| 00:19 | Testing testing testing. All right. we go. Hello folks, nice |
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| 00:31 | cold outside. Huh? Um uh let's see. Alright, we're in |
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| 00:42 | red box. Um day did the , whoever came up with that. |
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| 00:53 | It looks like wait, if he the shadow there was more bad |
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| 00:57 | right? We didn't see a Everything's good. Anyway, so today |
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| 01:03 | finished a chapter three finally um started growth. Okay, so different aspects |
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| 01:15 | growth starting with program, what do need to grow? Um then uh |
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| 01:25 | guess I call it different ways to then. How do you want to |
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| 01:32 | a little bit of calculations? Nothing . Ok. Uh There'll be a |
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| 01:39 | of calculations to do on the Go through by blow, take you |
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| 01:45 | it. I don't think we're gonna any issues with it, but you |
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| 01:49 | be allowed to have a calculator with in the examples, only a couple |
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| 01:54 | problems to solve, but you'll have catheter use if you want any time |
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| 02:00 | . And uh Castle is always alerted it. Always tell them ahead of |
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| 02:04 | . Don't mess with people they bringing because they're allowed to so uh so |
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| 02:11 | obviously we'll email you all this Remember it's uh still two weeks from |
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| 02:20 | . So but the schedule opens up and it's been posted on top. |
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| 02:26 | that that's the case. This is . Right? So again this is |
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| 02:31 | opens basically at 12 a.m. midnight uh morning, 11:59 This evening. I |
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| 02:39 | want to look at it. Um for those of you that want |
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| 02:44 | get a specific time. I don't where the time stops are but generally |
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| 02:48 | once pretty much throughout the whole right? Nine through six or something |
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| 02:53 | that anyway over two days. So be aware of that. Um And |
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| 03:01 | made some I just modified a couple things on the blackboard. So this |
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| 03:06 | chapter five. What is a It's not uh It's right right after |
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| 03:11 | becomes viruses part one which will be of those type things. And I'll |
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| 03:15 | the videos for those. Um that's the six on the 16th. So |
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| 03:21 | a ways away in so but a before then I'll post the videos for |
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| 03:27 | . Um but that's unit too. anyway we got to finish up you |
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| 03:31 | one uh so we basically have four we got plenty of time. So |
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| 03:36 | definitely finish all we're supposed to cover . So um And uh this mature |
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| 03:44 | thing culture is one of my favorite in the future. I've worked in |
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| 03:47 | for like 12 years and biotech growing growing bacteria. So it's the one |
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| 03:52 | I know something about. Okay much anything else I'm here but I do |
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| 03:56 | that um And the metabolism stuff I'd to talk about that. That's unit |
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| 04:04 | um let me touch on some some and stuff. Certainly getting the |
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| 04:10 | Okay. But first let us okay summery kind of all the stuff you |
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| 04:19 | so previously. Right. Put all parts of the cell cell. |
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| 04:26 | This dude right here. Um So was familiar with these things. |
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| 04:34 | It's pretty much chronologically how you went all the future. So we have |
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| 04:41 | are basically when I call structures. These are features not in all bacterial |
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| 04:52 | but many have these kind of I say these certainly these off directly or |
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| 05:04 | . Two metabolism, my metabolic adaptations byproducts of metabolism. So one way |
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| 05:13 | another kind of directly indirectly related to , metabolic differences between cells. As |
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| 05:18 | see the last one of course is is about motion. Obviously this can |
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| 05:25 | about these are about motion and So we'll look at look we're getting |
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| 05:31 | the nuts and bolts of that. , is there anything over here anybody |
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| 05:39 | a question about? Yeah. So you can't think of question now let |
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| 05:48 | know and I'll be glad to help it. Alright, question 1st |
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| 05:55 | Should look at this session 94 Which is below is false. We're |
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| 06:05 | cover these terms in the next couple slides here. Right ph bi carb |
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| 06:11 | zones, twitching positive taxes, magneto man there is a false there is |
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| 06:30 | false answer here let's get the wrong . There we go. Okay It |
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| 06:59 | cut down from 10. Yeah. mechanisms are not food. Okay. |
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| 07:23 | They can influence a type of Okay. But they're not a food |
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| 07:30 | . Okay. The compass. A for the bacteria that has so. |
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| 07:35 | right so um so obviously that B. C. D. Are |
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| 07:40 | true. Okay so let's look at in more detail. Alright so the |
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| 07:46 | ones we look at our relate to synthesis um Auto trophy. Okay and |
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| 07:55 | um the so again fresh in memory pro carrier world can be two |
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| 08:07 | Right? Photo props of course. light energy to chemical energy. Um |
