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BIOL 3324 Human Physiology - 3324_lecture19_1103
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00:02 Alright, you guys um up here looking at the exam distribution for exam
00:09 , I think we still have three um exams. So they'll open up
00:14 early next week. Um Anyway so can see average was about 68 which
00:19 great. Uh Hi 96 minimum. so great, but that's okay,
00:24 all have bad days. Um standard deviation you can see it's kind
00:28 , it's still kind of squishing It'd be better if I was around
00:31 but I'll take 16. Uh This putting the exams all three together so
00:36 can see really you guys kind of have found your sweet spot. So
00:41 a class and you know, I looking at last semester's or the last
00:44 I taught the class, so I've last fall and your numbers are like
00:48 points higher than that class. So as a as a unit, as
00:52 group, you guys are actually doing lot better than the previous group and
00:56 think that group was just as bad the one before. So let me
01:00 say you're on the top of the , you're doing good, so I'm
01:03 . You should be happy if I'm . You should be happy. You're
01:07 happy though. Alright, so this the rolling average. This does include
01:13 um but this is 100% accurate because some stuff that I still want to
01:17 in there, but it kind of you a sense, remember no extra
01:20 on this. So if you want just add in your extra credit,
01:23 can figure out what your average is your extra credit. It will shift
01:25 on this, this is not gonna the final average for the class.
01:29 probably will change about a point or along all three of those things.
01:33 it kind of gives you a sense where the A. B. And
01:35 . Range are gonna be remembered. range always starts at 50. So
01:40 B's roughly sees you know the ones here. Um A couple of them
01:46 the ones that didn't take the A couple of those. I think
01:50 three of those are students who actually the class and haven't dropped the
01:54 In other words they've only taken one and they're still enrolled. So um
02:00 looking like right now that there's probably gonna be an F. In the
02:02 unless you guys really screwed things So for those of you who are
02:06 there going I'm failing the class because that's all that's the email I always
02:10 , I'm failing the class and then blah blah and I look at the
02:12 like you're not failing the class you're doing as well as you want
02:16 Um But it looks like we're on to have no f. For the
02:19 . So see this see do you why I'm happy. That makes me
02:25 when there are no f that's a thing. Um We're not gonna talk
02:29 the paper yet. I haven't released grades on blackboard yet for the papers
02:33 blackboard sucks One and two. There's couple things like I said um I
02:37 there's one student actually has a medical for why they didn't do the reviews
02:41 I want to deal with that. um and I just want to deal
02:46 those kind of things and so there's be some small modifications but in essence
02:51 can go and look at your reviews now. Um And I can tell
02:56 how to do the math. You the conversion but it's a real pain
02:58 the butt. So let's not waste time. Um Well, we can
03:02 with that on another day. So I want to do today is I
03:04 to talk about the kids. ma'am. It's a letter grade.
03:11 , no, it's it's it's Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. There's
03:15 . So what I do is so , you maybe you opened up the
03:18 of worms. So here they All right. So you have in
03:23 five reviews. Some of you will four reviews because someone didn't do their
03:27 . But what I usually do is take the fourth, you know,
03:29 you have four reviews, I'll take top review and I'll count it
03:31 So it's not gonna be a penalty you. It's against the person who
03:35 do their review. So do your is number one. All right.
03:40 what I do is I take I take that average and you get
03:43 , get a score based on 1 5. So it's gonna be out
03:46 three decimal places. And then what can do is I convert that to
03:50 numerical score, a perfect one like across the board, that would be
03:54 50 a perfect five across the That would be 100. But it's
03:59 a direct scale. It's a weird of scale. So I don't want
04:03 do that math, which is, , you're welcome. That was a
04:08 of worms. And that's so if wondering why I'm sitting here going like
04:12 is I not only teach this I also teach a freshman class and
04:17 in a constant state of panic. ? And so I'm literally sieving
04:24 you know, 10, I mean four students of class, 10,
04:27 a day going, what's my What's my grade? What's my
04:29 What's my grade? And it's I don't care. I don't
04:33 I don't know. I don't Um, but you have to say
04:36 politely because when a professor says, don't care and quit emailing me,
04:41 usually get upset about that. So got to find nice ways to
04:44 hey, let's worry about this in weeks when we have some time to
04:49 worry about stuff. I'd rather talk this. This is more fun.
04:53 interesting. And um, I'm I'll lay this out for you.
04:57 think, you know, right, regard to this unit, grades tend
05:02 slip a little bit and that's not function of that. The material is
05:06 . It's because you're going to Right? So you're kind of in
05:10 panic mode, right? You're dealing multiple classes. You have not only
05:16 classes that have a test, but also have a test and a
05:19 So you're gonna be really busy. so your time is gonna be heavily
05:24 between a lot of things. That's number one. Number two,
05:28 covering a lot of stuff in this . We cover the kidneys, digestive
05:32 in the Quran and the reproductive And if you go back and look
05:36 the stuff that we've covered previously, usually cover two systems at the
05:40 Right? So, it's kind of jammed in there. But the good
05:44 about this section is that all the are tube systems. And so when
05:48 studying tube systems, you're gonna start one end of the tube and you
05:51 your way through the other end of tube, right? It's like trying
05:54 describe, for example, a car . You start at one end of
05:56 car wash. You put a dirty at one end on the back
05:59 You have a clean car. So asking what do I do along the
06:02 . That's kind of a way to these things is kind of look at
06:04 tube and kind of walk your way the tube and ask the question.
06:07 , it's kind of an easy way organization. Now, here's the pitfall
06:11 this class, reproduction. one. love reproduction, but I'm not gonna
06:14 a jerk about it. All In other words, the whole test
06:17 about reproduction, even though I wish was. I wish I could talk
06:19 five lectures. There used to be reproductive class I used to teach.
06:23 they have me teaching this because this a great. Need for this.
06:26 it was 27 lectures on reproduction. you imagine talking 27 lectures on?
06:32 still not enough. As far as concerned, there ain't enough time to
06:35 about reproduction. Alright. But we're gonna have two. If
06:38 three lectures on reproduction. Here's the . You're under pressure. You got
06:44 to study. You're gonna look at and go, I know how my
06:47 works. That's easy. What I understand is the opposite sex.
06:51 you'll end up studying the opposite You'll miss all the questions.
