're gonna do is we're going to

01:31 kind of go over really two of subjects today. So, you can

01:36 here I have three basic parts of cell. We have the plasma membrane

01:40 nucleus. We're gonna cover the cytoplasm nucleus in very, very general

01:44 And then we're gonna spend the next lecture on the plasma membrane. And

01:48 promise you, some of you are be bored out of your minds.

01:51 promise it. Because whenever I learned the plasma membrane, I was bored

01:55 of my mind. I refused to want to learn anything about it.

01:58 be like la la la. In , the first job I was offered

02:02 to work on a protein in plasma and I was just like la la

02:06 la la. I don't want to this. So, I didn't take

02:08 job alright. But we talk about things because they're actually help us understand

02:15 these cells work. And so what doing is we're doing an overview of

02:19 , all right. And we're not at specific cells were going to

02:21 generally speaking, all cells have these of characteristics. If they don't have

02:25 types of characteristics, they're probably not . And so the first three

02:29 as I said, plasma membrane cytoplasm . So what are the plasma membranes

02:34 ? It is the barrier between the of the cell and the outside of

02:37 cell. Alright, we'll spend more talking about that on Tuesday. We

02:42 the cytoplasm. Cytoplasm is basically this in here. It contains the organelles

02:47 it's the area in which the cell its work for the most part.

02:52 , as you move up the biology , you'll go, oh yeah it's

02:56 the only place. But we're gonna kind of keep it at that level

02:59 now. Okay. And then we the nucleus and the nucleus is this

03:03 in here that kind of looks like yolk in an egg and that's basically

03:07 control center. It's where the chromosomes located. This is where your

03:11 N. A. Is found. it's the structural arrangement of the

03:15 N. A. And so if have these kind of three areas in

03:18 , we can say, okay, these three areas are unique because they

03:21 different things. And so our starting as I said, forget I have

03:28 jump out. It's going to be at the side of plaza. Now

03:31 a word here inside of plasm that a lot like cytoplasm but it isn't

03:36 cytoplasm is the catch all phrase, literally refers to the material inside the

03:42 membrane and outside of the nucleus. everything else out there, all this

03:47 stuff and all this stuff hanging out the yellow stuff in the little

03:52 All right. The fluid environment of cytoplasm is called The site is

03:58 And that's the confusing word because people to interchange them sometimes and they're not

04:05 . The site is all is the environment plus all the things that are

04:10 in it. That's there's water is primary component. But there's salts and

04:14 and proteins and other things hanging out there. So, if it's dissolved

04:19 the water, it's part of the of saul and so it's more viscous

04:23 it is watery. So, if were to poke a sell the stuff

04:26 of oozes out slowly because of all stuff that's included in that watery

04:33 That side is all now outside of side or I say suspended in the

04:39 is also in the side of but not the liquid part. This

04:42 where you're gonna find the organelles. so you see a couple of them

04:46 pointing out this is the metabolic This is the things that are compartments

04:51 aside to do unique things inside the . All right. So, when

04:57 think of an organized, I think must be doing something fancy. And

05:01 lastly there are inclusions. Now, cells don't have inclusions. Some cells

05:05 . Some cells don't what's an It's not quite an organ. L

05:09 it's too big to be in the is all. And so it's just

05:13 that we don't know where else to them in. You know, I

05:15 you before scientists like to throw things boxes. And so they created a

05:18 category and said it didn't go in box. It doesn't go into that

05:21 . So we're going to throw it that box. And so it includes

05:24 like glycogen. Alright, lipid Here's a picture of a vacuole,

05:29 ? Uh implants? If you ladies you like flowers? Are they

05:34 Right. The reason flowers are nice pretty and having different colors other than

05:39 green is because of pigment vacuum. Okay, that's kind of cool

05:44 You can like flowers too. But day is coming up and I need

05:48 to start thinking ahead. All And then there's other things like crystals

05:51 stuff. And you'll see some pictures in a little bit that show you

05:54 types of inclusions. Alright. when you're studying cells and you learned

06:01 back in seventh grade when you first to good science. And then you

06:06 did again in 10th grade if you biology. As they said today,

06:09 learning the cell or this week, learning to sell. And they made

06:12 draw a picture of a cell and looked in a microscope and you tried

06:16 to recreate it. We're not doing stuff today. But the easiest thing

06:20 learn about the cell is draw a of it. You don't have to

06:22 an artist like this, but like circle and then kind of put little

06:25 in there. And what you do you label them like you see around

06:28 and then you put your descriptions and next thing, you know, 30

06:32 today. 30 slides on Tuesday turns one page of information which is in

06:37 mind, easier to study. And can kind of see where things are

06:39 what they do if you're not an , not a big deal. It's

06:43 I find that it's probably easiest way learn the parts of the south.

06:48 , let's learn the parts of the . Alright. Organelles. Alright.

06:53 are two types of organelles in the or inside the cell. Alright.

06:57 which have membranes and those which do have membranes. We call the ones

07:01 membranes membrane bound organelles. The ones membranes are called biomolecular complexes.

07:08 some textbooks, if you took this in if you've taken a class that

07:12 Mariette and there's some other textbooks they them non membrane bound organelles. There's

07:18 such thing as that. That's a who doesn't know what they're writing

07:21 And so they made up word. . So, it's a biomolecular

07:26 All right. They just want to something that's juxtaposition and it just it

07:31 Right. All right. So what the membrane bound organelles? Well,

07:33 has an internal environment. Remember we we're setting off an area that's set

07:39 and set aside. That's unique. , it does unique things and that's

07:43 the membrane is doing. It's creating unique environment inside that little membrane.

07:49 right, secondly, that membrane is to the plasma membrane, in other

07:53 , is made up of the same . These fossil lipids and cholesterol and

07:57 fun things that make up the plasma . So, they're very easy to

08:04 in terms of structure. It's okay, they look like the plasma

08:07 . Alright, this complex this So up here we have a Golgi

08:12 here, we have mitochondria over here have endo plasma particular. All of

08:16 compartments are set apart so that you create these unique critical biomolecular biochemical activities

08:24 that's what we're gonna do. We're go, here's this this is what

08:27 does. Here's this, this is it does. And lastly these are

08:31 membrane bound organelles, the nucleus. though we set it aside and say

08:36 is a unique area because well, like to think of things that are

08:40 the brains and like quarterbacks and anything that sounds fancy and big and

08:45 We like to set it apart, it's an organ. It'll just like

08:48 the other things. Alright, so nucleus is an organ l the endo

08:52 particular um is a membrane bound The Golgi apparatus, membrane bound

08:59 which is a really cool one. get to that paroxysms and lice

09:03 Those are your big classes of the if I see membrane bound organelles,

09:08 one of these things. The biomolecular are a little bit weirder.

09:13 So they basically have a whole bunch molecules, these macro molecules, these

09:18 , they're talking about, you jam together and you create this structure and

09:22 this structure does something. All So some examples of these are not

09:28 to it, but the ones we're really kind of look like are gonna

09:30 the side of skeleton, which we really have a good picture of it

09:33 there. The ribosomes which don't have really good picture up there in the

09:37 , ALs and there's the central's up in a region called the central

09:42 All right, we'll get to those . But that would be the examples

09:46 we're gonna use for these biomolecular complexes again, unique functions that are carried

09:51 within the sight of salt. So gonna jump ahead and we're gonna just

09:57 in on this first membrane bound organelles we've kind of set aside and said

10:01 the nucleus. It's special because it's the D. N. A.

10:04 and that seems like makes it So there's your nucleus. It looks

10:08 the eye of sauron in our little . All right now you can think

10:13 it and I'm gonna use a lot illusion here. Not illusion,

10:17 right? You can think of it the brain of the cell. Now

10:20 it's not the brain of the it's a control center. It's where

10:24 the hereditary materialists are not all I'm going to highlight that most of

10:28 DNA of the cell. And the we say most is because the mitochondria

10:32 D. N. A. As . And it's a really interesting unique

10:36 about that which I'm gonna get you I get to the mitochondria.