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| 08:14 | probes uh take a chemo autotrophs. ? They provide energy from the observation |
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| 08:24 | minerals inorganic ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, . Um Iron and white. |
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| 08:34 | So in both cases these processes generate . Right? Energy in the form |
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| 08:43 | N. A. D. And . T. P. Right? |
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| 08:50 | the role that's the role of this of the trophy in is to produce |
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| 08:56 | because they're gonna use that to do . That's the nature of an auto |
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| 09:01 | . You C. 02 and Two fixation takes a tremendous matter. |
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| 09:09 | one of the structures involved with Well okay you're so don't I remember |
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| 09:18 | about pro cariocas here. Right? don't have those that photosynthesize don't have |
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| 09:24 | classes. Yeah in the context Right. We're not talking about your |
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| 09:32 | or canal but we're talking about coins even the highly golden membranes. |
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| 09:43 | stuffed full of uh. Right And photosynthetic pigments. Right? That's what |
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| 09:51 | coins are in a core class that happened to reside inside the program. |
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| 09:58 | , photosynthetic type. They're just parts its membrane. Right? It's looking |
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| 10:05 | highly folded stuffed full of these photosynthetic . Okay. We call that. |
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| 10:11 | . So the course by folding it . Right, the membrane you can |
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| 10:18 | a lot of surface area. You a lot of areas of packet full |
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| 10:23 | these photosynthetic pigments. Jack. Um box zones. Right? So these |
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| 10:32 | the the light portion right, relates fill voids. Right? This part |
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| 10:39 | it relates to that car boxy Okay. So uh so one of |
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| 10:47 | enzymes we'll learn about later is this called? Was the short name? |
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| 10:53 | name is um Close by phosphate. Don't worry so much about that. |
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| 11:02 | if you see ribis co you C. Two fixation. Okay. |
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| 11:06 | it's the end actually combined SEO to with a private carbon intermediate. |
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| 11:12 | That's the actual fixation reaction involves Biscoe the most abundant enzyme on planet |
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| 11:21 | When you think about all the things photosynthesize plans to algae etcetera. |
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| 11:26 | So but in bacteria that are you find that enzyme packed into the protein |
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| 11:36 | um structures. Okay. That you right here. Right, That dark |
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| 11:44 | . Right. Is a car boxy . Okay. So just packed full |
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| 11:49 | enzymes and bacteria are vigorously fixing 02. They'll they'll have those structures |
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| 11:54 | ? To help fix the 02. so you'll see them in photo photo |
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| 11:59 | trucks and in chemo water trucks. ? It's possible that both types of |
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| 12:05 | and both and likely have these Okay. Um Alright. Gas |
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| 12:12 | So I mentioned gas vacuums here because talked about we are talking to someone |
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| 12:20 | also photo water close. Okay. so the structures that they will have |
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| 12:25 | and they can also have gas gas again can produce a type of motion |
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| 12:32 | it's a bubble that fills fills up air and so we can regulate how |
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| 12:38 | air is A. So it's gonna a feature of a aquatic um photosynthetic |
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| 12:47 | . So it kind of allows us shift that water column to get to |
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| 12:53 | appropriate depth or absorb light. It's a bacterial photo trophy vary the |
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| 13:02 | of life they absorbed and so this kind of helped me get to the |
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| 13:05 | depth for that. Okay um Any about these. Okay So let's flip |
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| 13:14 | storage grants all these on this slide types of energy storage uh particles if |
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| 13:23 | will. Okay so and they're all repeating units. Okay so many dramatic |
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| 13:33 | . Another term you may see here a volume 10 um same thing but |
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| 13:40 | are polymers of foster. Okay. is to be a quick energy store |
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| 13:46 | by just clipping off one of the to ADP deformity P. Okay. |
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| 13:52 | somewhat analogous to create team that we . Right have very similar purpose. |
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| 13:58 | . Quick store of energy. So uh it is it tends to |
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| 14:04 | prevalent in certain types of others. is one of those. And so |
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| 14:11 | stated with methylene blue. And hence see the very dark structures here. |
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| 14:16 | are all packed full of these meta grains they call it because of it |
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| 14:22 | under a microscope given kind of a appearance. So again, just an |
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| 14:29 | store. Right. You're familiar with from plants and starch. Right? |
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| 14:33 | have glycogen in your muscles. polymers of glucose basically. Right. |
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| 14:38 | um again you hide realize it get glucose and you can go metabolized and |
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| 14:45 | energy. Okay. Uh you see as both starch and some types can |
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| 14:51 | like so both types can be Okay, so for granted. So |
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| 14:55 | this one is actually is not um a store. I can be. |
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| 15:03 | you can have differentiation in social metabolism types of this particular one. You |