06:55 if there are eight questions on female , ladies, that is 16 points
06:59 you're probably gonna get taken off of exam. If you do not study
07:03 reproduction. Men. Same thing. questions that's probably 16 points on male
07:10 . And you're gonna sit there and are easy. Women are complicated,
07:13 know, and you're gonna miss the questions. So, be sure not
07:17 skip over your own sex. It's important because it's more complicated than
07:23 think it is. All right. I'll make some pretty lot of bold
07:29 at the beginning of these lectures. , to kind of wake you up
07:32 offend you a little bit to kind say, I'm gonna prove you
07:35 Dr Wayne. We're gonna have some . All right. Anyway,
07:41 with that in mind, the reason say all that is that I think
07:44 all the stuff that we're gonna cover is usually the most difficult. And
07:49 not saying it's the most difficult stuff . It's not Pekin. Alright.
07:53 just there's some things in it that a little bit complicated. Make you
07:56 of have to pause and go, a second. I'm not sure if
07:59 get this. And it's usually in next lecture. All right.
08:02 it's not this lecture. This is anatomy and kind of looking at the
08:05 picture to kind of get a sense what's going on in the kidney and
08:08 next one deals with some physiology. just seems a little bit when I
08:13 in your when I was in your . I look first time I
08:15 I was like, I don't get . And I don't want to
08:16 So, I sat there with la la la la. The second time
08:19 took physiology as a grad student, did the exact same thing.
08:22 la la la la la la Third time I did it, you
08:26 , it's like, I'm still not learn this and I had to actually
08:28 a class I had to learn. I was like, oh, this
08:30 really as hard as I thought it . I just put my own barriers
08:34 to make sure I didn't learn All right. So, I'm just
08:37 you now, don't put your barriers if you get lost and you're
08:39 I don't get it. Just We'll we'll we'll walk through it and
08:43 to understand it. Okay, Because is not as bad. But once
08:47 get past kidney, it's literally it's downhill. So, and this
08:53 like, it's not like this is hard. So when we talk about
08:56 renal system or urinary system, we're be covering these different structures. The
09:00 ureter urinary bladder and urethra in a , very general sense kidneys are forming
09:05 urine pass the urine that you make the kidneys down to the bladder.
09:09 bladder stores the urine until it's time make sure it that to go to
09:14 bathroom or p in english. And finally, the urethra is a little
09:19 two between the bladder and the And it also serves a unique function
09:24 males and that it's also a duck the passage of even during copulation or
09:31 in the reproductive system. But in very general sense, your kidneys are
09:35 gonna be producing urine. So you to store this because right now you're
09:40 going to the bathroom, I Right? I mean, but you're
09:46 making urine and so you need to the storage. So there's a time
09:50 a place and that's what we all to do. Hopefully, when we're
09:53 younger, um in terms of this is the big picture again,
09:59 what we're dealing with, is filtering blood and removing the waste products from
10:02 blood. All right, So this a conditioning organ. Its job is
10:07 condition the blood and what we're gonna making is we're initially going to be
10:12 what is called infiltrate. In other , we haven't selected and actually created
10:16 . And then over through the course the actual micro structures of the
10:20 we're going to create the union. , the fluid that leaves the kidney
10:24 urine, the kidneys. The fluid in the kidney is called filtration.
10:29 right. And so that ultimately the system is responsible for eliminating that urine
10:33 those pathways. Now, there are functions which we don't really get
10:38 Alright, so this is when we kidney, that's what we think up
10:41 . But it also plays a role forming calc trial. That's vitamin
10:45 Three um it helps to produce and erythropoietin to regulate the production of red
10:51 cells which we talked about in a general sense. It regulates ion levels
10:56 your in your body. Um It a role in water water based or
11:01 uh solute balance and thus also blood and it plays a role in acid
11:06 bounds which in conjunction with the So there's a whole bunch of other
11:11 that that it that it governs. because of the limit of the class
11:16 don't get to talk about all that . Um It also has the potential
11:21 produce glucose for the in the process glucose neurogenesis when your body needs
11:26 But the big picture needs condition the . All right. So that's what
11:33 looking at. We're gonna be looking those those questions of really the elimination
11:37 and less about the other aspects of . Alright so this is your
11:42 Um it is primarily responsible for maintaining stability of your E. C.
11:49 . Volume. So that's the amount fluid that's in your body. Your
11:53 composition of your blood as well as body as well as its osmolarity or
11:58 you can say as morality as So what do we do? We
12:02 just modify how much water we're putting and pulling out of the fill trait
12:07 we're making that Phil traits so that composition of the urine is going to
12:11 depending upon the state of our So if we're dehydrated, we're gonna
12:15 to hold on the water more We're going to basically try to hold
12:20 the water. But if we have much water and body, we're just
12:23 to try to release it. All . So it's conservation or elimination is
12:27 goal here. So structurally, there's things that we need to be aware
12:33 . All right. And some of things probably go a little bit further
12:36 we need to know. But it's so that we can kind of move
12:39 way around the structure of the So, everything you see here in
12:43 on the edge that is called the . It's the outer region. Everything
12:47 that. The thing that looks like little onions and the yellow stuff that
12:50 be considered the medulla. Alright, cortex, for any structure is always
12:55 medulla is always internal. We have columns. The renal columns are basically
13:00 projections in between that kind of separate the the medulla into these different
13:07 And then in between the columns. are going to be the renal
13:10 The pyramids look like shells in this . But you can see here,
13:15 got the base of the pyramid and apex of the pyramid, like
13:19 so they have the straight appearance. the reason for that is because of
13:22 micro structure, which is where we're to be spending our time. And
13:26 they do is we refer to the of the medulla, in the in
13:30 cortex here at the base of the . So that's the cortical medullary
13:36 And the reason this is important is these two regions are very different from
13:40 other in terms of their osmolarity, we'll deal with mostly on Tuesday next
13:47 . And then the apex of the . That is called the renal
13:51 And what they do is they open into these callouses. So the yellow
13:55 here, this is kind of the point where everything kind of converges all
14:00 . And so you have this is referred to as the sinus. So
14:04 have the minor callouses which converge and major callouses. And then the major
14:09 form that renal pelvis which then uh the ureter as you leave out.
14:15 so what you're dealing with is you're urine um at the apex which is
14:20 being collected in the minor Calix. then to the to the major Calix
14:25 then ultimately into the to the pelvis out through the ureter, the region
14:31 which the ureter leaves the artery entry and the vein exits. And there's
14:37 lymphatic vessels there well is referred to the helium and you'll see helium.
14:43 Often referred to any point in an where these things enter in and exit
14:47 . Alright. But this one's really overt. And so there's nerves
14:51 travel in as well. And I'm gonna be asking which nerves are
14:54 But you can see parasympathetic and sympathetic well. All right. So,
15:00 what we've done is we've kind of in and then the micro view.