10:38 so this is where your D. . A. Is located. All

10:42 . This is where DNA replication takes . This is where you have genetic

10:46 of the activities of the cell. , if you're turning on and turning

10:49 genes, it's occurring inside the Alright. And so there's three structures

10:55 this nucleus that you should probably be of. The envelope, the nuclear

10:59 and the and the crow metin. , The envelope simply is the barrier

11:05 the inside and the outside. All . So there's two membranes you can

11:09 here. There's membrane number one and there's membrane number two right there.

11:13 their continuous with each other. If look carefully you can see the little

11:16 that kind of rolls around on itself that. So basically it's an environment

11:21 is connected and creates this double barrier the stuff on the inside of the

11:26 and this stuff on the outside. this envelope is also continuous with our

11:31 membrane bound organelles. This would be rough end of plasma particularly. So

11:36 kind of tells us something, it's wait a second. If this organ

11:39 over here and this one are connected each other, they must somehow be

11:43 to each other. And that's actually going on. Is that you actually

11:48 membrane and that builds or it grows creates the next structure which creates the

11:54 structure. Which creates the next So the plasma membrane is kind of

11:58 uh is creative as you move from center. Most organelles this nucleus onto

12:06 rough ectoplasmic articulate onto the next thing the next thing. The next

12:09 And I don't want to get too ahead of us. All right now

12:13 said this is where the D. . A. Is going to be

12:16 . This is where all the genes located. And what we're going to

12:20 out at the end of class is we go from a from a gene

12:23 a protein. All right. And that means things that are out there

12:27 the side is all. Remember that's all the action is taking place.

12:31 ? That's where the machinery is So things inside the nucleus have to

12:36 able to get outside and things outside the nucleus have to be able to

12:39 inside. And so there's these nuclear and this cartoon is trying to show

12:43 there's this structure that makes up the , you can think of it like

12:48 bouncer. Alright. What it does it says um are you allowed in

12:52 ? Let me see your I. . And so every molecule that comes

12:56 and goes out has the right markers it to allow it to go in

12:59 to go out. And that's what poor serves as basically allows for the

13:06 materials to migrate in and out of nucleus. Alright so we're talking RNA

13:13 and then proteins in is usually how kind of look at this. Now

13:19 structure here in the cartoon there's a graph of that, you can see

13:24 they're the big giant spot that you find in the middle of a nucleus

13:28 called the nuclear olis. Alright. job is where rivals Global RNA is

13:36 made and you're sitting there and I know what that is yet. That's

13:38 by the end of class you'll know of the difficulty of this classes.

13:42 gonna be dumping things at you and have to kind of say okay I'm

13:45 put pause on this and it's going come back in just a second.

13:49 right so we're going to make rivals R. N. A. Inside

13:53 nucleus lola's. Alright. So what doing is we're gonna be making ribosomes

13:58 so this is where you take the and large subunits of a ribosome and

14:02 them together. And then the ribosomes going to see are responsible for helping

14:07 make proteins. Alright. Now, be the first to admit. And

14:12 you ask any other professor in they'll tell you, we don't know

14:15 about biology. Alright. And what means is that we don't understand all

14:20 underlying mechanisms. We don't know what does yet. Alright. If in

14:24 grand scheme of things if this is the biological knowledge in the world we

14:27 about this much. All right. one of the things we're doing is

14:32 trying to figure all this stuff That's what all the research and what

14:34 are doing and why we don't understand going on in the world around us

14:37 the time. And so one of things we don't know because as we

14:42 at was like, oh well we this stuff out. And then I

14:43 like but wait, there's other stuff on. And so we don't even

14:46 not even gonna classify and we're just say there are other things that take

14:50 in the nuclear olas. All So it's an area that's kind of

14:54 away inside. It's not bound by . It's like this is an area

14:58 there's a lot of activity taking Most of it is to make

15:05 So we have the nucleus. So didn't talk about chroma tin. We'll

15:08 to that in just a minute. right. So here we have this

15:15 again. You can see we've grayed the nucleus and we see the next

15:20 in its place which is the indo particular. Um It's abbreviated E.

15:24 . So whenever you see er just into plasma particular. Um I know

15:28 of your attempted to think emergency All right. So, basically what

15:34 is is a series of tube. I want to say tubes but I'm

15:37 gonna use the words up there, and cistern in. Alright, those

15:40 fancy word for saying compartments. It's this membrane that's folded over itself over

15:46 over and over again. So, create these environments that are like tubes

15:50 these environments that are like big giant . But they're all interconnected with each

15:54 there their continuous. And so while kind of looks like this is a

15:58 that's compartment there all continuous. It's where they fold creates this unique appearance

16:04 these unique compartments. Alright now we two types. We have the rough

16:10 articulate and the smooth end of plasma . And again their name because when

16:14 first looked at under a microscope, had bumps and one didn't and they're

16:18 to each other and they just presumed think they probably had stained it and

16:21 came out stained the same. They're all right. So one has bumpy

16:24 one is not. So that's where names come from. The rough into

16:29 particularly which you can see over here rough because attached to it are these

16:33 called ribosomes, The things that were made inside the nucleus. Alright.

16:38 there's a little picture down here is trying to show you that the affiliation

16:43 that association of ribosomes to the rough in particular. You can see here

16:47 little structures right here are ribosomes. right here is supposed to represent the

16:52 of plasma particularize membrane. What we're here is we're making proteins that are

16:57 to be secreted. Alright, right now, you don't need to

17:01 that. I'm just pointing it out if you're looking at a picture and

17:03 , okay, there's a lot of there. What's going on. The

17:06 reason I have this picture here is , you can see here's the

17:09 this is how the ribosomes are And that's why you get these little

17:13 bumps everywhere. Those are representing the . All right. What's going on

17:19 ? Is that the rough ectoplasmic particularly plays an important role in the production

17:25 proteins. Alright, proteins at the is going to secrete or put into

17:31 surface. Alright. So that's the of the entire plaza inarticulate or the

17:37 into plasma, particularly the smooth indoor critical um is kind of this cat

17:42 structure. Many cells have it but purpose of the smooth into plasma particular

17:47 cells can be unique. Alright. for example, in muscles, muscles

17:53 up calcium inside the smooth indoor plasma particular. And it uses that calcium

17:59 a muscle contraction by releasing it. basically you can think I stormed calcium

18:04 then I release it and that allows to do a contraction. All right

18:09 cells for example, I'm just trying see I'll just use um cells like

18:13 the liver hepatic sites. This is they're gonna store up um different chemicals

18:19 help you detoxify the materials that you're into your body. Okay, that's

18:25 of cool. And then other cells that are found um primarily in endocrine

18:32 , particularly to make steroids. What do is they take cholesterol, they

18:37 it inside the ectoplasm particular and they all the right enzymes there to make

18:40 type of hormone steroid that you need your body to do the things that

18:45 does. So there's a whole bunch different things that the smooth interplay.

18:51 me. The smooth into plasma Um does. It just depends on

18:54 tell you're looking at. So what do is we just say it doesn't

18:58 a role in protein production. It unique roles in each individual cells,

19:02 it's a continuation of the same So the ribosomes, as you can

19:08 in the rough end apply in particular play the role of producing proteins.

