| 00:01 | Yeah, okay. So we are now. Well not live like in |
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| 00:06 | but live as in recording and um for those of you who, who |
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| 00:11 | just joining the class. This is of the big orientation summary. So |
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| 00:15 | to black boy, familiarize yourself know I record my lecture so you can |
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| 00:19 | go back and listen to the orientation . There is an assessment that you |
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| 00:23 | to do. That comes due next . That right? That that next |
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| 00:27 | the third. Yeah, I think . All right. You want to |
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| 00:30 | the book? Uh, you can the book cheap from the publisher. |
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| 00:33 | what do we decide? $96, . That's that's insane. And weighs |
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| 00:41 | did we did anyone bother me wearing ? The easy way to weight is |
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| 00:45 | get on a scale, hold the , see what the way it |
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| 00:48 | Then get us to put the book and weigh yourself differences the weight of |
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| 00:51 | book. All right. Remember we pre reading for class. The next |
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| 00:57 | reading quiz or assessment will open at o'clock on monday. It closed at |
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| 01:01 | right before class. So you have the weekends you have more time to |
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| 01:05 | than you do during the week. just by its nature. Remember each |
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| 01:08 | these assessments will have 10 questions there minutes. You get two attempts on |
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| 01:13 | . So watch the video, do orientation assessment. I'm tired of you |
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| 01:19 | your quiz. Um, and then you have questions, you can email |
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| 01:22 | . Of course. I'm not going ignore you. Although sometimes during the |
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| 01:26 | two weeks takes me a little bit time. Usually about 24 hours to |
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| 01:29 | around. So you're here for right? Physiology, That's why you |
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| 01:39 | taking the class. You want to what the body does. And so |
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| 01:43 | essence, what we're gonna do today we're gonna look at a brief overview |
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| 01:48 | of what the body is and what gonna do is we're gonna start very |
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| 01:53 | . All right. So this is for every class you always have the |
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| 01:56 | couple of days, right? Where like he's gonna repeat everything I've learned |
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| 01:59 | all these other classes. Yeah, true. That's what's going to happen |
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| 02:02 | physiology for the first six lectures or you're gonna see stuff that you've seen |
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| 02:06 | , not necessarily in the detail that gonna show it to you, but |
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| 02:09 | definitely seen this stuff. So everyone . But what we're trying to do |
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| 02:11 | to make sure that those of you have never seen this stuff are on |
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| 02:15 | same page as those that you have this stuff. Okay, so that's |
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| 02:18 | of what the goal is. And once we create that foundation that allows |
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| 02:21 | to move into the different systems. so right now, I just want |
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| 02:25 | just briefly time what is physiology is study of normal function of living |
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| 02:29 | Now, most of you are in class because you want to study how |
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| 02:33 | are broken. Right? I mean want to go and go into our |
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| 02:38 | most of you, not all but of you. And so you're trying |
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| 02:41 | figure out if something is broken, is it broken? And how does |
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| 02:44 | supposed to work so I can fix ? What just happens? I'm afraid |
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| 02:52 | you better behave yourself. Yes. was scared to go on this side |
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| 02:59 | the room. Right? All So basically what you're thinking about is |
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| 03:06 | which is called pathology? Alright. are studying how things are broken, |
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| 03:11 | systems don't work and really how do go about figuring out why it's |
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| 03:16 | All right. But we're interested in how things work. So, if |
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| 03:19 | come up to me and trust some of you will have these questions |
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| 03:22 | come up to me after class, doctor Wayne, I've been working in |
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| 03:24 | lab in the er and the operating , blah blah blah. And I |
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| 03:28 | this and it's like some horrible disease has like seven initials and I you |
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| 03:34 | pronounce it. I can't pronounce And you're like, what's going on |
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| 03:36 | ? And I'm gonna do this? don't know because why? I don't |
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| 03:42 | how things are broken. All I've never studied pathology to that |
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| 03:47 | Now I can guess my way through based on what I know how things |
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| 03:51 | . But the pathology stuff is a different fields something that I don't know |
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| 03:55 | lot about. And when you hear . So I don't know a lot |
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| 03:59 | something. That's a good thing. right. So what does it |
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| 04:03 | Well, we're looking on how That's the big picture. The system's |
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| 04:07 | our way down all the way down the molecules, how all those things |
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| 04:11 | , the chemical and physical aspects of things and how they get your body |
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| 04:14 | function the way that they do. right. Now, this is a |
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| 04:17 | discipline. And biology. When you Biology one on one and one or |
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| 04:21 | or here at the University of which we've now changed to 1306 and |
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| 04:27 | . Very confusing. I know. you learned the basic six disciplines of |
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| 04:33 | . All right. So this is subset of that and then you can |
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| 04:36 | further divided even further than that. , for example, I was a |
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| 04:41 | biologist. I studied reproductive physiology. area of focus was first male reproductive |
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| 04:48 | . How do we make sperm? then when I graduated got my P |
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| 04:52 | , I went and studied how female worked. And so I'm this little |
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| 04:57 | itsy bitsy narrow slice of pie in broader picture of physiology. That makes |
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| 05:03 | . So physiology is kind of the term that talks about the entire |
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| 05:09 | All right now, no matter what study though, ultimately the central theme |
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| 05:13 | all of this is homeostasis. And , we're going to get to that |
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| 05:16 | just amendment minute. But just to something that we're all walking in here |
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| 05:21 | some knowledge. I just want you shout out what each of these systems |
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| 05:25 | in the most basic sense. What the integra mint do? Do you |
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| 05:28 | segments your skin protects good? What the muscular system do? Move? |
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| 05:34 | skeletal system do support? What does impulses control? I think I |
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| 05:41 | So, basically controls other systems. system hormones signaling very good circulatory |
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| 05:50 | What does blood do? Yeah, a transport That's actually the best. |
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| 05:55 | it's a transport system. It is our logistics system in our body. |
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| 06:00 | really kind of cool. Alright. is one that a lot of people |
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| 06:02 | know to anyone here know. Lymphatic it's great. It's kind of like |
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| 06:08 | , kind of like the immune It's kind of a combination of the |
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| 06:13 | together. All right. And we don't spend a lot of |
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| 06:15 | So, I think we have like slide way back in the middle of |
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| 06:18 | semester. It's like here's lymphatic. , let's kind of ignore for right |
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| 06:21 | . But when you deal with the , you spend a lot of time |
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| 06:24 | about. All right. But it . It serves as part of transport |
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| 06:27 | , part of defense, respiratory Here's an easy one breathing gas exchange |
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| 06:33 | system. Something I wish I did this moment, which was eat before |
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| 06:38 | came. Right. It's processing materials energy and for fuel and for building |
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| 06:46 | system. What you wish you had right before class. Right, remove |
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| 06:52 | from the body. So, I'm sitting here doing the dance about 30 |
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| 06:55 | in. And then finally, reproductive did the name? What does it |
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| 06:59 | reproduction? Make new offspring so that can uh So the species can can |
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| 07:05 | on. All right. So, going to cover almost all of these |