15:03 this is trying to show you look the pyramid poorly drawn. All
15:07 You can see that we have these going up and down. And what
15:11 really looking at here is what is an Effron. And saffron is the
15:16 unit of the kidney. So, we're going to talk about is taking
15:19 at the level of the saffron and two halves to an Effron. We
15:24 the corpus cell and we have the . And so the way you can
15:28 about this is the core puzzle is point of contact for the blood to
15:33 filtered. Alright, so, it's it's a capillary unit is really what
15:37 is and it's going to come into with the tubular. And what you're
15:40 do is you're gonna be able to the fluid of the plasma through that
15:45 puzzle into the tubular component and then the tube, you'll is the long
15:52 portion that travels all over the And that's where you're taking the
15:56 You're making modifications to it to ultimately the urine. Alright, So both
16:03 these units are gonna be primarily found here in the cortex. But there's
16:08 portion of the tubular portion bad There's a component of the tubular half
16:16 is going to make up the or to be found in the medulla,
16:20 is gonna be the new Franek loop the loop of Henle E. It
16:23 even be pronounced loop of Henle. actually never really looked it up to
16:27 out. And I've heard people pronounce multiple different ways. So you get
16:30 have the benefit of me changing the over and over again throughout the
16:35 All right. So, let's look the core puzzle. All right
16:41 the core puzzle has primarily a vascular to it, but it's going to
16:48 that point of contact where the tube you'll is. And so there's gonna
16:52 a small portion that is tubular in . Alright. And so what we're
16:56 at here, is this going So, it's going in? You
17:00 all this wiggle waggle and then it out again and with that wiggle waggle
17:04 is the capillary aspect. All And so we're looking at here is
17:08 looking at the glamorous Alice. All . So this is the glamorous
17:12 This is the point of contact that blood from or fluid from the blood
17:18 out into the tubular component and the component that it's actually engaged with And
17:24 by. Is this right here, called bowman's capsule. Alright. So
17:29 it is, and the way you think about that, this is like
17:31 blunt ended tube that you pushed into jammed into that capillary unit.
17:37 so you can just think I've got type of capillary that's kind of like
17:40 ball, hence the name. And I've done is I've jammed it in
17:44 push it in. So the capillary right up against epithelium that makes up
17:49 end of the tube and it's between two that you're gonna see filtration taking
17:54 All right, and that's where it all that wiggle waggle and so on
17:58 so forth. The portion that leads that capillary bed is called the different
18:06 . Alright. Different goes in. . It's carrying blood from the body
18:11 this capillary for this process of filtration then on the other side is the
18:17 arterial and this is also carrying blood from that capillary. Now we gotta
18:23 a little bit of fun. You a capillary going in as an
18:28 Do you expect on the other side venue or vein? Alright. But
18:33 be a venue all but here we an arterial capillary arterial, something's not
18:41 , so what's going on here? this is actually a modification of an
18:48 , this glue Maria list. So we've done here is we've taken a
18:51 arterial and we mucked with it. don't know just say tied it into
18:56 bow or something like that. And it's created a capillary system that plays
19:01 role in oxygen or gas exchange. sole purpose is to serve as a
19:06 system between the arterial and that Bowman's . Alright. That that collection
19:15 And so what we're going to see little bit further down is that that
19:18 is then going to go into a system that plays a role in nutrient
19:23 gas exchange. All right. So idea here is this arterial or this
19:29 is not a capillary like everything And so they've kept the two arterial
19:35 on either side, but one goes a different area list. One comes
19:40 different now, Bowman's capsule is the structure, right? This is part
19:46 the tubular component. It's doubled So you can see here is the
19:49 wall and then it comes in and . Goes around the outside. And
19:54 you're looking out there. Those are making making up Bowman's capsule and then
19:59 comes back around the other way. , These type of cells.
20:04 what they are is they're called potus and we're going to come to that
20:08 just a moment. I think I a slide on that. So we
20:10 two poles here as a result of . And so that little space on
20:14 inside is going to be where the is going to collect before it goes
20:17 down the tube and that's what the is? We'll deal with the tube
20:20 just a moment? Alright. Yeah. So the so the glamorous
20:29 is a capillary surrounded by the tubular that line up right next up against
20:36 . All right. So, we'll probably I think we don't have a
20:40 picture here. So we can use portion right here. So, these
20:43 cells, those are the epithelium of capillary, the yellow cells here.
20:48 are the potus sites from Bowman's So, you can see we've created
20:53 special barrier between those two points. . But this space right here collects
21:00 , right? It's not interstitial It's within the tube itself. And
21:04 tube keeps going on. This is a bulge in the at the end
21:06 the tube. Okay, So this a filtering system is what we've
21:13 Yeah, only a small portion. ? Because if all your blood went
21:21 that on the other side would be sledge. Which would be bad because
21:26 is harder to push. So it's I think the number is 20%.
21:31 can't remember exactly. All right. , what we say is when we
21:35 at this corpus of what we say we have a vascular half and we
21:39 a tubular half, or vascular pole a tubular pole. So, when
21:43 hear that term it's just referring to side am I looking at? Am
21:46 looking at the sending side? Am looking at the receiving side? The
21:49 side would be vascular. The receiving is the tubular side. So if
21:54 come to this picture right here, can kind of see this a little
21:56 better um better represented. So here would be Bowman's capsule. Inside Bowman's
22:02 . That would be the glamorous List. And then we have one
22:05 goes in and one that goes The one that goes in is the
22:09 that comes out is different. so that's dealing with the vascular
22:15 The tubular half is what we're seeing . Alright. The tube that's closest
22:21 the glam aerialist or bowman's capsule, way you want to do. It
22:25 called the nearest tube. You'll proximal . Now you can see here that
22:31 actually has a component to it. all uh wiggly, wobbly. I
22:37 know, I'm trying to use a that's not actually in the name.