19:14 it's unique. And then the smooth something else different so far. You

19:20 with me All right now, when making proteins that need to be secreted

19:32 need to make proteins and be inserted the membrane, they're going to be

19:35 inside the rough end of plasma in . And after you've made those

19:39 you bud that a portion off of roof into plasma particularly remember it's in

19:44 membrane. And so there's little tiny of membrane with stuff inside. It

19:49 to go to a new structure. new structure is going to be the

19:52 apparatus. So what you have is we started making plasma membrane over here

19:56 the nucleus, we continue pushing that membrane as the ectoplasm articulate and it

20:02 moving and you pinch pieces off and it goes on to the Golgi

20:06 The Golgi apparatus is your traffic In other words, it's gonna take

20:12 inside that little vesicles and it's going decide where that stuff needs to

20:17 It's kind of like a post office center. Right. It's like looking

20:22 the zip codes because each of the have markers on them that say where

20:26 need to go, we don't quite the process yet. Right. And

20:30 what it does. It says, . You go over there, you

20:32 , over there, you go, there, you go over there and

20:34 this process you ultimately sort where proteins to be. Some are going to

20:39 on the plasma membrane. So we're be secreted. And then little buds

20:43 off of the Golgi apparatus and then to where they need to go.

20:47 that is what this is trying to you on this side. The cyst

20:51 . This is the vesicles that are from the endo plasma critical. Um

20:56 can see on the inside their stuff and then in these different layers,

21:00 you are organizing and directing and changing proteins until they get sorted. And

21:08 you get vesicles that pinch off and to their specific location. That's going

21:14 be on the trans side. sis is the near side transits the

21:18 side. All right. So that's function modify concentrating package. Alright.

21:26 then you send it to where it to go. one of the things

21:33 you can pinch off of a gold . Is called the license zone.

21:38 . So, if I'm just kind looking at these structures, I'm just

21:42 go through and name him real We have the nucleus that serves kind

21:44 like the brain. Then the platinum it's kind of like a factory

21:48 Making stuff. The Golgi apparatus kind like the post office, the

21:53 Um now is a specialized vesicles that's off of the Golgi and it acts

21:58 a stomach. It's not a It acts like one. Alright.

22:02 within this structure which comes off the is you pump it full of enzymes

22:08 you pump it full of protons. other words, you drop the ph

22:13 this structure. Now we talked about a little bit when we talked about

22:17 . Remember we said if we have very, very acidic environment, it

22:22 proteins to denature causes them to pop . Right? So normally proteins are

22:27 this, they're globular in their For the most part there's some that

22:31 not, but most of them are this kind of makes me scared when

22:35 start getting that echo. Alright. then what happens is you put it

22:38 a very, very sick environment pops . And that means now you have

22:42 sites that can interact with the All right. And so if you

22:46 digestive enzymes, digestive enzymes are gonna able to go, okay, I'm

22:50 for a specific site. Oh, gonna clip there and clip there and

22:54 there. And that allows you to whatever the protein is that you're looking

22:58 . And that's what the license um doing. All right, basically it

23:02 a whole bunch of enzymes. So is basically trying to show you a

23:06 , right? And it says here's license zone. Inside that license

23:10 I have a whole bunch of enzymes pumped in a whole bunch of

23:14 So, I've dropped the ph very low, Right? And then

23:18 I do is I take a vesicles has something I want destroyed in

23:23 Alright, In this particular case, is a cell that has swallowed a

23:28 . And then what I'm gonna do I'm gonna take that bacterium in that

23:31 , merge it with that license And then all those enzymes chew up

23:35 ever in there, because the environment it. Now to put this into

23:40 so that you can understand this doesn't sense to you. It's like you

23:43 a cheeseburger, shoving it in your , put it into your stomach,

23:47 your body going and breaking it all . And then what you have is

23:52 have now these little tiny particulates that cell can now use. Right?

23:57 we talked about those monomers, the acids, the sugars and stuff.

24:01 cell can use those and anything it need. It can break down further

24:05 release energy from it. And that's it does. All right.

24:10 there are two terms that are not of this process, but you'll hear

24:15 some point in your life. And want to clarify them first is a

24:20 thing. It's a very bad Alright, if a life zone breaks

24:25 it does, it releases all of enzymes into the side is all of

24:30 cell. Now, what's on the of all of the cell? A

24:33 bunch of proteins that belong to the , enzymes do not discriminate where the

24:39 come from. That's why we sequester away inside of vesicles. Right?

24:43 if I release a whole bunch of that are responsible for digesting things inside

24:47 cell, it starts digesting those proteins the cell. That's bad.

24:53 That's called atoll. Icis at self . Again an example in the human

24:59 of if you were to do imagine you creating an ulcer.

25:05 basically the area that protects you from own digestive juices. Kind of wears

25:10 and now your digestive juices do what begin digesting you. That's bad pollsters

25:17 , that's kind of what this is of right? That's what analysis.

25:22 . If you say auto license, one's gonna beam attitudes just you know

25:26 get used to the pronunciation I guess british person autologous sis. Alright.

25:32 other word is autopsy gee. autopsy G is a normal process.

25:39 . When a cell becomes stressed and or it becomes like cancerous one of

25:45 signals that that's used to protect the from a bad cell is to destroy

25:52 causing the problems. Alright, so a cell can do is it's recognizing

25:57 I messed up and then sends a . Something comes back and sends a

26:01 and says, okay, I need to self destroy and saw Top AJI

26:05 where the license um starts looking for things that are broken based on that

26:10 . So if there's damaged organelles, say, oh, this thing is

26:13 to be here. So chop chop, chop, chop chop and

26:15 breaks it all down. That's our Aji. Okay, so analysis,

26:21 things are going on, right? not what you want. That's when

26:24 license zone ruptures and the enzymes are . Autopsy Ji is targeting and breaking

26:30 something that shouldn't be there. All . And the word licenses to break

26:38 Fiji is to eat. Which is because over here I got digestion and

26:43 like to connect digestion and eating. right. So, those are just

26:48 terms. So, we have the control center Enterprise in particular, factory

26:54 apparatus sorting center. Life zone Then we got this weird thing,

27:01 . Alright, paroxysms again, are platinum membrane within that plasma injury.

27:08 have this crystalline core that contains within . A whole bunch of enzymes catalysis

27:13 oxidation, as are the primary But they can be some others as

27:17 . And the whole function of this similar to what your liver does.

27:20 basically takes things that are bad toxic the cell isolates them and then breaks

27:27 down so that they become less and toxic through this process of breaking them

27:33 . All right, So what we're dealing with are something called free radicals

27:39 , free radicals deserve their own I'm not gonna go into it,

27:42 it's it's kind of a chemistry And basically what it says is these

27:45 molecular time bombs. They're looking to with something that is roughly unstable because

27:50 unstable. And they come along and create this massive release of energy and

27:55 create another molecule that's unstable, which another massive energy release and it can

27:59 DNA damage and all sorts of horrible . You guys like taking vitamin

28:05 Yeah, everyone was like take vitamin . Why do we take vitamin

28:08 It's an anti ox det. Thank . I might have to spell some

28:18 these words at some antioxidant. Why we take antioxidants? Because antioxidants battle

28:24 free radicals that are in everything that eat and all around you. UV

28:28 creates free radicals. Alright, so whole world is surrounded by these little

28:33 molecular time bombs. But there's all molecules that can help you deal with

28:39 free radicals and that's what the oxidation is. And what we do is

28:43 converting into this thing right here. called peroxide hydrogen peroxide. That molecule

28:49 break and a half and create two radicals. And with an extra electron

28:54 now going who do I blow But that free radical is the least

28:58 free radical of all. And then you can do is you can take

29:00 peroxide and use a catalyst which will convert it into water. Water is

29:06 particularly harmful. Right? So basically it says something really, really

29:11 let's make it into something that's less . And then we'll take that less

29:14 thing and then we'll convert it into , which is not dangerous. And

29:17 the role of approximately. So it's detoxification mechanism. Now, it has

29:25 roles, plays a role in beta . That's how you digest and make

29:30 . Alright. It's one step of . Um it plays a role in

29:34 in general and that's gonna be in liver. It's I said the neutral

29:37 the free radical things. Now the about this is that it doesn't originate

29:42 the Golgi. So we had nucleus in particular. Um Golgi. We

29:46 here's license zones over here, we're coming out there were coming way over

29:50 , we're gonna start at the Enterprises , but off of the ectoplasm in

29:54 . And that's where you make And then you collect things up from

29:58 cytoplasm and that makes you a mature and then mature paroxysms can actually divide

30:03 create little tiny small paroxysms that can grow again. So, it goes

30:07 a process of fission. So it's unique process, but it's starting point

30:12 over here at the Enterprise particularly. at the Golgi. All right.