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| 07:09 | in this class. Trying to see don't even have immune system up |
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| 07:12 | So, this is basically what we're to be dealing with over the course |
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| 07:16 | the semester. All right. to start this all off, we've |
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| 07:20 | to start with a chemistry lesson. right. First off, we need |
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| 07:24 | understand the body is an open Alright? And it's an open system |
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| 07:28 | the external environment, meaning that things come from the external environment and I |
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| 07:32 | things back to the external environment. not a closed system. There's a |
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| 07:36 | of exchange going off. All And the point of the body, |
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| 07:41 | the process of the body that we is that it's responsible for maintaining homeostasis |
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| 07:47 | is simply maintaining a constant internal environment all these changes. Now, the |
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| 07:53 | lesson here has to do with The principle of mass balance or the |
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| 07:57 | of mass action. You ever heard term in chemistry, right? Basically |
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| 08:01 | it says. Do you know how balance your equations? That's that's in |
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| 08:05 | what it is. It's basically the that go in must equal the things |
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| 08:08 | come out. And that's what you your entire Kim won and Kim two |
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| 08:12 | doing right. Remember those horrible equations and over and over again. |
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| 08:17 | But you can think of it in of simple nous. All right. |
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| 08:20 | , what do I do? I food in and I drink stuff. |
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| 08:23 | that's easy. And then what I is I poop and pee everything out |
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| 08:26 | I don't use and I burned things . That's easy mode. But it's |
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| 08:31 | more complicated than that. All So, you can think about it |
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| 08:34 | this. Everything that you produced through is um is something that you're adding |
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| 08:38 | the body, right? So even you have these building blocks, you're |
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| 08:43 | things to the body from the building . You're creating new things. But |
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| 08:46 | you build the new things, you're taking things away from the body. |
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| 08:50 | that anabel is um is both in and subtraction, right? And when |
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| 08:55 | break things down, like when you things into your body, okay, |
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| 08:58 | easy. I'm adding things in from external environment. But when I break |
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| 09:02 | down, I'm also losing things just I'm creating energy. So there's this |
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| 09:08 | and subtraction that we don't think quite much about. It's easy to |
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| 09:12 | I put in a cheeseburger in my , I get the energy plus the |
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| 09:17 | material that I don't use and I that. That's easy. It's this |
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| 09:21 | stuff that we kind of forget And so when we're looking at |
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| 09:25 | we're going to be dealing with maintaining just the addition of subtract that were |
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| 09:31 | commonly used to, we're talking about these large systems that are mostly invisible |
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| 09:36 | us that we don't think about all much. So homeostasis is maintaining constant |
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| 09:43 | environment despite change. Now the easy to think about is what we all |
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| 09:48 | . On the way over here, walked off my offices and start to |
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| 09:52 | across campus wasn't too bad until I that like 100 ft from the this |
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| 09:57 | . And all of a sudden it like I was in the Sahara, |
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| 10:02 | ? And so I walk in the and I'm just at this point I'm |
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| 10:06 | . So what's my body doing, , right? I'm trying to cool |
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| 10:10 | to maintain that constant internal environment because all the exertion, it really was |
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| 10:16 | coming into the building. And then come in this building as well, |
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| 10:20 | conditioned and all of a sudden now body temperature is now starting to |
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| 10:24 | So what's my body going to start , it's going to start shivering, |
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| 10:28 | to produce heat to maintain that So, here in the States, |
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| 10:33 | the easiest way to think of his . Homo states has noticed. It's |
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| 10:37 | maintaining that constant internal environment despite the . Now, your body is really |
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| 10:44 | of interesting because what we've done or the body is, remember, you |
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| 10:48 | off as an individual cell and then became many, many cells attached to |
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| 10:52 | other that became very, very But what we've done in this in |
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| 10:56 | process is we've created these unique And so, what we can say |
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| 11:00 | that the body consists of two major compartments. Now, your book talks |
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| 11:05 | a third compartment. This trans cellular that we're not going to talk |
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| 11:08 | So, we're just gonna ignore It does exist, but we're ignoring |
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| 11:12 | . Okay. It's kind of like monster that sleeps under your bed. |
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| 11:16 | I pretend it's not there, it's there. Right. Okay. |
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| 11:21 | the first compartment, it's the compartment cells. So, collectively, all |
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| 11:26 | cells together, they have an internal outside of the cells. That's the |
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| 11:30 | compartment and the boundary between the external and that external compartment is basically the |
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| 11:36 | of my body. So, basically skin. All right. So, |
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| 11:39 | do these things have? Well, fluid in them. So, we |
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| 11:42 | to the fluid inside the cells intracellular refer to the fluid outside the |
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| 11:47 | Extra cellular fluid so far. Right. It's like dr Wayne. |
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| 11:52 | you just get to the point. right. Why do we have these |
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| 11:57 | ? Anyone want to wager a guess tell me the reason why I |
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| 12:01 | you don't have to guess. You want to look If I ask a |
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| 12:06 | . If you ask, give it dumb answer. I'm not going to |
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| 12:09 | fun of you unless it's like really dumb, like, you know, |
|
| 12:13 | . But, you know, don't afraid to kind of like, |
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| 12:16 | I think it's this. Why do think? Well, this thing different |
|
| 12:21 | . Hi. Perfect. You can the thought so. So, I'm |
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| 12:27 | you go ahead. Mhm. don't need that. Mhm. |
|
| 12:38 | let me put it into words that can understand. We need compartments because |
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| 12:42 | environments to do different chemical reactions. ? That's easy enough. That And |
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| 12:48 | what you're saying. All right. need different compartments for different chemical |
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| 12:52 | And so, what we've done is created unique little environments for these chemical |
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| 12:58 | to occur. Now, this shouldn't terribly foreign to you live in a |
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| 13:02 | that is divided into compartments, Whether you're in a dorm or whether |
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| 13:05 | in an apartment or whether you live a mansion. Right? You have |
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| 13:09 | that are designated for certain things. example, the kitchen is designated for |
|
| 13:16 | . The living room is native for . That's see that's actually that's |
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| 13:21 | The bedroom is designated for I want to say betting come on bed, |
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| 13:25 | betting, But it's for sleeping right , the bathroom is for business, |
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| 13:32 | ? And whatever that business happens to , whether using the restroom or use |
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| 13:35 | and bathing whatnot, it's your business now. Can you do your business |
|
| 13:39 | the kitchen? You can But you . Right. That's that's absolutely |
|
| 13:47 | right? The bedroom, you can all sorts of things in the |
|
| 13:50 | Can you shower in the bedroom, ? No, because it does. |
|
| 13:53 | lacks the machinery to do so. . Can you sleep in the living |
|
| 13:58 | ? Yes, but when you wake at 4:00 AM, with that Crick |
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| 14:01 | your neck, you're gonna be wishing were in your bed. Right? |
|
| 14:04 | , we have compartmentalized our spaces around for the greatest efficiency for whatever the |
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| 14:11 | is at hand. And that's what body has done as well. It's |
|
| 14:14 | these unique compartments. And actually, inside the cell itself, there's a |
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| 14:18 | compartments. That's what the organelles All right now, the compartments that |
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| 14:24 | are the boundary of the barrier that these two things is the plasma |
|
| 14:29 | And this is where a lot of conversation is going to be today. |
|
| 14:31 | if you're sitting there rolling around, can't believe he's going to talk the |