22:39 then it straightens out and then it into something else. That region that
22:44 of travels all over the place is to as the convoluted portion. So
22:48 have the proximal convoluted tubules. You we got the same and then the
22:52 portion would be the proximal straight You'll but we're just gonna refer to
22:56 as the proximal tubules? Or very you'll see me refer to as a
22:59 convoluted tubules? Because that's where we to focus. And then the tube
23:04 out, dives deep into the goes all the way down to the
23:08 turn and comes all the way back . Now, what we're looking at
23:11 is what is called the loop of E. Right? Or the imaginary
23:16 . It has two portions. The portion is the descending portion, so
23:20 begins first and then it turns around then it becomes the a sending
23:24 And these descending limbs and a sitting are unique in in terms of their
23:30 . Alright, so it's important to able to distinguish them. Lastly we
23:34 the distal tube distal tubules, so loop of Henle comes on out and
23:39 it becomes the distal tube. And you can see we have a convoluted
23:42 against often is referred to as the convoluted tubules and then you're gonna see
23:48 . There's a boundary. So if look right here, there is the
23:51 ending, this is the or the the a sending the parent and the
23:55 arterial. So you can think about like this if my fingers represent the
24:02 and different arterial that my hand represents gloom aerialist. This would be bowman's
24:07 surrounding the glow mary list. My would go off. That would be
24:11 proximal convoluted tubules. So it's to goes on and does its little thing
24:15 then it comes back up and it's the distal convoluted tubules and what it
24:19 is it sits between both the parent the parent. Alright. The point
24:25 it passes through is called the just apparatus. Alright, there's a lot
24:33 parts to this thing right now. does Jackson refer to when you see
24:38 as a prefix next to? So to glamorous Dallas apparatus. So it
24:45 you again to kind of learn what words mean. So it's like,
24:49 , so this tells me something, ? It's the part where it passes
24:53 . Now this is a unique It plays an important role in regulating
24:57 flow of Phil trait. So we'll to that in just a bit.
25:03 , if you look at this picture kind of seeing. Well, the
25:06 chose to draw a picture up here the picture down there, right?
25:09 putting tuna franz. Well, there's two different types of different, there
25:14 no franz who are found near the of the cortex and actually kind of
25:19 out up here in the cortex. then there are those that are down
25:22 next to the medulla. So we them the name, we refer to
25:27 as being superficial. This is most the net franzen the body about 80%
25:31 the net franzen your kidney are these ones. And if you look here
25:34 the glamorous up high. If you at the loop of Henle, you
25:37 follow along, there's approximate convoluted there's a straight tube and then we
25:41 into the loop of henley, it down into the medulla and then it's
25:46 , very short and it comes right out again and then off to the
25:49 convoluted tubules. And then we'll get the other structures in just a
25:52 All right, so, they don't do a lot, they just kind
25:56 dip down and come back up. they are missing something we haven't talked
26:00 , but I have to mention it . They lack what is called a
26:03 director. When you see Vanessa, do you think of mm things?
26:10 actually what it refers to. It's vast director refers to vasculature. Um
26:15 is going to be playing an important in regulating the surrounding area.
26:21 The remainder are these jokes, imaginary . Alright. And you can see
26:27 my uh bowman's capsule, it's near medulla. The glamorous places near the
26:32 , approximate convoluted tubules, straight tube into the medulla. And then down
26:37 go and I keep traveling very, deep. And so they have these
26:42 traveling loop of henley's. Alright, they go down deep, they plunge
26:47 the way through the medulla and then come back up and just return back
26:51 where they started. These are the that have the correct to this is
26:55 unique type of para tubular capillary. you hear the word para tubular,
26:58 do you hear? Perry Around or . And then tubes tubular tubules,
27:05 ? And then capillary, so around the tubes. So, remember we
27:10 when we talked about capillary, there's a cell in your body that is
27:13 than 10 microns away from a Para tubular capillaries are the are the
27:19 that surround in our filling up the , doing the job of what capillaries
27:22 expected to do. So this is primary elicits aside as that filtering capillary
27:28 tubular capillaries provide the nutrients and take the waste. All right, it's
27:34 that are really, really important to the unique environment that we're gonna find
27:38 the medulla. It's what is called vertical osmotic gradient. Alright. And
27:43 this gradient that we're going to take of to make the urine of varying
27:48 densities or water concentrations. And so is why you can pee out very
27:54 urine or make urine. That's like , deep, dark gold. And
28:00 the truth is is that you can it down into a g maroon colors
28:04 that's a dangerous point. You don't to go there. Alright.
28:08 continuing on, you can see we have a little region that's referred
28:12 as the collecting tube. You'll so your collecting tubules. And that joins
28:16 with these larger structures that are like . These are the collecting ducts usually
28:22 somewhere between 6 to 12 different franz to one of these collecting ducts.
28:28 they collectively are gathering up the fill and they're pushing that fill trait down
28:35 the pyramid until ultimately they're opening up the minor Calix, which will then
28:41 into the renal pelvis. Now through two different regions there's two different types
28:47 cells. One is called the principal . Why do you think it was
28:50 the principal cell? You could say 1st 1 the most most common.
28:59 they're like, oh there's a lot cells that look a lot alike here
29:02 is the principal cell of the that's where they get their name.
29:06 right. They're not principles as in regulating stuff, although they do respond
29:11 tou hormones. We've already seen Aldo and anti diuretic hormone vasopressin. The
29:16 these are the inter collated, sells once in your life. You're gonna
29:20 to learn something that is easily memorize ble Well, I mean, some
29:24 them, but there's two types. Type A. And type B.
29:27 self type A eliminate acid type B bass. Thank you. Person who
29:36 this. It just makes life so . A. For acid B.
29:40 base. We're good. Alright, remember we said that it plays your
29:45 plays a role in regulating acid base . It's through these types of cells
29:50 they're doing it determining which things to or which things to uh to get
29:54 of. All right. So I this we're gonna get to this structure
30:01 aerial apparatus. And so here we , once again, back to this
30:05 . Here's our affair and arterial. our different arterial. There's a glimmer
30:10 this stuff all collectively is referred to the just regular apparatus. That is
30:16 distal tubules. And over there, would be the proximal convoluted tubules over
30:21 . Alright, so, first what do we have? Well,
30:24 have granular cells. Graner cells are of the different arterial. They're being
30:30 right here is these big giant monster . All right. What are
30:33 Well, they're basically smooth muscle And what their job is is to
30:38 respond to sympathetic stimulation to determine, know, the amount of flow going
30:44 the glam aerialists. But they also and store an enzyme called Renan.
30:53 gonna be released into the blood under conditions. Alright. And the specific
30:59 are gonna help us regulate long term pressure, not minute to minute,
31:04 our to our day by day type pressure. So, it's going to
31:08 part of a system we're gonna look on thursday. So, this is
31:11 they're coming from, from these granular on the different arterial we also have
31:16 here, marked in the darker yellow the distal convoluted tubules. The macula
31:22 cells. What their job is to is they monitor the flow of sodium
31:28 through the distal convoluted tubules. Alright they're going to say, hey um
31:36 the sodium chloride levels drop, in words, if the flow of fluid
31:41 the tubular is less than the rate which I'm detecting sodium chloride decreases.
