© Distribution of this video is restricted by its owner
Transcript ×
Auto highlight
Font-size
00:01 Okay. Yeah. Um All Yeah. Oh. Mhm.

01:15 Yeah. Yes. All right. . Right, mm hmm.

01:33 Time. Mhm. You want to and what is it? Okay.

01:43 . Mhm mm hmm. Much. a question. Oh, the

01:57 Yeah, construction true. Mm It's an invitation a minute. Uh

02:16 . No major increases in sedimentation rate significant reduction injuries and Mcgrady's. So

02:26 is a typical, what I call with reflectors profile. You can see

02:36 or 30 data points down the well there all fit into a very nice

02:42 line which you can project down to depth to kind of estimate what the

02:50 level would be at any depth. right. So, these the profiles

03:01 the left are ideal trends. Very , continuously increasing trends with barry 1st

03:11 is from the paleozoic from Belgium um maturity increase with depth. The georges

03:24 shows another profile. It's not a because it's a different region. It's

03:33 different geothermal history, completely different segmentation and so on and so forth.

03:39 , so those are two good. call them successful thermal maturity profiles.

03:48 to pick up the pace fiber single many things. Uh but these are

03:56 simple subsiding basins. Mhm. With sedimentation and thermal history. No major

04:07 sedimentation rate. Most significant reduction in ingredient. Just a very simple video

04:18 curve. The real historical attitude maturation curves In contrast. You have uh

04:35 , the goals in the inverse Does that make sense? How can

04:41 security decrease with depth? So that's a realistic profile. The gulf of

04:50 , the data set from the gun train is the opposite of what you

04:56 . Something is wrong there either expect or something judy atomically not quite

05:07 Mm. The bottom curve multiple You see the general trend continues to

05:19 with depth. Yeah, From 4000 all the way to about 16,000

05:29 But you see an anomaly in the pull back. Why was that pulled

05:36 ? It doesn't make sense that something to do with changes in interest and

05:43 gradient can't. So it must be in something else. Most likely the

05:50 of the sediments changed. In other , the mythology changed at these big

05:59 . This will give rise to anomalies that type. Um in the gulf

06:07 you see kind of a very gentle her and then all of a sudden

06:14 double leg implying there is an un right there at the dog. Um

06:25 next profile on the extreme right. you see a straight line down,

06:32 doesn't make sense. Either bad data reworked material or whatever. Then something

06:43 an un conformity then different girl. all of a sudden we see pull

06:50 very serious anomalous pull out. Sure can. What do you think the

06:57 is related to? Why would you an anomalous increase in thermal maturity in

07:08 fashion. As you see there there's , it wouldn't be uh like

07:20 And then out and then back turned there must be cells or intrusions or

07:31 giving rise to these anomalous lee, maturity levels down the section and then

07:38 go back to normal. So so must have invaded the sediments that caused

07:46 serious anomalies increase in thermal stress on organic method of the service That was

07:54 localized to this one simple layer. . Okay. Not only non linear

08:05 reflectors preference. Anomalous profiles related to . Either normal faults or reverse folks

08:19 . I already mentioned that in the example, increasing sedimentation rate of decreasing

08:25 gradient and unconfirmed matches. Well, see a phenomenon like that. You

08:31 , there is a geologic phenomenon that reflects uh fortunately or some change in

08:41 of the sediments or in the ceremony . At that point here is a

08:49 where you have very nice written reflectors . Then pull back. That doesn't

08:59 any sense either. So, there a phenomenon there is that That's

09:05 And how much fiction has been And the question. Okay, determined

09:16 section. Mhm. Thank you. . Uh in this case here you

09:30 very nice increasing maturity profile with literally . In terms of data all of

09:38 sudden we have these pullouts, string pullouts, their depth implying implying it

09:49 cells the ba hydrothermal feelings some sermon . And that depth in that

10:00 Yeah, this happens to me your cell divisions which because he's metamorphic ISMs

10:13 you will, that caused these anomalies the world. Okay. Here's another

10:22 leg. Um of your Angola. of a nice simple trend. And

10:33 dogleg another linear trend. And that implying some geological phenomenon exists here.