|
| 14:34 | time about the plasma membrane. I blame you, But it's actually one |
|
| 14:38 | the most important structures in the body it creates this barrier for this |
|
| 14:43 | All right. So, if you at the extra cellular fluid, |
|
| 14:48 | we have a barrier between these That's plasma membrane. But if you |
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| 14:50 | just at the extra cellular fluid, actually divided into two compartments as |
|
| 14:54 | We have the compartment that is the directly around the cells. And then |
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| 14:59 | have the compartment which is the fluid flows through the body. That's |
|
| 15:03 | So, that's really the fluid that's the blood. So, the part |
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| 15:06 | in the blood is called the The stuff that's around the cells is |
|
| 15:10 | the interstitial fluid. Interstitial means in the cells. That's why it's interstitial |
|
| 15:15 | . All right now, the barrier those two compartments is very permeable. |
|
| 15:21 | can mix between the plasma and interstitial . But that barrier is your capillaries |
|
| 15:27 | are part of the cardiovascular system. , the blood circulates. But when |
|
| 15:31 | comes into the capillaries, it mixes allows for interstitial fluid to go into |
|
| 15:35 | plasma and allows for plasma to mix interstitial fluid. All right. |
|
| 15:40 | there's an exchange there. All Now, coming back to that term |
|
| 15:48 | . Homeostasis is sometimes confused with the of equilibrium equilibrium means balance, |
|
| 15:56 | When we think homo state says I'm to find a state of balance, |
|
| 16:00 | it's not balance in the sense that two sides are equal, right? |
|
| 16:05 | I'm hungry, I'm putting cheeseburgers in body to provide fuel and nutrients but |
|
| 16:10 | haven't created added into the system so I can get things right equilibrium says |
|
| 16:17 | A. Has to equal side And that's not what's going on |
|
| 16:21 | All right. So if you, if you look at these compartments |
|
| 16:28 | And that's what this picture is and a fantastic picture from your book. |
|
| 16:31 | can look at and you can count the concentrations the osmolarity is and all |
|
| 16:35 | of fun stuff of all the different . And if you look at those |
|
| 16:38 | you go, wow, they're relatively same. Especially in terms of |
|
| 16:43 | If you don't know what osmolarity osmolarity simply the number of salutes per unit |
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| 16:48 | solution. All right. They don't what the salutes are. It's just |
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| 16:52 | in it. Okay, there's the number of particles and so you can |
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| 16:56 | look inside the cell about 290. in the interstitial space, number 2 |
|
| 17:01 | over here in the plaza about 2 great. So we have balance. |
|
| 17:06 | have equilibrium in terms of the number particles. But if you look at |
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| 17:10 | absolute particles you're going to see that are very different. So inside the |
|
| 17:14 | here, I don't know if you read. It says 15 million molar |
|
| 17:18 | 120 millimeter potassium gotta gotta gotta up , sodium is 145. Almost a |
|
| 17:25 | full difference Over here, potassium is . That's a 20fold difference. It's |
|
| 17:32 | . Yet this is home a static . All right. In other |
|
| 17:37 | while the number of particles are the , the types of particles are |
|
| 17:43 | And so the body finds that this state is what it wants to be |
|
| 17:50 | because it can use this disequilibrium. we call chemical disequilibrium to do |
|
| 17:56 | All right. It's to its So, part of the job of |
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| 18:00 | plasma membrane is to ensure that this here is different than that compartment there |
|
| 18:07 | which salutes happen to be present. , so, right now, it's |
|
| 18:12 | important which solids. We're going to to that in a couple of |
|
| 18:15 | but you'll eventually learn if you haven't to memorize yet. sodium high and |
|
| 18:19 | sodium low outside cells. potassium high cells. I'm sorry, just flip |
|
| 18:23 | flip that all around. Sorry, my blue little rewrite inside cells, |
|
| 18:29 | is low potassium high outside cells, is high, potassium is low. |
|
| 18:35 | , now, our bodies are not in chemical disequilibrium but osmotic equilibrium, |
|
| 18:42 | it's also chemical or excuse me, neutral. How do we know |
|
| 18:46 | I can touch you and you don't electrocuted. Now I can go rub |
|
| 18:50 | feet around the room and come up and shock you. But that's not |
|
| 18:54 | electrical state. That's just me building a charge on my external surface. |
|
| 18:59 | . And it's a lot of fun do, especially when people aren't expecting |
|
| 19:03 | . All right, our cells artist state of electrical disequilibrium. |
|
| 19:09 | you can see right here in this is just a graph representation of where |
|
| 19:14 | particular ions are located. You can I've got my sodium high outside the |
|
| 19:21 | inside the cell. Very low. ? And so, what we're seeing |
|
| 19:25 | is we're seeing an imbalance and we're to study why this imbalance exists when |
|
| 19:29 | talk about the electrical communication of But this electrical disequilibrium means that the |
|
| 19:36 | because they're not in equilibrium on either of the membrane want to move and |
|
| 19:41 | they want to move, that means they have charged that goes with |
|
| 19:46 | And that charge can then be used do things like move muscles or have |
|
| 19:54 | . Okay, so, the point all of this that I'm trying to |
|
| 19:58 | at is that when we talk about , this state right here, that |
|
| 20:03 | looking at is in home a static . Even though you look at these |
|
| 20:07 | and you can see there's dis So, we're all clear on |
|
| 20:11 | that good. That kind of makes , sort of All right. So |
|
| 20:19 | equilibrium chemical electrical disequilibrium refer to as dynamic steady state dynamic. What does |
|
| 20:25 | mean dynamic means things are always moving state means things are not changing, |
|
| 20:32 | ? So things are moving. But not changing. Kind of like your |
|
| 20:35 | right? Before you have the Right. We're moving. Things are |
|
| 20:39 | . Good. Things seem to be of stagnant and we have the |
|
| 20:46 | All right now, the reason we have dynamic movement why we can have |
|
| 20:51 | steady state where things don't change is we have these unique transport mechanisms and |
|
| 20:57 | have selective permeability in the plasma Notice we're coming right back to this |
|
| 21:02 | membrane. All right, selective permeability that we have an ability to choose |
|
| 21:08 | passes back and forth across the membrane the cells get to choose. All |
|
| 21:12 | now, this is a picture of plasma membrane and electron micrografx. |
|
| 21:16 | sir. Forget it. Mhm. , what we're going to see is |
|
| 21:23 | they are mechanisms used by the So, I don't want to define |
|
| 21:26 | like that. It's mechanism used by cells so that they can accomplish their |
|
| 21:31 | . All right. They And if ask me where do they develop |
|
| 21:34 | They developed over eons and eons of to be just systems that worked. |
|
| 21:40 | . So, for example, we're to talk about the sodium potassium hcPS |
|
| 21:44 | . Someone asked one semester as well did this come from? He |
|
| 21:47 | I don't know. It just happened develop the cells found that it kind |
|
| 21:50 | worked and over time it fixed So, that was really, really |
|
| 21:56 | just as those are terrible answers to a class when you're supposed to sound |
|
| 22:00 | smart. It just is We don't the answer to that group? I |
|
| 22:05 | jump too far. All right. , let me come back to the |
|
| 22:08 | . So, there's an electron You're looking at two cells here. |
|
| 22:10 | number B. Here's or Selby Selby here. Here, sell A on |
|
| 22:15 | side. You can see right there's the plasma membrane or the space |
|
| 22:19 | the two. This little space that putting my finger in that would be |
|
| 22:23 | interstitial space. Just to give you sense of how itsy bitsy teeny tiny |
|
| 22:26 | interstitial um actually is. Right. , that line right there in that |
|
| 22:30 | , right there represents the plasma membrane this side and the plasma membrane on |
|
| 22:34 | side. And so we've blown it . Uh five fold, right? |
|
| 22:39 | , you can see here here's the um here's the plasma membrane for sell |
|
| 22:43 | That is the plasma membrane for Alright, so plasma membranes have this |
|
| 22:48 | structure we're going to look at But basically, what is the platinum |
|
| 22:51 | ? What does it do? it serves as physical isolation, it |
|
| 22:54 | creates the barrier between that cell and surrounding environment. All right. |
|
| 22:59 | that's the easy one. It's a . All right. So, if |
|
| 23:03 | a barrier, what that means is it can serve as a regulator of |
|
| 23:08 | internal environment. It decides what gets come in and go out. |
|
| 23:12 | So, how does it determine that determine that based on what's actually in |
|
| 23:16 | membrane. What's embedded in the Right. It serves as a point |
|
| 23:21 | communication. So what embeds in the ? What proteins happen to be there |
|
| 23:26 | what sugars have to be happening beyond service allows or serves as an interaction |
|
| 23:31 | that cell and that surrounding environment. . It also allows that sell to |
|
| 23:37 | with other cells. So, if one has proteins on that side and |
|
| 23:39 | one has cells, proteins on that that are capable of interacting, those |
|
| 23:43 | cells can talk to each other. , So, that's when we say |
|
| 23:47 | , that's what we're talking about. also serves as a point of structural |
|
| 23:52 | . All right. What that means is what we can't see in this |
|
| 23:55 | . Is that all on the inside this plaza member. And both cells |
|
| 23:59 | a whole bunch of proteins that serve sido skeleton. Alright. In other |
|
| 24:04 | , they created a structure that allows the cell to have a specific |
|
| 24:09 | That specific shape then allows that cell function in the way that's supposed to |
|
| 24:14 | . And it's being maintained by that membrane and that protein structure that's associated |
|
| 24:20 | it that would be on the internal . So, the membrane all of |
|
| 24:26 | sudden becomes pretty important. It's not a barrier. It allows for this |
|
| 24:31 | and communication with other cells and with environment. All right. So, |
|
| 24:39 | deserves attention when it is capable of many different things. Here's a cartoon |
|
| 24:46 | of it. You can see here mostly lipids and some proteins injected and |
|
| 24:52 | fact, the ratio of protein to . The more proteins there are the |
|
| 24:58 | activity that cell is said to All right. There's a there's a |
|
| 25:03 | relationship there. All right. if you look at it, You |
|
| 25:07 | see that the the lipids. So are fossil lipids are arranged in a |
|
| 25:13 | specific way. Now, many of said they're going to learn this in |
|
| 25:16 | one. Yes, you did. go over this very carefully here. |
|
| 25:20 | . We have a fossil lipid. lipid has two parts to it. |
|
| 25:24 | has a hydrophobic tail and it has hydro filic head. All right. |
|
| 25:29 | hydrophobic head is attracted to the So that points towards where water |
|
| 25:34 | The hydrophobic tail is excluded by the and so it's forced or pointed away |
|
| 25:39 | the water. And so you get of these things and they will arrange |
|
| 25:43 | in the sheets so that you have two membranes or these two sheets, |
|
| 25:48 | . Which is called a bi And so the head portion is always |
|
| 25:54 | towards water. The tail push portion always being excluded from the water. |
|
| 25:59 | so you have a barrier. Now is impermeable to water soluble substances because |
|
| 26:07 | tail portion sits there and says I like things that like water. I |
|
| 26:13 | know why it's so rude, but is so nothing can pass through that's |
|
| 26:17 | soluble. But if your lipid soluble can pass through just fine. |
|
| 26:22 | the proteins are going to bed themselves all the way through or to the |
|
| 26:26 | . And we're going to see all different types of proteins. And what |
|