31:46 that's a signal that blood pressure has . And we're gonna see why in
31:51 second. So I'm gonna tell the cells to release the Renan so that
31:57 can raise blood pressure. Alright, I'm monitoring here to have effects here
32:04 will have larger ramifications throughout your whole . And you guys just thought kidneys
32:09 gonna be about getting rid of This is primarily what we deal with
32:14 then all the other cells inside These are extra Massengill cells. There's
32:18 intra cellular Massengill cells. We're not worry about them. Just know that
32:23 exist. They're their function is not established. Um If you guys know
32:26 dr dryer is in the biology anyone Doctor Dryer? No, he
32:31 these these cells and and so but play a role in regulating other things
32:36 are going on there. But they're not significant enough for us to deal
32:40 . I just want to point them . Should I make you memorize all
32:46 . Okay. She said no, we're not going to. Alright,
32:49 I do is I'm just starting this so you can have a visual representation
32:52 so you can see how the Right? So here's the aorta,
32:56 is your name artery? So this when I say named artery, that's
32:59 major artery that goes into the And then you can see that we
33:03 break it down and break it down more and more smaller and smaller
33:07 And you can actually kind of figure . It's like their name for what
33:10 do. So here I'm marking. it's rq it, right? I'm
33:15 . That's cortical radiant, right? in the cortex. So but the
33:19 here is that if you look at notice red always represents oxygen carrying
33:24 Blue always represents you know de And so what we have is we
33:29 red. So it's oxygen carrying. look at where your glamorous is.
33:35 ? It sits in between that a different arterial it doesn't play a role
33:40 gas exchange. It's over here where territorial capital is located, where the
33:45 Sarepta is located. That's where you're see that. And then off you
33:51 back out again through the venus So this is not a thing to
33:56 . It's to understand where the position the glamorous palaces. Alright, It
34:01 within the arterial older structure. Prior where the capillaries are located. They
34:07 not the same thing. You can in this picture uh much better what
34:16 cap players would look like. Do see how they're around the tube I
34:20 it's not a great cartoon, but a cartoon, right? You can
34:23 here, it's like, look, go all over the place,
34:27 And then you can see here these dripping down, you know, just
34:30 of go down, that's still para . But these are the, that's
34:34 vase, Correcto. Alright, so loop of Henley, we said,
34:40 a role in establishing the vertical osmotic . That was its definition, That's
34:46 role the vase, correct to maintains , right? And it's this aspect
34:54 the kidney that becomes the complex and again, that's gonna be a
34:58 thing, but I'm pointing it out that you can kind of put that
35:00 star in your brain and saying this where I'm gonna pay close attention.
35:04 , the loop of Henley is responsible establishing the osmotic gradient. The Va's
35:09 , which runs alongside, like, series of what kind of necklaces are
35:14 called? They know they're not but there's like a series of
35:19 they get longer and longer. I know what they're called. They have
35:21 name to them, but I'm a and I barely understand the names of
35:25 , much less, you know? anyway, that's what it kinda looks
35:29 . Those dripping chains, I don't , but you can see it goes
35:33 the way down, It follows along loop mentally over here on the cortical
35:40 Ephron, you don't have it, still have para tubular up here,
35:45 still parroted around that one. So these are the ones that supplied
35:49 kidney with the blood that needs to to maintain osmotic gradient. So,
35:57 I have one statement on slide is important statement. Yeah. So once
36:02 urine is made, it can't be in composition, nor can it be
36:07 in volume. Alright, so, we talk about the kidney and we
36:12 about the net from we're gonna be with the question of producing fill
36:16 We can modify that all along, all along the lane. But once
36:21 Phil trait becomes urine, it's it you're in it is what it
36:25 and you can't make adjustments to To put that in perspective. Let's
36:28 take that urine and put it into bladder. If it's sitting in your
36:31 , you can't go to your bladder say, you know, I'm feeling
36:33 little dehydrated body. Can't go to bladder and say, I'm gonna pull
36:37 out of the bladder to satisfy that . Alright, so, once the
36:43 is made, it's going out of body. All right now, you
36:48 make adjustments to fill trait. Like second. You're making Phil trait for
36:51 who's dehydrated in about a couple minutes . Now, you got tons of
36:55 . So you can adjust filtration as making it, but once a year
36:58 is made, it can't be changed composition or in its volume. All
37:07 . So are we okay with the structures so far? I know that
37:10 not like I can throw your quiz now and say, hey, let's
37:13 test to see if you know But I mean, we're any of
37:16 structures confusing anything you have a question and I can go back to
37:23 No. Okay. So, what gonna do for the next portion of
37:28 lecture is to talk about these three processes were really spend all our time
37:34 about this today and then these other , I believe are in the next
37:39 . All right. And it's not any one of these things,
37:42 I was right, remember 20%. know, the odds of that happening
37:47 it's like Yeah, Alright, So not that this process is difficult.
37:55 just different aspects to it. And there's lots of things going
37:58 So that's why it takes so And then the rest of this is
38:01 ensuring but but you kind of give a sense of what's going on.
38:05 , with regard to filtration, you're about 20% of your plasma every
38:08 So it's about 125 mils per That's again, think of that uh
38:13 ounce, like your water bottle, up your water bottle. Yeah,
38:17 hold up, it's a quarter of . That's how much your kidney is
38:21 from the blood into the fill trait minute, how much fluid you have
38:27 your body. You guys remember roughly five L. Alright, you're processing
38:33 180 L per day. So, can imagine 100 and 25 mils per
38:38 . So, let's just do the here in four minutes. That is
38:43 full bottle or 1/10 of all your . Right? So in eight
38:49 that is 20% of your blood, then eight times like 40 minutes.
38:54 all your blood. And so you imagine very quickly that fluid would become
38:59 . And so this is not obviously everything out at once. It's actually
39:04 things back. And that's what the step is, is to take much
39:09 that back. So that the end is that what's traveling through that Phil
39:13 is or really? What what ultimately urine is about one mil per
39:18 So even while you're sitting here every that we talk, you're adding a
39:22 of urine to your bladder. Or roughly one point leaders per
39:29 Now, we're gonna get to I think in this it might be
39:32 another lecture a little further back, I want you to think roughly about
39:36 many times you go to the restaurant day. Give me give me a
39:39 number five. Okay, that's that's that's about right, 57. It's
39:47 vary. It's good. It's gonna around averaging around six times 56 times
39:51 day. All right. Your bladder it's time to empty itself roughly every
39:58 mils. So let's do that math quick. And does that come up
40:02 about that 1.5 liters? Six times day? 250 times four would be
40:10 liter and then two more times So you kind of see, oh
40:19 , if I think about how often go to the bathroom and if I
40:21 I'm around 250 mils roughly, You know, measure if you want
40:26 . But you know, I don't to It comes out about that.
40:31 if you drink more water, like pick up your jug, right?