10:49 we use this data not necessarily from low carbon generation potential perspective, but

10:58 to interpret sure phenomena. It's stunning it's okay. Here is another example

11:12 the eastern Canada basin. Uh you profile going linear leader and then it

11:21 and nonconformity pulls out and then straight or whatever the shape of the lion

11:29 that on conformity. But there is big big big gun conformity right there

11:34 the cretaceous. Okay. It's another from the northern uh northern uh base

11:50 Alaska. Yeah, very nice bitten provide dog leg in another dog

12:00 And so, so so each of breaks implies in geologic and then so

12:13 can use the sermon maturity data to structurally constructions. It brings three.

12:33 I think I covered something like this . Uh huh. By speaking,

12:45 sedimentary section and divided it into zones the zones of hydrocarbon generation expulsion and

12:57 wrong. One zone where nothing but missing generation occurs. We should not

13:08 except for I guess this migrated hydrocarbons mother jones. All right. If

13:18 see hydrocarbons in this zone. You , they're out of place. The

13:24 is marked by um Certain reflected values some notes. Is the reflectors.

13:34 ? Fitness. Noi ti I did cover through Tricia index. It's the

13:41 of the carriage. The biologists need the team X. Position of the

13:50 pics of the S to peak on perilous is curved. Right?

13:56 Ah john john john want to zone is marked by a 20.55 diplomatic

14:04 A 2.5 D. I. Value 4 37 degrees C. T.

14:10 value. Don't expect you to memorize numbers. Just know that there are

14:20 . Okay. Um So that would entering to go on to Entering to

14:26 three which is the zone of peak generation and expansion Is marked by a

14:34 logical activity value of about .7 Uh ci value of 2.66. The

14:45 of the carriage changes to a crisp and then a. T. Max

14:51 about 450 degrees C. And so . John four is marked by a

14:58 reflectivity of 1.3. Now if you you are reading a report and the

15:06 says uh reflections in at the step about 1.3. You know you are

15:15 Sure. Do you have just entered Zone four. Right? These are

15:24 pete. Yeah, If you get right reflectivity value of two. You're

15:30 trouble. You're already into zone five . There will be nothing there except

15:42 . Yes. K zone five intense metamorphoses um misinformation by degradation of all

15:52 , all hydrocarbons into nothing but mithi . Doing fine. So these are

16:01 markers and I want to relate to those boundaries feeling the particle.

16:09 What these boundaries look like? Is clear? You know what these boundaries

16:16 based on the dramatic activity? General index, which is the color range

16:23 the team X on the paralysis Yeah. Yeah. Okay. Well

16:40 take a look at the paralysis Yeah. Okay. Um remember

16:51 S. One is not S. ? S. Right, okay.

16:56 we plot the S one Over this plus is two million the hydrocarbon

17:08 Mm What I call the transformation which is is one of the S

17:13 plus S. Two. I see profile that looks like this top

17:20 Yeah, increases in this case it some curvature. Doesn't matter. It

17:26 on the geology. So ones or or three and on four. And

17:31 entry points was on one long, were demanded by the numbers that I

17:36 you earlier. Um when you look the paralysis curve, you see Very

17:46 , they're going to have a very one and the largest in other

17:55 not much free hydro garments. The in is the greeting in the instrument

18:04 that different. So that would be TMX uh the transformation ratio Is the

18:16 of the s. one s. s. two. He's also shown

18:21 this curry provide getting into his own . Getting into zone four with the

18:30 X. You can see die The ratio of the S. One

18:34 the S. Two. Very small . Very large as two meaning not

18:39 generation is happening. There increasing S decreasing as increasing in in uh S

18:48 increasing meaning S. Two has generating some S. One.

