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GEOL7323 Borehole Geophysics - Day4 02-25-2023 AM
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00:00 Okay you can you can see that . Yes sir. Yeah we're just
00:11 just remind us now. The idea idea here is that you've heard this
00:14 15 times and that it's it just second nature. So you really got
00:20 slam done. But here we can one of our typical typical logs.
00:31 just gonna clean up my screen here on the far left track again we
00:46 the various logs that that we know love. Now there are a couple
00:53 ones here. You can see the log and by the size of the
00:59 , we're guessing that those are in in this long. And you can
01:04 that at the bottom, there's degrees on the bottom, right? So
01:10 don't see a number on here but gonna we're gonna guess that that's um
01:17 . But as I was mentioning before get bizarre units, if we look
01:20 here you can see the induction log the resistive, the log deep
01:25 L. D. Deep. And an old meters. So the depth
01:29 in feet and the the value the itty is in the metric system.
01:38 remember we've got are kind of mixed here. So that's the deep
01:42 Remember that? That's the guy with the coils on the tool space broadly
01:48 uh several meters. And so that's several meters into the formation. So
01:53 our deep, we interpret that that is the unaltered formation. So that's
01:58 the real the real formation. Then medium again, the coils are closer
02:03 and processed slightly differently. So that's often thought to be in the transition
02:12 . So we've got the the well invaded area transition where we've got a
02:19 bit of invaded fluid and then unaltered . So medium and then the
02:25 we talked about the sphere, clear shallow focus log and that's only looking
02:32 inch or two into the formation. we expect that to be basically fully
02:38 just because again, got slightly higher of the fluids in the well that's
02:43 into the formation a little bit. , as we said before, when
02:48 look at this, we expect that shallow log will be a bit higher
02:52 it because we've got uh freshwater Then as we go into the
02:58 usually there's a little bit of so the connectivity is a little bit
03:02 or the resistance a little bit So we see that there and that's
03:06 that's the pattern. That's the signature we always like. So resistive.
03:10 increases from the left to the And here you can see the units
03:13 the very top. I'm just going We're going from say .2 old m
03:24 2000 and this is at on a scale. So once again, this
03:31 , the very left is the point line the line and the very right
03:35 the 2000 line. And then if go over to the tracks on the
03:48 , we can actually see the P. Log. And we talked
03:51 that, that's our permeability log. ion exchange from the porthole fluid to
03:58 formation. And we see this um signature which again we're always looking
04:04 We know and love. We've got happening. No, no current exchange
04:11 the formation of the well then all a sudden boom, we get things
04:15 , we get lots of current flow tells us that it's permeable, then
04:20 go back into nothing. So that's that's our permeability are not shale
04:25 And then we come across the it ease. And we see that
04:31 deep resistive Itty is quite high. uh 200, it's on the order
04:45 tens 50 60. Um So that's very high relativity. And so what's
04:53 our indicator? We're down at 8000 some feet. So this is all
04:59 us what What's highly resistive something. a highly resistive something. And we're
05:11 8,080 700 ft. So that highly something. And this layer is um
05:23 I guess 20 26ft thick, 26ft . So that's kind of a couple
05:33 stories as high as your house or . Mhm. So it's permeable and
05:44 and it's deep. So pretty much only stuff that could do that would
05:51 hydrocarbons. So that's that's looking like pretty good sign. Great. So
06:00 all makes sense. Mhm. No stepping one level further to get a
06:15 more quantitative. We've talked about the type and we've got a few ways
06:24 figure out rock type. The gamma log, the density log cross plotting
06:29 with sonic. Those are all indicators rock type, which is all
06:33 And then we talked about porosity and got three or four ways to measure
06:38 , the neutron porosity, the density , the sonic ferocity, there's some
06:44 tools we'll talk about the magnetic resonance . So we're always trying to get
06:51 and then inside the prosecutors saturation. now we want to talk a little
06:54 about saturation. So the really fundamental is uh in capsule in arches.
07:12 And this really came from experimental I I like to think of it
07:16 way that uh here's here's the way we can understand Archie's lie. So
07:23 he did was just basically took a rock, say something like Baria
07:35 there are a couple of really classic types that everybody uses because they're kind
07:41 homogeneous and there's lots of it, sandstone is a standard, it's very
07:46 thick homogeneous Berea sandstone. It's used lot um the pierre shale we've talked
07:54 is very commonly used as a And Solan Hoffan limestone is again just
08:04 limestone that's very homogeneous. There's lots it. So it's used also as
08:08 standard for for lime stones. So are some of the rocks that
08:12 but all the time. You well why does everybody talk about Maria
08:16 ? Well, there's a lot of and it's very consistent. So let's
08:23 something like a porous sandstone, a competent rock that has good porosity.
08:29 then we'll just mix up a bunch different brine solutions. So one with
08:37 lot of brian in it, one less brian, innit, Middle ones
08:40 with different concentrations of brian. So think about being in your kitchen,
08:43 it up. I'm gonna think about in Kenny and Ziggy's kitchen and mixing
08:49 brian because we're gonna put pickles in . I had two great pickles last
08:55 . So the, the pickles are course cured and brian. So I'm
08:58 do Kenny and Ziggy's classic Archie's love solution. So we've got our w
09:06 is the, just the saturation, amount of salt in the brain.
09:12 you can imagine that bearing, then put it in the rock and sure
09:17 , as you increase the, the of brightness or the salinity, then
09:25 resistance is gonna drop. And as resistance of the saturating fluid drops sure
09:30 , the resistance of the whole rock . So that's um a little bit
09:37 the experiments he did, which made sense at first. Right? Got
09:41 brine, variable brine put it in rock, make the measurements, the
09:47 of the brine, the resistance of rock and they're proportional makes total
09:54 So the, in a sense, brine is the electrical wiring inside the
10:00 and the better the electrical wiring, better the conductivity or the lower the
10:07 itty. So I think that makes . That kind of makes sense to
10:12 . Just total resistance to the rock with the solution, so that's all
10:17 . Now we're gonna step through So the in a sense, the
10:26 or the attenuation of that resistive itty fact, depends on the rock
10:33 And you can imagine that if if rock has lots of connectivity and lots
10:38 porosity and lots of permeability, then resistive effect is amplified or attenuated.
10:48 again, you can just imagine the cooking this stuff up. So we
10:50 Arboria sandstone and that all worked we found a relationship but then we
10:56 use solar and limestone or something, the same experiment and the same relationship
11:03 , but there was a different amplification . So that kind of makes sense
11:12 the sandstone and limestone are pretty So you'd expect the relationship to be
11:16 little bit different. And sure enough is a little bit different. So
11:20 of all, Archie found that the and number one worked. And then
11:24 two, the amplification factor after the factor, the rock typing factor.
11:33 so and this is where we take next step. So he said,
11:43 , that's interesting um what is it the rock that causes the formation factor
11:50 change? And so again, trying of different rocks. So you'd measure
11:56 properties of the different rocks and then up the properties of the rock versus
12:03 formation factor. So we're going to all these formation factors for different
12:11 And then I'm gonna try to find about the rocks and then I'm going
12:14 plot the formation factor versus a whole of things, including ferocity. So
12:22 he found was that this property of rock depends on ferocity well and the
12:33 square of process to be exact. you can kind of imagine that the
12:42 conductivity of the rock is going to on how connected and how much wiring
12:52 in a sense how much brian we put in the rock. So that
12:56 sense to what what is it about rock that's altering its conductivity?
13:02 it's the connectivity of the rock and amount of wiring or the amount of
13:07 I can put in it that's available for current flow. So I think
13:19 think that kind of makes sense Okay, so we're stepping through this
13:24 this is the way to understand Archie's I think is really just to break
13:28 down this way. So now we something about the formation factor and now
13:37 gonna try something else. And I that. He was an experimentalist and
13:43 was really experiments that are driving all laws. So now we can
13:50 okay, we understand how the rock with respect to salinity. I'm just
13:56 brine. All different saltiness is a , I understand that, and I
14:02 how the rock, its porosity and and permeability. I understand how that
14:08 it. Okay, But I don't care about brian. So what happens
14:16 when we mix some oil in And so that's where we want to
14:24 ? And so he tried that and said, okay, let's take our
14:30 sandstone again, and now I'm going introduce 5, 10, 15,
14:40 of oil in the brine mix. I'm just gonna change the fluid so
14:48 now I'm mixing in hydrocarbon into the fluid. So this generally goes by
15:04 term of s w we look at saturation of brine in the rock,
15:10 what percentage of the fluid in the is brine? And that's really,
15:14 course, what drives it, because what's conductive or not conductive. So
15:22 he did find, which which kind makes sense too, is that if
15:27 lower the amount of brine, So are not. Now we have to
15:32 into some of the terminology, it's bad, that Are not means 100%
15:39 Saturation, it should be our but we're simple, lazy people,
15:46 they just drop the one in the . So are not, you just
15:50 to think of that as whole I of are not is not R zero
15:55 not is 100% and that's what it does mean. So we take the
16:00 brine saturated rock and now I just the percentage of brine in the
16:10 And sure enough that makes the resistance the total rock drop and R.
16:18 . Is our true or our that's the total resistance of the rock
16:25 different saturation. So we now are that the total resistive itty of the
16:49 varies with the 100% saturated rock with , just times the factor of how
16:57 salt is in there. And then going to say okay let's go back
17:04 vary that same rocket game, take now vary it and plot up the
17:11 between the Total resistive itty and 100% a function of saturation. And sure
17:20 it's a square. So very simply could do the substitution now so substitute
17:31 . Squared S. W. Squared . And just rationalize this, we
17:36 that the saturation of the rock in formation Is the ratio of 100% saturated
17:48 over the partially saturated rocks, resistive . So that's kind of the
18:04 that's the way I physically understand um law. So this first equation is
18:13 simple and it's quite useful just on own and we'll we'll look at this
18:25 the way it can be used is that we have a massive sandstone and
18:34 looked at this yesterday and the bottom of that sandstone is saturated with
18:43 And we saw some cases of So we've got this massive sandstone
18:47 the bottom part is just saturated with because it's heavier and the top part
18:52 partially saturated with hydrocarbon. So if one rock with two different areas of
19:05 , you can imagine that the bottom resistive itty Is are not or it's
19:13 saturated and then above we have partial which is R. T. And
19:22 we have to do is take the root of that ratio. And that
19:25 us the water saturation and the partially reservoir. So that's cool. So
19:37 we happen to have a fairly uniform rock type And we have 100% saturated
19:46 the bottom and partially saturated above then I can tell you what the
19:50 saturation is, or better yet you tell me what the partial saturation
19:58 So that's one equation, if we to have a massive unit that has
20:03 characteristics fully saturated with brian and then about or say we don't have
20:12 That I can just also substitute in and take the relativity of water from
20:20 . Remember we have this equation. if I don't have the An area
20:26 necessarily 100 that I can substitute these and get the saturation of water anywhere
20:38 the resistive itty of the saturating fluid whatever the total resistance of the rock
20:50 times the porosity. So if I have 100% saturation that measurement if I
21:04 have the measurement but I do have resistive itty of the saline solution and
21:09 have the prosecutor rock that I can calculate it. So this is actually
21:13 full Archie's law down here. This a special case which is useful but
21:19 the full law. So this gets to a couple of points.