40:35 you're one of these people, there's wrong with that you're doing. Your
40:42 needs fluid. We're gonna learn when get the digestion. You need to
40:45 in a lot of fluid to do digestion and all the other fun
40:50 You know? But the lies. don't need to drink a gallon of
40:54 every day. You know, you what you need to drink your body
40:58 tell you. All right. But what it roughly comes out to about
41:01 meal per minute or one. And there's other things that we want to
41:06 out of our body quicker than would possible through the process of filtration.
41:10 so a third method or really a process that we're looking at is a
41:14 secretion. And here what we do secretion is there are things in the
41:19 tubular capillaries that are running right next those tubules that are ourselves and say
41:25 have receptors that say this is something we need to get rid of.
41:28 , I'm gonna grab it and I'm put it directly into that Phil
41:32 That's what the process of secretion Alright, so, it's a selective
41:36 of materials that didn't get filtered the time through. All right. And
41:41 the end process of all three of . So this is, you
41:45 pushing things through in an indiscriminate manner then taking things back out. That
41:50 be re absorption and then putting things in. That's secretion. So,
41:55 end of all three of these that's the production of urine.
41:59 your urine is dependent on all three these things. We want to focus
42:04 this first one. So, I want to kind of show you
42:06 So, roughly 20% of the volume your blood is going to be filtered
42:10 . That means 80% stays in your still stays liquidy as opposed to turning
42:15 sludge and then over the course of time, that portion returns back so
42:21 you're only saving back a little bit that fluid. All right.
42:24 what you're really doing here is here the level of filtration it's very
42:30 it's only based on size. So something is too big to be
42:34 it stays out in the blood. if something is small enough to get
42:37 those cells, it's gonna find its into that Phil trait is through the
42:43 of bulk flow. So, there things that you want to hold
42:46 Like, did you have lunch Yeah. Did you work hard for
42:51 glucose? I mean, did you to stand in line? That's that's
42:56 work. Right? I mean, you had to punch something into an
43:00 and you had to make adjustments like times. Because the apple isn't working
43:03 way you want to write. You to get your bonus points right?
43:07 didn't know how to use your bonus to get that free shake. That's
43:12 , right? Like did I spend ? Did I save it? I
43:14 know. You know. So, got glucose that you fought for?
43:17 like your ancestors fought wooly mammoth You fought for that food today.
43:23 in a very different way like What you're eating right now. Did
43:26 take effort to pull up that Sure, Yes. I mean,
43:32 was trauma there for a very short of time because you knew food was
43:35 the other side of that packaging, ? So, that glucose was well
43:40 for kudos to you. You Pass on those genes to your ancestors
43:45 to your descendants. All right. , obviously there are things that your
43:50 wants and you don't want them to be peed out glucose is one of
43:56 . All right. So the reabsorption that the things that your body wants
44:02 put back in and the things that body doesn't want, there is no
44:08 for. Okay, So that's kind the idea here. Now. How
44:15 we get this filtration? Oh back pressures. Do you remember how we
44:22 about those pressures? And you all at me and said please don't make
44:25 do the math. And I said don't have to do the math but
44:28 should know how they're related. those pressures are showing up again,
44:32 that we're not dealing with interstitial We're dealing with our interstitial fluid.
44:36 dealing with the bowman's capsule. But there's still four pressures,
44:39 We have a pressure inside the We have a caller id pressure inside
44:43 capillary. We have a hydrostatic pressure moment space where there's fluid and then
44:49 have a narcotic pressure or an osmotic as well. And so basically they're
44:56 fight against each other and it's going determine the rate of flow and the
45:02 of flow for the fluid is going be going out of the capillaries.
45:05 going to be going in, So all you gotta do is just
45:09 them the right thing. Now, I want you to do here is
45:11 want you to picture for a moment a kid again, remember being a
45:16 , how fun it was, you have to worry about tests and
45:18 it was awesome. Did you play in the yard a lot if you
45:21 a yard, did you have a ? We talked about putting your finger
45:25 the hose right now. Do you taking that hose and shove it in
45:28 mouth? Never, you never did . You know, you put a
45:34 in your mouth and you try to the water as fast as you
45:36 You might be able to keep up like maybe a second. But after
45:39 while that water is gonna come around around your lips. Maybe if it's
45:44 , really high pressure might come out nose. Your friends will laugh at
45:48 . Right? So what I want to picture here is I want you
45:52 picture Bowman's capsule like your mouth and want you to picture the glamorous a
45:56 like that hose. Alright? And it in your mouth, right?
46:00 mouth is gonna fill up pretty quickly fluid, right? And what's driving
46:04 ? Is that capillary blood pressure? right now the pressure here is fairly
46:10 , it's actually higher than most places a result. And the reason for
46:13 is because you have an airplane to and it's wide open, right?
46:16 so it's just gonna allow blood to in. You have an different arterial
46:20 well. And what you can do you can restrict and open that one
46:23 needed. So for example if you the blood pressure drops in the area
46:29 , all you gotta do is squeeze different arterial and open up the different
46:32 , you're creating that back pressure. so that fluid is just looking for
46:36 path of least resistance, right? so what you're doing is you're you're
46:40 that blood pressure. Alright now that flows into bowman's space and so it's
46:45 empty space but eventually it fills with just like the hose water fills your
46:50 , right? So it feels very quickly. Now if you're really good
46:54 swallowing you can probably get some of fluid moving away. But eventually the
46:58 into that space is quicker than you swallow. And it's gonna create
47:03 That would be the Bowman space hydrostatic . Alright, so it's just the
47:07 . It's the back pressure. That's this is trying to show you.
47:10 showing you the big p. Is pressure moving in the big P.
47:14 is the pressure moving back out. they're opposite each other, right?
47:18 it's a resisting pressure. And then we deal with osmotic pressures or narcotic
47:23 . Remember those are pulling pressures. so if you have plasma proteins in
47:26 blood which you do, that's gonna water back into the capillaries. And
47:32 you had um plasma proteins out into space then that would pull water this
47:38 . But the filtering system doesn't allow proteins in. So this is actually
47:44 zero. So again, we have consider it because, you know,
47:48 pathologies they may show up but in physiology it doesn't it's zero. And
47:56 we gotta do now is just consider the, you know, the positive
48:00 , the driving pressure together, push negative pressures or the pushing pressures in
48:05 opposite direction and just do the And I think that's what the next
48:08 has Just kind of shows that that would be the net filtration
48:13 The pressure is out. So the here is about 60 of mercury.
48:18 said there's no colloids in there. no plaza protein. So zero pressure
48:24 going the opposite direction. And the here refers into the capillaries versus out
48:30 the capillaries. Again, your frame reference, just remember what in and
48:34 means to you. So here the inside the the narcotic pressure is about
48:39 mm of mercury. The back pressure the hydrostatic pressure is about 18.