19:02 Yeah. Okay. The carriage in . His Children great. You meant

19:16 carbon hydrogen election software make up for charity is changed with thermal maturity because

19:25 Canadian degrading generating products. So let's a look at what happens to the

19:33 composition of the correction with very it a uh the representation of the atomic

19:42 carbon ratio to the atomic oxygen carbon . Uh mhm. And then for

19:51 three types of carrying type one, two, type three carriage. You

19:56 those boundaries that are marked as .5 and two. That's the reflections of

20:03 light tonight. If there is one in these examples. Sure. The

20:13 you if you go 2.5 in very was to one Cheaper and can go

20:27 high as two or higher. Very depth cinema theologically can call that first

20:43 is Jonah die genesis. The zone you're at you dramatically huge of roughly

20:52 we call it a pathogenesis thermal maturation meta genesis means very high thermal alteration

21:04 the point that they are getting into dwarfism. Okay so uh the energy

21:14 tests, I'm different from the different of courage and they show these characteristic

21:27 as you go different. Do I to discuss why the atomic ratio of

21:38 hydrogen carbon ratio is changing this way why the oxygen carbon rich is changing

21:49 you are you generating hydrocarbons. They're the hydrogen carbon ratio of the energy

21:57 some of the carbon in some of hydrogen have gone into new products.

22:04 these are the atomic hydrogen carbon ratio because some of the carbon some of

22:10 hydrogen is coming off at a much rate than the carbon. So so

22:18 the hydrogen carbon ratio. You change actors. All right so I can

22:26 the elemental proposition to tell me something the maturity level and perhaps in the

22:34 D. C. I. The is covered index You don't see that

22:42 in the literature because it turned out be invented here, transmission color.

22:47 is yeah, color of transmitted bite as a whale. Okay. Yeah

23:04 is a profile showing the veteran reflectivity the extreme left Going from point to

23:16 In 2.7, 1.3 two and so . Okay so loan one is marked

23:30 A change in the veterinary activity from than .5 to about .5. So

23:40 the destructive activity Reaching about .7.68 We we are getting in through three now

23:50 rich region region any hydro province originate there is guest but the existence of

24:03 relate with that maturity is a marker his own thermal maturation. Sure points

24:14 or .7 is a critical boundary. I talk about The activity for about

24:24 , you're into room three. All right. All right. You

24:32 from That 1.3. You're getting into con Vincent. So in other

24:45 any hydrocarbons that exists below this I'm gonna be conferences pete. When

25:03 get to a maturity level of See I have entered into a fight

25:15 nothing but nothing can exist. Can . Any hydrocarbons other than missing have

25:26 to a single target. All Is then. Okay. Right,

25:37 remember to respond 0.7. Mhm True. Yeah. Okay. Um

25:55 is a photo of our vigilance reflections . It's ice. Universal microscope with

26:07 device here to measure the collectors of matter, a scene through this

26:20 So we luxury we take simple the input to the spine, create a

26:28 mount. Put it under the objective we best like through it. And

26:39 uh spectrum is recorded with that spectrometer top. Can yeah. See them

26:57 values. Uh Yeah. Okay. it's one thing to measure the reflectivity

27:15 the organic matter. It's another to the come on in a quantitative fashion

27:28 a lot of that color. To you what the maturation level. It's

27:38 here I'm showing the which might reflectors versus the this optical Uh huh The

27:49 of the transmitted light. So I make these measurements and create a profile

27:56 this. It's a very ideal profile everything is increasing very systematically normally as

28:03 would expect from a burial system. Okay. I don't know. Are

28:28 are we gonna send somebody is charged the class? Did we agree

28:39 Sorry matters? Okay, excellent. chart is a critical chart. It's

28:47 correlation chart of all the maturation parameters uh huh. The what I call

28:56 toxic organic maturity skin skill a trade many, many years ago. Hood's

29:02 of organic manhood is shell shells level organic maturity scale called rank. All

29:11 . Uh Going from lignite to some school to high voltage between school to

29:18 involved in between school that that all way down to exercise. Uh The

29:24 you content to the core which you is a measured quantity on court.