| 26:28 | looking at here is from your This is what a fossil lipid looks |
|
| 26:32 | . And I want you to kind see this structure a little bit more |
|
| 26:35 | . All right. I'm not gonna you the chemistry. I'm not gonna |
|
| 26:38 | you to memorize structure. But one the things you need to start doing |
|
| 26:41 | terms of learning things is putting things categories. And then being able to |
|
| 26:45 | all the things that are related to that looked like it. Okay, |
|
| 26:49 | , you can see here with the lipid, there's your fatty acid tails |
|
| 26:51 | here. This is the foster lipid of the hydra filic head. And |
|
| 26:58 | it has this unique kind of Like I said, where that's what |
|
| 27:01 | gonna look like and arrange itself in by later. Here are some common |
|
| 27:07 | lipids. Do you think you need memorize these fossil lipids? No, |
|
| 27:11 | you for shaking your head like you make me. All right. |
|
| 27:15 | But can you look at them and see a structure that is common between |
|
| 27:19 | right tails. Uh basically a fossil that is has some sort of charge |
|
| 27:27 | it. Usually primarily because of the charge. But you can see their |
|
| 27:32 | . Uh there again. You can a charge so on and so |
|
| 27:35 | So those are going to range themselves water. Now, I do want |
|
| 27:39 | point out one thing for you because going to deal with this thing. |
|
| 27:42 | probably a couple of days when we with communication. So, if I |
|
| 27:44 | out to you now, you oh , I remember him talking about |
|
| 27:47 | This one right here. You don't to memorize this name. But is |
|
| 27:49 | fossa title in hospital? All We're going to see this one |
|
| 27:54 | And we're going to see that it from the plasma membrane in the |
|
| 27:57 | Or the cell uses it as a molecule, breaks it up and uses |
|
| 28:00 | of it as a signaling molecule. , when you look at this |
|
| 28:03 | while you're not going to go, is this all coming from? It's |
|
| 28:06 | there. It's right there in the membrane. Now, that's the first |
|
| 28:10 | of lipid that you're going to find a plasma membrane. There's actually more |
|
| 28:14 | one type. The next type is single lipid. They were heard of |
|
| 28:18 | single lipid Before teaching this class. had never heard of one because why |
|
| 28:24 | I what's his finger lipids? a single ip, it is a |
|
| 28:28 | acid tail. Got to make sure doing this right? So here's the |
|
| 28:31 | acid tail. So that would be fatty acid tail. And then it |
|
| 28:34 | a finger seen to it. Now of you probably noticed finger senors some |
|
| 28:39 | you or the rest of you like were like I have no idea what |
|
| 28:42 | is is what is referred to as amine alcohol. You don't need to |
|
| 28:47 | that. I'm not going to say is this finger scene. But it's |
|
| 28:50 | really really long structure that has this lipid and then kind of this head |
|
| 28:56 | , right? And I said foster but this water loving head that is |
|
| 29:01 | has a phosphate to it. And what you do is you attach a |
|
| 29:05 | acid to the mid right next to . And all of a sudden, |
|
| 29:08 | does it look like, What does look like? Yeah. Uh |
|
| 29:15 | So that's why they exist. Now happen to be a little bit longer |
|
| 29:19 | regard to the tales region than fatty are. And so that causes them |
|
| 29:23 | kind of bump themselves up and single kind of accumulate together with some proteins |
|
| 29:29 | they create what are called lipid You may have heard of lipid rafts |
|
| 29:34 | lipid rafts or where you might find whole bunch of receptors and they kind |
|
| 29:37 | move together as a group. And it serves as a mechanism to congregate |
|
| 29:43 | receptors together. So it's finger lipids found in the plaza remembering and you |
|
| 29:48 | probably see why. Right. And I'm trying to show you it can |
|
| 29:53 | have a sugar attached the end so becomes like a lipid. So it's |
|
| 29:57 | lipid or like a lipid. All . Third type cholesterol. How many |
|
| 30:02 | been told cholesterol bad for you? course. I mean at some point |
|
| 30:06 | life someone said cholesterol battery. no. You want cholesterol cholesterol good |
|
| 30:10 | you cholesterol important for you. Don't cholesterol. Bad things will happen. |
|
| 30:15 | right. This is cholesterol on its . You can see it has these |
|
| 30:20 | . It has its long tail. is basically the primary structure from which |
|
| 30:24 | your steroids come from. So this from vitamin D. Comes from |
|
| 30:28 | It's based cholesterol is really important for whole bunch of signaling molecules and other |
|
| 30:33 | that we build cholesterol likes to find way into plasma membranes and it's one |
|
| 30:37 | these really really unique proteins that does really cool thing. Alright, so |
|
| 30:42 | lipids can have tails that are straight this. Right? So that's what |
|
| 30:48 | refer to as being saturated. Or can have double bonds which would make |
|
| 30:52 | unsaturated. And when you have a bond that's going to create a kik |
|
| 30:56 | that the hill goes off to the like so all right. So you |
|
| 31:00 | see kind of um you can imagine here, you can see all the |
|
| 31:04 | and all this bending and stuff like . And so when everything is |
|
| 31:08 | what's going to happen is all those ass details can get really, really |
|
| 31:11 | together and everything jam up nice and and something that are a bunch of |
|
| 31:16 | like that will then become a right? Can you picture that a |
|
| 31:21 | of things that can get close then get really, really close. |
|
| 31:24 | there's no elbow room and so it's , really tight. And that's where |
|
| 31:27 | would be an example of a solid when you have a whole bunch of |
|
| 31:30 | . So imagine me, I'm a olympic. Here's my tale, right |
|
| 31:35 | off to the side. You can't close to me. Now. Now |
|
| 31:37 | got elbow room, there's more I can become a liquid, |
|
| 31:41 | So those are the kind of the that we have to kind of deal |
|
| 31:44 | . The problem is you want liquid membranes. That would be very bad |
|
| 31:49 | then you can't create a structure that things from moving through it, |
|
| 31:54 | And you don't want things jam together well because things are jammed together, |
|
| 31:59 | nothing can move through it. So have a mechanism through cholesterol to kind |
|
| 32:04 | to find a happy medium and I'm to go ahead and answer the question |
|
| 32:07 | see if I yes. So let see if I can do this was |
|
| 32:14 | really, really briefly. So remember is not gonna be on the |
|
| 32:17 | I'm going to do it over So if you can imagine here's my |
|
| 32:20 | lipid head, if I have nothing saturated bonds. So in other words |
|
| 32:26 | every carbon that's in that fatty acid basically has its two hydrogen, |
|
| 32:32 | So it be carbon hydrogen going this , hydrant going that way, then |
|
| 32:36 | connects to the next carbon, next . Each of them would have their |
|
| 32:39 | . So that would be referred to saturated. All right. And so |
|
| 32:42 | you get a double bond right, move forward like that, you cannot |
|
| 32:50 | two Hydggen. Right? How many can you have for each of these |
|
| 32:55 | ? Right. And so that's basically it's unsaturated because it doesn't have every |
|
| 33:04 | Thank you every Yes. Every carbon have 4, 4 connections. And |
|
| 33:11 | should. Well, it does. mean it's a double bond, but |
|
| 33:13 | get what I'm saying, right? understand my basic organic chemistry still is |
|
| 33:19 | from 20 years ago. Look at . I don't know even I don't |
|
| 33:27 | know what that means right now. , I mean, you know again |
|
| 33:31 | when we say language it's like if you don't use 20 years, it's |
|
| 33:35 | fully conjugated. I'm thinking verbs and not trying to be silly, but |
|
| 33:39 | really how bad it is, So when you're fully saturated, you're |
|
| 33:44 | to be basically creating a series of bonds that look like this, |
|
| 33:49 | Because the arrangements of the angles of carbons and the hydrogen is right. |
|
| 33:53 | to do that. Right? But you have a saturated, you're going |
|
| 33:57 | get that sister that trans And so you go. And then all of |
|
| 34:00 | sudden it's there's that double bond, can go off this way and now |
|
| 34:04 | kicking off to one side or the . And so that's what I'm saying |
|
| 34:08 | that when you're dealing with these unsaturated , you're forcing the chain away from |
|
| 34:13 | parallel structure. So if you have bunch of these with a bunch of |
|
| 34:18 | to get nice and close, If throw in an unsaturated, they can't |
|
| 34:24 | close. Do you see that? now this thing is more permeable things |
|
| 34:31 | sneak in between there. Mhm. want a bad example. I have |
|
| 34:36 | young kids. I used to have young kids as I've aged. They've |
|
| 34:39 | as well. I don't know how works. But we have four kids |
|
| 34:45 | so you can imagine four kids and adults, what do the four kids |
|
| 34:48 | to do? North south east west can catch two of them but two |
|
| 34:51 | them are always gonna escape and it's gonna be this to smallest. |
|
| 34:55 | Because in a crowd of adults, can sneak in between everybody, they're |
|
| 34:59 | fat and big like their father. ? They can run between legs. |
|
| 35:04 | shocking. But they can do Right. And so when you have |
|
| 35:10 | unsaturated fatty acids in the way or your plasma membrane, it creates a |
|
| 35:16 | which means that the plasma membrane is more more liquid state. Right? |
|
| 35:22 | a little bit of heat. Heat that. And what are those uh |
|
| 35:25 | are those fatty acids going to What you had heat to anything? |
|
| 35:29 | do they do? Start moving a bit, right, and they start |
|
| 35:33 | around. Now, if you have whole bunch of fatty acids are fossil |
|
| 35:37 | that are close together, you they can't wiggle that much, but |
|
| 35:40 | can eventually start giving them enough They can separate from each other, |
|
| 35:44 | ? They're not bonded to each They're just jammed up together because of |
|
| 35:48 | conditions of being in water. But have enough heat to a fat in |
|
| 35:53 | . It will separate out as best can. Right? This won't will |
|
| 36:00 | a lot faster because it has more to move around. Okay, |
|
| 36:07 | we have a problem here, we in Houston out of a little bit |
|
| 36:11 | heat to a body. What's going happen to it? If you didn't |
|
| 36:15 | if you have these unsaturated bonds, melt like butter, You'd be like |
|
| 36:18 | wicked witch of the West. That's really obscure reference because none of you |
|
| 36:22 | have seen that was revived. Then need to nod your head and |
|
| 36:27 | oh, yeah, All right. , let me get back to the |
|
| 36:33 | . Have I explained that kind of enough? All right. So what |
|
| 36:37 | does is it can insert itself into spaces and so what it does is |
|
| 36:45 | makes it possible for a membrane that kind of shaky. In other |
|
| 36:51 | will melt fast. It increases or raises the temperature at which it's going |
|
| 36:56 | melt. So, it creates an where it's a little bit more |
|
| 37:01 | But at low temperatures, what it , it prevents those fatty acids was |
|
| 37:06 | lipids from getting really close together and and basically creating an impermeable barrier. |
|
| 37:12 | your body can survive at a wider of temperatures because cholesterol inserts itself into |
|
| 37:18 | membranes to change What range those fatty will disassociate or not? That kind |
|
| 37:26 | makes sense. That was a long to get through all that. But |
|
| 37:31 | a good question. Ask if you remember, there's a good place to |
|
| 37:34 | it. All right. So, we're doing is we're impressed. We're |
|
| 37:37 | flexibility. Now there are a bunch different proteins. I am going to |
|
| 37:41 | of jump through these pretty quickly. , sir. Go ahead. The |
|
| 37:47 | the Oh, so in terms of you talking about in terms of flipping |
|
| 37:55 | stuff like that? All right. , here's the rule. So remember |
|
| 37:58 | foster lipid is only really gonna stay the side that it's originally found? |
|
| 38:03 | that's what this is really kind of . It can spin around it can |
|
| 38:06 | places, it can high 51 of buddies and change places with it. |
|
| 38:10 | can dance. You can do all things. What it won't do is |
|
| 38:13 | won't flip to the other uh to other by layer. It can it's |
|