48:45 do your math 16 -50. That out to 10. So it's a
48:50 pressure that's driving fluid out into bowman's . Yeah, this one right here
49:01 Yeah, yeah. So what is saying the pressure inside the inside that
49:05 . So there's gonna be pressure inside your capillaries. right? Yeah,
49:10 kind of makes sense? Or did go through that too quickly. So
49:14 idea here is just asking how do create the pressure that drives the fluid
49:18 ? It's a bulk pressure. How we create it? It's from capillary
49:22 pressure, hydrostatic pressure inside Bowman's capsule each other. Oh no,
49:26 we can't forget there's an on Codec that that opposes the movement of the
49:32 in both directions as well. And where those those values come from.
49:36 notice that this pressure is positive. fluid flows from the capillaries into Bowman's
49:44 . So once he goes to bowman's , it can then travel on.
49:48 . What we're looking at here is dealing with pressure that that drives the
49:55 of filtration. Alright, The net pressure is what we use to determine
50:02 rates. Now again, think about hose, you stuck in your
50:06 right? If I turn the hose really low, right? And the
50:11 only dripping a little bit of I can swallow water pretty easily,
50:15 ? But I'm not getting a lot water. The filtration rate is pretty
50:19 , but if I do one little you know, to really to the
50:23 and you'd be like, I'd get lot more. My filtration will be
50:27 lot faster. That's kind of what dealing with here, is that if
50:31 increase this pressure, right? So I have 10 of mercury is my
50:36 ? If I increase this to 12 the rate of filtration increases. If
50:40 increases to 14 the rate of filtration . If I take this and decrease
50:45 from 10 to 8, my rate filtration decreases. So the rate of
50:51 is dependent upon the filtration rate. sorry, the rate of filtration is
50:56 upon the net filtration pressure, F. P. All right now
51:02 is usually a result of one not in any of the others.
51:08 the driving pressure again. Let me back. This one is the big
51:13 . Right, This is the one can adjust. So how do I
51:15 that one bigger? How do I this glamorous or blood pressure greater?
51:20 would be based on the three things are there that we talked about?
51:24 what can we do? I can the different, I can dilate the
51:34 . Right? Or I can do at the same time. Right.
51:37 that would cause that pressure to Is there any way for me to
51:42 ? I mean just this is a , is there any way for me
51:44 change this pressure right here? The inside moment space? Well, if
51:50 could somehow constrict the tubular here to less fluid leave? That would be
51:55 way I don't know if I can that but that would be one
51:58 Right. What's another way that I adjust this? What about this pressure
52:08 this pressure? If this was leaky I allowed plasma proteins, would that
52:17 the pressure? Yeah. Right. you can see that these all have
52:22 impact. But under normal physiological these don't really change all that
52:29 The one that we can change pretty as you just said is gonna constrict
52:34 dilate. I mean that can do instantaneously. In fact you do when
52:39 stand up, your body's blood pressure , right? And so your kidneys
52:45 by adjusting so that their work doesn't . And what you're doing is you're
52:51 that now. If I change that pressure. So if if I increase
52:58 parrot tubular blood pressure that causes the filtration pressure to go up then the
53:02 of sodium chloride which is just circulating your body. And in that fill
53:08 increases in terms of its rate of . And remember we had we had
53:11 macula cells and they're just sitting there and counting sodium chloride. Really there
53:16 sodium but sodium travels with chloride. it's like oh this is the rate
53:20 which sodium is coming. Oh it to be coming faster. Huh?
53:24 does that mean? That means my pressure has gone up. Alright.
53:29 there counting sodium chloride. It's slowing . That's an indicator. My blood
53:34 has dropped. All right. your you can monitor blood pressure simply
53:42 watching the sodium chloride. Right? that increase is a result of that
53:50 is really what I'm trying to get also substances infiltrate, as well as
53:54 drop in the filtration reabsorption rate. in other words, how much my
53:58 back of the body? I can that as well now. How do
54:01 adjust this? How do we make in this filtration rate? Well,
54:05 can do this through a process called regulation. We can do this through
54:08 regulation or hormonal regulation. So you see one is gonna be the kidneys
54:12 it on its own. The other I'm dependent upon factors outside the
54:18 And I want to just focus first these auto regulations. First was biogenic
54:22 the second is to be to below feedback. All right, Before we
54:26 at my agenda, what do you it means muscles? All right.
54:31 is tubular tubes? Talking to the aerialists? Alright. There you
54:38 So, you already see where this going to go. This has got
54:40 do with the macula cells that we talked about. This has to do
54:44 the muscles that are there. All . So, this is really what's
54:47 on on a minute to minute Right? We're trying to determine What
54:53 we need to do to make sure the kidneys maintain their activity. And
54:57 we're it's a pretty broad range. ? We want to maintain somewhere between
55:01 and 100 of mercury inside the So, that's a pretty high
55:05 right? We said the real and enough to just drive things out.
55:09 right. So, when you stand , if your blood pressure drops,
55:12 I'm gonna do is I'm gonna open the a fair and arterials and allow
55:15 to happen. And probably easier if just show you the pictures. All
55:19 . Yeah. Alright. So, gonna we're gonna get to dealing with
55:31 salt in just a moment. But what it is is that your kidneys
55:35 are responsible for determining how much salt in your blood, but through the
55:40 portion of the kidney, except for little area, it basically returns salt
55:46 to the body at a regular So, only one little small portion
55:49 going to be dealing with regulating water balance. Alright. And we'll deal
55:53 that on thursday. So, if don't answer the question, then just
55:58 you suck and just say it politely wayne. I kindly tell you that
56:04 suck or something like that. I know. All right, apologize for
56:10 pictures because they're not meant to express I'm trying to express. All
56:14 But I want you to picture that is normal circumstances. Okay. And
56:20 , what we're trying to do here this picture is basically, say,
56:23 regard to Maya genic regulation. I'm to adjust pressure to ensure that my
56:31 is maintained to do the function of kidney. So, when my general
56:35 pressure changes, I'm trying to maintain constant. Alright, So, what
56:40 saying here is when your blood your systemic systemic blood pressure increases,
56:46 have something we want to do or you're systemic blood pressure decreases. We
56:51 we have something we want to All right. So and again,
56:55 picture is not the best. But , if blood pressure drops, so
56:58 that systemic, then you're smooth muscle going to relax to allow for that
57:03 . So, you guys have already me this is what's gonna happen.