21:37 W. Is the resistance of the in the formation. And so I
21:51 I actually need to know that for full Archie's log. And where do
21:57 get it? Um Their tables. have drilled wells all over the place
22:02 so gradually you build up all these and you get the brine resistive itty
22:07 certain depths and certain temperatures. So why we need bottom hole temperatures.
22:20 if we have to calculate the resistive of the brine then we need the
22:31 need to know the temperature likewise. I need to know the porosity to
22:40 this calculation because the whole resistance of rock depends on the porosity. So
22:48 actually need to know the porosity which have from some other locks. So
22:56 again if I've got my logging sweet logging suite would give me the resistive
23:03 . We just looked at a bunch it. So I'm gonna take the
23:06 resistive IT E. I. D. For this the deep resistive
23:10 that gives me my R. The truer the total resistance of the
23:15 with its whatever its saturation is. get the porosity from our porosity logs
23:31 need R. W. From tables estimates the brightness of the formation and
23:39 resistive itty of that brine and then that all together effectively decomposes all those
23:47 and give me give me what I or close. It gives me the
23:51 of brian for the percentage of brian the pore space. and then 1
23:57 that is our money log. That's saturation of hydrocarbon. Once again we
24:05 that down deep the only things I really have in the void as brian
24:14 hydrocarbon. So one minus S. . Gives me the saturation of
24:27 And that's what I'm looking for. so that that has stepped through Archie's
24:42 . And once again at this saturation hydro apartment is really critical for us
24:51 in this part we are picking the and bottom of an area an interval
24:58 interest. So I'm picking the just depth difference that's my layer my
25:03 thickness of interest. And then remember from other wells and seismic. We're
25:09 to get the area of the So that gives us our volume of
25:15 . So that's kind of the gross volume. The G. R.
25:22 . So from our picked interval which delta Z. And our area from
25:29 logs or our imaginations or sphincter old or guesses or seismic or how do
25:35 do it? The acres that gives our gross reservoir volume then that the
25:41 we like which could be the same our case because we're giving people that
25:50 sand that gives us our net reservoir . And then we multiply that by
25:58 ferocity that gives us our volume of Phil and then we multiply that by
26:08 percentage hydrocarbon bless you. So so we've got our volume of hydrocarbon.
26:22 as we said yesterday the really key is now what's the dollars times that
26:31 And that gives us what the reservoir worth. So typically that's that's as
26:42 in the jail world as we would take it. So at first blush
26:50 going to give the the O. . P. Or the O.
26:57 O. G. I. Which is the original oil in
27:04 And that's what that number was. just the volume of oil in place
27:09 the original gas in place. So gonna be a volume. So again
27:17 first job and our big job is to get that volume. So all
27:21 stuff that's really just to get the of fluid in place. So we've
27:30 some of those numbers for example the oil sands, there's a trillion barrels
27:36 hydrocarbon in place. So that was job Venezuela Saudi Arabia, the Gulf
27:44 Field 100 km long. The volume oil in place is enormous. So
27:56 that gives part of it now, something that comes into play that gets
28:00 into the engineering world and the simulator and the historical and the production,
28:05 that. And that's the recovery So we went and we established the
28:13 of oil in place, but we that we can't get all that some
28:17 us bound, some of it is impermeable areas, some of it's in
28:21 connected pore space. Um So we just can't quite get it all and
28:30 might be most of it. In , almost always it is, most
28:34 it, it's like trying to get stain out of the carpet. You
28:37 , you can get most of the out of the carpet, but there
28:41 typically a bit of residual. So example, the Canadian oil sands,
28:48 had the number that you have a barrels in place, but only get
28:52 billion or 17% is recoverable. So in gore, it's it's more conventional
29:02 the The reservoirs are more produce a so maybe you get 50% out of
29:09 . Mhm. So ultimately we'll we'll taking that volume of fuels in place
29:18 we've got the original oil in place then multiplying it by a recovery
29:22 our effort recovery factor, which may 0.2 or 0.3 or 0.4. And
29:29 the amount that you're going to get the surface And then you're gonna pump
29:33 to someplace like cushing that we talked and they're going to give you $75
29:39 barrel for it next month. So how it all gets, all gets
29:48 together. Great. Any uh any there Stephanie? No, it pretty
30:00 it flows nicely. So good. , so um this is just repeating
30:07 I said before, but this is is the nice case and we use
30:10 all the time and visual log So as I mentioned before, um
30:17 imagine that we've got this big sandstone , the bottom is fully saturated,
30:23 we've got our not and it's the rock type but with different saturation above
30:29 floating on it. And so we just use this little equation are 100%
30:36 over partial saturated square root, gives sw one minus S. W.
30:41 us our hydrocarbon. So that's a nice quick way if we've got those
30:49 a quick way to to go through calculate um Now just let me just
31:02 see this. We did, we this personally, let's go back.
31:17 , let's let's look at this So this was pretty much um the
31:30 that I just spoke about. now if we look at where's my
31:37 pointer? Say, the si So, we've got C here and
31:48 the gamma ray and the S. . It looks sort of like a
31:54 consistent unit. So that's gonna satisfy our simplification of Archie's law. So
32:06 gonna say that this is all one , but we can go over to
32:11 porosity. And the porosity says, , it looks like it's a
32:17 I'm on a sand scale here. they put it on a sand
32:21 So, in the bottom part that all those assumptions that it's a brine
32:28 sand. So, that's all And the the ferocity looks like around
32:37 , So here's 0 25, 50% . So maybe Somewhere just shy of
32:46 porosity. Using the scale up This is a fractional scale for project
32:54 . So, we've got good porosity then we can see the separation
33:00 that once again, the neutron ferocity and the density porosity increases. Which
33:10 our what indicator? It? Um neutron one? Yeah, the neutron
33:19 dropped. So, I mean, . That means more hydrogen.
33:31 you're on the right track. Just the wrong way. Mhm.
33:38 so then that means that there's less hydrogen. But I thought you were
33:43 meant more hydrogen. Uh That's But this this has already been calculated
33:50 this the porosity that its output. , the process this process. the
33:56 is actually saying there's less porosity? that assumption, it's already you were
34:03 were doing the work of the but it's already done the work.
34:08 it's already it's already put out the and it says the porosity is
34:14 That means it it thinks hmm, there's no hydrocarbon. It thinks that
34:24 no hydrogen concentration and it thinks that no hydrogen concentration because it's gas.
34:37 the the neutron log is not seeing seeing water when it thinks it's not
34:45 water. It thinks there's no water there's no porosity. So it's measuring
34:52 the density is the bulk property which the effect of gas. So it
34:58 , hey, look at you've lowered density. The only way you can
35:03 that is put gas in it. , guess what? You've got
35:11 So we've got the C unit that uniform but has very different ferocity
35:21 Although we see at the bottom, consistent the top separation. We understand
35:26 that's the gas effect. So that that. Then we look at the
35:30 itty and we've got the shallow The log from .2 to 2000 m.
35:40 the solid track then we which is the invasion. And then I've got
35:52 deep track, which is this broken . So, can you see this
35:58 ? Can you see my point? , yeah, I can see the
36:02 . Okay, good, good. this is the deep track. So
36:07 we go and see what's the resistive through here. More or less high
36:13 low, that would be that's low itty. It's the 2000 Oh right
36:30 . That's high. Yeah. And down here the resistive itty is
36:39 What is that point to? but high or low, low,
36:44 , that's what I thought you were at first was in that area.
36:49 . Yeah. So what how do interpret this this area again? So
36:57 resistive Itty would be high conductivity. brian. That's right. So this
37:03 this is really a beautiful signature of in the lower reservoir going into gas
37:14 the upper reservoir now. So you that that all makes sense.
37:31 We've got a massive unit mythology that low gamma ray and permeable. We've
37:44 porosity estimates that are consistent on the , diverge on the top. We've
37:51 low resistive itty on the bottom. resistive in the top. Slam dunk
37:56 hydrocarbon reservoir resting on top of Okay, but let's let's use Archie
38:09 and here's here's a chance to do make this all real. So Archie
38:24 us that if we have this case is kind of a special case where
38:28 have 100% saturated rock on the bottom then a partially saturated rock on the
38:38 . We can take the ratio of numbers take the square root, assuming
38:43 it's the same kind of rock and out the personal saturation on this top
38:50 . So let's do it. So very bottom. Why don't we say
39:01 ? 100% saturation? So this line is what's that value right there in
39:13 of relativity? Um 0.2. so let's let's say that are not
39:24 100 Is 0.2. Okay, And up here, we're just gonna kind
39:39 take a number that's say maximum because positive people and I like resistive itty
39:46 I like hydrocarbons. And I got convince somebody to perforate this thing and
39:51 it. So just approximately the lines kind of confusing here, but say
40:06 this is 12, five. Say around five. Computer. So let's
40:23 the R. T. Or are or the total relativity? Just of
40:30 un invaded formation. Take the ratio those guys and square root. And
40:35 do you find five. So So 0.2 divided by five And then takes
40:53 square. So .2. Okay, so what's the what's the saturation of
41:09 ? Point two? Because Okay, 0.2 divided by five. 0.44
41:27 Take the square root of that. , 0.2. And what is that
41:34 again? That is the that's these the percent of brian fluid, So
41:51 20%. Okay, so what number that again? So here's here's your
41:58 , right, So you just did , yeah, so SW is equal
42:05 20%, right, what's the saturation hydrocarbon, 80 correct one minus S
42:15 Yeah, good. So if we back here all the way, what's
42:31 again, what was what was in crime, C prime? That was
42:37 brain, that's your brine. And I come up here and you just
42:41 this lovely calculation. What's up Yes, how much gas?