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| 15:08 | the yellowish blobs in the south These types of. That's true. |
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| 15:17 | It's actually regardless of the yellow blocks sulfur, elemental sulfur. Right? |
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| 15:25 | super soluble. Um And so it up as these yellow blocks. It's |
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| 15:29 | byproduct of the it can oxidize Two S. Right. And produce |
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| 15:37 | sulfur. There are types that can use this and convert to more oxidized |
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| 15:45 | compounds as well. And and those don't accumulate the sulfur S. |
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| 15:51 | In their cells. Using this type is the reaction is elemental sulfur and |
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| 15:59 | accumulates in the cell. Okay, basically a byproduct of metabolism um |
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| 16:05 | H. B. Inclusion. So falls in the lipid category. The |
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| 16:10 | is kind of the repeat unit here bacillus, what's very common soil |
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| 16:15 | You see the white blobs and it are the PhD graduates chock full of |
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| 16:23 | . Okay. At one time I kept up with it, but this |
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| 16:28 | actually exploited as a biotechnology product. ? And when you do that, |
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| 16:34 | you're doing is you're basically taking the or whatever the microbe is, right |
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| 16:38 | producing the material you make it produce than ever. Would you do that |
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| 16:43 | different ways? Very to increase expression the genes that make this material. |
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| 16:50 | can grow them in certain ways to production of this material. But they |
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| 16:57 | to this was developed for use in biodegradable grocery bags, right? The |
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| 17:04 | you get your Kroger's or H. . B. Whatever the plastic bags |
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| 17:09 | are biodegradable and made it out of PHP material. Okay. And uh |
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| 17:17 | was only one problem with it. weren't very good put groceries in it |
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| 17:21 | the bag. So they have to mix in like the biological material with |
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| 17:27 | of the non biological material to make more back a little bit better stability |
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| 17:32 | it. But that's kind of the of the whole thing. You want |
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| 17:35 | completely biodegradable, but I'm not sure they've improved upon that or not. |
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| 17:39 | don't think I don't see seeds in grocery stores yet. But for |
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| 17:45 | biotech people majors out there, it may be the kind of stuff that |
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| 17:49 | do right? Growing bacteria for others commercial purposes. Right? So what |
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| 17:55 | did for 12 years and I ended here. Right? So because companies |
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| 18:00 | up and they failed, right? happened to me like four times in |
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| 18:03 | row. I said enough. So , oh, that's a story for |
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| 18:11 | different time. Let's uh look at question. We're looking at it. |
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| 18:19 | any questions about the storage management. . All right. So one thing |
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| 18:25 | think about is with these structures that going through, can there be commonality |
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| 18:32 | like this basket? Right. Maybe structures were looking at uh be similar |
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| 18:40 | they're all involved in emotions. Any of motion. Right? As long |
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| 18:44 | the cell is going from point A point B. It could be multiple |
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| 18:49 | to do that. Good time to when they get timer gets that |
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| 19:24 | Okay. Alright, let's count down five 432. Hey, what's |
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| 19:41 | O. Can be a kind of , right, jell o Obviously can |
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| 19:46 | way emotion stylus. That's the Military pilots can be involved in that |
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| 19:53 | . Black girl can just mentioned kind moving up and down water on magnetic |
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| 19:59 | . It's like a compass accepted towards north or south depending on what hemisphere |
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| 20:05 | . So yeah like I said because any type of motion. Alright then |
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| 20:13 | can certainly all 40s fit that. let's look at these little closer |
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| 20:20 | So okay so the And next week gratitude. Actually somebody actually acquired some |
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| 20:33 | these and grew them in this liquid in this jar. And a big |
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| 20:39 | . I see you're probably familiar You're probably using chemistry lamp. Maybe |
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| 20:45 | magnetic stirs. Right? And so can see that the fact we put |
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| 20:51 | magnetic stirrer on one side of the and after a few hours you see |
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| 20:56 | kind of dark with the cell particles were attracted to the magnet. All |
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| 21:00 | . Very very strange. Um But what is this about? Okay so |
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| 21:07 | relates to their metabolism? Right. so so depending on what hemisphere in |
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| 21:15 | and south. Right. The magneto particles acting like a compass inside the |
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| 21:22 | . Okay. It's gonna attracted to north of the northern hemisphere and in |
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| 21:28 | south in the southern hemisphere. And the movement is towards the people |
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| 21:34 | . So it's like like here's the like that going down towards as you |
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| 21:40 | here, right here and here. so what's what's going on? So |
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| 21:47 | term here? Micro era. Filic aerobic. Okay, so these are |
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| 21:53 | that metabolize in the absence of oxygen very low levels of options because we'll |