30:17 the key thing here. What does do? Detoxify eyes kind of acts

30:21 a liver. Alright. And that's of the thing when you look at

30:25 things kind of just say, what it do? Acts like a

30:29 What does it do? Acts like liver. What does it do?

30:31 like a stomach. Alright. That be almost the level that you're working

30:38 . All right, mitochondria. These awesome. I told you there.

30:42 . Alright. I'm gonna tell you little bit of story. So mitochondria

30:48 these are power plants of the What they do is they produce a

30:52 . All right. And you can structurally what we have in this little

30:56 again, is this outer part here the plasma membrane on the inside.

31:00 see this structure that has this other a membrane that bends on itself over

31:04 over creates a unique kind of Alright, well, really what you're

31:08 at here is something that is incredibly mitochondria is a cell that was swallowed

31:15 another cell and kind of stuck I don't know why I didn't get

31:20 . But basically when an investigator on body or the cell, the first

31:22 that kept us around said you're useful me, you're making stuff and I'm

31:27 keep you around. And so that's it has its own D.

31:31 A. Because it's unique, And that's what its job, it's

31:37 you give it water and carbon It'll give you a teepee. And

31:41 the cell needs more 80p, the will divide and you'll end up with

31:45 mitochondria. So if you look inside cell that has lots of Mitochondria,

31:48 an indicator that this is a cell needs lots of energy. All

31:55 here's the cool part. I think cool part. So for that you

32:00 know. I don't think I mentioned very first day of class. My

32:04 is in reproductive physiology. Alright. I got to study the production of

32:08 do you make sperm? And then I got my PhD I went and

32:12 and learned how eggs, you know Ove um are developed. So basically

32:17 where my background is at the molecular . So I get really, really

32:21 when we start talking about reproduction. just because I'm a guy. It's

32:24 that's what I studied and it's like stuff is really cool. And you'll

32:27 me get really excited about this All right. So this is what

32:30 think is cool about mitochondria. Every of us in here has the mitochondria

32:37 our mothers and the mothers from their from grandmothers from great grandmother. So

32:42 so on. The mitochondria from the are never preserved. So there is

32:50 the sperm mitochondria basically is lost when takes place. All right. And

32:57 kind of cool. So one of things we could do if we want

32:59 figure out where you come from is could track your mitochondrial D.

33:03 A. All the way back through mother's lineage. All the way back

33:07 far as we can go. So can see what that relationship is.

33:11 kind of cool? Yeah. So there that was what I thought

33:18 cool. Three people said yeah that's . Okay. Out of 400 I'll

33:22 it. All right so mitochondria noticed did not arise from the nucleus.

33:30 do not arise from the ectoplasm They do not arise from the

33:34 They are there when the cell is . Right? You begin life when

33:40 sperm and that egg come together and sperm and that egg fused to form

33:45 zygote. And so the mitochondria are as an inheritance from your mother.

33:52 . And then ladies, you get pass on the mitochondria to your Children

33:57 so on and so forth. we just throw ours away.

34:00 it's not true. It actually just destroyed. Alright so we're gonna move

34:05 now to these biomolecular complexes and we're to start with the rebel zone.

34:10 already mentioned. They play a role making proteins. All right. And

34:15 this is the structure of the It has two sub units. You

34:19 see here here's a large subunit. a small sub unit it has within

34:23 structure RNA and proteins. It's not RNA And it's not just protein,

34:28 a molecular complex of all these different together. And it's this structure right

34:33 that is responsible for reading that message RNA. So remember when we talked

34:39 the the basic dogma of genetics, ? We said DNA becomes RNA becomes

34:46 . What we're doing is we're taking are in a that is the copy

34:51 the gene. And we're reading that this structure so that we can make

34:55 sort of protein. Alright now this picture doesn't represent all that real

35:01 , it's just saying that I see a place where all these things

35:08 What we're looking at. These two are electron micro graphs of ribosomes here

35:16 the top we're looking at ribosomes in chain. This little line that you

35:20 that's a strand of RNA and what looking at is the big giant black

35:26 . Those are ribosomes. And the that are extending from the ribosomes.

35:29 is the extension of the protein as being made. So this is not

35:34 complete protein. It's literally tacking on monomers, These amino acids and the

35:39 is getting bigger and bigger and So as you read along the

35:43 what you're doing is you're getting a and longer peptide chain and that's what

35:47 is trying to show you over here this bottom picture of the thing that

35:51 like a bunch of lines and spots someone just oh I don't know,

35:54 don't know what it looks like. this is electron micrografx. A real

35:58 up view of the rough end of particularly. So you can see the

36:03 , right? So you can see structures right here. You see how

36:07 kind of comes around on itself like . That's the membrane of the undo

36:12 particular. Um And then what we here, we have ribosomes attached to

36:17 end of plasma in particular. And what we're doing is we're attaching it

36:21 we make proteins and we're inserting the into the endo plasma particular. Um

36:27 where that picture that we're looking The first time I need to see

36:30 this slide. The first, the picture that we looked at, that's

36:34 we were kind of seeing in cartoon . The ribosome attached and how it

36:39 inserting the protein on the inside. , ribosomes can exist basically anywhere inside

36:47 cell. You can see them inside side is all all right. So

36:52 they're floating around, I should floating around within the cytoplasm. So

36:57 within the fluid of the cytoplasm. , you can find them attached to

37:04 rough ectoplasm particular. Um What we're right here, the top picture right

37:08 , that would be inside the And then the third place you can

37:12 them is inside the mitochondria because you DNA. Their D. N.

37:15 . It's going to get RNA. begets proteins so you can move a

37:20 zone into the mitochondria if it needs make proteins and a rebel zone is

37:25 limited. So if I put it the ribbon of putting on the draft

37:28 applied in particular, that doesn't mean will never ever ever be in the

37:32 . It does its job and then goes where it needs to go.

37:34 kind of like a migrant worker, ? It goes if I'm gonna work

37:38 here for a little bit, okay job's done now, where does the

37:41 need to go? Okay I need come over here and I'm going to

37:43 the work here. So it can pretty much anywhere. We refer to

37:47 ribosomes that are in the cytoplasm as ribosomes. We refer to them when

37:53 attached the rough ectoplasm, particularly as ribosomes. So when you see or

37:58 those terms, you can just kind think, okay, so if I

38:01 a bound ribosomes that must mean I'm a protein that is either gonna be

38:06 or inserted into the plasma membrane. I'm making if I see free ribosomes

38:11 making proteins that are gonna be found the site is all and doing the

38:15 inside the site is all okay, we okay with that. Does that

38:22 of makes sense. Now we're gonna back to that in just a

38:31 I know it feels like it keeps back and forth just trying to go

38:34 all the structures. So, the little structures that we're gonna go through

38:40 deal with the side of skeletons. of skeleton is the skeleton of the

38:44 , it says. So, in name Sido is cell skeleton skeleton.

38:49 right. And so, there's three that we need to be familiar with

38:53 we're going through these. All And that's the list. That's over

38:55 intermediate filaments. Micro tube is the filaments. Alright, the side of

39:00 serves two functions in the cell. serves as a structural uh material.