42:47 That's right. So that's your I've got 80% gas up here,
43:00 that's that's basically how card, how would do this, you could even
43:08 this in the field fast or all algorithms that are processing this data,
43:13 what they're going to be doing they're going to say, oh,
43:17 me an interval, give me 100% brian. Give me what the reading
43:24 . I'll take the square root one that S. W is saturation,
43:28 , saturated hydrocarbon and that saturation right we say, it's about 80%
43:36 What's the rest of it again? the saturation of brian. Yeah,
43:44 , so we imagine in the pore there's some brian around there, there's
43:49 bit of water in there, but of the pore space in this reservoir
43:52 just pumped full of gas and we see that effect, we see that
43:59 nicely on the different porosity logs. if I get really detailed here,
44:13 can see there's probably some faces a little bit of faces change going
44:18 up here. We're getting Shay earlier we go to the top of the
44:24 and then we're also getting a bit hydrocarbon suppression because ah the fresh
44:32 mud and the gas are both So by the time we're at the
44:36 we have no ion exchange. And the S. P. Log is
44:41 us there's there's no change at the top of the reservoir. Okay,
44:48 that's good. Um Now we can down, let's make this a little
44:55 uh more challenging because this is a case. It was a real well
45:00 drilled um Let's go back up to and please tell me about this interval
45:11 by stepping across the logs. So just describe what's happening with these
45:18 You can just use it one by . Okay. Um so in a
45:29 have for the gamma we have low gamma and then we go to the
45:40 . P. And it goes down little bit as well, which shows
45:46 . And then we go to the vlog and we have we have a
46:01 to the right, so that that's resistive itty log and we've got the
46:09 itty scale down here or up So what's happening there with the
46:15 Itty again. So it's highly Yes. Okay, so this would
46:24 , you were saying it was, , it's a classic gas reservoir in
46:28 thick sandstone. Um Well we were going to jump to that quite
46:34 But yeah, so if we wanted pick this apart a little bit
46:40 we have the solid line which was and deep line which is broken and
46:50 shallow line is a little bit greater less than the deep line a little
46:55 greater. Which is normal because it it shows invaded. Right? So
47:01 we kind of flagged this. I'm sure what it is yet, but
47:05 certainly got a lot of resistance going and it looks kind of classic that
47:12 got resist of mud that's invaded the and it's lowered the connectivity or it's
47:19 the rest of it. And then go over to the ferocity logs and
47:25 are our ferocity logs. So what they telling us? So porosity?
47:34 high porosity, is it? Here's scale. Oh, it goes also
47:52 in the other direction. Okay, this is low porosity. So if
47:57 low porosity, we're not interested. know, we're not, we're not
48:04 excited about that, but we want we want to pull it apart a
48:08 because I'll tell you what the formation sandy, You told me I like
48:15 . It also was permissible. We that. So I'm getting interested,
48:19 fact, that's why we picked We saw that there was a nice
48:22 interval there. And then I got excited because the resistive Itty was
48:29 And so that's looking pretty good. my hopes were dashed a little bit
48:38 the ferocity czar low. Now is a cross over here, The neutrons
48:45 broken and the density is the So remember, here's the cross over
48:50 here, neutrons lower across the the process is higher. This is the
48:57 case, trans lower. That's desire . So this resistive Itty is not
49:09 by gas. It's conceivable that there's little bit of oil in here.
49:27 would that be enough to want to ? Well, we've got it
49:35 So the big question now is, , am I gonna case it and
49:42 it? And so your question is right. So I'm lucky this,
49:49 saying, well, who cares, don't exactly have the total um thickness
50:00 . There's only one number here, well, here's another. So let's
50:04 . So this is 100 ft. let's look at your good observation,
50:09 is 100 ft. So this is something like 10 ft. And That
50:19 be useful 10 ft 10 ft of if it's over a square mile is
50:27 expletive amount of oil. So 10 even low porosity, maybe.
50:38 And so that's what we're going to at. Now, we're going to
50:41 this a little bit more carefully, say well there's 25% porosity will take
50:46 average of these two. So it's 10% porosity in the sand, which
50:51 not great, but and some of resisted. The effect is because of
51:06 . Remember we said that the formation is dependent on ferocity. So,
51:12 I have a very, very low , this number is small, then
51:20 can actually make the resistive, the big. So let's let's go back
51:25 . If if the ferocity is very small, then the formation factor
51:32 large, then that amplifies and makes formation look very resistant. So now
51:40 getting a bit more detailed the It e I said was hi
51:48 festivity, we like that a lot that's our direct hydrocarbon indicator. But
51:54 have to be careful because the the there is that the porosity and permeability
52:02 decent enough. You can imagine that the porosity is low, typically the
52:12 is low, then there's no possibility the rock to conduct electricity. So
52:19 resistive, it is very, very . It's not that there's hydrocarbon
52:25 it's there's no porosity, there's nothing can flow through the rock. So
52:33 resistive, it is high, not of hydrocarbon, it's high because there's
52:38 porosity. So this is, this kind of getting into the secondary
52:49 but this is something that, as petro physicist, as a log analyst
52:53 everything else. And as a geologist site, you're gonna look at
52:56 And so when we go back I'm looking at this. And I'm
53:02 , well, you know what I like what's happening here, but the
53:10 a bit of a low porosity effect that might be contributing a little bit
53:16 this resistive itty. However, I know that there's a bit of permeability
53:22 the S. P. And this not a thin layer. So I'm
53:28 semi interested in this. It's probably saturated but lower amounts. And so
53:40 we do is now we get into economics and you would say,
53:44 I've got 10% ferocity and maybe something 70% 60% oil saturation And it's 10
54:07 thick. So is it worth Well, it would depend on how
54:11 it was, how, what's the , but if if you saw this
54:15 another log A mile away that I'm , Hey, this is actually pretty
54:20 . It's it's 70% oil saturated. 10 ft thick and extends for a
54:25 and mile. So I'll perforate So that is interesting. Let's go
54:34 look at another one Because there's all of beautiful signature. Remember when we're
54:42 of these normal measurements, most oil not going to just be in one
54:46 , especially around here, there are layers and we're going to try to
54:51 up all this stuff. So even 10 ft thick might be might be
54:56 if it's high enough pressure. So go down and do B. So
55:02 tell me about B. The B . Okay, so B. Is
55:12 to a in that first log. it has low gamma low S.
55:18 . Which is high permeability. So again this low gamma in this
55:26 What kind of rock are we saying is? Uh not shell, not
55:32 , but then we've got a little of an indication the guys have said
55:36 it's sand. So once again, you think that's a good sand?
55:46 . Yeah. Because it's of all sands, it's it's got a lower
55:51 ray. So it looks to be the best. Said so low gamma
56:00 , we're interpreting the sand. And then the S. P.
56:06 sp again. So it's showing Pretty nice kick. And then
56:11 Itty highly resistant. Now highly or highly resistant. Really high. Really
56:19 . In fact, it's it's going over here. So very very high
56:25 . Itty. And does it have standard view of shallow? Is higher
56:32 deep as it's kind of hard to . Yes. So this this suggests
56:39 us that it's extremely permeable and it's , really displaced the existing fluids or
56:55 . So extremely resistant and highly mobile . Right, okay, so let's
57:04 going. Um It is showing a it's not a great ferocity. So
57:14 not super low but it's not high . But which log is this?
57:19 broken line? The broken line? . And what is that neutron or
57:25 porosity? That's the neutron. And then where is the density
57:30 Um It's kind of overlaying the resistive . Yeah. And so is it
57:36 ? High high? Just a little high or big high? Um It's
57:42 good high, Yeah, like That's that's huge. So do we
57:50 the crossover big time. So what's interpretation that we have hydrocarbon there?
58:04 We would have gas, big Gas, so huge gas and probably
58:13 mobile and very very high saturation. let's let's make an assumption here,
58:23 when we had brian in the So let's pretend that these are the
58:28 kind of sand. So I'm going take the number from down here.
58:36 what was the resistive itty in this saturated area from before we set point
58:42 point to. Well, let's say this sand is the same sand.
58:47 if it were saturated with Brian, would have the same 100% saturation of
58:53 . But we look at the logs we say, you know, that
59:00 fully, well, that's gas, train. So I'm gonna take the
59:07 resistive itty, which is now up , which is somewhere around 2020.
59:25 , so now let's do the same here. We assume that it's 100%
59:32 of 0.2. And I've said that has a A resistive itty of
59:41 So what's the what's our calculation So then it would be 42 divided
59:52 20. Take the square root So 10% Brian, Okay. And
60:02 what's the other, what's the other fluid, 90% gas. So you're
60:14 uh you've got the call, you've it, this is open hole right
60:20 . You've got the logs, the came in, you're a happy
60:23 It was two in the morning when finally got this, you got the
60:27 and uh so you're bouncing junior and say, you know, we you
60:33 to give us a call, what we supposed to do? We got
60:36 call in the casing, it's going be half a million bucks worth of
60:39 to get this thing case and then want to perforate and what do you
60:42 to do? So yes, You're you're gonna say back then and
60:50 you know what, we've got 10 of 90% gas pay there and you
60:59 you would know a little bit but you'd be sampling the gas and
61:03 gonna say yeah, and we actually a bit of a kick when we
61:05 drilling it and it's uh it's high and Giorgio with two miles away,
61:13 something and he got a nice kick and he's been producing it for a
61:15 of years, it's high pressure gas then you're going to say, okay
61:20 that and I wanted perforated, I to be able to produce it from
61:25 . And let's let's start talking to pipeline people because we think we've got
61:29 uh some gas for them. So a that's looking at and now the
61:38 of so that A. Is a there's something in there. So you
61:46 want to complete that perforated and tell that we think that's probably oil.
61:55 then we go down into B. you're gonna say we've got big time
62:02 and be then we go down into . They said we're gonna have to
62:08 careful about this because C. Is very nice reservoir. It's highly permeable
62:20 it's gas floating on top of And so I don't want to screw
62:24 but I don't want to start producing brian if I don't have to.
62:27 I just want to perforate in the top part just to produce the
62:34 Now let's go down to D. we're kind of getting custom because there's
62:49 lot of different cases here, we've maybe a part of an oil
62:52 we've got a very nice gas we've got brine saturated bottoms on the
62:59 . Now let's look at D. tell me about D. And
63:05 Primed please. So for D. are again low gamma. It looks
63:16 than the other ones. It This looks kind of complicated mm.
63:27 low gamma. And then low sp . So we're showing permeability Like do
63:33 like that so far. Yes. . So I'm like, I'm liking
63:37 so far. And then we go to the rest activity and we have
63:44 risk activity. Um which is I'm sorry. Hi. Um which
63:54 good. So that the upper part we see kind of a classic signature
64:03 . So we're liking that. But got these fingers. So that's suggesting
64:11 me that there might be some stringers there. There might be are highly
64:19 layers are may be thin but we've got something so it's kind of
64:26 Okay, And then we go over the density and we don't really have
64:35 big crossover but from the neutron uh showing little right? Yeah, low
64:47 so this would be lower arrivals but showing hydrogen which would be water.