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| 22:00 | about options. Actually check five coming bacterial have materials will have different behaviors |
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| 22:10 | citizens for oxygen, right? And categorize them and really like before five |
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| 22:18 | groupings based on their behavior towards Okay. And these are two of |
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| 22:22 | anaerobic micro flow. Okay, so and a robe uses oxygen at atmospheric |
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| 22:31 | . 2021% 02 micro era filed much 5%. 25%. Something like |
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| 22:39 | Okay, too much. It's toxic So and so again these are we're |
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| 22:46 | about aquatic bacteria here in this And they uh so depth typically uh |
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| 22:59 | column 02 levels varied by depths. . Not always. There's times when |
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| 23:06 | have an underwater current coming through as in oxygen. But you know the |
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| 23:10 | of thumb as you go further down depth of the ocean, the less |
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| 23:16 | there is. Okay. And so kind of the idea. So being |
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| 23:20 | anaerobic or micro profile, they're gonna for levels of oxygen but or |
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| 23:26 | Right? The highest level is gonna at the top. Right? For |
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| 23:29 | , mixing in with the water creating . So we're gonna go further down |
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| 23:33 | kind of find the optimal level of . And I think that's what this |
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| 23:38 | taxes, right, taxes movement, , Movement based on magnetic magnetism. |
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| 23:43 | ? So magneto tactic movement makes it down and toward the pole because it |
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| 23:48 | be guiding into a depth of optimal which for these guys is less than |
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| 23:56 | or none right? Or very Let's say okay, so so |
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| 24:01 | it's not nothing to do with being food source. Right? It's all |
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| 24:04 | kind of orienting itself in its Okay, now pillow stocks we talked |
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| 24:14 | earlier in the context of the poles the cell. Right? But so |
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| 24:24 | tend to be more numerous on the attachment is kind of the function of |
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| 24:30 | we see uh instrumental in biofilm So that typically those are about the |
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| 24:40 | right. It's very critical to their to attach and start the biofilm process |
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| 24:48 | also something attacks okay, but tend be less in number and more specialized |
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| 24:56 | . Okay, um example that shows is conjugation, right? That we |
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| 25:03 | sex pilots is used for conjugation, is what's going on here. |
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| 25:08 | bridging the two cells and Jack material change into two cells. Right? |
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| 25:13 | talk about conjugation later. But there's pilots that can we'll also talk about |
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| 25:19 | which is the uptake of D. . A. From the environment. |
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| 25:25 | there are certain types that can do by using a pilot to grab onto |
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| 25:29 | and bring it into the cell. . Um there's also a kind of |
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| 25:33 | weird putting motion, right? Look that here in a second. |
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| 25:39 | um the uh stop as we mentioned . Right? It can switch between |
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| 25:48 | a stop or on the end of cell. So remember recall that this |
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| 25:53 | a function of the environment that was . It was a nutrient rich nutrient |
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| 25:59 | talk can allow it to stick and in that nutrient rich environment until it's |
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| 26:05 | longer favorable. This was just a and swims away to look for a |
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| 26:10 | favorable environment. Okay, so um let's look at briefly this twitching |
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| 26:18 | Okay, so um so the twitching is a feature of carriers that are |
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| 26:28 | a surface. Okay, This is a surface phenomenon, like forming a |
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| 26:34 | . In fact, you often see this feature of twitching in cells that |
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| 26:40 | beginning to form a biofilm. But not always. Right. But |
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| 26:44 | point is it's not a surface again the surface here. Okay. And |
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| 26:49 | um here's an example. So we kind of follow the positioning, |
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| 26:58 | So we're starting here. Right? , bad term extend. So the |
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| 27:03 | can elongate all you're doing is just on the monitors, right, pilling |
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| 27:10 | the monitor and you stack those together and the pilots gets longer you diploma |
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| 27:18 | , you chop them off and then shorter. So it can ultimately by |
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| 27:22 | longer and diploma rising, making it , right. And that's really the |
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| 27:29 | of this whole movement. So you here the pilots prelim arises, |
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| 27:33 | extending and then will attach check then it diploma rises. Okay And so |
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| 27:46 | see now how this gets shorter but it's attached right, we see the |
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| 27:52 | movement going this way. Right? it started here and then ended up |
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| 28:00 | here. Okay so motion. So is they call it twitching because it |
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| 28:07 | kind of a turkey jerky movement. ? It sends out a pilot's then |
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| 28:13 | kind of bumps along the surface and extends again. So it kind of |
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| 28:18 | start, stop start motion almost. they use the term of twitching |