39:07 other words, it provides a skeleton framework on which the cell is

39:12 Alright, so, it maintains But it also serves as kind of

39:16 muscles of the cell. There are that move. And so the movement

39:21 going to be because of these these that are found within the cells

39:26 Pulling or pushing against one another. , now, structurally they're made up

39:31 these molecular chains of repeated uh monomers repeated units. All right,

39:39 I've already mentioned supporting the shape some of movement, interestingly, they help

39:45 the organelles where they need to They also serve as a support for

39:50 motor protein. If you've never seen picture of a motor protein. Here's

39:54 news. Um I think at the of class, it might have I

39:57 have already opened it on blackboard. is a link to a video of

40:01 the parts inside the cell that we've discussed. And if you've never seen

40:05 motor protein, you'll see uh what motor protein looks like. You

40:10 computer generated and how it moves. almost as if this thing was conceived

40:15 the Disney corporation. Alright. It like a cartoon character that walks around

40:21 this. And when it's walking around this, it's usually carrying something on

40:28 of it, Usually a massive L so it's like a little tiny

40:32 organize the size of a bus. walking up and down these structures.

40:40 really cool. And yes, the you're gonna watch if you watch it

40:45 computer generated, but it's based on electron micro graphs and videos of these

40:51 actually working. They just aren't as and pretty as a picture. All

40:56 . The other thing that it it allows for things on the outside

41:00 the cell to interact with things on inside of the cell and hold the

41:02 in place. Alright, this is fun part. Um, anyone

41:07 a younger sibling, did your older ever give you an indian burn?

41:14 . Seems something wrong. I don't what that is. All right.

41:17 , they're like, oh, See the indian burn is the worst

41:19 in the world. Right. I an older sibling I gave them.

41:23 . What do you do? You someone's arm and then you twist in

41:26 directions, right? And then you it hurts a lot of pulling hairs

41:30 stuff. But notice when you do , right, there's a couple other

41:34 . Wet willies. You know what did you guys get? Pink

41:38 Yeah. Pink Bellies. The Fun . Yeah. There's some worse

41:42 I'm not gonna bring them up. Right. But with the indian

41:46 when you twist, notice the skin go flailing off your body,

41:50 I mean it just hurts a lot you're stretching it out but it's not

41:54 you're like taking a cheese grate to pulling off the skin, right?

41:59 the reason for that is because of last little thing here, basically cells

42:03 attached to other cells using these types mechanisms. Alright, so the three

42:09 fibers we listen, intermediate fillings, tubules, micro filaments. We're gonna

42:14 with the micro filament. Alright, when you're looking at this picture,

42:20 color down here coincides to what we're at inside the south. Alright,

42:24 , this type of picture, what looking at here is immuno fluorescence.

42:27 don't need to know that for a . I'm just pointing out because if

42:30 look at a picture of cell, don't actually have color. Alright.

42:33 they've done is they've taken an antibody attached to a fluorescent dye and they

42:37 in there and the that antibody is attached to whatever it's attracted to in

42:43 case it's going to be these acting and or micro filaments. But the

42:48 molecules and then what they do is shine it with the right wavelength that

42:52 the fluorescence in the die. And they take a picture of it and

42:55 they color it afterwards. So it's actually color red, it's really just

43:01 light. And then they take another with a different guy and then they

43:04 the pictures on top of each other that's why you get all those pretty

43:08 . And it makes us think look pretty. So the microfilm mint is

43:15 smallest structure says so in the name filament. Alright. It's a solid

43:21 , meaning that there's no space on inside. Now you can see here

43:25 twisted uh structure. So it's a . Alright. And the molecule,

43:33 sub units are acting molecules. Now not gonna go in, there's actually

43:39 types of actions in here, but you can think of it like it's

43:41 chain of acting and another chain of , you've twisted it. So you

43:45 this helix. Alright. And so purpose of this type of stuff you

43:49 see, it's over here on the of the cells, right? That's

43:53 you mostly see it, its job to bear tension. And so when

43:58 pull on one cell on one it's gonna pull wherever there's acting.

44:03 so what it's doing is dispersing the of pulling by those acting filaments,

44:10 ? In other words, it's not on one thing and causing it to

44:13 you pour one, it pulls on . And so the forces dispersed.

44:18 also has a structural support is what the shape of the cells. So

44:22 a cell is in a structure that and make sure the cells maintains its

44:30 . Now you're more familiar with acting it plays a role in movement.

44:33 you've taken any class in biology and about muscles, you've talked about

44:37 right? There's an acting myosin structure these two molecules interact and it allows

44:43 the muscle cell to contract and then relax. It's this interaction between the

44:50 of mice and that allowed this to . Um Also depending on whatever network

44:55 have, you'll see sell contractions or contractions that aren't necessarily involved like what

45:01 see in muscles. So you don't necessarily um So I'll just give you

45:05 example um in the lab that I in um next door. So this

45:10 my lab, this is the lab door. They they had a grant

45:14 Nasa and they were looking at how or how cells move in the weightlessness

45:20 space. It was really kind of . So again they tagged things up

45:23 immuno fluorescent dyes, they put cells a plate and then they spun it

45:27 zero G. So that so it like the cells were experiencing zero

45:31 And then the cells would like walk the plates and so you just kind

45:35 see them and you can actually see they're using these side of skeletons to

45:39 able to do so You know and they got videos and then you get

45:43 watch the videos. That was really of because it takes like you see

45:46 30 minutes of videos in like 20 . You know they move fast.

45:51 Here's a word that some of you have seen before psychokinesis. Does that

45:55 sound familiar to some people? For those of you who does it

45:59 sound familiar. Do you remember when took that freshman biology class or in

46:02 school? And you learned about cell , right? You learned about first

46:07 copy of the D. N. . And we have a term for

46:10 that's called mitosis right? This idea we copy the DNA. And then

46:14 separated out. But even though you the two copies of DNA, you

46:18 have to break the cell in That's psychokinesis. And so the role

46:24 breaking the cell in half after you the process of cell division, his

46:29 of cornices acting is involved in that another electron micrografx or not?

46:37 Excuse excuse me, immuno fluorescence. what we're looking at here are the

46:41 filaments. All right now the intermediate . I don't know, I've never

46:46 of a macro filament. So we a micro filament and we have a

46:51 filament. We don't have like an large. It's kind of like going

46:55 Mcdonald's and they don't have small drinks . Everything is just a large or

46:59 large. So Alright, but so intermediate filament and you can see

47:04 different types they fall into this The protein that the user called

47:08 Now if you want to know the is look at fingernail that hard that's

47:14 up of keratin. Hair, Alright. So it's a protein that

47:20 these strands and there's lots of different of them inside the cell. They

47:24 these strands what they do it they stabilize structure and they resist

47:29 So again, the indian burn, reason your skin doesn't know flailing off

47:34 because the cells are connected to each by these unique junctions that are then

47:38 to the intermediate filaments. So if pull on one cell, the actor

47:42 disperse the forces. But so will intermediate filaments and they'll disperse forces.

47:46 only within that cell, it'll do to the next cell in the next

47:49 in the next cell in the next . So that stress that you're putting

47:53 the cell is now shared by all cells that are connected with each

47:58 Now this is a more permanent structure . You can build and break down

48:03 needed. And then the next structure gonna see we can break down and

48:08 as needed as well. So, is kind of more of a it's

48:11 and it's and it holds everything in . The last one is a

48:17 It's called a microbial because it makes tube structure. It's the largest one

48:21 diameter. But they don't call it macro filament. It's the micro

48:25 Very confusing. Alright. And picture It's the green stuff. All

48:30 now, as I said, these hollow their tubes and they're made up

48:34 this molecule called tube yulin. See I promised you beginning Spencer said,

48:40 are simple. We name things for they do or what they look

48:43 So, when they discovered the molecule this protein, did they give it

48:47 fancy weird name? Turbulence, Make tubes All right now, they

48:55 originate from a structure and I'm just to circle right there. It could

48:59 on this side, who knows called central zone. Alright. So every

49:04 originates at this kind of this cloudy of material that then radiates outward throughout

49:12 entire cell. And that's what you're of seeing here. So again,

49:16 helps determine the overall shape. Just the other ones do. And what's

49:20 is when I told you about those proteins. These are the structures on

49:25 the motor proteins like to move All right. They also play an

49:31 role in the cilia or flag ela the cells now in your bodies,

49:36 only one cell that has a I'm just going to point out it's

49:40 the males, Right. It's on , Right. For females, that

49:45 be a transient visitor. All For cilia, we have many different

49:52 that have cilia and sillier are like little tiny hair like things that kind

49:55 wave and move materials. So they motor proteins attached to them. The

50:00 they're able to move and wave is of this structure and the motor proteins

50:04 to them. Again, they also a role in separating the chromosomes.