57:06 we're just confirming that we're just establishing that that is true. So,
57:11 going to happen is your affair arterial . When your arterial dilates, that
57:16 more blood flows into the into the , which is a sign of greater
57:21 pressure inside the realist, which means you're going to get a greater filtration
57:26 . All right. So, in words, even though my blood pressure
57:29 dropped, I'm ensuring that that blood to stay low inside the realist.
57:35 bringing it up. That's what we're to get at. And then the
57:38 is true as well. All The idea is that the blood flow
57:42 the or the blood pressure drops in memory list. I'm gonna do one
57:45 two things I can constrict the different . Alright, well, actually,
57:51 here, I can also constrict. was what I was going to is
57:54 see more action on the different side less on the different side. But
57:57 can constrict the different over here. you're doing is primarily I'm going to
58:03 the arterial because that's where all the is coming from. So I'm just
58:06 to reduce the amount of blood coming . So if I reduce the amount
58:10 blood flow into the gloom aerialist that's drop the blood pressure inside the glamorous
58:14 . Which means I'm gonna drop the or filtration rate. Alright so the
58:21 themselves are detecting the drop in All right they're doing the job.
58:31 it's it's staying within that range of and 80. Well the G.
58:34 . R. Is 180 to 1 but the idea is yeah. So
58:37 want my kidneys to just be constantly like this as opposed to having highs
58:41 lows and highs and lows because that problems. Bingo. That's a very
58:46 question. Say it again. Why the, so here what we're doing
58:55 we're we're including the flow of blood just remember this is a resistance vessel
58:59 and so what you're doing is you're it to come through and what you're
59:03 saying I'm not gonna let you come . That's that's the reason why I
59:09 that that aspect of the vasculature is of confusing. It's like when you're
59:13 about moving things from one part to other. When you constrict,
59:17 you're reducing the amount of flow through . But you're also increasing the rate
59:22 maintain well back up, you're increasing flow rate through something, but you're
59:29 um you're trying to maintain a constant from the heart to make sure that
59:34 whole system stays in motion. Thank to become a real feedback. All
59:49 . This is where the macula dinsa are talking to the granular cells.
59:56 , so, here and again. the brain cells are smooth muscle
60:00 so, they're going to constrict and as well. And really what what
60:04 have here, And I'm gonna show two slides to show you this
60:07 This is this is the truth. is the thing that you walk away
60:11 . The second slide is the long for why this happens. All
60:15 Because I've taught this and got halfway it and my brain stalls, and
60:20 started saying the opposite. I've seen gill do the same thing. I've
60:25 dr ogletree do the same thing. right. It's an easy thing to
60:29 confused with. All right. But idea here is if the rate of
60:35 chloride flowing through the filtration goes right, then, what I'm gonna
60:40 is I'm gonna cause vaso constriction. in doing so, I'm going to
60:45 the pressure drop inside the affairs arterial amount of flow through the arterial and
60:52 a drop in the glamorous infiltration So what this is telling us is
60:55 salt is an indicator of flow rate the tube. You'll and then the
61:02 is true as well. Alright, a drop in same card is visa
61:06 . Now these are all the Alright. And there's nothing complicated about
61:13 other than that if you go to than you get lost. Alright,
61:18 we've already talked about G. R. Is dependent upon the blood
61:21 , uh filter. The flow rate the tube is dependent on the
61:24 F. R. So the amount sodium chloride flowing through the tubules is
61:29 upon the filtration rate. All right the rate of sodium reabsorption is going
61:35 be constant in three areas or two , approximate constitutional and luke.
61:40 we know this to be true. , there's specific mechanisms that do
61:44 This constant rate of of reabsorption, only in the distal convoluted tubules.
61:51 that we're gonna see modulation of And this is the question that you're
61:55 of uh alluding to or the thing you're alluding to. So like when
61:59 say it's a high salt diet is for your blood pressure. This is
62:03 they're talking about. Is this you're talking about the other stuff. Okay
62:07 again deal with that at a later . Alright, so this is the
62:12 if you're very low blood pressure That means the glamorous filtration rate
62:16 That means the tubular flow rate drops . If your tubular flow rate drops
62:22 means the amount of sodium passing by macular cells drops right? And so
62:29 it's detecting at a specific rate if sees that concentration go down it says
62:36 problem we need to to adjust. what I need to do is I
62:40 to adjust the gamma real blood So I'm telling the different arterial to
62:46 to increase that blood pressure. And that's why we get all that
62:50 That's why that bison dilation occurs. if you get lost on this turn
62:57 this slide because it just walks you the steps. All right.
63:10 So yes but again that's gonna be the level of the D.
63:14 T. All right. And so is where that that question comes
63:19 Is that oh you mean people with salt diets they have a tendency to
63:23 high blood pressure. Is it a or correlation? It's a really good
63:28 right? Because it's actually kind of it's a little bit of both.
63:32 what your body is doing is it's to maintain a specific osmolarity and by
63:37 an extra salt in your body that is going up and so what it's
63:41 want to do is it's gonna want get rid of it. But we
63:44 what we refer to as a so load as well, how much salt
63:48 your body want? So it's not osmolarity, it's the amount of
63:52 And so if you muck with that going to draw water in and we're
63:55 to deal with the whole that whole of increasing blood volume simply by increasing
64:01 load. Now we can get rid it. But if you keep eating
64:05 you're increasing that load over and over . So all this is done through
64:11 macula Dinsa sells those yellow cells that talking to little uh smooth muscle cells
64:18 with the apparent arterial, that's a regular feedback. Alright. Oh did
64:24 just get through everything? Oh my , what time is it? Holy
64:31 . Maybe I should talk slower. me see. Yeah. So let's
64:37 that the next thing is reabsorption. so with that I mean I guess
64:42 talked really, really fast. Are are there any questions before I let
64:48 out 20 minutes early? Like I like I'm Jipping you, I mean
64:51 paid for an hour and 20 minutes Yeah, bigger. Well so you're
65:03 in terms of the pressures, So so the idea is if you
65:06 think of the tubular being the pressure the tube, you're responding to the
65:12 that's inside the glamorous list. And you want to do is you want
65:14 regulate what's going on into the glam . Alright. So using this as
65:20 feedback tool, right? That's how going to do it. So
65:24 all these things are connected to each but their their their funk connected to
65:30 other, you know, through just physics, right? So if I
65:34 blood volume then the pressure is going naturally go up. So how do
65:37 increase the volume of blood going in same area as well? I just
65:41 , Right? And that's going to more filter more fluid into the
65:45 You'll and that's going to make it faster again. Why? Because increased
65:50 , increased pressure wants to get through finite space quicker because the pressure is
65:57 it forward. Does that answer that of I mean, it's kind of
66:01 , but it's it's it's they're intimately to one another because of that.
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