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| 28:24 | Okay so again it's all about being the surface. What is this? |
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| 28:31 | If you're a call if you're a um lab one. We had the |
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| 28:37 | called proteus on the plate produced like weird looking colonies. Right? Colony |
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| 28:43 | on the plate is what you might looks something like that. But these |
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| 28:48 | the colony initially appears like that but it kind of has an appearance like |
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| 28:55 | and then like this then like Right? And this is growth. |
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| 29:02 | cells are moving on the plate. . And so the plate the |
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| 29:08 | Okay. And it's what they call behavior but it's on the top of |
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| 29:15 | order and motility can contribute to Okay so some bacteria do it this |
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| 29:23 | . Okay so it does represent the of motion. Okay so um questions |
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| 29:31 | that pill etcetera. Okay so nana , our extensions as you see |
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| 29:43 | it's attention to those cells and between typically between members of the same |
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| 29:50 | But they have seen cases where it's between different species. Okay. So |
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| 29:55 | can imagine what's what's being exchanged. know anything really in in the sight |
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| 30:00 | class in between the two can be if it's not too big. Okay |
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| 30:05 | certainly things like proteins but they've seen like M. R. N. |
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| 30:09 | . I think the resilient changes were resistance has passed as a result. |
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| 30:16 | it's it's it's characterized well in some and not so much in others. |
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| 30:23 | So it's kind of a thing that's kind of trying to be figured out |
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| 30:26 | certainly um if they can connect themselves stuff can pass between. Okay. |
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| 30:33 | prevalent this is. I can't tell . But I know the syllabus is |
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| 30:37 | of these that that does that we about earlier in the context of PHP |
|
| 30:42 | . Okay so um it's a it's phenomenon still being figured out. |
|
| 30:48 | But Okay the last part of three , right so obviously this is for |
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| 30:59 | of the south um is I mentioned motion for the eukaryotic cell. It's |
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| 31:09 | to be more of a whip like . Right? This is a sperm |
|
| 31:17 | . Right? This thing is going call it undulating, right? Like |
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| 31:22 | right wing. Okay. And so bacterium does not move like that. |
|
| 31:28 | bacterial flagellum doesn't. Okay, Okay, so bacterial flagellum rotates. |
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| 31:35 | , move like a propeller propeller. , so you can so you see |
|
| 31:43 | this slide 1234 different types based on in Majella Ajello, singular morphology. |
|
| 31:54 | ? You can have types that have over the perfect of the cell types |
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| 32:00 | have it just on one end, that have multiple types on one end |
|
| 32:06 | some that have one on one one on the other. Okay. |
|
| 32:12 | that's kind of a real weirdo because only one operates at a time and |
|
| 32:19 | are spinning then it really doesn't go . Or maybe the spins in |
|
| 32:23 | So either one movie or the other of alternate. I don't think it's |
|
| 32:27 | very common type. More common types the other ones. Okay, E |
|
| 32:32 | I think is uh looks like And again, you don't even know |
|
| 32:36 | . So, I'm just throwing out . I need to don't worry about |
|
| 32:39 | species and all that. But the is you can actually use this as |
|
| 32:44 | way to identify certain types. The of morphology. Uh h And |
|
| 32:53 | so this is the itself. So many of these units called come |
|
| 33:01 | to make the polymer and they can't the immune system can respond to |
|
| 33:07 | Right? And so um so much the old policy to ride in the |
|
| 33:13 | negative right? The uh that produces response so can. Right and so |
|
| 33:22 | classified bacteria bacterial types that are disease pathogens typically in the e. Coli |
|
| 33:32 | group. Right? So we have old and an H. Very often |
|
| 33:36 | these types. Okay. Um and it's a way to identify this was |
|
| 33:43 | decades ago. And so if there's foodborne outbreak, things like salmonella and |
|
| 33:49 | . Coli and others we can quickly based on the reaction. We have |
|
| 33:55 | to these different asian oh engines. go okay let's try it on these |
|
| 34:01 | ones and see which one gives a that tells us oh it's echo y |
|
| 34:06 | blah blah blah. That was not a pathogen. Right? But it's |
|
| 34:10 | blah blah blah. That one So it gives me a way to |
|
| 34:14 | , identify what you're dealing with. H owes for the old point. |
|
| 34:22 | . Right, okay. Now the and bolts of how the excuse put |
|
| 34:29 | . This would be a gram negative have this as well. Uh Point |
|
| 34:36 | not proportion that rotates which is the that rotates general other parts of the |
|
| 34:45 | of a cell body etcetera are really anchoring it anchoring in the so the |
|
| 34:51 | here is that the motion is rotational . Okay. And then you can |
|
| 34:56 | motion by rotating in one way or clockwise counterclockwise give you two very different |
|
| 35:08 | . Okay. So if you wanted really swim, so to speak or |
|
| 35:12 | they call run? Right, that's be counterclockwise. Okay. CCW. |
|
| 35:20 | . Means it's going right, so the are kind of cooperating together right |
|
| 35:27 | unison, Right. And that proves a straight line run. Okay, |
|
| 35:32 | course, the alternative is clockwise right? When that happens, the |
|
| 35:37 | kind of just unravel, right, not working together. Okay, and |
|
| 35:43 | this form here, this tumble is or less kind of spinning in |
|
| 35:50 | right, kind of doing this kind action. Okay, referred to counter |
|
| 35:54 | words actually. Okay, so it between the two types. Okay, |
|
| 36:03 | and clockwise. Alright, so what the proportion of those motions? |
|
| 36:12 | so it's all about are we having counterclockwise vs clockwise if we are, |
|
| 36:18 | means that cell is has some kind purposeful movement towards something. Okay. |
|
| 36:26 | So you see, if you track , it can be something like this |
|
| 36:30 | would have a higher proportion of clockwise . More clockwise means more kind of |
|
| 36:38 | meandering around if you will. so all these little points here that |
|
| 36:46 | that these are all tumbles. and it's mixed in with some of |
|
| 36:55 | straight line runs in between. so a mixture of counterclockwise and |
|
| 37:03 | Okay, just happens to be more because it's kind of going all over |
|
| 37:07 | . Okay. No, really, directions going direction list. Okay, |
|
| 37:14 | , so what's going on here is influences is the presence of attractive. |
|
| 37:19 | ? This is a chemo taxes movement on credits and chemicals that can be |