29:33 basically mhm reflect the maturation level of transformation level of the court. Veteran

29:45 of course is the key parameter key And thermal alteration index. It's the

29:53 . The level of cooperation. And have put the not only the K

29:58 , but the key I together with sport colors describing them as a yellowish

30:05 you know orange red, orange like brown, dark brown black describing the

30:16 of alteration of the courage in through seen through the microscope. Uh had

30:27 carbon generation zones are related to these this phenomena and I've plotted the

30:40 Mhm. Yield S. One or . One plus is two and the

30:44 max Korea. So this is a chart which you already have and you

30:51 use it when you're reading an If you see a number that you

30:56 know and he uses any of those you can be translated into a

31:02 Yeah. Okay repeat the key boundaries is this one here .68.7 This boundary

31:31 . The dramatic activity and It is regenerative activity of two implies says you

31:42 . To the point that you will into the one fight which doesn't allow

31:47 to survive except methane. So we german maturity levels. Let's talk about

31:59 . Tiny when get it the rocks you're enough to allow for expansion.

32:10 that's to me that's the that's what trying to do. They're trying to

32:15 geologically construction through the hydrocarbon generation So and then we want to know

32:30 big is my generative basis. Yeah. The Lord it was

33:33 Yeah sure. Yes. Yes. . Yeah. Yeah. Mhm.

34:28 . Okay. Point not like the to another my child. That is

35:21 adult levels of maturity. So um maturity levels can be assist geo chemically

35:34 we can mark you can model. do you mean by what systematic

35:42 considerable temperature. Mm Yeah. It's not see you. Mhm.

36:08 . Yeah I can do that by the maturity levels by means that uh

36:20 tradition index situated activity that we'll discuss in a minute. Or I can

36:26 model. Okay I can factually the time temperature calculate where I am in

36:40 of the saturation level down section numerical is simply referred to in the literature

36:53 basic model. And it's all dependent the physical chemical notion that chemical

37:11 Uh huh. Very temperature says chemical well occur over time in response to

37:26 temperature and the physical chemical equations or chemistry uses kinetic modeling creates reactions.

37:40 have studied and determine the rates reactions different kinds of carriages during your lunch

37:52 . Yeah. Started co sense. here's the situation is described by the

37:59 of reaction that he is factor energy and so on. Yes,

38:07 complicated. I don't expect you to any of that. Yeah. White

38:17 and modeling Any reasons No one. can provide information regarding timing of

38:26 expansion and charge. Charge means when the hydrocarbons get into the entrapment site

38:35 instance in the gulf of Mexico regional indicates hydrocarbon expulsion from the Smithsonian main

38:41 what's occurred about Less than 15 million before present. And it's continuing on

38:48 now, depends on specific cereal There are simple models and very complex

38:57 . Complex models can provide insulation to directions, mechanisms, lateral versus

39:05 Uh huh. And so on. it is good and valuable to be

39:14 to do basin modeling. We're not to do basic modeling this semester,

39:20 it in the next semester or class based on basic modeling. Um Of

39:37 I can just simply say that garbage this garbage out the extent of analogy

39:46 europe. Final basic model depends on quality of your data. The more

39:57 you have, the better your model going to be in, the better

40:03 predictions are going to be. So a very primitive level. You expect

40:11 very or probability when you know more . We have more data, charter

40:22 and sharper in terms of the type expansion and migration. We can do

40:34 in one D. Mode. Two . Model. Three D.

40:37 very complex stuff. Uh Not gonna into that here. Uh huh.

40:59 the basic model can be built to the point when when section or region

41:09 you can do the modeling very three . Yeah. Um This is just

41:23 example of um immature Ishan. Mhm down that was section the bars horizontal

41:39 to fly these and measurements with this so with the mean values represented.

41:52 the measurements have a very proved here But I was able to kind of

42:08 the means down the well created this , yep profile with Betty. Obviously

42:30 shape of the curve and the depth where these could depend very much on

42:40 location and the properties of the rocks that location. The heat flow at

42:47 location and so on and so So this particular model assumes uh heat

43:00 value of 36,000,000 1 per square meter year. All right, thermal conductivity

43:11 a section consisting of sandstone, sandstone. So we're still here.