64:57 porosity. Well, both logs, density of the neutron porosity are both
65:05 pretty low porosity for starters. So high resistive. Itty fingers are somewhat
65:16 with very low porosity. So that us a little bit um wary.
65:27 fact, this said looks somewhat like sand and a but thinner.
65:39 register. So our thinking is that are some kind of tight sands that
65:55 have a little bit of oil in , but not enough to be worth
66:06 hard to a little bit hard. a little bit hard to say.
66:11 not. But again we might stimulate . Normally we think of hydraulic fracturing
66:17 horizontal wells but maybe we could acid . It maybe we could hydraulically fracture
66:22 and break it and increase the porosity maybe get a little bit of oil
66:26 of it. So this kind of now a bit on the production but
66:30 our petro physical point of view we're to say you know what? Those
66:33 thin. There are probably 34 ft . They are lower porosity and they
66:40 have some oil in them. I know whether it's worth it or not
66:46 while you're in there you might it's conceivable we want we want to look
66:52 that some more but now let's look D. Prime. So the lower
66:57 we said that there's a unit there this lower D. Prime. Tell
67:02 about that. Um So this is like oh I see. So
67:12 Prime. We have like medium So it's not little it's not
67:20 Wait sorry I'm looking at the wrong density. Okay. Yeah so for
67:29 gammas we're just showing in the Well it's at the very top.
67:34 gamma is not bad. It's pretty . There's a faces change going
67:41 You know it's it's finding or shelling so it looks like there's some good
67:49 up here but it is changing a bit it's it's getting more and more
67:55 it's sad but it's shelling out a bit. It's still it's still
68:01 So it's still kind of interesting. let's move over to the resistance.
68:07 lines. We're showing low very low activity. So high connectivity. So
68:16 could be brian. Yeah. And we go to the shallow log though
68:21 shadow log is showing us greater resistive . Why is that again?
68:30 so that makes sense. That's our freshwater mud. And then we go
68:35 to the porosity logs and they are in agreement. And so if the
68:46 logs agree, that means our assumptions the processing are satisfied. And what
68:54 the assumptions of processing again for both logs, harder. So sand and
69:10 . And so it says, guess do we have? Sand and
69:14 Mhm. Yeah. So our interpretation is again, this is another slam
69:20 that the bottom part of this unit water brian Slattery. So that's how
69:34 gone through this whole area. We've the units of interest basically in this
69:40 . The units of interest are low and nice sp that tells us we've
69:46 sands, we're looking for sands in area. So we've got permeable
69:50 That's great that I get interested. I go across and start looking at
69:53 resistive. It ease, then we apart the resistive, it ease.
69:57 looking for high resistive Itty. So I'm getting excited but now I want
70:01 see reasonably high porosity and if I've reasonably high porosity then I want to
70:09 what's in it. And high porosity with a crossover that's gas cross over
70:24 , no crossover thinner, probably no crossover thinner, maybe some oil
70:36 lower porosity, a little bit tight meaning low permeability, lower
70:46 but all in all a very very prospective column here with oil and gas
70:56 multiple layers. And uh so all . Great. Okay, that's that's
71:06 . So that's a that's a little of analysis to get our brains semi
71:11 on saturday morning. Good. Well let's take a break stuff. We'll
71:18 come back we'll we'll do a couple of these just to to get lots
71:23 practice. This is kind of our or exercise session, this is your
71:28 , will do the homework partially Let's take 10 and we'll see you
71:34 . Okay. Great. Okay. ? Hello? Mhm. Great.
71:48 okay on the home front. Yeah husband took my daughter to uh my
71:56 house to spend the day, so very quiet out there. Oh
72:01 good good. Your grandmother lives And yeah, they live in
72:06 So it's not too it's not too . Oh I'm sure in a couple
72:13 years, the little one will enjoy good and run around and probably doesn't
72:20 . Oh yes, a member a of mine was east indian and they
72:28 they had a nice life with her her kids but she took them back
72:33 India and it was kind of funny the conditions are not that hygienic or
72:38 else. But the kids typically like back to India because they could run
72:45 and be crazy. Yeah. And so that was good enough.
72:55 Oh great. Well let's let's do , let's let's relook at this guy's
73:00 in so that we um we understand logs a little bit better. And
73:04 of India we've talked about this a bit, here's some logs from
73:15 I actually got these being over there time ago up in the northeastern part
73:21 India assam. We're some of what's said to be the best in
73:29 world comes from uh Christie used to grown in china. The chinese jealously
73:37 their teeth. But eventually someone got and went to India and then they
73:42 cultivating tea in India. And assam is just beautiful teeth. It gets
73:48 of the most uh High rainfall anywhere the world. I think they get
73:54 ft of rainfall a year in this of the world. Some of the
73:58 of the Himalayas but It also has very nice oil production and the big
74:06 fields in the area and we've been them over the last 10 or 15
74:11 try to find more India is just to the metal to find hydrocarbons.
74:18 are desperate for energy. You know population is likely surpassed that of China
74:23 with 1.4 billion people, 1400 million , four times the size of the
74:32 population. Yeah. And they had big delegation here in the fall and
74:41 said, we know how you your government feels about oil, but
74:44 tell you how our government feels about . We want to double production by
74:49 end of the century. They're desperate it. In fact, they're cranking
74:55 their coal fired plants and all kinds stuff just because they have so many
74:59 in such enormous demand trying to get those people out of poverty. And
75:07 on the other hand, some of richest people in the world are east
75:10 . So yeah, so our generosity a little bit targeted. Anyway,
75:22 some of the logs from up around . This is again, flu
75:26 These are sand shell sequences, enormous of sediments being shed off the Himalayas
75:33 the brahma to a river and going to the Ganges and into the the
75:43 . Bye Bangladesh in Northern India. we've got this this classic sequence
75:56 this is for real. And so the exercise here and we'll just do
76:05 and then I'm gonna leave the two layers for you just for homework for
76:09 week. But let's look at these do our analysis or standard analysis is
76:16 go down and pick the intervals of . So take a quick scan of
76:27 logs and then pick your one interval interest. The most interesting interval.
76:39 I think that Let's look at right above the 3400 m. Okay.
76:55 looks like a good size for where gamma low is. Mm There's also
77:03 right there at 3300. But the is a little bigger. Okay and
77:11 going to the S. P. both of those show low S.
77:18 . So we have some permeability there then we go to the S.
77:29 which is the blue and we have S. Waves so that means less
77:38 . So we have still um no I just feel less rigid is less
77:54 so less S wave velocity. But look at that, look at
78:00 closely the scale. So the blue goes down to the right so at
78:14 at the 33 it's low but then under that it goes high but then
78:19 goes low again for the 34. but remember what unit is that,
78:24 does low mean? Oh we won't the reciprocal because this is measuring the
78:40 . Okay so it's actually a high it's a short transit time which means
78:51 goes fast. So we actually so I would have kept it that way
78:57 yes we would be looking at show it's actually stand because it is
79:00 Not slower. Yeah. And but also picked it because the gamma ray
79:04 low too. Right. Yeah. . Okay. Okay. So I
79:08 to do the reciprocal of what I'm at. So you're your interpretation up
79:14 then was good. It was Then you just got to get that
79:17 worked out. So now now that say that's a low transit time which
79:24 a fast. So now we're still . Yes. Okay, so carry
79:32 . Okay. So then we go the neutron ferocity and the density and
79:42 both of those sections we have the . Yes. So cross over there
79:52 over there. Um This is a bit tricky because we've got the neutron
80:02 and at your level your we're looking , you know, a modest,
80:13 neutron porosity is in red. And the left hand got cut off but
80:20 left is high and right is So it's got a a reasonably well
80:25 neutron ferocity in red. So that's . And then the blue is not
80:32 density porosity, it's the straight density convert that to a density porosity.
80:41 just gonna have to say what kind rock it is. And then use
80:44 little equation that but this is the density. So the the bulk density
80:51 that area is is okay, there's we can't directly see a crossover because
80:59 not converted to to a ferocity but could sort of just shift it and
81:09 the most areas if we just shifted the the blue and the red would
81:14 up. We shifted it where it line up, we're looking for the
81:18 to be on the right side of blue. That would be our
81:27 The way it's plotted here is this from a farmer student's thesis. So
81:32 plotted it. She didn't plot the . She just plotted the density.
81:40 what we can say here is that in that area there's decent ferocity
81:50 I don't really see even if I the blue to the left, I
81:55 really see any huge crossover that the is gonna go way, way to
82:01 right. But couldn't we also say we are still may be dealing with
82:08 sand because of the density. It's like 2.6, Well, that's that's
82:15 , and that's exactly what you would . Okay, so the the
82:21 we are going to look at that the neutron porosity says that the porosity
82:28 pretty high. So the neutron is the porosity actually is high and it's
82:36 it's probably not gas because I would the porosity would be low, but
82:43 it's not the red, the red is is pretty high through there.
82:50 blue line is, You know, , I don't see that the blue
82:57 is saying that there's a really low , the blue line is saying there's
83:00 reasonable density. It's around 2.45. it's not pure courts obviously has some
83:14 but it didn't drop really low. that to me is saying it's probably
83:21 gas because the density didn't really go . The bulk density didn't really go
83:25 . Plus the neutron porosity is staying high. So ferocity is good,
83:33 is reflecting that there's porosity. So what I know there and it's
83:41 it's permeable. So that's we've all all putting that in our pipe.
83:49 then when you go to your last , what's the resistive itty saying?
83:54 the resistive itty. So at that we have high resistive itty which is
84:01 . And then at that second layer also have high resistive itty, which
84:07 good. So so putting that all for that layer. What are you
84:14 ? I think that we have hydrocarbon . Would this be an oil saturated
84:28 ? Cool. So you know, I picked the the one the layer
84:42 above I pick as our top layer the resistive itty is the highest.
84:52 , let's see that. So here's process that you want to go through
84:59 that one that one we want to look at the caliper log. Now
85:07 caliper log here gets pretty funky up this area. It turns out that
85:14 are calls and other things in this and so the well itself bounces around
85:19 little bit. And in fact, even in this area, we might
85:25 really trust the logs here that much the well is pretty broken up.