| 38:19 | difficult. It costs a lot of and it's difficult to do. In |
|
| 38:23 | , you see it primarily when cells going through apoptosis. You guys know |
|
| 38:26 | ? Apoptosis? Yeah, it's cell . Right? It's one of the |
|
| 38:30 | is there's a lot of foster lipids that takes place. So basically the |
|
| 38:37 | is creating a program. So that's of the signals that demonstrates that that's |
|
| 38:41 | on. So, that's what that really kind of dealing with. |
|
| 38:44 | There is basically saying they just they stay on one side. Yes, |
|
| 38:51 | . Mhm Thank you. So one the things you guys going to really |
|
| 38:59 | to speak up because one the masks prevent the sound coming forward. It's |
|
| 39:04 | . Just speak loudly. And if can't hear you know the sound of |
|
| 39:09 | project this way doctor project this So go ahead. Yeah. |
|
| 39:17 | so here that to talk about these types? Mm Uh huh. |
|
| 39:24 | I couldn't. Yes. So, yes. So the question is I |
|
| 39:29 | the question is, is that do cells have these different types of foster |
|
| 39:34 | ? The answer is yes. Is ratio a specific thing. I don't |
|
| 39:39 | right. But the idea is that are different types of fossil lipids that |
|
| 39:42 | be in different are in in the membrane. Okay, you'll find these |
|
| 39:47 | ones. All right. So, go to the proteins and again, |
|
| 39:53 | dealing with the generic explanation right We're not looking at specific molecules. |
|
| 39:58 | . The most common type one that's to understand is the integral one. |
|
| 40:02 | second one on the list. Not first one. But that's how I |
|
| 40:05 | . That's how I roll. Trying to freak you out. |
|
| 40:08 | so trends I mean, integral proteins trans membrane proteins are proteins that have |
|
| 40:14 | themselves across the lipid bi layer. have a region that is going to |
|
| 40:18 | hydrophobic. So that anchors them and them in place inside the plasma |
|
| 40:24 | Right? That doesn't mean they're attached anything. They can be on the |
|
| 40:28 | side, but they're not attached to within the membrane themselves so they can |
|
| 40:32 | around within the plasma membrane. It's kind of cool. When I was |
|
| 40:36 | grad school the uh lab down the worked on integrations which is a type |
|
| 40:41 | plasma membrane protein. And they were to see how integrated behaved in |
|
| 40:47 | It was really cool because they would cells that would were attached and they |
|
| 40:51 | a fluorescent dye attached to these proteins they could watch the proteins move along |
|
| 40:56 | surface like a tank track. it's basically like rolling. You can |
|
| 41:00 | it's like it's like it's stuck on on the plate and then it would |
|
| 41:03 | to the end and then it would sprint across the top and get on |
|
| 41:06 | other side and then stick itself. then it be So they move |
|
| 41:11 | just fine because they're not anchored in they are anchored in the sense that |
|
| 41:14 | can't escape from the plasma membrane All right. Um They can be |
|
| 41:20 | to cite a skeleton like I which is down here. So, |
|
| 41:23 | would be on the inside of the . All right. That can cause |
|
| 41:27 | to become immobile. All right, , steve Sadove skeletons in just a |
|
| 41:32 | we have peripheral proteins. Peripheral protein be like this right here and that |
|
| 41:35 | right there. They're attached to an protein that is inserted. So usually |
|
| 41:39 | attached to either the in or the terminus and it just allows you to |
|
| 41:45 | with that particular protein. Typically these gonna be enzymes. Or if we're |
|
| 41:49 | about the side of skeletons, structural proteins, basically holding things in place |
|
| 41:54 | anchored proteins. This is basically a that's anchored to some sort of |
|
| 41:58 | So you can see that right Here's our fossil lipid. You can |
|
| 42:01 | it has a a sugar moti right that's attached that then attaches itself to |
|
| 42:07 | protein. This would be a gyp glucose or a glad constipated integrated protein |
|
| 42:15 | think is Glynco jip for the sugar part. So, Glad cost cell |
|
| 42:25 | tricare. We'll get to the This is going to happen first couple |
|
| 42:30 | . All right. So, what want to do is I want to |
|
| 42:32 | through some of the big ones. things that you should know Ligand binding |
|
| 42:37 | . Alright, this one is like most common type we're going to |
|
| 42:41 | Uh there's about 5000 different seven trans Ligon receptors in the body. |
|
| 42:50 | once we learned one, we've learned all. So, what we have |
|
| 42:54 | , you can see it has seven membrane regions. It has a ligand |
|
| 42:57 | domain that's gonna be found on the the cell. It has a c |
|
| 43:01 | region which allows it to interact with on the inside of the cell. |
|
| 43:04 | , typically what happens is the chemical bind here on the lagoon in that |
|
| 43:08 | a conformational change or shift in the of the molecule which causes a change |
|
| 43:14 | the shape down here. So the that it interacts with is going to |
|
| 43:18 | as well. So whether it's already to something that's going to change its |
|
| 43:21 | or what it's gonna do is it's to change shape. So it can |
|
| 43:24 | in something and it's going to create cascade of events that occur inside the |
|
| 43:29 | . This is how you get an signal to become an inside signal. |
|
| 43:32 | right. Has a very very important in vesicular transport. But primarily we're |
|
| 43:37 | with chemical or uh cell to cell here. Here is that structural protein |
|
| 43:43 | promised you. So here this is extra cellular matrix. So, it's |
|
| 43:47 | of backwards from what I was telling . You can imagine down here they'll |
|
| 43:50 | cytoplasmic stuff. But what we've done we're anchoring a protein to the extra |
|
| 43:55 | matrix. Have you ever heard extra matrix? You've heard that term extra |
|
| 43:59 | means outside Matrix means a bunch of garbled together. Right, So, |
|
| 44:05 | what we're looking at here. this creates an uh a contact with |
|
| 44:09 | external environment. So, we're looking here for example, this might be |
|
| 44:12 | integrated. And what it's doing is interacting with its environment and anchoring it |
|
| 44:17 | place. So that cell doesn't get away from where it's located. Go |
|
| 44:23 | . I've got a story. But ahead. Okay, cheap. |
|
| 44:30 | You get an A. You can the class. Sorry, I worked |
|
| 44:33 | G protein coupled receptors so I get excited about them. So, |
|
| 44:36 | So seven trans membrane protein most of time. Or G protein coupled |
|
| 44:41 | You're jumping ahead of the game, is good. And we're going to |
|
| 44:44 | about them in a full lecture when talk about cell to cell communication. |
|
| 44:48 | right. So, if you know ahead of the game you already and |
|
| 44:51 | a so just awesome. All The G. P. Not jip |
|
| 44:58 | is having problems. All right. these um can be linked by fossil |
|
| 45:04 | or via foster lipids uh typically um though it's basically cell to cell adhesion |
|
| 45:11 | sell a matrix adhesion. So integrates one of the key ones that are |
|
| 45:15 | these adhesion molecules. Cams is an . You might see cell adhesion molecule |
|
| 45:22 | molecules is where we're gonna spend a of time to help us understand how |
|
| 45:25 | membrane works. Basically they allow for small islands and other small molecules to |
|
| 45:32 | verse across the membrane. So, you can imagine this by layer is |
|
| 45:36 | barrier. You need some way to through the barrier. This wall is |
|
| 45:40 | barrier for me getting out of this . How do I get out of |
|
| 45:42 | room through a door? All And we got really fancy names for |
|
| 45:47 | doors of cells. We call them or channels or carriers or pumps. |
|
| 45:52 | right. Now, there's basically two . The channel protein is basically a |
|
| 45:57 | filled poor. So, it would like having a door that's always open |
|
| 46:01 | you have water flowing through it. things can pass easily from one side |
|
| 46:06 | the membrane to the other. All . The specialized names are the pores |
|
| 46:11 | the channel. So you probably or have heard of aqua por ins, |
|
| 46:14 | you heard an aqua porn? so an aqua porn allows water to |
|
| 46:18 | through and they refer to those as . All right, the channels are |
|
| 46:22 | more common name. And so these the constantly open or even they can |
|
| 46:27 | have gates to them, right? can be channels that open and close |
|
| 46:33 | . On the other hand, carry in general are not always opened our |
|
| 46:38 | open the both sides at the same . All right. So the way |
|
| 46:42 | like to think about this is you been to one, Oh, you've |
|
| 46:45 | over to the Hilton College. Anyone to the Hilton college over here? |
|
| 46:50 | . Okay. You've got homework assignment . You've got across the desert of |
|
| 46:54 | campus, go past the student right? So it's literally south of |
|
| 46:59 | and then right across the street is Hilton um which is the hotel and |
|
| 47:03 | management College of Hotel and restaurant And I want you to walk through |
|
| 47:06 | front door and embrace the air conditioning that front door. But here's the |
|
| 47:11 | door. It's a rotating door. ever been in a rotating door. |
|
| 47:17 | go in and then at some point that door is rotating, you're no |
|
| 47:21 | outside, but you're not inside your that panic space. You know what |
|
| 47:27 | talking about? Right? It's like can I can thank goodness. I |
|
| 47:32 | go all the way through. That's a carrier in a pump work |
|
| 47:36 | Now. The carrier allows for an or a molecule to move down its |
|
| 47:42 | gradients. So carriers typically do not energy to move the materials that they |
|
| 47:48 | need or the materials that they allowed move, pumps on the other |
|
| 47:52 | do exactly what the opposite. They things in a direction they don't want |
|
| 47:56 | go. They require energy. I'm taking an eye on that's over |
|
| 48:00 | . That's happy because it's at the end of its concentration grade and you're |
|
| 48:05 | it against its concentration gradient. so that energy primarily comes from A |
|
| 48:13 | . P. But we're going to there's two different types of pumps and |
|
| 48:16 | these are some other ones. here's your G protein coupled receptors |
|
| 48:20 | You can see that we can have intracellular signaling that's associated with the So |
|
| 48:24 | got enzymes up here um that play role in this intracellular signaling. You |
|
| 48:28 | G proteins also here associated with that trans membrane. You don't have to |
|
| 48:33 | what that is. I'm just showing they play a role intracellular signaling. |
|
| 48:37 | those enzymes here's side of skeletons. this would be you can see here |
|
| 48:41 | our plasma membrane. Here's a whole of proteins in there. You can |
|
| 48:44 | there's a molecule called spectrum here's acting is probably one of the more familiar |
|
| 48:49 | but all together to create this network mesh work that helps to help maintain |
|
| 48:53 | shape of the self. All There are also carbohydrates. So we |
|
| 49:00 | proteins. We got fats and carbohydrates the plasma membrane. Now these are |
|
| 49:06 | attached to either proteins or to That doesn't make any sense. Since |
|
| 49:10 | are the only two things there. But this is going to be found |
|
| 49:13 | the outside of the plasma membrane. on the inside. Alright. And |
|
| 49:19 | job is to serve as a molecular for that cell. In other |
|
| 49:23 | it's a tag or an identifying marker the cells can use to identify one |
|
| 49:28 | but also plays a role in their . So if you take all the |
|
| 49:33 | , all the glycoprotein is all the lipids on the outside of the cell |
|
| 49:37 | collectively look at it. You call the Glick. Okay Alex. So |
|
| 49:42 | way to remember this lady's is that made of sugar and spice and |
|
| 49:45 | Nice guys. I don't know, , snails, puppy cocktail doesn't work |
|
| 49:50 | this. Whatever. All right. that's lipids, proteins, sugar |
|
| 49:56 | candy coat on the outside. One the ways that bacteria hide themselves from |
|
| 50:02 | system is with their Glick. Okay because it's hard to grab onto and |
|
| 50:08 | . But once you find them it's . Yes sir. It's not the |
|
| 50:13 | . Mhm. Yes. So typically we have is we have proteins on |
|
| 50:19 | outside that we referred to as the cellular matrix and then we have the |