43:18 you some ingredients. It was assumed be about 1.35. He's very hyper

43:25 ft 4 700 m and so To create this modeled maturity down the

43:39 . Then I show they measured security the form of these bars. This

43:50 I have a very broad yeah. of measurements. These are much narrower

43:59 showing the in values and the range values. Yeah. Okay. Where

44:14 I get my subsurface temperature data in to build models. I can make

44:28 on the equilibrium temperatures using the same in any region. Uh can take

44:37 during battle ball pressure surveys. I take measurements during system testing.

44:45 Oh, I can take measures by corrections to temperature recorded the total

44:52 So you know everywhere everywhere along that see they have the bottom hole temperature

44:59 point. You have to realize that have to apply a correction to some

45:05 these. Think of chinese on the . So um temperature of adding corrections

45:13 temperature recorded a total death. Oh , wherever you can get any temperature

45:23 . Okay. He starts with what have unit. As you learn the

45:31 data will change your parameters in you which you can use hit flu

45:50 You do hit flu survey specific survey you measure the gradient of the temperature

45:58 a given depth temperature is another That would give you the gradient from

46:03 gradient. You can major influence calculate he throws given by GSM ingredient.

46:13 by the central conductivity of the The thermal conductivity of the section depends

46:18 much on the mythology of the rocks the section this is published map the

46:30 flow around the world. Global heat distribution. That's all you have.

46:37 what you have. You get your , your numbers from the location and

46:46 go from there. So there are published heat flow data and that you

46:54 mm hmm moreover, big austere. is another surface heat flow map based

47:06 measurements around the globe. Then of you can use this equation. The

47:19 interest given by the heat flow or a conductivity. Okay, um this

47:34 a a report which is published uh flew leader around the different tectonic

47:44 So then exposed shields. You can The value of .9 uh heat flow

47:52 as your heat flow in that And so so it's just a cheat

48:00 you can utilize to 15. It values in order to do calculations.

48:27 So these are uh typical thermal conductivity , shields for lime stones and so

48:34 . Again, city cheese that you keep in your back pocket. Uh

48:39 you're doing any study or when you're a discussion with your boss or whatever

48:45 can borrow some of those numbers, of course is very, yeah,

48:56 critical in determining the thermal conductivity of sediment. Higher velocity is higher water

49:06 means the conductivity will change. So is a relationship of changing veracity and

49:15 conductivity changes commensurate with the ferocity Keep um these are some settlement maturity

49:37 that are created for different regions in particular case here, from the Baltimore

49:44 uh show a thermal maturity profile calculated the model thermal maturity based on the

49:54 . So this would be the burial showing the maturation history of all these

50:07 from the fish is a Jurassic. top, the top of the middle

50:13 , the top of the Triassic uh lower Jurassic and so on.

50:21 he When they entered into zone to Zone 3 to Zone four enter zone

50:30 . So the base of the lower into zone two At this time 140

50:37 years ago. Thanks Following zone 420 years ago. Is in the base

50:48 the lower Jurassic is in zone for . Any hydrocarbons that are gonna be

50:55 were gonna be condensates. He Uh . So you you realize how to

51:10 that profile, how to read that . Yeah, for the timing in

51:24 to do your job properly, you to calibrate calibrate, calibrate calibrate.

51:32 you can agreed by taking uh really information and you calculate the thermal maturity

51:46 related to the observations and you change calculated maturation profile until you match the

51:58 data once you mention the measure, you see this is my maturation

52:12 So again um the historical piece and maturity model. The the model in

52:20 pink line, the observations in the ashes. Okay, the model was

52:32 on energy. It took a great of fun. It's defined and the

52:36 conductivity of the disk by the sand stones, shields systems. And

52:48 uh you can calculate the the maturation . All these plots are meaningless now

53:01 you're not doing the modeling yourself. in essence you're showing these yeah situation

53:10 this time And where you enter into three Zone 2 and Zone three.

53:17 If this is the presumed source, can say that the presumed source has

53:22 into zone three at these different. . Okay. Mr I don't think

53:45 should

-
+