|
| 37:25 | . Okay. And the detection occurs receptors right? So here's the receptors |
|
| 37:32 | again general rolls off criterium cells in are rod shaped, Okay, there's |
|
| 37:41 | very few species that are even overwhelmingly are killed in the motel are rod |
|
| 37:52 | , right? And it's that at one pole there is a difference in |
|
| 37:57 | , right? You can have receptors one end, You could have just |
|
| 38:02 | the other end. But regardless the here is can detect chemicals in the |
|
| 38:08 | , what's going to be something that's be caught on for the move to |
|
| 38:11 | . Right? 200 acids, These are things that they can use |
|
| 38:18 | grow. Okay, so so if bind these if they so think of |
|
| 38:25 | part over here this random walk as maybe trying to see if it accidentally |
|
| 38:33 | into some kind of nutrient chemical. . And if it does then those |
|
| 38:39 | sites will fill up and increase the of counterclockwise rotations because that's what binding |
|
| 38:51 | receptor by a chemo attractive will lead expectations more of them. So if |
|
| 38:58 | encounters more and more of this chemo receptors get full right and you have |
|
| 39:06 | and more runs going toward that attractive this. Okay, so you see |
|
| 39:13 | much more straight line activity going on these tumbles. The proportion of rotation |
|
| 39:22 | much greater because it's encountering chemo It's binding to the cell and that's |
|
| 39:28 | motion into that. Whatever chemical is it can use it take it in |
|
| 39:37 | . Okay that's really the difference between two. So again it just boils |
|
| 39:43 | to the proportions of park wise, clockwise versus clockwise right? And the |
|
| 39:57 | of more counterclockwise more runs through a presumably because it's binding that chemical and |
|
| 40:05 | and it's moving toward it. not so much present. It's kind |
|
| 40:10 | just more more tumbles more clockwise rotations sending it in a random direction that |
|
| 40:16 | will run into some kind of attracted . Any questions? Yeah. No |
|
| 40:31 | it's chemo attractive. So it's gonna a so it's gonna be carbohydrates, |
|
| 40:37 | acids, nutrients so can use those gonna be what it's gonna bind |
|
| 40:44 | Hey that's my cube. Good or . Okay I hope it's good. |
|
| 40:55 | like I get that. All Um Alright. Chapter four. So |
|
| 41:03 | three and 124. Okay so I'm gonna go step by step. So |
|
| 41:07 | bottom line here is Um in part is kind of okay, here's what |
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| 41:17 | in all honesty it's kind of what needs to grow. Okay we're focused |
|
| 41:22 | period. So um so we put things together. Reconnecting medium. Alright |
|
| 41:29 | can make different types of media classified in different ways, we look at |
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| 41:34 | um the will relate to its metabolic . We'll explore that and then um |
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| 41:46 | at media types and then that's part . Then we'll finish up part one |
|
| 41:53 | time into quantitative growth and then grow in the last part. Part two |
|
| 42:01 | actually relatively short. It covers um and then does sports. Okay so |
|
| 42:08 | so let's start with you. Do not yet. Okay so um. |
|
| 42:22 | . The so in terms of growth . So of course growth needs soldered |
|
| 42:29 | dividing version. Right? We'll look the concept of generation. Alright. |
|
| 42:35 | generation time. It's something we'll talk next time in the context of quantitative |
|
| 42:42 | of growth. Okay. But generation can be you can think of it |
|
| 42:47 | as okay this is one generation, ? 11 cell dividing make too. |
|
| 42:53 | . But you also look at it terms of how was the time frame |
|
| 42:58 | go from a population at this Okay. To win it doubles. |
|
| 43:10 | . That time frame the same Both of those mean the same |
|
| 43:13 | generating right? Generation time. That's we look at how fast our generation |
|
| 43:19 | being produced over time. Right? for 20 generations you collect the optimal |
|
| 43:30 | in eight hours. 8-10 hours. takes us 400 years to do |
|
| 43:39 | Right? So that's we're talking about terms of fast growth. Right? |
|
| 43:43 | so of course that takes you can't put it in water and home is |
|
| 43:48 | to do that. Okay, you to provide nutrients of course. |
|
| 43:53 | And so uh it's so growing, growing in general. Why do we |
|
| 44:00 | this? Well if you're a uh lab where you just you may just |
|
| 44:07 | using very commonly e coli shoot as vehicle to do your incompetent DNA |
|
| 44:14 | right. Have a plasmid genes and e coli as a as a means |
|
| 44:20 | grow those assets for you. Um you probably care that much about |
|
| 44:29 | detailed what the are and things like . You know, rose on a |
|
| 44:33 | type of media, you just cannot . Next day you got themselves and |
|
| 44:37 | you go, right, that's most in that way. But you |
|
| 44:42 | um my experience is not so much it's if your industrial industrial mode and |
|
| 44:50 | commercializing uh micro for for enzyme or protein you want or what have |
|
| 44:58 | You gotta make bucket fulls of Little flask is not enough. So |
|
| 45:03 | you really have to understand how it because you have to grow the high |
|
| 45:07 | density. So you really gotta get there. What's going on? |
|
| 45:11 | now, just from an academic you probably grow cells to isolate |
|
| 45:17 | N. A. Sequence or whatever can do it. Or I say |
|
| 45:21 | is what you grow and you depending on what you're trying to |
|
| 45:25 | you may want to know more about it grows. You don't care so |
|
| 45:30 | . You just know if I plop in this video I get themselves what |
|
| 45:33 | need but sometimes maybe even more you more information. So any of those |
|
| 45:38 | gotta know about what is the organism is required for those at the most |
|
| 45:43 | whatever you do you have to understand . Right? So once you do |
|
| 45:47 | then you go because you have to is that uh you're growing them kind |
|
| 45:54 | I'm gonna say unnaturally to a degree ? Because you're dealing with your culture |
|
| 46:02 | ? And you're not in fairness just one particular species okay completely devoid of |
|
| 46:09 | competition right? Occurring in your flat not competing with other species or other |
|
| 46:17 | or any time by themselves. So course they're gonna grow too high |
|
| 46:21 | Okay obviously nature is not that wait a competition out there nutrients are limited |
|
| 46:27 | their and so yeah you may there be spurts of growth here and |
|
| 46:32 | But pretty much everybody's like competing with other. Right? So that's gonna |
|
| 46:38 | you know that you get lots of . Of course you can control everything |
|
| 46:42 | lab control ph control auction loaders the so there's no wonder you can grow |
|
| 46:49 | till they're like climbing out of the so to speak. Okay so that's |
|
| 46:54 | we'll look at here. Okay it begins or ends with this right? |
|
| 47:00 | . H. O. N. . S. Not true really true |
|
| 47:04 | you? You got yes. So is our this is our question. |
|
| 47:14 | so for most bacteria increasing amount of nutrients to X. And a growth |
|
| 47:24 | typically able to almost a two X in cell yield what nutrient would this |
|
| 47:33 | be? Ignore the question in the . Okay. Don't look at this |
|
| 47:40 | one. Okay. There Everybody knows one. I predict 100% correctness. |
|
| 48:08 | gonna say 99%. 10 54. . All right. Uh almost that |
|
| 48:35 | certainly 95%. It's carbon Carbone because are carbon based life forms and carbon |
|
| 48:51 | life forms because our molecules are based the most part of that structure. |
|
| 49:01 | ? Carbohydrates, libyans, do cake , proteins. Right. All have |
|