50:09 , when we're talking about mitosis, last phase when we're pulling the DNA

50:14 , intermediate filaments play that role. right. So, these are not

50:18 structures. You build them and break down as needed. And when you

50:22 that video, they're gonna show you're see this. You're going to see

50:24 picture of a motor protein walking along as they break one down in the

50:30 or something like that. So, right here this this structure together is

50:37 central zone. The center zone within has these much smaller structures called century

50:44 . All right. It's very confused too. Alright. The central

50:48 in And in some books you'll see bodies. Uh And basically these are

50:53 structures that specifically give rise to the filaments. Alright. So the center

51:01 is where the micro tubules are You know, as a mass.

51:06 they individually come out of these structures you're looking at here. So there's

51:12 whole bunch of proteins from which everything made. And they're really easy to

51:15 . It's kind of this this blurry that sits on one side of the

51:19 . And if you go back and at the picture of the cell,

51:21 see here's the central zone. All , basil bodies are going to be

51:26 at the base of the cilia or the base of the flagellum case.

51:36 , we've now covered quite a bit stuff. Right? We've done um

51:43 different membrane bound organelles, right? started the nucleus, nucleus Standard plans

51:47 particular in two types and applies in to the Golgi apparatus from the

51:55 We mentioned two different types of unique . One that originates from the Golgi

51:59 was the license. Um And the one is the paroxysm that originate from

52:03 ectoplasmic, articulate or self arising. then we moved on to these,

52:07 talked about the ribosomes. Right? these biomolecular complexes. We talked

52:13 oh, I missed out on the . So, you should have caught

52:16 . All right. We talked about ribbons um We talked about the side

52:20 skeleton. And what was the other ? We talked about sen trios and

52:25 zone. All right, So what wanna do is I just want to

52:29 the concept of the plasma membrane to and then we'll go into more detail

52:33 why it's important a little bit And then the last thing we're gonna

52:37 get to. I'm looking at the here and hopefully we'll get to.

52:39 don't know. We've got about 30 is we're going to talk about how

52:43 make these different types of proteins. , so the plasma membrane, it's

52:48 lipid bi layer. When we say lipids, you can see here in

52:52 little cartoon where the fossil lipids There's the head. There's the tails

52:55 here on this side, there's the . There's the tails notice the tails

52:58 towards each other. There's so many them that they line up in such

53:01 way that it looks like this long . But really what it is is

53:04 massive structure that has the inside point water on the inside, with heads

53:09 towards it. This area that excludes . And then on the outside you

53:13 heads pointing out towards the water. ? So, this would be inside

53:17 cell that's outside the cell. There's heads pointing towards the water over

53:21 Here's heads pointing towards the water. here there's no water. Alright,

53:26 , this is the water loving This is the water hating side of

53:30 one. There's a water loving All right, now, there's a

53:33 bunch of different types of lipids that found in the plasma membrane. The

53:37 one is a phosphor lipid and that's we're looking at here. Alright,

53:42 also cholesterol. Cholesterol is a very valuable component of it and what

53:46 does, it helps to strengthen and . And so you can see in

53:49 little cartoon they're trying to draw look a cholesterol, there's cholesterol, there's

53:54 . Alright. We'll see how they stabilize in just a moment. And

53:59 , you'll see glycoprotein lipids as So, here's glycol lipids representing by

54:04 green things. Remember what we The purpose of glycol lipid or the

54:08 sugar is to serve as an identifying . And so what it does.

54:13 can only find glycol lipids on the surface and it serves as a way

54:17 the cell to say this is who am and I belong here. All

54:21 . It's an identify rare so that body knows it's supposed to be

54:25 All right now, there are also . You can see the purple things

54:29 supposed to represent proteins. We have types of proteins. We have integral

54:33 . Or peripheral proteins. Integral proteins found inserted into the lipid bi

54:39 That's what these two things are That's what this one is doing as

54:42 . Each of these you can see inserted now in the case of the

54:46 that I just pointed out. you can see that they pass all

54:49 way through it. But an integral can also kind of just go mostly

54:55 . Alright, so, this one pointing towards the peripheral protein, but

55:01 might argue that this is an integral because it's not necessarily attached to

55:05 it's just been jammed into the plasma . In other words, these proteins

55:13 embedded inside the plasma membrane because they a region that doesn't like water.

55:19 so what they can do is they hide that region inside the plasma membrane

55:23 that's why they're there. A peripheral on the other hand, is loosely

55:29 . Alright, So typically what you'd is that it would be kind of

55:32 out here. All right. It be on the surface like this associated

55:37 the with the lipids, but not inserted in between the lipids.

55:43 now, none of these molecules, their lipids or proteins are attached to

55:48 another. Right? With the exception the peripheral ones I just described.

55:52 so what that means is that the and lipids are free moving,

55:58 They're basically like a crowd. You've in a crowd before, right?

56:03 at a football game, for our concert, people are moving all

56:08 . Some people are static. And that's what's going on here is

56:13 free movement inside the plasma membrane. , They're in constant motion if you

56:20 looking at this picture And again if watch that video that I posted you'll

56:24 it kind of looks like a And if you look at the single

56:27 you'll see that these lipids for they kind of bump bump into each

56:33 and then they kind of move around other and everything. As long as

56:36 in the same side, they can move within the bi layer. It's

56:41 difficult for a lipid to flip or protein to flip to the other

56:45 You need to have some sort of , some sort of enzyme to come

56:49 and help that happen. But the that this occurs or why this is

56:55 is because this allows you to move to where they need to be in

57:00 for them to do the work that need to do. Right? So

57:04 example, I can congregate a whole of receptors on one side of the

57:09 so that it can interact in an where it can receive whatever it's supposed

57:15 receive. Alright, it's not nothing is stuck in place. And

57:21 remember I was describing for a moment that cell that moved around in

57:26 The reason I was able to do and it's like if you watch it's

57:28 a tank tread, you'd see like protein that was attached and then when

57:33 cell moved away it would now be this silver here not touched anything.

57:36 then it would go running around the side and get at the front end

57:40 that then the cell would kind of its way along the Petrie dish.

57:45 kind of cool. All right. , you have this free movement of

57:49 molecules within the context of one layer that by layer Again. This is

57:55 one. There's layer two. There's head, there's the head. Those

57:58 the tails pointing towards each other. , I mentioned cholesterol. You've probably

58:06 told your entire life cholesterol equals Right, cholesterol. Bad for

58:11 I've already told you once. it's good. That's where you get

58:14 steroids from. Right. You make from cholesterol. But the other reason

58:18 is really good is because of what does to the cells. So,

58:24 looking at the plasma membrane up Alright, so, you can see

58:28 you can imagine we have some saturated acid tails. We have some unsaturated

58:35 acid tails. All right, If apply heat, think of butter.