85:32 we're a bit, we're a bit about that area. But then we
85:35 down here and once again, we see very nice low. The dogs
85:39 decent, very nice. Low in gamma ray, extremely well developed
85:45 not shale and permeable, very distinctive that the S wave in blue gets
85:57 shorter transit time, which means it's . The red, the P wave
86:04 red doesn't do much. So that to us that once again, it's
86:13 a sand for sure, and maybe filled. The P wave is not
86:22 too much. If it were I'd expect the p wave to get
86:28 slow. I'd expect that the shear to stay fast. The P wave
86:32 get really slow. And so we have a long transit time or a
86:36 velocity the left. I'm not seeing . So that's just a little flag
86:43 me. Then we come to the and again, the density is still
86:56 high here. So that says that it's a pretty good sand and it's
87:07 porous because the the neutron log tells it's porous, but it's still fairly
87:16 density. So that tells me it's fluid side trade. I don't know
87:25 right now whether it's brine or I know it's not gas. So
87:33 again, we know it's sandy, know it's conductive. I know it's
87:39 . I know from here that it's pretty good porosity and I know that
87:45 not gassy because there's no crossover and don't see a density effect. Plus
87:50 don't see a kick on the sonic . So I don't see a sonic
87:54 . So then I go over here here's the slam dunk. It's
88:00 very high resistive. Itty. What would it look like if it
88:07 bright e it would go the other down here, it would go this
88:15 would get way back here. It's it's kicking away up there. So
88:21 tells me it's hydrocarbon sites rated and got two indicators that it's not gas
88:32 And actually this one. Mhm. , so that's uh what we need
88:42 know there is that it's once it's a classic section, sand
88:46 clay coal. And we walked through interval. And so one little piece
88:59 homework is you picked, you picked one, but pick, pick another
89:04 and then just go through it like and then there's more oil and gas
89:10 here. So I'll give you that . So pick another interval and try
89:15 find some oil and that's exactly what's done here, it's drilled and
89:23 have to pick the areas where is oil, because that's what the areas
89:25 they're going to complete and the goal is you're gonna put in casing and
89:30 perforate the casing and then produce from interval. And we know we don't
89:37 to get that wrong because a lot these intervals are brine saturated, so
89:42 don't want to produce that brine because we're going to have to produce it
89:48 re inject it someplace. So I want to move any of that brian
89:54 I don't have to. So in this devil, please pick one other
90:00 and then just go through this analysis pick the interval you like.
90:09 good. Okay, let's uh let's at one more. Very nice
90:20 another classic case and hints are given what the Saturn is. But let's
90:36 through these and see if they make . So let's take Let's take these
90:49 three bands. So just describe what seeing in these bands as you step
91:01 . Starting with the caliber. Um , so that first one,
91:09 caliper actually looks pretty solid until we to, what is that? 11
91:19 or What's 1000 ft. So Okay. Yeah, so caliber looks
91:31 until about 11,000 ft. So how you describe the whole conditions,
91:38 Um whole conditions, I would say constant up to 11,000. And then
91:50 11,000 we're showing a lot of um getting bigger. Yeah. So in
92:04 area of interest here though, we've got a we've got a pretty good
92:07 , a pretty good haul instead. some people call it a borehole until
92:11 produces something and then it becomes a , so that's a terminology thing.
92:18 the borehole are the well looks pretty in this area, in this area
92:24 we're showing. So that's all Once again, usually we would plot
92:32 didn't hear, but usually we would now on to the gamma ray.
92:36 ? So why don't you just jump to the gamma ray? So,
92:48 I just you want me to do colored sections are just like the whole
92:51 ? Well, the whole thing. then and then why are they
92:54 I mean, why what's the character you have picked these intervals of
92:59 I mean, we know the but we're just kind of stepping through
93:03 sort of check. Okay, so look at the whole gamma ray and
93:09 of describe why it makes sense for they're showing here. Okay, so
93:15 have high gammas until we get to was that 9 9000 is about Right
93:24 that 10,500 ft. And then our go very low, which is the
93:33 of hydrocarbon. Uh gamma ray Yes. His indicator of Hello.
93:53 it's very um it's an indicator of . The gamma ray? The natural
94:04 It's Oh no, no, it's an indicator of sand. Yeah,
94:09 highly yeah. Okay. Sorry, was um So this is a sand
94:16 because it is highly reactive. not much lower reactive. Okay,
94:26 was like feeling confident there for a and never mind. Um So
94:34 so we have low gammas, which a sand indicator um and then it
94:39 back to the right for a little , but then we go, so
94:42 might be like maybe a shale layer something else is happening there. Um
94:50 then we have a sand again and drops back to the right, but
94:54 we go back to the left uh then so once again, the gamma
95:03 just the natural gamma of the And remember we think that it's radioactive
95:08 that's the shale indicator, right? then we're saying this is a classic
95:12 , so if it's not shale in particular area, we're saying it's
95:19 And remember we could set the sand at the minimum gamma rate,
95:29 And then we could set the shale at the maximum gamma ray.
95:35 so we would set up a sand right there, like after the
95:42 So that would be What are the here, 2040, 60,
95:49 120. So 20. So that be like 30. So I say
95:54 might be at 30 and then our wide would be like at 120.
95:59 . Okay, so and then after oil, then it kind of gradually
96:05 incidentally to follow that up. So you've done your interpretation, you're
96:11 I'm going to set the sand line sand gamma ray value of 30 and
96:18 you're gonna set your 100% shale at 100 Say 130 or so.
96:29 Now if you look at the next , which is the shale volume going
96:35 0 to 100% what did they So I'm sorry. Can you,
96:51 law am I looking at now? next slide to the right, you've
96:55 your gamma ray log? The next , right, is the shale
97:01 Oh yeah. So two rooms. we pretty much, I mean mirrors
97:15 gamma. So what do you think did and charged big bucks for it
97:23 Archie, is that what you No, we talked about you,
97:30 set your Sandline and your shale line give you your percentage shale.
97:36 What did they do the same Yeah. Okay. They just did
97:41 I did. That's exactly right. you just described exactly what they did
97:51 now you can see that and they colored that because I'm just a simple
97:59 and I want to see all nice and sand is yellow and shale is
98:07 and so that's easy for me and poor schmuck had to pick a Sandline
98:13 a shale line and then give the its output, which we just
98:21 Hmm. So that's, that's the thing we've said qualitatively that the gamma
98:28 is the not shale or the shale . And then a little bit
98:33 we set up your sand line, set up your shale line and then
98:37 gave that to the computer and it out and he said, okay,
98:39 is what you told me to And here is something that's more readily
98:45 a ble. And I'm just going give you the sand and the shale
98:50 and that's that new luck and you how to do that because you just
98:56 me that you set you set the yellow sand at 3100% gray shale at
99:07 30. And then it just gives the volume or the percent or the
99:14 . So that log in the fire is just your fraction shell.
99:20 Which is exactly this is important because the first quantitative thing that we're going
99:25 do. And you've done that now your gamma ray, your natural gamma
99:30 lock. So in this simple system now our with ology log and it's
99:44 come from that little calculation that you did. Cool. Okay.
99:49 So now that we understand that, on. So just the the the
99:54 ray log and now you've got the log beside it. So you can
99:58 what the gamma ray log means. . Yeah. So then, so
100:06 just showing a lot of sand In first section. Second section in that
100:12 section. And then we're showing sand the oil as well. Yeah.
100:21 and at the very bottom you can that there's also a sandy layer but
100:29 off of the gamma and everything. not super excited about it.
100:37 So we don't know yet. We're to look at it. But strictly
100:41 the Gamma I'm interested because it's got Sand. So we're interested, we're
100:52 check it out now where you're going another next step in this. Your
101:01 might have some experience in the And you know what? We need
101:09 80% sand here for gas to make valuable. So we're gonna use a
101:15 off. And this is another automatic because there might be a lot of
101:22 logs, there might be a lot layers. Now, what would an
101:29 sand cut off look like? How you do that? Your manager came
101:35 said, you know what? Only me about sands that are 80%
101:41 If it's 60% sand, I don't . I want you to identify and
101:45 me those intervals that are more than sand. How are you going to
101:51 that? Well, couldn't we just we just look at our list ology
101:59 and do a 0 to 100 mark 50 in the middle and just go
102:02 to the 100%. Yeah, you've your pathology lights right here. So
102:10 draw a line down there that's at and any interval that's to the left
102:16 that. You keep any interval that's right you throw out. And so
102:24 do this because they have to decide ask, they're gonna ask you to
102:28 I perforate or not and you're gonna , you know what Our experience here
102:34 that you need more than 80% sand have a good gas. Well and
102:43 Done my cutoffs and we have two good sense that are above 80%.
102:50 fact they hit 95% sent. And companies do that. So they'll
103:00 a cut off and they'll say, know below that, we're actually not
103:10 For example, but we need some because it might be fit for
103:15 You've got a 90% cut off. now, if we look for
103:20 you can look at these oil, oil area and is it is it
103:27 sent? I feel like the top it is close. But once you
103:32 towards the bottom, you're looking more maybe it's almost like 60 it's like
103:37 half. Yeah. And you would do that if we're getting detailed about
103:44 , the company would say, I need a 60% sand for if
103:48 going to produce oil because oil is valuable say, oh I need a
103:53 sand and you're gonna say, well can give you, I can give
104:00 the top part of the sand. bottom part actually, we're not gonna
104:07 . So the kind of, the of this discussion is we could set
104:12 here and determine which of these intervals now hydrated, Not just sand,
104:18 how much sand I want 80%. that gives you this interval, so
104:24 just another game. We can play this and it might, it's probably
104:28 you're gonna have to because if we're to calculate reserves, there will be
104:32 cutoffs in terms of ferocity sending this all that stuff. So just so
104:38 understand that here's our shale volume, need Less than 20% shale or I
104:44 greater than 80% sand. That's all stuff to the left of this
104:49 Okay, so we understand this We understand everything about the gamma ray
104:54 what has told us about this sand system. Now let's start dissecting the
105:02 ones. Now, you might have jumped to one of the logs.
105:08 let's step our way through. So let's now look, say to go
105:16 in order, let's look at the wave. So we go back and
105:21 at the P wave log. to tell you the truth, I
105:27 look at the sonic logs this early they typically have to be interpreted.