| 49:08 | carbon skeleton you can call and then make different types but just adding different |
|
| 49:14 | . Right. And nitrogen and phosphorus what happened right to make various |
|
| 49:21 | Uh So so we gotta fueling ourselves right at the carbon to make these |
|
| 49:31 | frameworks to make our multiples. Okay what let me just erase this one |
|
| 49:38 | . So what is um Okay so of these is It's not a question |
|
| 49:46 | of these is A B. D. E. Anybody. Uh |
|
| 49:57 | all essential because um you have to it to them. You have to |
|
| 50:04 | these things you have to provide. what you do. Okay. And |
|
| 50:11 | pro carry attacks should be better than . Right? In what you provide |
|
| 50:17 | forms right? You can provide them basic forms of C. H. |
|
| 50:22 | . M. P. S. others or and I'm being a little |
|
| 50:30 | cryptic. Right? But you'll see I mean to go on for. |
|
| 50:34 | the forms of these elements. Um Well we will defer, okay |
|
| 50:42 | bacteria can be very very basic in of the forms they need and they |
|
| 50:47 | just kind of mix up from scratch more complex forms of these. Okay |
|
| 50:53 | the so can't can't make carbon It has to get it as |
|
| 50:57 | 02 or something more on class. ? The same for the other elements |
|
| 51:02 | . So um the essential essential nutrients the ones you have to supply the |
|
| 51:09 | for them to grow. They won't . Right? Uh So macro micro |
|
| 51:16 | . So from my experience I I of classify these based on the amounts |
|
| 51:22 | ? You know you know grants for adding something grams per liter. I |
|
| 51:27 | it a macro nutrient. Okay if micro grams or less per liter |
|
| 51:33 | But the thing is they don't need supply a lot right because they're not |
|
| 51:39 | may be a second to the cell grow but they don't need to be |
|
| 51:41 | in high quantum's certainly macronutrients. These for sure. Um Those four are |
|
| 51:52 | macron interests politically added in large part carbon. That's that's gonna be the |
|
| 51:57 | influence in terms of growth and you we had a lot of that. |
|
| 52:02 | ? We want to get themselves. , so let's look at some examples |
|
| 52:07 | . So we just mentioned this and remember the you know the form of |
|
| 52:13 | carbon. Right? Is that this or that form that's needed? You |
|
| 52:19 | ? Again, carbon dioxide is an but it's just the most simplest. |
|
| 52:26 | can't take C. 02 and break down. You can only build up |
|
| 52:30 | . Okay, of course you can down more complex sources, carbohydrates, |
|
| 52:35 | can break those down breakdown facts Okay, so then we have these |
|
| 52:41 | ones and I'm sure oxygen right? there used proteins etcetera where phosphates |
|
| 52:49 | right? Where sulfur is used with couple of you know assets but there's |
|
| 52:53 | a few other sulfur containing compounds are but um cat ions, right? |
|
| 53:00 | magnesium, iron I would consider it's the toward the macro inside the micro |
|
| 53:10 | you do add iron in relatively substantial but not not as much to do |
|
| 53:15 | carbon. For sure. Okay, certainly things like potassium magnesium, these |
|
| 53:19 | very common and irons in mineral You typically call mural salt is kind |
|
| 53:24 | the term here. Okay, so parts of enzymes and things like |
|
| 53:29 | Okay, um now micronutrients you see by these all certificate like code factors |
|
| 53:38 | enzyme um uh nickel also there's a that use W. W. Is |
|
| 53:49 | tungsten. Yeah tungsten. Okay and you're a graph of finding is part |
|
| 53:55 | an enzyme typically. Uh So but in fact um you would and all |
|
| 54:07 | these are added as some kind of right off the shelf. Plop it |
|
| 54:13 | . Okay you don't really add these a chemical off the shelf there typically |
|
| 54:20 | in the water. You use that dissolve your stuff. Trace contaminants from |
|
| 54:25 | and things like that. I've never to add any of these in the |
|
| 54:29 | medium. I just know they're there trace contaminants in the water so you |
|
| 54:33 | really bother with having to physically add but you certainly do physically add these |
|
| 54:39 | other ones. Okay so um okay factors. So growth factors is kind |
|
| 54:49 | a term they use um something in to typically the C. H. |
|
| 54:58 | . M. P. S. things like vitamin right maybe it's deficient |
|
| 55:02 | B. 12 B. One. have you can't make it. So |
|
| 55:07 | have to add it to okay uh can't make any real acid. So |
|
| 55:12 | have to add it to. Right what we called growth factors. |
|
| 55:15 | Um Blood this is very blood and series of fractional blood uh it's kind |
|
| 55:21 | protein fraction of blood but very often add these when you're dealing with pathogens |
|
| 55:29 | microbes bacteria very often you grow them even a blood augur you don't very |
|
| 55:36 | blood has a lot of stuff. ? And so very often it's like |
|
| 55:40 | we know the pathogen goes better off you had blood or serum. |
|
| 55:45 | But you don't necessarily take all the to figure out what is in the |
|
| 55:48 | and serum. That's that's promoting growth it can be very complex. So |
|
| 55:52 | you do is just add the blood the serum. But you know there's |
|
| 55:56 | in it to help it grow. . So anything like that falls in |
|
| 56:00 | category of a growth factor. Something It's really not. You're supplying |
|
| 56:05 | CH one P. S. But still can't grow well enough unless you |
|
| 56:09 | these things and that's the growth Okay. These terms here protocols if |
|
| 56:15 | don't hear protocols so much but I we all are aware of wild |
|
| 56:20 | Okay. Wild type uh taken you the Gillette, you That's right. |
|
| 56:28 | wild type. Right? So the type is I call the wild |
|
| 56:31 | the the member of the species that has all the features of that |
|
| 56:38 | Right? Then you can have variations that wild type. Okay. And |
|
| 56:45 | variation can be an oxygen. so an oxygen is typically just it |
|
| 56:50 | it lacks a it lacks or is in in particular metabolic pathway very often |
|
| 56:59 | in the context of amino acids. ? So something that's an Albanian oxy |
|
| 57:04 | , right? This guy you have add alimony to the meeting or world |
|
| 57:11 | . So even in certain any term right blank obstacle whatever is in the |
|
| 57:22 | in there for us. So that's you have to add that. It's |
|
| 57:26 | in that catholic. So I said hospital, it can't produce history. |
|
| 57:32 | gotta add it to the meeting. that's that's what that term means. |
|
| 57:37 | Okay there's a couple of quick questions here. So before I open |
|
| 57:48 | read the bottom so you start the and reach bottom. Right? So |
|
| 57:55 | organisms. Right? Just start here go down. Right. Just |
|
| 58:05 | Okay so CC energy source is Okay so first And the next |
|
| 58:16 | Right. 2nd. Alright. Alright. So kind of read it |
|
| 58:22 | that fashion. So let's look at of course A. Through G. |
|
| 58:27 | your potential choices. Okay so first is which box represents Chemo? Auto |
|
| 58:39 | , email. Auto Trophy A. G. To choose from. |
|
| 59:10 | Time is on. Got this And we got another one. And |
|
| 59:21 | 3rd 1. Just not a Just Alright, I count down from |
|
| 59:37 | to pause, dramatic pause. And we go like. All right if |
|
| 59:48 | answered, let's switch to the next . Alright reveal. Make it more |
|
| 59:55 | . Okay. Okay. Which Oh wait no that's not what hold |
|
| 60:02 | this one. The one the box box represents a plant or algae timer's |
|
| 60:41 | . Hey countdown. Mhm. 87 F. So we had d over |
|
| 61:02 | with the consensus F. Here. Yeah, both of those are |
|
| 61:09 | Okay, so um so a question talking about here is classifying metabolic |
|
| 61:18 | right? If you know that then know what we need to put together |
|
| 61:21 | make it. So um first and the first tier energy source, |