58:40 , butter is where you have all fats and I don't know, it's

58:44 a cell. But I want you picture for if I take butter and

58:47 it into a pan and turn on heat. What happens to the

58:51 It melts Now? Is it literally the molecules apart? No, it's

58:57 the relationship how close they are They kind of separate from one

59:02 All right. In other words, adding kinetic energy to them. They

59:06 wiggling around, right? They start into each other and these things bumping

59:10 each other, create more space into , which gives them that liquid

59:13 Okay, So that's kind of what's on up there on a All

59:18 If I chill something, right, fats, what they do is they

59:23 that kinetic energy. And so they of just kind of stopped moving and

59:27 they're allowed to move very close Now, if you want to see

59:30 in really kind of in a gross , how many guys eat margarine or

59:35 margarine? I'm not like not scooping . Alright, so margarine. All

59:40 . So take that country crock or that margarine is, leave it out

59:44 the fridge for a day and then and open the top and look and

59:48 what you see in there. Now going to go crust. It's

59:53 right? You put it basically, they've done is they've whipped it,

59:58 put it in a container at a temperature it sets. And then now

60:04 you have is you have something that like butter. But if you take

60:07 out of the cold environment, then happens is that heat allows those molecules

60:13 are already kinked, right? They that unsaturated state. And so what

60:18 do is they move apart from each and they become liquid form,

60:22 And you're like, and it grows that's just like your canola oil.

60:25 really all it is is whipped canola . All right. So, those

60:30 what That's what temperature does. And can imagine your cells have to deal

60:34 that because it's made up of Each cell's plasma membrane is basically a

60:38 of fat. So when the temperature up, those cells are bumping into

60:41 other more and more. Um or lipids are pumping more and more and

60:44 they separate from each other. you can imagine living in Houston,

60:48 would what would that do to your ? You know, you'd melt,

60:52 . We just said lipids and heat melt. Alright. And then if

60:57 live up in massachusetts with all that weather then you can imagine everything would

61:03 up. And you feel like I every day, just sore and can't

61:09 . So what cholesterol does is it the state of a cell's plasma

61:15 Alright, So cholesterol, what it likes to insert itself into those

61:21 So here it is showing you they're all close together. Here's the

61:25 and unsaturated. Can see that there's in there. So this is more

61:29 than that. Would you agree based what we just talked about.

61:32 So what cholesterol does It can insert into those spaces. And what it

61:39 is it it doesn't allow for there be that free movement. So,

61:43 essence, when there's higher temperatures, become less liquid, you stay in

61:48 solid state kind of neat. when I inserted myself in there,

61:56 happens is when temperatures drop then those , the fatty acids, they can't

62:03 together because there's something in the And so that keeps the environment more

62:08 than it normally would in a cold . So, what this really does

62:12 you allows you to exist in a of temperatures in which you normally wouldn't

62:18 allowed to exist, right? You endure higher temperatures and you can endure

62:25 temperatures. All right. I know people from Wisconsin, we don't have

62:30 lot of them in this classroom. come down here and they're like,

62:33 yeah, it's winter. I wear , it's only 20° and you and

62:37 would be like, are you But then when it gets up to

62:42 up there, they're like freaking out we're like Just wait till it hits

62:46 , You know? But we're Up to like 105. And after

62:50 , then that's when we kind of like this sucks. Right?

62:54 So it's kind of showing you there's we have a range in which humans

62:58 live comfortably because of what cholesterol does ourselves. Alright, We don't freeze

63:07 melt. Now, as I we have this uh we have these

63:13 lipids. We also have proteins that sugars attached to them. And the

63:17 term for having sugars attached to the of the cell. Those the collective

63:23 for all those sugars, it's called glycol. Okay, Alex. All

63:27 . And as I mentioned, this a way um for the cells to

63:34 be able to be recognized, it as a kind of an internal tag

63:37 say I belong here. And this the most interesting thing is you can

63:42 a set of identical twins. And black oak Alex for every individual,

63:48 in identical twins is unique to that . That doesn't mean it's going to

63:53 an immune response if you put someone to sell because of this. But

63:57 one of the things that they can is they can use that as a

63:59 to recognize self or not. so the glycol Calix is a form

64:05 communicating with the external environment what that is and what it's supposed to

64:10 Alright, it's a way of talking communicating. Now, the purpose of

64:15 lipid bi layer, the whole plasma , Why do we even bother talking

64:19 this? It's because remember it creates unique environment. It separates the outside

64:24 the cell from the inside of cells that we have this inside unique

64:28 So unique biochemical reactions can take Now we've said this portion right here

64:35 have water. So what that means molecules out here that love water want

64:41 come inside the cell. They can't directly through the plasma membrane because there's

64:45 environment that says you're not allowed to through here chemically it's a barrier,

64:53 ? So it excludes things from coming or going out. It's like that

65:00 . All right. You can go . You can be on this side

65:03 the wall. You can be on side of the wall, but you

65:04 pass through the wall. You have . The wall has mass. It's

65:09 going to let you through it. right, unless you break it.

65:13 that would be bad for the cell for the building. All right.

65:17 , to get from one side. , I'm now pointing lasers at

65:20 If you want to get from this of the wall to the other side

65:23 the wall, you have to have mechanism to do. So, that's

65:26 purpose of a door, Right? that's what we have is we have

65:31 , these channels and these carrier molecules serve as the passageway between these two

65:39 and doors can decide what's gonna pass and what can't. Right now,

65:46 just gonna use this just as an . Right outside. Over here,

65:49 a men's restroom. Outside over there a woman's restroom. Can I walk

65:52 the women's restroom? I'm looking at ladies. Would you want me walking

65:57 the woman's restroom? No, there's sign on the door that says

66:03 So I'm supposed to go over here it says man. Right. So

66:09 is a selective barrier between that restroom the outside environment. Just like there's

66:16 over here. Those carriers are selective well. You have to have the

66:21 characteristics in order to be able to picked up by that carrier or through

66:26 channel to allow you to come So we refer to this as selective

66:31 . Alright, yesterday or excuse On Tuesday I talked about what's found

66:38 the fluids. Remember I said there's couple of ions that you should be

66:41 of and I said on the inside cells, we have a lot of

66:44 you're like inside. It was potassium of sodium. All right. We

66:51 we have these really, really outrageous . All right. The reason we

66:57 these outside differences is because of the that are inserted in the plasma membrane

67:02 that are helping to maintain those Alright, so, the role of

67:08 membrane is to make sure that the the outside are different by one deciding

67:13 comes in and what goes out and forcing things to go out or to

67:17 in. And the last thing that does is that you can imagine if

67:22 create this barrier and I want things the outside to talk to things on

67:26 inside or vice versa. I need have some form of communication. So

67:31 within the context of the membrane are that allow that to happen. So

67:36 can have a cell release a chemical then travels through the body to another

67:40 that has a receptor and then that binds a receptor and tells that cell

67:45 to do in other words, changes chemical reactions that are taking place inside

67:49 cell. Alright. The plasma membrane responsible for that. And so,

67:55 what I said beginning class when I looked at the plasma membrane in my

67:58 was like the boring stuff ever. , that's where all the action is

68:02 place. How we doing on We've got about 10 minutes.

68:11 this is the easy part. so when we come back on

68:15 we're not done yet. But when come back on thursday we're gonna expand

68:17 this idea of the plasma membrane and it does. Alright, what I

68:22 to do is I want to return to the central dogma of genetics.

68:27 we've already seen this. So, shouldn't be strange. Remember.

68:31 N. A. Begets RNA. is used to make proteins, proteins

68:35 the work of the cell. We're good with that. Right? Some

68:41 like to get tattoos of like the molecule in your body. This is

68:46 one you should tattoo. I'll come with a different tattoo every week.

68:50 right. So, what I want do is I want to expand on

68:55 idea. How do we make Alright. And hopefully I can do

68:58 in 10 minutes. There's gonna be detail than you probably need to

69:03 Alright. But I need to point certain things so that you understand what's

69:06 on here. Alright. So, . N. A. Is you've

69:11 all the DNA in your body is is called the genome it has within

69:14 genes. Genes are the instructions for specific proteins to be made. All

69:20 . And so, they have a sequence that codes for what needs to

69:25 made, but also within the context the gene. You have regions that

69:29 code for anything. This is really , biologist for the longest time.