105:34 a bit more. So I'd be to go look at the density
105:39 So sorry, let's let's look at density log, see what it tells
105:42 right here. The density log. , um so the bulk density we
105:54 so we have like a mid density at the top and then we go
105:58 a low density. Yeah. And we kind of back out to the
106:04 and then we have a low Um so we have low densities at
106:09 areas of interest that are smart. then we kind of mid out again
106:15 that oil line. Yeah. So , this looks this looks pretty promising
106:27 terms of porosity, it looks like fairly low densities and that's leading us
106:35 process and said, well we better have a look at the porosity
106:39 Okay, so let's go to the of the neutron process. We have
106:43 be careful about the units. You see low porosity is to the right
106:47 process to the left, low porosity the right now. In this case
106:55 have calculated the density porosity for us well as a neutron porosity. So
107:02 taken the density log, which we looked at, they made some assumptions
107:08 that it's sand and they've done the , assuming that it's sad. So
107:20 let's look at those to porosity is are they doing? So we
107:28 let's say at the very top, have a low density porosity and we
107:35 a high neutron ferocity and then we a nice crossover where we have
107:47 just to talk about that a little . So the neutron porosity is
107:53 Sorry, the neutron ferocity is actually high. The red, the neutron
107:59 , right? Yeah. So the porosity thinks that there's hydrogen in there
108:05 , the, what did our gamma , what's our shale volume there,
108:10 volume is, we're showing it's pretty , it's quite radioactive and we interpret
108:19 as shale. Okay, so we that that's a very strong shale layer
108:24 that neutron ferocity says there's a lot hydrogen in there. Now, that
108:30 sense because the shale has bound water everything. So the neutron log in
108:37 shale, it's saying the shale is porous and that's because there is water
108:44 that shale and there is probably hydrocarbon the shale too, it's just bound
108:51 the shale. But the neutron is that, so that the neutron is
108:55 there's lots of hydrogen in there the the density is saying, well
109:05 bulk density is pretty high and but assuming that it's sand and it's not
109:16 , it's actually shale. So the density is high and if the bulk
109:21 is high and it's sand, it that there's no curiosity there. So
109:25 density porosity is very, very We can see that that makes sense
109:31 it's not a sand, it's a and it's a fairly heavy shale.
109:35 so the density porosity is low and bang on telling me that that's a
109:45 , we know that from the gamma line. So for the density
109:51 so for the black line, basically closer to the middle it is,
109:57 more it's averaging out with like their interpretation. That's right, okay.
110:02 in fact the quick way to look that is that this is not regarded
110:08 a crossover. So it's a crossover the neutron porosity is on the
110:13 Yeah. When I said crossover, meant that that that first read section
110:17 they already have. Yeah. yeah, in fact, if we
110:22 just going to do a quick guess this, we'd probably take the average
110:26 those two processes and that's more or the porosity of the shale.
110:32 so, but I'm just explaining why are these guys so widely
110:38 Because we've told it's a sand. which is incorrect. So both of
110:47 are slightly incorrect because the neutron ferocity for a sand scale, but it's
110:58 , it's a shale, the density is for sand, but it's
111:04 it's a shale and then they both opposite ways because they are different
111:11 we just need to understand that and do. So I'm seeing that
111:18 the neutron is high, the density low, we know it's a
111:24 we know how the measurements work? that's all. Okay, we understand
111:30 . now we go down to this layer. And what about that?
111:36 that's the cross silver that we So we have the our density porosity
111:46 is towards the middle. So that's sand that we were just talking
111:49 the indicator. Um and then the ferocity is low. Um So we
112:05 that. Yeah, we like And so now we're getting excited because
112:11 know it's a sand. I know has low density. I'm seeing a
112:20 over a pretty well defined crossover and immediately going to jump to the resistive
112:25 log and say, you know, can't wait any longer. I just
112:27 I gotta find out what this We jump over the resistive itty and
112:33 happening with the resistive itty. It's resistive. It's very resistant. So
112:42 dunk hydrocarbon, hydrocarbon, but there's crossover. A neutron density crossover soul
112:56 , but couldn't We also look at P wave velocity and see that the
113:00 going it's a slower transit time. then that could also be an indicator
113:05 the gas. And it is and exactly right. And that's kind of
113:10 I left that to last because that it. We wouldn't we wouldn't totally
113:16 originally. I mean, it sure like it, we go from the
113:20 area to the to a sand and got a big change in velocity.
113:27 I'm sure thinking that that's a gas area, but I didn't really
113:32 but the gamma ray told me, , it's, and I'm going from
113:36 to sam the neutrons is, it's definitely gase. The resistive Itty
113:44 slam dunk hydrocarbon. The bulk density low and the p wave velocity is
113:52 . All that is telling me this a porous sand with gas saturation.
113:59 this is all very, very Okay, now, just to continue
114:12 hammer this because you know, down road, you'll probably forget most of
114:17 . But if we work these you'll be pretty confident if we work
114:23 few more about how to do this how to how to read this
114:28 So, can you describe this, unit again for me with the
114:35 just everything now that we know about logs and our interpretation of them.
114:42 , um, which one do you me to start? Just go across
114:48 of them? Just go across all and say, here's my story and
114:51 the evidence. Okay, so we with the caliber and it looks like
114:57 have a good borehole because we don't anything out of it yet.
115:01 so we have a good line. I mean, we have a good
115:04 , um, going into the P velocity. Well, let's hold
115:09 let's go to the gamma, just . Uh, and then when I
115:13 to the gamma, I'm showing we have a low gamma or we
115:19 with a high gamma. We go a low gamma. So let's go
115:23 and do our sand line about And then we'll do a shale line
115:30 our maximum, which is 1 20 there. We can create our lethality
115:37 based off of our Sandline and our line. Um, so once we
115:43 that, we can go to let's go to the density porosity and
115:58 show like at the top the basically, if it's in the
116:06 it's calculating closer to see em. at the top that black line,
116:12 way far off to the right. we know that's not a sand.
116:16 then we go to that next section we are thinking that that's a sand
116:22 of where it is with the density . Um, we show a nice
116:27 with the neutron porosity. Um, moving on to the resistive.
116:33 it's very resistive. So we're thinking we do have a hydrocarbon here.
116:38 most likely it's gas because of that . Um, and then once we
116:44 to the p wave velocity that also coincides with our thinking of it being
116:55 because we have a p way which showing that the p wave is
117:00 , which is also in line with gas interpretation. Yes. Great.
117:12 so if you were giving a presentation management or or investors, that's exactly
117:18 you'd be telling them. And so this hockey play, they sent me
117:25 bunch of logs and that's exactly the that I'm doing to see to see
117:29 this looks like this hydrocarbon there or and how much I'd be willing to
117:33 pay for it. Okay, so the, that's the top one.
117:40 . We could get a little bit quantitative and you can see there's a
117:44 calculated here. Um, so we can use Archie's law now.
117:53 you've given me a qualitative description, is great. And so the management
117:59 going to say, yeah, I you, we've got gas there,
118:03 I need to know how much gas there because is it just fizz gas
118:09 just a little bit like 5% because I've got to figure out if I'm
118:13 cases in perforated and produce it. I have to tell people, I've
118:17 to give a report to say a report to say whether this is a
118:24 hydrocarbon discovery or not. And I a file that, so it's only
118:31 to be significant if there's enough gas there. So let's go ahead and
118:36 to calculate that. Now we've said this is sand and we know that
118:45 Archie's Law calculation. I just need find 100% brian saturated sand that I'm
118:50 claim is about the same. So we go down to the bottom,
118:57 can see that there is a sand there and it's a pretty good sand
119:07 the logs get a little bit but we can see that right here
119:13 the bottom the neutron and the density overlay. So that tells us what
119:21 , they're giving me the same If they're giving us the same
119:27 then we're looking at a like water sand. That's right because that's what
119:34 told it. And it said, , you told me that a water
119:38 sand. My whole measurement is calibrated this. And these measurements do
119:43 And at the bottom, you told it was a brian side trade sand
119:48 both tools. And guess what? is your right saturated sand because it
119:54 match. So that that's kind of . So now this ferocity, this
120:02 itty. Normally we've seen it on actual semi log scale. What they've
120:09 here is they've just taken the exponents they're just prodding the log of the
120:15 Itty. Now this is a linear . If we've taken the log
120:23 So now we have to take the rhythm and we're not letting the draft
120:27 it. So if we go down , we say that there is 100%
120:32 trade sand and this is point 10 the -1. So it's 0.1
120:41 1,010,000 or 10 to the fourth. they just applied to the expenditure.
120:51 if we go down here, this traded area is sort of, well
120:58 .1 and then there's one. So friends, maybe we could call it
121:06 . So why don't we write that that we're going to say that are
121:10 or 100% saturated sand as a relativity 0.7. You see that Stephanie more
121:18 less? Yes. Okay. What are we gonna give Now? Let's
121:23 up to the gas sand. We're say that this is the same kind
121:25 sand. What's the resistive itty of gas sand up here? Um Let's
121:35 . We got up here. let's see that for, so about
121:47 . that's three, that's to about . So this is 10,000 1100 -
121:58 . no, 500. Sorry, units are throwing me off.
122:08 So this is 0.1 or minus This is 10 to the zero,
122:12 is 1 10 to the one, is 10 10 to the two,
122:16 is 110 to the 3010 to the . 10,000. This is 10,000
122:26 And then we got to go from to 1000 here. Um Let's
122:35 So about in there. It's it's actually a bit of a logarithmic scale
122:42 there. So it's probably say somewhere 300. Okay, I was like
122:46 50. Okay, So about Okay, so then we would do
122:54 divided by 300. And then take square root, The whole point of
123:05 . I'm divided by 300. Does take the square root Times formula?
123:13 4.8 Brian saturated and then, So 95.2 gas? Yeah. And imagine
123:31 uh they went and did this calculation what, what s w did they
123:38 ? Yeah, So I think our is probably better, of course,
123:45 We're in the game, so this pretty close to 95% gas. So
123:52 is a great, a great reservoir so down each one of those is
124:04 So that's 100 ft. Each one those, each one of the divisions
124:07 20 ft. So imagine that This more than 100 ft of gas.
124:16 huge. So just an enormous gas . This is why the North Sea
124:33 been so important to europe. Yeah, so there's a that's a
124:52 now more of a quantitative analysis of area. So now we know it's
124:58 sand. It has. What's the of that sand? Again? The
125:08 , yeah, 95.2% gas. But the ferocity, wow, The
125:24 I'm not what do your ferocity curves on average in there. Um,
125:45 in the middle. So without, sorry, I'm not sure exactly what
125:52 asking me now, all of a , I'm confused. Okay, so
125:56 we we know what the saturation we just calculated it but I need
126:01 know how much pore spaces there. what is the ferocity? We've got
126:07 logs that told us about the You looked at the crossover, but
126:12 the number? Look at the Oh, so it's like in the
126:18 . So about, Well not really the middle, it's more on that
126:23 . So maybe that's 30%. Okay, Okay. That's what I
126:28 thinking. You're asking if I just , I was confused for a
126:30 Okay. Yeah, so that's about . So it's 30% porosity. So
126:37 beautiful porosity. A lot of that is porous, 30% or more is
126:49 And it's almost fully loaded with so the volume and it's 100 ft
126:58 . So effectively I have 30 ft pure gas. And this this
127:11 I look at other wells and I at seismic response, but this sand
127:16 likely broadly dispersed. So I've got big area is thick, it's very
127:23 , the volume is huge of the and it's almost fully saturated with
127:29 So this is an enormous bank So that's one thing. Now we
127:35 go down and you could we pick top and the bottom to get the
127:39 . Now you could go down and the same thing with the next layer
127:48 we can go down and do the thing with the oil. Yeah.