|
| 61:30 | Chemical light that basically defines the uh source. Obviously, right, we're |
|
| 61:38 | use light or we're gonna oxidize some of chemical compounds. Okay, so |
|
| 61:44 | trophy. Photo trophy. Okay Carbon source. Right? That's your |
|
| 61:51 | . Autotrophs autotrophs distinction right? On sides. Okay. So um and |
|
| 62:02 | then it's um the in terms of compounds, right? On this |
|
| 62:12 | right. It's final electronic sector, ? Think of it is. How |
|
| 62:17 | it breathe, sort of? How does it breathe? What does |
|
| 62:21 | breathe with? Okay. And then on the other side, right. |
|
| 62:29 | so it relates to on the on autotrophs side, I'm sorry. On |
|
| 62:34 | side. Right. Um electron right? Can use water or can |
|
| 62:42 | use something else? Okay, so have one more question. It's not |
|
| 62:46 | question. Let's just uh see which represents an aerobic headed trophy? Which |
|
| 62:51 | you see you even e e uh , of course your name. |
|
| 63:14 | Um now this I got to reveal . Alright, so so the one |
|
| 63:33 | we'll find out is you know how role of electrons in this process |
|
| 63:38 | especially when you get the metabolism. really all about that. Okay. |
|
| 63:44 | so um the Arabs using oxygen. , anna robes using other types of |
|
| 63:54 | . Okay, these guys right our we'll talk about this in unit |
|
| 64:01 | . These are fermenting organisms there Okay, don't so much worry about |
|
| 64:06 | now, but we'll talk that's that's they fit in organic compounds. Those |
|
| 64:11 | anaerobic respirators. Okay. Uh anaerobic are different from fermenters. They both |
|
| 64:19 | use auction but they are different. Okay. And then of course over |
|
| 64:27 | , right. A source of Right? Water for plants and algae |
|
| 64:32 | bacteria will learn that other photo trophic have something else, write things like |
|
| 64:38 | two S is very common. All . Not water, but H two |
|
| 64:43 | , donor. Okay, so uh next slide here kind of summarizes |
|
| 64:49 | Okay, this up. And um , source energy and electrons. So |
|
| 65:02 | you can combine terms, right, were an organic growth. Okay. |
|
| 65:07 | can consider yourself as an organic growth organic sources of electrons. Okay, |
|
| 65:14 | is this? This again? I . Yeah. What is it also |
|
| 65:29 | a source of Mhm. Basic source get down to some atomic levels. |
|
| 65:38 | of source of electrons. Williams These folks, I mean, doesn't |
|
| 65:56 | very sexy, like steak and baked and sour cream and baked potato sauce |
|
| 66:05 | some kind of gravy on your Right. If you're a carnivore. |
|
| 66:16 | , okay. Um but almost natural when it goes to your body, |
|
| 66:26 | are looking me Okay. Yeah, looks very nice. You know, |
|
| 66:34 | eyes see that but inside your body it all goes down to electrons. |
|
| 66:41 | , so that will will get deeper that as we go along. But |
|
| 66:47 | so when you two. But the here is can combine, right, |
|
| 66:52 | organic trove and chemo autotrophs are essentially same thing. Okay, chemo with |
|
| 66:57 | trove. Chemo autotrophs, same Okay, these are two very different |
|
| 67:04 | . Yeah, photo ties them together use light energy. But the operative |
|
| 67:10 | No. Really this question, can a photo hetero profuse carbon |
|
| 67:14 | Right. Because the operative term is that trumps trumps it. That's what |
|
| 67:22 | okay. It does not it rules ahead of you use things like glucose |
|
| 67:34 | Things like that. Not so So there are 400. Okay, |
|
| 67:39 | can use light energy but they But they don't think so too. |
|
| 67:43 | , we'll talk about those next uh you get to but anyway, so |
|
| 67:49 | , so putting together these components, ? We know the metabolic nutritional type |
|
| 67:57 | pro for chemo autotrophs or what have that we can put the elements together |
|
| 68:03 | say yes, if there's anything else needs put it in there in the |
|
| 68:07 | medium. So what kind of? we can we can differentiate different types |
|
| 68:11 | growth medium. So what kind of medium is this? You got four |
|
| 68:19 | there, Put the timer on. realize that shooting sound you're gonna hear |
|
| 68:56 | the recording. So when you get like 65 minutes you know what that |
|
| 69:04 | is? Um All right and what got it is okay. Um Why |
|
| 69:18 | be who has to be so why it a complex medium? And what's |
|
| 69:26 | you that? And on this list ingredients, what's telling you? It's |
|
| 69:34 | ? Yeah that's one it's really these these two okay so up to this |
|
| 69:44 | right up here that's a defined medium but because we've added these two complex |
|
| 69:57 | so it doesn't matter if you think it a defined medium as one that |
|
| 70:02 | can give you a periodic chart in calculator. You can tell me exactly |
|
| 70:07 | the most per liter are of every . Okay? And you could write |
|
| 70:13 | above here. Okay. But now add these what we call complex |
|
| 70:19 | Okay we know that pepto contain H. O. M. |
|
| 70:25 | S. It's in there. You pep tone is basically meet uh comes |
|
| 70:31 | a cow beef that's been digested with , beef extract has been I think |
|
| 70:37 | and something else. So these are treatments to like break it down so |
|
| 70:42 | they can be can be used by growing on it. But it provides |
|
| 70:49 | all these complex nutrients like soy soy you can add they contain all of |
|
| 70:55 | . C H. O. P. S. You just don't |
|
| 70:57 | what the proportions are exactly. And that's the nature of a complex |
|
| 71:02 | . Okay, so um now more of this. Right, so here |
|
| 71:10 | three different types of media and um you know, medium by itself. |
|
| 71:18 | know this right? You're just talking C. H. O. |
|
| 71:20 | P. S. And macro micronutrients right to make a medium to be |
|
| 71:25 | medium could be a solid medium. uh There are different uses for |
|
| 71:30 | So complex also called rich medium. ? We'll have so by supplying these |
|
| 71:36 | nutrients. Okay uh listen, here's list of beef extract, there's |
|
| 71:42 | there's milk protein, soy protein. a whole bunch of different types right |
|
| 71:47 | providing everything right there providing preformed So certainly these will have fully formed |
|
| 71:56 | and a bunch of other stuff. You can also add things like East |
|
| 72:02 | rich in B vitamins. Right? supplies a bunch of stuff. The |
|
| 72:09 | is less. So right, so medium shown here. Okay, These |
|
| 72:17 | , right again, you can and cross of course is C6 H |
|
| 72:25 | So you know how much of each is in there. Right, just |
|
| 72:29 | . You know these other ones. is completely complex. Right chloride. |
|
| 72:37 | this is a medium that's defined. one for uh little right? There's |
|
| 72:49 | it has C. 02, As carbon. That's the clear |
|
| 72:54 | These here's the carbon. So carbon remember the carbon defines albuterol predator. |
|
| 73:05 | ? This this is complex carbon As . It's not CO2. But so |
|
| 73:12 | you see something like a trip tone tone, you just think it's meat |
|
| 73:18 | . Right? That state's gonna have , proteins, Right? Those are |
|
| 73:25 | complex carbon sources. Right? So your carbon, Right? Um So |
|
| 73:30 | the carbon here. That's an auto , Right? In this case of |
|
| 73:35 | will roll. You can't grow on . All right. You need to |
|
| 73:44 | added carbohydrate to it, right? fat or whatever, But not see |
|
| 73:49 | you can't grow on you unless you're kind of mutant type. That is |
|
| 73:54 | only one on planet Earth. You do that. Okay, so um |
|
| 74:01 | those in lab nutrient auger. You use that all the time. |
|
| 74:07 | , It's a complex medium. Um Are any questions? Wait, |
|
| 74:19 | going to talk about that next Alright, so don't worry about |
|
| 74:22 | Hey folks, see you every See you next week. |
|