|
| 50:22 | that kind of stick up and kind go all over the place. That's |
|
| 50:26 | sugar by itself is referred to as Black Okay Alex. Now, collectively |
|
| 50:31 | sugars and all the stuff, the cellmate are probably included together as extra |
|
| 50:37 | matrix. So in the they can all right, so they can play |
|
| 50:44 | role in holding cells together or they play a role in preventing interaction with |
|
| 50:49 | cells so they can be structural in nature of holding things together and interacting |
|
| 50:54 | them. They might actually even serve a signaling mechanism to have the cell |
|
| 50:58 | they interact with proteins in that extra matrix to do things on the inside |
|
| 51:01 | the cell. Yes sir, I can't I can't see Sorry. |
|
| 51:09 | that. Yeah. Uh So so regard to the proteins that are interacting |
|
| 51:17 | the two individual cells so that can the case. But typically what we're |
|
| 51:21 | to when we're talking about an extra matrix or we're talking about those types |
|
| 51:26 | interactions. They go beyond just the junctions. So, tight junction really |
|
| 51:31 | kind of like the ziploc portion of ziploc bag. It basically are proteins |
|
| 51:35 | two sides are on two different cells but creating a barrier from in between |
|
| 51:40 | two cells. So you can't pass them. Right. We have proteins |
|
| 51:43 | example that form um um See this I'm going one way. My brain |
|
| 51:50 | to go another way. Um That gap junction. See I finally got |
|
| 51:55 | it. And so gap junctions basically proteins from both cells they're interacting but |
|
| 52:00 | creating a tunnel between the two cells they're not really interacting with anything |
|
| 52:06 | Um But when you're looking at, example, like epithelium. So like |
|
| 52:10 | skin and stuff. And this is example I was going to go to |
|
| 52:13 | when someone gave you an indian you are either a younger sibling who's |
|
| 52:18 | is a younger sibling. All here's the older sibling. All |
|
| 52:22 | so all the people that just raise hand or the cruel people to their |
|
| 52:26 | siblings. You remember that? Do remember? Did you ever do pink |
|
| 52:29 | ? I'm looking at you guys right . Did you ever do pink |
|
| 52:32 | Where you pin someone down and get pink belly? Pink belly. Pink |
|
| 52:35 | screaming. All right. Did you give the indian burn? I don't |
|
| 52:41 | I'm in a different name. Indian . When you go up and grab |
|
| 52:43 | arm and you twist in two different . You remember that? So the |
|
| 52:47 | people are now thinking therapy. The ones are going right, why does |
|
| 52:53 | skin when you're doing the indian burn come off your body. It's because |
|
| 52:58 | these types of interactions. The Show your matrix and the interactions with |
|
| 53:02 | cells basically allow you. And granted Desmond zones and hemi Desmond zones and |
|
| 53:07 | other types of connecting uh anchoring type proteins. But the idea here is |
|
| 53:13 | the cells are connected to each And so when you're pulling on |
|
| 53:17 | you're pulling on all of them and creates a greater structure that doesn't want |
|
| 53:22 | rip if that makes sense. Just a lot of fun pain. I'm |
|
| 53:27 | . Just it's a cruel, cruel that you play on other people. |
|
| 53:33 | right. See what else we got . Oh, bulk flow. Everyone |
|
| 53:39 | in. Remember that? What just in and out of your body |
|
| 53:46 | Yeah, mask that. Alright. . What they're made up of |
|
| 53:53 | What else, nitrogen? What What else? A whole bunch of |
|
| 53:57 | stuff I didn't memorize are gone. , bunch Stephanie. Do you guys |
|
| 54:01 | the ratios so 80 20 and then rest right. It's really it's like |
|
| 54:09 | 20 point something. And then everything is like 20.0.0. I think carbon |
|
| 54:14 | 0.2% of their I don't remember But it's like really look all |
|
| 54:21 | Of all those things. What does body want in its body in your |
|
| 54:25 | your body, oxygen? What does do not want? Carbon dioxide? |
|
| 54:29 | when you breathe in your breathing in dioxide? All right, When you're |
|
| 54:33 | out, you're breathing out air. , you're breathing out oxygen. All |
|
| 54:37 | ? So, when air is moving and forth, all those components of |
|
| 54:42 | are moving with it. Now, are slight changes in the air that |
|
| 54:45 | in and goes out. We're going learn that later in the semester, |
|
| 54:48 | all of it moving together is what refer to as bulk flow. I |
|
| 54:52 | selectively go, oh, when I in, I just want the |
|
| 54:54 | You can keep that nitrogen don't need . It might be inert, but |
|
| 54:59 | don't need it. Okay, that's the fluid moving in mass. |
|
| 55:05 | , So bulk flow occurs. That's best example is primarily the respiratory |
|
| 55:11 | but within the body, bulk flow , for example, between the plasma |
|
| 55:15 | the interstitial fluid fluid mixes in and mixes out and it doesn't matter what's |
|
| 55:21 | that fluid. It might be something you desperately want. But that doesn't |
|
| 55:25 | . Things are going to follow that or flow as a result of boat |
|
| 55:31 | . All right. So, you're moving from an area of high |
|
| 55:34 | to an area of low pressure. of the things we're gonna be learning |
|
| 55:37 | lot about over and over again. gonna be so tired of It is |
|
| 55:40 | be uh gradients, you're gonna hear grading gradients. So, just get |
|
| 55:45 | to gradients. All right. And always moving down a gradient, whatever |
|
| 55:48 | gradient happens to be, energy requires to move up against the gradient. |
|
| 55:53 | , permeability is a term we We say something is when a membrane |
|
| 55:57 | permissible. What we're saying is it the passage of a particular substance if |
|
| 56:02 | impermeable, disallows the movement of that . So our membranes are semi |
|
| 56:07 | There are things that it will allow pass it will there are things that |
|
| 56:09 | allow to pass. All right. so that selective permeability, semi |
|
| 56:15 | selective permeability is going to depend upon proteins are actually found in the |
|
| 56:21 | All right. So, let's see else has an influence. Well, |
|
| 56:27 | scalability that protein or sorry, that in lipid. So, if you |
|
| 56:33 | uncharged like oxygen or carbon dioxide or non polar, like a fatty acid |
|
| 56:38 | back and forth across the membrane. sweat. Nothing's going to stop |
|
| 56:43 | Remember. This is fat loving. , it will permit things to go |
|
| 56:48 | . If your water soluble, on other hand, you can't pass through |
|
| 56:54 | because you basically have two layers mm these things saying no, you can't |
|
| 57:00 | by. All right. So, soluble. Itty matters. Anyone here |
|
| 57:06 | on farm school? No, No one. Okay, All your |
|
| 57:14 | , you have a patient that needs drug that needs to go to the |
|
| 57:18 | . What do you need to give ? You need to give them something |
|
| 57:20 | is water soluble and fat soluble. do you think? Fat soluble Because |
|
| 57:24 | has to pass through cells through other and other cells just to get there |
|
| 57:30 | . Can't give some of the So he was just going to sit |
|
| 57:32 | circulation. So that's why it becomes . Understanding what these things size |
|
| 57:39 | All right. Why large molecules have real difficult time getting through uh molecules |
|
| 57:46 | are close together. Goes back to example of my kids. My kids |
|
| 57:50 | escape me because they can weave in and out stuff. You know, |
|
| 57:54 | wife, on the other hand, escape me because it's a lot harder |
|
| 57:57 | get through other adults when she's trying run away from me. Because you |
|
| 58:00 | tell I'm just a horrible threat. right. Maybe maybe I should use |
|
| 58:06 | older kids there now, freshman in school. So they're bigger. All |
|
| 58:11 | , small molecules pass through things very easily. There needs some sort |
|
| 58:16 | force. It's either going to be or an active event. If it's |
|
| 58:19 | . What we're saying is that this doesn't require external energy to move |
|
| 58:24 | In other words, it's using the forces, the natural physical forces to |
|
| 58:28 | things down their concentration gradient. But sometimes you're going to need to |
|
| 58:34 | energy cause something to move and that be an active event. Now, |
|
| 58:40 | are different types of transport diffusion protein transport, which is broken down a |
|
| 58:45 | bunch of different types of particular transporting . We're going to get to these |
|
| 58:49 | In the next lecture. So, planning on getting through all these |
|
| 58:52 | I've got 20 minutes. We'll see that's possible. The fusion. This |
|
| 58:57 | real easy, basically get a whole of things close together, put them |
|
| 59:00 | an environment. What do they want do? They naturally want to spread |
|
| 59:03 | ? So they're equal distance from each . Alright, So, given an |
|
| 59:06 | amount of time, those particles, molecules will separate. They basically bounced |
|
| 59:11 | each other at the same rate. so basically, if you're moving |
|
| 59:17 | so they're they're equidistant, they're able do that. All right. |
|
| 59:20 | that's in essence what diffusion is. . This is an open environment. |
|
| 59:24 | , you can see if I drop dice cube. The cube just takes |
|
| 59:27 | and eventually spread out over there. diffusion can also occur across the |
|
| 59:31 | All right. So, you're moving membrane. What do you need to |
|
| 59:34 | with the membrane? The membrane has be permissible to that substance, but |
|
| 59:38 | will continue to move down that concentration until equilibrium is met. So, |
|
| 59:45 | fusion is passive. You always move an area of high to low |
|
| 59:49 | Hence the definition of passive. All , you're moving from an air |
|
| 59:53 | Is that high to low. You're go to a point where you can |
|
| 59:56 | equilibrium. And this is where some the really simple ideas that you learn |
|
| 60:01 | kindergarten are going to come into Think about this room, look at |
|
| 60:05 | slope in the room. If I on a skateboard in the back of |
|
| 60:07 | room when I go faster, go , slow. Thank you very |
|
| 60:11 | Let's take this room and let's make a little bit steeper. Am I |
|
| 60:14 | to go faster, slow, go ? What if I get it like |
|
| 60:19 | , like crazy fast. Right, all going to pull out your phones |
|
| 60:24 | film it because it's just gonna be things professors do in the classroom. |
|
| 60:29 | right, so you already have a , You understand the steeper, the |
|
| 60:33 | of the faster I go. All , so that's true for molecules. |
|
| 60:36 | steeper the concentration gradient, the more is over here in the last series |
|
| 60:40 | there, the faster diffusion is going take place. That's easy. Short |
|
| 60:45 | the distance. It doesn't take me to get the room next door. |
|
| 60:51 | . Going to take me a long to get to sec 100. |
|
| 60:55 | longer distance, shorter the distance, is it's going to be a good |
|
| 60:59 | . So, the fusion is faster shorter distances. Alright, higher |
|
| 61:03 | What am I doing with the higher ? We always talk about temperature is |
|
| 61:06 | like, oh, I'm adding in . You're adding an energy. So |
|
| 61:10 | I have more energy, that means cells are going to be in that |
|
| 61:14 | those molecules are gonna be more They're going to move more. So |
|
| 61:17 | easier to get things to move when have more energy. Easy example. |
|
| 61:21 | you grew up here in the I know texas isn't sometimes considered itself |
|
| 61:25 | it's hot like this? Yes. right. Have you ever made sweet |
|
| 61:29 | ? Some of you are sitting there , yeah, sweet tea is real |
|
| 61:31 | . What do you do? You water, you put in your you |
|
| 61:35 | in your your t you let it and then you take your sugar and |
|
| 61:39 | you dump it in and what happens all that sugar? Yeah, it |
|
| 61:45 | . Right. It diffuses. if you're in the north, you |
|
| 61:51 | down here and organized team. You order Sweden. All right. You |
|
| 61:55 | I want to sweeten their and they you some sugar and you put it |
|
| 61:57 | there. What does that sugar Sits right there at the bottom of |
|
| 62:01 | glass? Right. What do you to do? You have to |
|
| 62:05 | In other words, you have to energy into the system in order to |
|
| 62:07 | to diffuse, Right? That's the , temperature matters more temperature. More |
|