69:33 only now, are we starting kind get it. All right. That

69:38 how you in bed or or how organize the information. Makes it more

69:45 for the cells. And I'm not go into. Why? All

69:47 So, if you can think of gene having regions that are useful for

69:52 protein and not having use regions useful making that protein. We have names

69:56 them. We have the Exxon. Exxon is where you have the regions

70:02 code stuff. And then the things go in between them that interrupt the

70:06 are called introns. Right? they're the interrupting sequences or the non

70:11 sequences. You'll see a picture here just a second. All right.

70:16 . We said is involved in protein has lots of other roles. But

70:19 are three major types of RNA that involved in making proteins. The first

70:25 called transfer RNA transfer RNA is attached amino acids. So you can think

70:30 it as having a three dimensional I showed you on Tuesday and on

70:34 end of it is an amino acid to it. And what it does

70:37 it basically says I'm gonna go and gonna find a Ribas OEM and that

70:42 should be attached to a region of that I can then read. And

70:46 bring this amino acid too. All . So it is responsible excuse me

70:52 for adding amino acids to an expense polyp peptide. Alright, so,

70:59 making a protein ribosomes. RNA we talked about we said we have a

71:04 . It's made up of proteins and . So that RNA is ribose omo

71:10 . And it's what's going to recognize message of RNA that we're using as

71:16 blueprint to make our protein. So message is called messenger RNA. So

71:21 you've kind of got a big picture . You have a strand in

71:25 And and we're gonna look at a . Just I want to put them

71:27 out here. We have a strand going to be read by robert.

71:31 RNA that's going along and reading the and then we have a T.

71:36 . R. N. A. along with the right amino acids so

71:39 you can put the amino acids in right sequence. So that's kind of

71:45 big picture here. When we say central dogma is DNA to RNA to

71:49 . There's a bunch of different things are involved now. D.

71:55 A. Remember we said is found the nucleus and it's found not like

71:59 spaghetti just cast into this large structure hopefully you'll be able to figure it

72:05 . There are about 33,000 genes in body. But your D.

72:10 A. Is so much bigger. could have even more. This is

72:15 DNA is so confusing is because we're why do we have all this extra

72:21 ? And it's there for a We just haven't figured it all

72:24 Alright, so D. N. . It doesn't just kind of exist

72:29 spaghetti. What it does, It up with a protein and what it

72:32 is it forms this structure called chroma . So remember we said the nucleus

72:37 within it three parts. The third is the chroma tin. Now crow

72:42 has three different things to it. has DNA which we've already mentioned.

72:46 has proteins. These are called his . That's what these balls represent.

72:50 then it actually even has some RNA attached to it as well. So

72:54 a bunch of stuff. It's not D. N. A. It's

72:57 D. N. A. All . And so this is kind of

72:59 the the structural makeup, right? take a strand of DNA in a

73:05 it's trying to say this is what would look like in the alpha

73:07 But what you do is you wrap around the hits his stones wrapped around

73:11 protein. And what this does, allows you to compress things down.

73:15 makes you organize it. You know things are. And we refer to

73:18 as beads on a string. So can see the D. N.

73:20 . Kind of represents a string. history looks kind of like a bead

73:23 you wrap it around the string around beads over and over and over

73:26 Alright. And what it does allows to organize and condense it down.

73:31 , if you look inside a nucleus I don't know if I have a

73:35 here. Alright, I'm gonna I'm jump way to the back. I

73:39 , hopefully without screwing this up, gonna go and I'm gonna show you

73:43 picture here here. It's gonna go the way back. It just keeps

73:55 , go there. See these this a nucleus, right? We said

74:00 the nuclear list. See the dark and then the light spots. That's

74:04 D. N. A. Some that D. N. A.

74:07 condensed. Some of it is not condensed DNA is DNA. You're not

74:13 . Alright, the D. A. That's not condensed. in

74:16 words, it's light is stuff that using. We have names for it

74:19 we're going back going back going So, you know, you have

74:23 visual. All right. The light is the Ukraine maten. The dark

74:34 is the hetero chroma tin. So any given time in a cell,

74:38 stuff that's being used. Their stuff not being used and it's all

74:43 It's not just thrown in there. then what happens is if you want

74:47 sell division, you need even more . And this is the picture that

74:50 more familiar with. It's like, look I have a chromosome here and

74:53 all that is is it's chroma tin so that you can copy it and

74:57 it apart. And then it goes to its state of being this kind

75:02 thing. But organized even though it look organized to us. So we're

75:08 go back to the D. A. Here and we're gonna talk

75:10 the genes. All right. So we're gonna do is we're gonna focus

75:12 a small segment. Remember you have is all these chromosomes all this chrome

75:18 tin. But I want to make protein. So what I'm gonna do

75:21 I'm gonna use a small segment of . N. A. And that

75:23 here is the representation of the small . N. A small stretch of

75:28 . It's about 3000 base pairs. . So remember we talked about the

75:33 were saying about 3000 monomers in And so it has these this region

75:39 upstream of it. That we would is if we didn't know better,

75:42 be like well that doesn't do It doesn't make the gene.

75:45 it doesn't make the gene but it the gene where tells the machinery where

75:49 gene begins. So it has a that says this is where we

75:53 And so there's a region that is by the machinery to tell you what

75:57 make. Then you have the actual proper where the where the coding regions

76:03 and includes those introns. All Remember the things that we don't

76:07 And then at the far end we this region that says this is where

76:10 gene stops. So the machinery basically and looks and finds a place where

76:14 starts. And what it's gonna do it's going to read and make a

76:18 of everything from the start to the . And that's going to be your

76:23 transcript. Alright. We term this pre M. R. N.

76:29 . Pre denotes something pre means not ready, doesn't it? If you

76:35 to preschool, you weren't quite ready school. You take pre cal before

76:42 take cow. Right? So this what it kind of looks like.

76:48 right. You can see intron exon exon intron exon yada yada yada.

76:52 part did we want to keep Exxon's what part do we want to get

76:57 of entr ons? Right. So what's going to happen. There's all

77:00 modification that takes place a lot of . You don't need. So you're

77:04 basically chop out all the parts you need look, see I saved

77:08 How you chop it out in the in which these exxon's are arranged is

77:12 of the ways that we make different of proteins. It's kind of

77:15 This is something we didn't understand 20 ago. I mean the same gene

77:19 make a couple of different proteins. . Because what we do is we

77:23 and rearrange it's called um alternate But in essence what you have here

77:28 basically chop out the things you don't . You protect the ends so that

77:32 RNA doesn't get destroyed because the lifespan an RNA is about five seconds half

77:38 . Right? And if you want make a lot of protein, you

77:40 to keep this stuff around. And what you end up with is you

77:43 the 2" through capping and through a . And what you end up with

77:46 is the message that you want to . And so now when you get

77:51 message, you just export that out the nucleus. When you export it

77:55 of the nucleus. Now you're going take that message? And you're going

77:59 read it with the ribosomes. So we've done here, we've done one

78:04 . The first step is called Alright. Where have you heard the

78:10 transcribed before? That's what a secretary . Right, I'm gonna transcribe

78:18 And what that means is I'm copying you copy your math homework from your

78:22 you're transcribing and yes I know that's you do because I've watched you all

78:26 here. Maybe not you guys but definitely students. Alright. I'm

78:32 Alright so I'm taking something that I'm it and that's what you've done.

78:35 gone from DNA to RNA. That's . Now transcription or the D.

78:40 . A. Is in the is a specific language that languages in the

78:44 of nucleotides, proteins are in the of amino acids and when I convert

78:51 language to another, what do I it, translation And that's where the

78:57 comes from. I'm translating DNA RNA into protein language. Let's stop because

79:08 didn't finish the story. I've got excited, went too slow. We'll

79:12 back we'll just do a brief synopsis we'll continue on here. You guys

79:17 a great weekend. Thanks for putting with that. Ah

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