127:56 why don't we just walk across the first of all? Why why do
128:02 think this is oil? And what of oil? And so let's just
128:07 across this layer and tell me what think about that and why have they
128:13 it the way they did? Um You Well for one the crossover
128:29 as um like severe as it would for gas over. I mean they
128:41 like that tiny little yellow section there the middle. But no so generally
128:49 cross over there. Yeah no cross it sand? Is it resistant?
128:58 it have any porosity to begin What's what's the story there? So
129:04 look at the Gamma and it is we know it is a sand but
129:12 not as um It's not as reactive like that top one but it is
129:26 it's a dirty sand. Yeah, and then we go to the resistive
129:35 log and also not as resistant but still a low there. Or hi
129:48 there's it's still it's still resistant but as resistant as um those two gasses
129:56 . Um And then going back to porosity there's really not a crossover that
130:01 looking at but we do still have sand because of where it's sitting in
130:06 middle? Um And then people density about the same as the other two
130:23 . So we still have that low and then the p wave is also
130:30 the same. So really the only that this would be a different hydrocarbon
130:37 be our neutron. And the density log showing that we don't have a
130:43 . Yeah, and that's that's You know, there's a little bit
130:48 gas, maybe a bit more So the fact that it's a lower
130:53 itty is a bit of an But the interpretation here is that in
131:02 there just isn't quite the oil So there's there's brian, the porosity
131:09 still pretty high. The porosity is almost pushing 40%. It's a dirtier
131:21 , but it's still pretty porous. then it's it's got oil because we
131:29 have the crossover. We do have resistive itty. And then the oil
131:35 the brine because it's so porous are keeping the velocities somewhat low. But
131:50 really key logs here are the neutron the density porosity because they're they're giving
131:56 they're telling us more about what exactly poor Phil is. Okay, so
132:02 can see that another one of the to notice here. Is that,
132:08 there any one log that told us whole story? No, no.
132:15 really needed, we really need all logs to get the story. What
132:20 the pistons ratio uh that uh so ratio is just taking the p wave
132:31 a shear wave log and it's more our density and gas indicator.
132:37 um, as it's dropped, that us that the p wave velocity over
132:45 shear wave velocity is low. So tells us it's probably sand and probably
132:52 saturated in the southern area. You see that the apostles ratio, which
132:57 really just BP over B. Is a little bit higher. So
133:06 suggest to us that it's it's still but not gas saturated. Okay,
133:11 what I was figuring. This is is a pretty strong effect that top
133:19 sand is pretty different than this. oil sand. Okay, again,
133:31 very, very low Poisson ratio means P wave velocity, high shear wave
133:36 , those two together tell us it's gas saturated sand. The possums ratio
133:43 , I would say is really a log and it's really a linking
133:48 When we go to seismic because we're to extract Blackstone's ratio from a.
133:55 . O. From seismic data We get that from seismic data
134:00 And then we're gonna try to map to some rock properties. So,
134:05 , when we see a low class ratio, we're going to say that
134:09 probably a gas end. Okay, . So these are, these are
134:20 real lives. And the analysis that done is kind of standard industry practice
134:25 a first cut through the, through logs. We've done a bit of
134:33 work in that we've applied our sand shale lines to get a lift ology
134:41 and so that's what's been done to this shale volume or shale fraction.
134:47 then we did a bit of work the on the resistive itty to actually
134:53 the saturation, which is also Then we've understood the porosity logs a
134:59 better. So we've done most of we need to do as a petro
135:05 with these logs to evaluate them. . And then we had a quick
135:18 at, we could do the same with our lives, that that remark
135:26 , well that that gets through some the some of the basic logs and
135:35 done some log analysis now too, is good. Any questions about some
135:44 that? No, I think I'm starting to, you're getting there.
135:52 , I think I'm getting there. then you know what, that's why
135:56 going to practice some more with this you just have to you just have
136:02 keep on practicing and then it starts become more second nature. Um My
136:13 squared, I might have to get one very soon. Yeah, my
136:18 just brought me Starbucks, so Oh , I'm gonna tell my girlfriend to
136:29 that, what's what's she doing? ? Yeah. Okay. Um you
136:42 , we've we've talked about sand reservoirs people are, we're thinking about other
136:46 of reservoirs. Um and there are few cases we're gonna, we're gonna
136:55 at some other kinds of logs and some other cases too that we can
136:59 to understand. But you know, think this will skip over this one
137:07 a minute, but um incidentally, , there's a question that when we
137:12 these logs, sometimes in the when you're actually looking at this
137:15 they might have repeat analysis and so you want to make sure that the
137:22 are correct. I think I told about that guy who was logging our
137:26 up in Montana and he came and was drunk the one day, so
137:31 asked him to log it again, was repeat analysis. And sure enough
137:35 got the same numbers. So on of the logs you'll see something like
137:39 , that just means that they're going and testing to make sure that all
137:44 instruments are working correctly and we get same values and so here you can
137:51 for example the gamma ray curve, pretty close. Um, we've done
137:57 at Lamarque a number of times and get the, we get by and
138:01 the same numbers. So that's, just a repeat. Um, another
138:07 detail. We're getting into some of things that we want to know the
138:10 that might come up with you, instrument itself is a stack of tools
138:18 we might have the Resistive itty in bottom and then a gamma ray tool
138:24 a sonic tool and this tool string be 50 ft or 100 ft
138:30 So you require a crane or a derrick to actually assemble it and then
138:35 the whole thing inside the well. of course the loggers know about
138:42 They have the stack of the they know how long all the tools
138:46 and so they're very careful about And then when they output all those
138:51 that we've been looking at all those are put to the same deaths which
138:58 assuming but they're not recorded that So just a little detail that you
139:04 imagine that the that the instruments are at different depths. So when we're
139:10 up tool head is at one depth then the depths of all the other
139:17 are calculated and then those are all so that when we look at all
139:21 logs they're all at investigating the rock all the same dumps. So just
139:27 little mechanical detail. Now this is is something I did I don't know
139:35 you remember but we were talking about waves and logs before. So it's
139:40 if you're at a game please. the wave goes around please let me
139:44 because I'm still putting together these numbers we we've done a bunch of those
139:50 . So there's definitely a shear wave around the stadium. So we'll let
140:02 go. The other thing is that mentioning you might have some fun with
140:07 too if you if you go down Nasa, we went down there a
140:12 ago we're working on three D. and of course three D. Printing
140:16 cool. Making all houses, everything else with it. But you
140:20 have a scan and we've been doing a little bit. They had a
140:28 scanner and you just stand there and does a three D. Laser scan
140:35 gives a point cloud and then you send that point cloud and they create
140:42 statue. Mhm. That's really I think I remember this.
140:49 So anyway just as a as a of a mental break for a
140:52 Um No after that I was thinking they've done they've done that scan and
141:00 you send it away and they create statue. But I thought you know
141:04 ? There's a full micro millimeter piece information about you out there in the
141:11 . Someplace somebody could recreate you. much. Absolutely. Especially this that
141:18 from a few years ago now the are even better. You could print
141:23 person's body in perfect millimeter detail. . Good news, bad news.
141:37 But no my thinking is that probably example your child. Um I would
141:42 that someday you're gonna have the child scan like that and then every birthday
141:47 of just measuring. Oh I'm now high you're going to have a complete
141:51 D. Representation which will be And then you're gonna kind of chart
141:56 the child progressing and just make sure there's nothing that is a medical
142:02 So in other words you could kind have the child. This is the
142:07 one year, two years, three , four years, five years.
142:11 is sort of what our models think should be looking like. And if
142:13 not we can start to look at . And so I think the medicine
142:17 will go this way to get much proactive about catching little difficulties before they
142:25 advanced say or something like that. they do growth charts at every
142:30 So they take her height, weight her head circumference they put her into
142:37 percentile of based on that and how like growing. So it's So far
142:46 gonna be tall, she's like in 97th%ile for height. So you get
142:51 from me. But How Tall is husband? He is? six
142:59 Yeah so she's probably got a little of that. I hope so.
143:04 4 11. So yeah. Yeah you can imagine extending that. So
143:11 are all good measurements there. Good but just imagine if you had a
143:15 D. Point cloud every millimeter for . Yeah it would be unbelievable.
143:22 I think that's where we're gonna In fact I want to do that
143:25 my next life. But the but it is we have printed a bunch
143:32 we did do a lot of three . Printing and just to look at
143:35 effect of saturation, everything. So were making these measurements but we knew
143:38 exact porosity because we had designed the and then printed them and so that
143:44 that was really interesting. But let's go out and look at some more
143:50 and here's another set of logs. let's just run through it. We
144:04 talked too much about the pe So this is this is one that
144:08 can introduce. Let's have a look the uh just this very top layer
144:15 the above the dark light. So is a well and then please just
144:23 this top layer. What do you do you think? Some of these
144:27 ? You won't know that? So get them so caliper caliper, it
144:38 fairly consistent. There's some like towards bottom, it goes a little to
144:45 right. Um So it gets slightly . Um But yeah it just gets
144:53 little larger. Um gamma ray I'm Gr is gamma. Yeah usually it
145:00 gamma is usually GR of some Okay um So gamma we have low
145:09 so it's not radioactive. So that's of going on the line of not
145:17 . Um R I. L. so this is the resistive. Itty
145:25 log medium. So that's the Itty, okay that's just to
145:32 Um So resistive it E. So is pretty resistive. So highly
145:42 Then we go to P. E. Yeah so that's the photo
145:47 effect that I talked about. And a little graph up there that as
145:54 plotted. Um So let's see some around three. Yeah. So maybe
146:15 would I be looking at like the ? Right? Um Probably a little
146:23 less than that? You can see There's uh Yeah no you're you're you're
146:32 right? So we've got 05 and up to 10 and Somewhere around three
146:43 is outlined as dolomite. So the . E. E. And it's
146:49 it's really an indicator of the atomic or the cross section in Barnes,
146:57 per electron some crazy number like So and it's just mapped to the
147:03 . So we're thinking that the pe very useful because it points directly to
147:09 of these mythologies. So it's pointing directly to dominate. Okay and then
147:17 go to the density which is uh like so it's above 2.75. So
147:25 like 2.8. So that would be maybe like a limestone density which would
147:40 of go hand in hand with the . It is it's it's very very
147:48 . So we know that that's not to be a shale and it's not
147:53 to be a sandstone and it's not to be assault. It's extremely and
147:58 we know that those really dense are Dolomites. The and hydrates.