| 62:14 | cells quicker than the fusion. smaller molecules, as we mentioned |
|
| 62:19 | we said, that you can use system that has a barrier, |
|
| 62:24 | Or membrane, that membrane has to permeable to the substance fixed law of |
|
| 62:29 | , basically. Is that he's the that figured all this stuff out. |
|
| 62:32 | also said, look. So there's magnitude permeability. The membrane to that |
|
| 62:36 | . Here's a new one surface All right. If I have a |
|
| 62:40 | bit of area, it's very hard get a lot of things through |
|
| 62:43 | If I have a bigger air and more things through it. Right, |
|
| 62:45 | kind of makes sense. So that's of the things. And then thickness |
|
| 62:49 | the membrane is pretty much defined. the thicker you make that membrane, |
|
| 62:52 | heart is um you guys know you've heard of it. But do |
|
| 62:58 | know what? It is basically an of the lungs? The lungs start |
|
| 63:02 | extra fluid and then it becomes harder breathe. Why? Well, the |
|
| 63:07 | between the alveoli of the lungs and blood is actually very small. Couple |
|
| 63:13 | Put a layer of water on top that. Just, just a little |
|
| 63:16 | maybe. Let's say this is .3 , let's say we put .1 |
|
| 63:21 | I've increased the distance that oxygen molecule to travel. Hence it's harder for |
|
| 63:27 | water or the air to diffuse or oxygen to diffuse. Why? It's |
|
| 63:30 | to breathe. Oh my goodness. . Please don't memorize equations for the |
|
| 63:40 | of doing them. I'm not going ask you a math question on the |
|
| 63:43 | for those who look forward to math on test. Sorry, that's what |
|
| 63:46 | three is for. All right. this does is it describes to you |
|
| 63:51 | relationship of finding um where that where ions equilibrium is going to be |
|
| 63:59 | It's called the nearest equation. I it was up there. It's down |
|
| 64:03 | . All right. And basically what says is look, I can figure |
|
| 64:06 | if I another concentration on the inside on the outside of the cell of |
|
| 64:09 | particular ion, that ion is going travel down the chemical grade in one |
|
| 64:15 | . It's going to travel the opposite with the equal or with the electrical |
|
| 64:21 | . And there's gonna be at some where that molecule can't decide which way |
|
| 64:24 | wants to go. Right? It the point of equilibrium and we can |
|
| 64:28 | out what that voltage is. If know what the concentrations are. All |
|
| 64:33 | , that's what this uh this equation . It does depend on the violence |
|
| 64:38 | some other fun stuff. But basically just the concentration in and out. |
|
| 64:41 | this is why we don't memorize and the math, right? We just |
|
| 64:45 | all right. If I have a that's 100 and 50 millimeter there and |
|
| 64:49 | million more there. It's a 10 1 ratio. The natural log of |
|
| 64:55 | Is going to be greater than Right? And so that will give |
|
| 65:00 | an answer that tells me. But I flip it around, it's going |
|
| 65:03 | give me an opposite answer is gonna a negative value, won't it? |
|
| 65:06 | guys remember that from math? So going to change the direction of |
|
| 65:10 | isn't it? So it's basically saying can figure out where that charges, |
|
| 65:18 | like in voltage, where that ion going to stop moving, well not |
|
| 65:24 | moving, but stop net movement. kind of makes sense now. Why |
|
| 65:29 | I bring this up now? Because going to see in a couple of |
|
| 65:34 | the movement of islands for um both movement and how neurons signaling and knowing |
|
| 65:43 | they, those ions kind of are to move because they have an equilibrium |
|
| 65:48 | they're trying to reach and they're not allowed to reach it. And all |
|
| 65:52 | got to do is give them an to try to reach it and that |
|
| 65:56 | is going to cause the current that's to allow the muscles to contract or |
|
| 66:00 | neurons to fire. Okay, So notice we're not going diving deep |
|
| 66:06 | yet. We're going to get Poor's always open no gates. So |
|
| 66:13 | here, there is a Poor channels gates. They can exist in close |
|
| 66:19 | or in an open state. They be always open, but they still |
|
| 66:22 | something I can close. All when they're always open. We call |
|
| 66:27 | leak channels because they're leaking when they're can open and close. We typically |
|
| 66:33 | refer to him as a gated Typically when we're looking at a channel |
|
| 66:37 | can open and close it opens and in response to something. If I |
|
| 66:41 | to open that door, what what it gonna take for me to open |
|
| 66:44 | door behind you behind us? You look at the door and see force |
|
| 66:50 | some sort. But if I just on the door will it open? |
|
| 66:53 | theory should because the little patches are there. But I see handles. |
|
| 66:58 | I have to mechanically manipulate the door order to open it. So I |
|
| 67:03 | a mechanically gated door back there, I? Right? If you go |
|
| 67:07 | a grocery store you have a motion so it detects motion. And so |
|
| 67:12 | we have in our bodies, we these channels that have different types of |
|
| 67:18 | that open and close the gates. right. It's different types of stimulate |
|
| 67:22 | we call modalities. So you can like chemically gated channels. That's the |
|
| 67:26 | one. You can think. Something to bind to the channel, like |
|
| 67:29 | key going into a keyhole that causes gate to open. That's easy |
|
| 67:34 | You get a little bit more The surrounding area has to have the |
|
| 67:37 | charge in order for us to change shape of the gate to open the |
|
| 67:42 | . All right, we'll make more when we started talking about them regularly |
|
| 67:47 | gated for example, this is where manipulate ever been poked and it |
|
| 67:53 | All right, that's mechanically gated channel you deform the skin. The detective |
|
| 67:59 | in the skin that caused the pain . Oh, I'm being poked, |
|
| 68:04 | the brain. Okay, so that's gated. So its selectivity for what |
|
| 68:10 | going to allow to go through. is dependent upon the diameter of the |
|
| 68:14 | poor and the electrical charge of amino inside. You guys remember your uh |
|
| 68:23 | periodic table, you're like no, memorized it. Which is higher sodium |
|
| 68:28 | potassium sodium. It's a smaller molecule potassium. Right, So you'd expect |
|
| 68:34 | I have a potassium channel, shouldn't allow sodium to come right on |
|
| 68:37 | Yes, but all right. It's size is right, but because of |
|
| 68:42 | charge on the inside, it can't pong its way through appropriately. So |
|
| 68:46 | how it's selective just for potassium and for potassium and sodium. If that |
|
| 68:52 | sense. In other words, it's of like a uh special tunnel that |
|
| 68:57 | potassium can go through. Yes, . You gotta speak up. Sorry |
|
| 69:05 | . Uh So you're talking about studying pes pump. Yeah, that would |
|
| 69:12 | the slide away. A couple slides . Here's a carrier. Remember what |
|
| 69:17 | said? The carrier is never open the outside. It's only open to |
|
| 69:20 | side, not to both sides at same time. This is just an |
|
| 69:23 | of it. You can see here my leg in it binds to the |
|
| 69:26 | site. Right? So there it bound to it that causes a change |
|
| 69:30 | the shape of the molecule when that changes shape or it changes. So |
|
| 69:34 | opens up the other side now. it does at the same time, |
|
| 69:37 | loses the affinity to binding to that Liggan. So it kicks it out |
|
| 69:42 | then when it kicks out it changes back to the original shape. And |
|
| 69:45 | is how the carrier works. All , it moves molecules much much slower |
|
| 69:50 | channel does because the channels just like up. It's like if I say |
|
| 69:53 | is dismissed, you'll get up and start running out of here like the |
|
| 69:56 | is on fire, Right? If had that little rotating door, you'd |
|
| 70:00 | be standing there going, okay, turn. Right? So while it |
|
| 70:07 | no continuous passage, it still allows to move down there gradient because of |
|
| 70:12 | way the shape changes over time it's confirmation of change now. Carrier media |
|
| 70:18 | , this stuff right here has specificity that it won't just buying anything. |
|
| 70:23 | binds usually a single molecule, it's a single molecule. A family of |
|
| 70:28 | . Remember, glucose and galactose. an awful lot of like, don't |
|
| 70:32 | ? Right, So glucose and galactose be able to bind the same type |
|
| 70:35 | carrier might be a hex us All right. So, it would |
|
| 70:40 | an example. And when that's the then you're going to have competition. |
|
| 70:43 | so they're basically to fighting for the seat, that's musical chairs, I |
|
| 70:50 | think about the name of the Right. So it's basically which everyone |
|
| 70:54 | a greater concentration, has a greater of actually being moved by that particular |
|
| 70:59 | . And then there's also a limited of carriers or in a limited number |
|
| 71:03 | sites. And so if you have whole bunch of stuff that needs to |
|
| 71:06 | carried, basically, you keep carrying until you reach a point of |
|
| 71:11 | So if I have 10 molecules in or I'm just going to say to |
|
| 71:16 | , then saturation point is when those carriers are moving to molecules at a |
|
| 71:21 | and you're basically hitting this maximum transport . If I have one molecule then |
|
| 71:28 | someplace way down here, it was terrible example. I shouldn't use bigger |
|
| 71:33 | , right? So saturation refers to limit with which you can carry things |
|
| 71:39 | so you can reach a maximum transport . I've got nine more minutes and |
|
| 71:44 | getting tough. It's very weird coming and having to speak as fast as |
|
| 71:50 | need to active transport. Remember we active requires energy energy in the form |
|
| 71:56 | a teepee. But there's two different of active transport. We have primary |
|
| 72:00 | and secondary active. Primary active is we use a teepee directly. So |
|
| 72:05 | we look at the sodium potassium https ATP comes along binds to the molecule |
|
| 72:11 | allows me to move things, I'm the energy directly to the carrier right |
|
| 72:17 | the pump. Secondary active transport is advantage of active transport. So, |
|
| 72:23 | active transport is moving things in a that that doesn't want to go. |
|
| 72:27 | it's a pump. I'm moving sodium where it doesn't want to go. |
|
| 72:31 | . Moving potassium where it doesn't want go. I can now use that |
|
| 72:35 | up energy to power something. All . It's like a capacitor. That's |
|
| 72:40 | secondary active transport. So, if need a visual image, if you |
|
| 72:45 | a ping pong ball, not one pong ball, you have 1000 ping |
|
| 72:49 | balls and you put them all in closet, carefully shutting the door after |
|
| 72:52 | time. When you open the door the ping pong ball is gonna want |
|
| 72:55 | come. Right, they're all stored the cloud. So that potential energy |
|
| 72:59 | want to open the closet, they'll out. That's kinetic energy. All |
|
| 73:03 | , So, what you're doing is using the Connecticut. You could use |
|
| 73:06 | type of kinetic energy to power Let's say at the bottom of the |
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| 73:10 | there's something that allows those ping pong to go through. And all of |
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| 73:13 | sudden Now you're able to power I know your T. V. Your |
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| 73:17 | because we need to waste power up phones. Stupid example. But you |
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| 73:22 | the picture. Yeah, I'm gonna examples here in a second. But |
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| 73:25 | . But go ahead and ask the . Say like obviously the Mhm. |
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| 73:36 | sodium interesting. Mhm. Mhm. something this is created. Yeah. |
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| 73:48 | audience. Mhm. Bingo. You the a. two so far. |
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| 73:56 | got two ways in the class. asking those questions. All right. |
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| 73:59 | , let me let me show I'll show you the example. Let's |
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| 74:02 | ahead. Mhm. Yes. no. So, ions are going |
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| 74:10 | we're going to see. So with active transport, we're taking advantage of |