148:05 And then C. N. C. N. C. Is
148:08 the neutron. Okay. The base the neutron porosity neutron counts. It's
148:15 it's a ferocity log. That's that's neutron ferocity more or less. Okay
148:21 then It's about zero. It's pretty close to zero. So so when
148:35 look at that it's clean. It's resistive. It's extremely low porosity,
148:44 very high density and it's P. . Says it's a delight. So
148:56 . Okay now if we had another we had the sonic lives here we
149:05 we'd probably see that it had a high velocity. We'd also if we
149:08 a shear wave log we'd know what B. P. S. Ratio
149:12 so we could nail it even Okay but let's let's look at another
149:23 . Let's look at around 50 800 depth. Okay. Um caliper caliper
149:32 a little noisy. Um So would mean dirty? Um It's not too
149:40 . I mean you're drilling through a rock it's it's a bit friable.
149:46 you know I would have some theories be thinking it might be shell because
149:50 chipping away at the shell layering it know it could have been more organic
149:57 cold but we're down 6000 m. is a pretty deep. Well so
150:02 don't expect that. So I'm expecting maybe something layered. So that's and
150:13 friable. So but so a few there something layered and then it's not
150:20 bad. So I think the logs still okay. It's just chewed up
150:23 little bit. Okay. Okay. then moving on to the gamma,
150:29 are showing some radio activity. So a shale. How much radio
150:35 A little bit or a lot. mean that's pretty significant. It's almost
150:41 . Yeah, that's that's a whole of radio activity. Okay. And
150:46 we go to the resistive Itty and not super resistive, So it's about
150:58 . Yeah. So nothing nothing special the relativity really. Um P E
151:07 . We are, let's just say a four. So if we go
151:12 our thing formed for um so how I read that? Because it's not
151:27 not a dolomite. It's not a site. Yeah, there's there's a
151:31 a plot for a late before that's the area. Okay, So we're
151:39 maybe some claim materials. Okay, clear Some clay. Okay. I
151:49 to the density and it's about let's , so that's 2.5. It's like
151:55 2.6. Yeah. And so that tells us nothing too special.
152:05 not probably not that porous because shells they around the two point Okay.
152:15 are we're kind of flagging that Okay. Um and then we go
152:22 the neutron ferocity and we're at about say 10. Yeah. Which is
152:35 the ballpark For a lot of process in particular shale porosity we'd expect that
152:42 around 10%. Around 10%. So are you thinking about this? This
152:50 a little bit nondescript except for one . The gamma. So yeah I'm
153:00 a shell. Yeah. Shell. . Okay. So next why don't
153:14 try another one? Let's just try um uh this guy down here.
153:21 at 1960 or so in this particular in here. Okay. Yeah um
153:31 looks good. Yeah gamma. Very . So what's it about maybe a
153:43 ? That's right in the middle of zero and 50. Um So let's
153:48 so. No um resistive. Itty nothing's really jumping out. Um We
154:00 to the P. E. Very high five. We're looking at
154:08 cow site. Yeah or and hydrate which goes along with limestone. Mind
154:20 maybe. Okay then we go to density density is a two point.
154:27 that five? So like a 2.5 um neutron porosity. Well density has
154:39 been higher than that. Oh I'm I can't read that six. It's
154:46 it's touching the 2.75 line. Oh see. Okay. Yeah I was
154:51 trying to see it like right there the middle but now I see it's
154:54 there at 2.75. Okay and then density kind of goes in hand with
155:06 because limestone is around that. Okay and then the porosity is all over
155:13 place. The neutron ferocity C. . C H M. I would
155:20 averages and around Maybe 10. It's kind of noisy. Oh I'm
155:31 I was looking at the role, about zero. So not very,
155:40 . Yeah, so this kind of in hand with Rhinestone. Yeah,
155:44 that that's a limestone. Okay, you can have a look at some
155:50 those other layers, but that's that's a good way to with this set
155:55 logs. You can we can interpret of those. Um So let's let's
156:06 stepping through these and just see if of these make sense. Let's let's
156:11 this guy too. So now once we're We're down at 1800 m or
156:20 . And if if you were just at these logs and we wanted to
156:27 intervals of interest, this is the log, we can define our interesting
156:37 . Again, I pick this guy S. P. So this is
156:40 permeability but also interpreted as are not . So we can see this guy
156:45 not shale, that's interesting. This is not shale interesting. This little
156:51 is interesting and then these little layers interesting. So if we're gonna go
156:57 that um that immediately catches our then we can just jump immediately over
157:07 resistive. Itty and tell me what think about this whole layer up
157:15 Um It's very resistive, not the thing, it kind of like where
157:23 cut off at the green, it starts to kind of break up.
157:29 the shallow one is bigger which is . Um And then the deeper one
157:36 is the dash line is just it's significant right there in that top
157:41 Yeah, so that is our, know, they've got listed here but
157:52 we think that that whole unit is and they've got it listed as a
158:01 here. But once again we can high resistance in the top, low
158:06 itty on the bottom. So in large permeable interval. Just a classic
158:11 over brian. Then if we go deeper Around 1800 m, how would
158:22 describe that? Very very resistive? the shadow in the deep they kind
158:32 go and so that whole layer would like apartment, this guy kind of
158:45 like it's uh it's getting a bit as a guest. It's it's a
158:52 hydrocarbon saturate interval. The the resistive is is decreasing as we go up
159:01 and we've only got these logs but to me says that the reservoir is
159:05 finding upwards probably getting a bit more conductive but that whole thing is
159:12 saturated and then as we go deeper this unit looks kind of nice at
159:25 bottom, it looks like it's a developed sand. So we like
159:31 But as we go over and look the resistance, the logs, what
159:34 that tell us that it's most likely it's the low relativity and then that
159:42 zone. So that'd be like And then the deep the deep resistive
159:54 , it's low, so or it's of like right there in the middle
160:00 that that's also kind of indicative of . Yeah. So we had some
160:06 some nice oily layers up here. was some nice porosity permeability down
160:12 But what did we think about this terms of hydrocarbons, negative tower,
160:20 deep resistive. These are all So there's no hydrocarbon there. So
160:29 . But you got lots of hydrocarbon it, so that's all good.
160:40 do one last one. So now this case You can see going
160:47 we've got we're down at about 80 ft again and we looked at this
160:56 . But now what do we see ? We understand this a bit
160:59 We've got RSP that's showing permissible right and then here um resistive.
161:13 very resistive. And so those are very nice hydrocarbon reservoirs. So that
161:25 works pretty well. Good. Now went through this one quite a bit
161:32 we can so just to summarize what we do? So when we're going
161:38 be evaluating these logs, you're given whole set of logs. First of
161:43 , you're gonna go through and quickly them and see if there are any
161:48 anomalous live values and pick your layers interest. And in fact that's the
161:56 we've done here. We've looked at can see A. B.
161:58 D. Those are all defined on anomalous gamma ray and sp logs.
162:05 we've gone through, we've picked those zones in this particular. Well so
162:11 the number one thing we're gonna do just kind of scanning all the logs
162:14 seeing what's really anomalous what allows me pick a top and a bottom.
162:24 I've gotten in I thought oh wow a lot of character on the
162:27 P. And the gamma ray I see that that's gonna nail my
162:31 and bottoms. My preliminary interval pics interest. Now I'm going to go
162:38 and I'm gonna look at all those more detail. I'm going to go
162:41 look at the resistive, it ease the sonic and the pe if I've
162:45 it the density logs. So I at all those and then once we've
162:52 that we'll just say what's the percentage ? So now we're getting a bit
162:59 and now say we look at the a you can see the gamma ray
163:04 the there's um Long broken line that's long broken line here. And so
163:14 go from 0 to 1 50 and I pick the lowest value that's
163:24 So I'm gonna say that's my Sandline value is around here, that's my
163:37 line, and now, just the of this, pick Between these two
163:43 , that is my percent sand or . So in this case our line
163:49 from here to here, the actual is right there in green and so
163:54 calculate that is 25% shale or 75% . So for example, if I
164:05 down here and looked at the Gamma , what's my sand percentage gonna be
164:11 , Like 100, 100% sent and send percentage in here, Um see
164:22 that problem was 75, so maybe 75 also. Yeah, so that
164:28 to be around 75% sand too, that's good. And so that's the
164:32 quantitative thing we can do, and that could establish a with ology log
164:36 here, but that also gives us ballpark what kind of reservoirs we're looking
164:47 , so then we could say, , now I'm gonna start looking
164:50 I've got my intervals have established a bit of the lift ology,
164:58 I can start to think a little more about the poor fille. So
165:03 look at this guy, we oh that was 100% sand, what
165:09 sp tell me here, this it's permeable. And then I went
165:15 here and I said, whoa, looked at this before, we calculated
165:21 was off scale and we had our , so that was good, and
165:32 we also looked at some of these layers. Um We looked at this
165:38 and see what was this case here . Uh Oh you mean what do
165:49 mean in case like the water? was there was sand. So just
165:58 this c interval. Oh it was brine. It was brine with gas
166:05 top of it because we had our . And so we can do our
166:17 . What we did was we took number here, which was .2.
166:22 took the number here, which was or so. So four we took
166:30 over four square root was .22. in this area it was 22 brian
166:40 . So how much hydrocarbon, hydrocarbon. And its gas because the
166:50 as the crossover. So we understand guy. And then we looked also
166:59 D. And so we saw this we thought that dee was a little
167:09 more complicated. The tight sand but oil. Yeah. Great. So
167:20 a there are a lot of different there but that gives a pretty good
167:27 of a number of different cases. that that's all good. Now I've
167:37 a few more here but um will maybe take a break for lunch and
167:45 come back, we'll do some more . We'll let this set in and
167:52 . Ruminate, meditate. Um and your brain and then let's let's take
168:01 hour for lunch and then come We'll do a bit more with
168:04 And then we'll start moving into some uses for the logs. Alright.
168:10 stuff. Well, we'll see you an
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