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| 74:14 | energy. The startup energy to move that naturally is going against its concentration |
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| 74:19 | . So oftentimes we're going to see in just a second. Oftentimes it's |
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| 74:24 | ion moving a molecule that's not an on. But sometimes we're going to |
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| 74:29 | that it's ions moving other islands. it's all sorts of really interesting. |
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| 74:33 | , it depends on what which gradient actually taking advantage of. So you're |
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| 74:37 | something from higher to lower. That's you're expending but you're moving things from |
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| 74:43 | to higher. And that's what you're the energy to do. Alright, |
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| 74:48 | , here's our friend sodium potassium https . The question you ask is always |
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| 74:52 | and two. Right. And the is yes, it happens to be |
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| 74:56 | all the pictures are terrible. But binding sites for showed even the binding |
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| 75:00 | for potassium are in the exact same . So basically you can bind up |
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| 75:06 | and then when you change the you kick out the three. Now |
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| 75:08 | have a binding site for two All right. I don't think it's |
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| 75:12 | Mueller ratio. I think it's an 3-2. All right, So, |
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| 75:17 | is the big picture and it basically , look, here's my sodium binding |
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| 75:22 | are available. See here's my sodium comes along binds to its three |
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| 75:26 | that causes the cleavage of ATP. there goes the ADP there's the energy |
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| 75:32 | the phosphate. Now I've got energy up. That energy causes a conformational |
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| 75:37 | . So now I have a change the shape of the molecule sodium leaves |
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| 75:42 | no longer has an affinity when sodium longer has an affinity. Now there's |
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| 75:46 | potassium binding sites. It's in the same spot. Now potassium will bind |
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| 75:52 | it now has an affinity for potassium then I just go back once potassium |
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| 75:56 | it causes a change in the I can kick out the energy |
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| 75:59 | right, I can kick out that and now I'm back to that other |
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| 76:03 | . I opened up. Kick that . That makes it possible for me |
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| 76:06 | buy the 80 P. Rinse So, for every 80 P I |
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| 76:10 | three. So three sodium one direction potassium the other direction. Where am |
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| 76:14 | putting the sodium? I'm kicking it of the cell. What am I |
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| 76:17 | at the potassium? I'm jamming it much as I can into the |
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| 76:20 | So, I've got all this potassium wants to escape. I got all |
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| 76:23 | sodium that wants to come in. now have gradients that I can take |
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| 76:27 | of. Yes, ma'am. So primary. So, what did we |
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| 76:33 | here? Let me go back. . So, here's the 80p being |
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| 76:37 | directly. Okay. And so the is transferred at this point and I'm |
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| 76:42 | and expanding that energy so that eventually going to go back and redo that |
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| 76:47 | over again. Sorry, I just to the wall. I should never |
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| 76:50 | that. All right. So, I use ATP directly, that's how |
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| 76:54 | do it. So, I created gradients and this is where the secondary |
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| 76:57 | transport. This is a sodium Co transporter, sodium wants to go |
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| 77:02 | glucose wants to go and you want bad example. I've got three |
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| 77:05 | You want a really bad example? went to school in New Orleans every |
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| 77:09 | at a different bar. It was night alright, every night if a |
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| 77:14 | wanted to go in, he had come in um with uh let me |
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| 77:19 | if I can get this right, guy wouldn't couldn't come in without a |
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| 77:23 | charge. But if you came in a girl, there was no cover |
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| 77:27 | . So, girls wanted to go the in the bars, but they |
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| 77:30 | want to pay for drinks. So and girls would come outside the |
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| 77:34 | Right? And they'd say, I want to go in. Will |
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| 77:37 | go in with me, I'll buy a drink. So you take in |
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| 77:39 | girl. So that was basically how got in without the cover charge. |
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| 77:43 | ? Girl got a free drink guy into the place so they can maybe |
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| 77:47 | up. All right. That's that the goal. And the bar was |
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| 77:52 | because they got to sell drinks. the guy, here's the girl. |
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| 77:58 | wants to go in because that's where the actions at writes down my concentration |
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| 78:04 | glucose wants to go in because it's outside the cell. But glucose there's |
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| 78:07 | of glucose inside cell. Very little outside the cell. Glucose can't go |
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| 78:11 | without Expending energy. Now want to energy to move energy. No. |
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| 78:16 | this is why you're going to use stored up energy. sodium comes |
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| 78:20 | Makes the glucose binding site available. binds in. When they both bind |
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| 78:24 | the molecule changes the shape that causes and glucose to be released. The |
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| 78:29 | re changes its shape back in. have not spent an ounce of ATP |
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| 78:32 | move anything. sodium is gone where wanted to go. Glucose got to |
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| 78:36 | where you want to go and then pump is gonna grab the sodium and |
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| 78:38 | it back out again and make it it all over again. That's an |
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| 78:42 | of co transport now. Yes. . Tom. Mhm mm. All |
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| 78:54 | . So, once it gets this . right? So once this transport |
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| 78:57 | is a carrier. Once this transporters this direction it has no affinity to |
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| 79:01 | like that. So it's rea changes shape back to the original and when |
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| 79:04 | changes back to its original now it's up to the sodium again. So |
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| 79:09 | it's a force cycle because each change shape causes the next step. I've |
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| 79:14 | three slides here. It'll take me than a minute to go through all |
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| 79:17 | them. Alright because what I really to deal with here is I want |
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| 79:21 | show you these pictures you're going to these words co transporters. The one |
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| 79:24 | just showed you is the most common . All right. But look there |
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| 79:28 | so many different types. And when see a sim porter or co |
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| 79:33 | what you're doing is you're moving things the same direction to answer your |
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| 79:37 | Look one is going downhill. The one's going up. That's when we |
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| 79:40 | looked at but every single one of is one's going down, one's going |
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| 79:44 | against one's going against its greatest. when it's being moved you're expending one |
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| 79:50 | its gradient. That's the energy that's in second secondary active. Now if |
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| 79:56 | moving things in opposite directions you might it an anti porter or an |
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| 80:01 | Okay that's the other term and basically the same principle one is moving down |
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| 80:05 | you're moving something against its grading it sometimes be three hoops. So here's |
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| 80:12 | , here's another one is three, one's a popular one in case C |
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| 80:16 | might be one you might have heard . So basically you're always gonna at |
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| 80:19 | generally speaking you're gonna exchange Catalans for ions and ions and fry and |
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| 80:24 | But the idea is again it's the principle, one is uphill ones, |
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| 80:28 | your and then I want to show these two slides because they're all |
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| 80:34 | And so if you understand conceptually when introduced something that you've never seen |
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| 80:39 | like here's in kate to L. . You'd be like oh well that's |
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| 80:44 | a co transporter. I'm using sodium move to molecules that don't want to |
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| 80:49 | uphill to move them uphill actually three in that case and that's all there |
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| 80:54 | to this stuff. So if you conceptually what we're talking about secondary active |
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| 81:01 | , you already understand how many of things a lot and that's it. |
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| 81:08 | I went over for one minute, apologize. |
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