VideoPoints

• ••• • •• • ••••• • •
BIOL 2301 Human Anatomy & Physiology I - 2301_lecture10_0927
Help Tour
© Distribution of this video is restricted by its owner
Transcript ×
Auto highlight
Font-size
00:07 Alright, y'all? Hm. Today gonna talk about skeleton. Bones of
00:15 body. 216. Some odd You will all know them all by
00:21 end of the class. Well, don't know if you'll know but you'll
00:24 them. All right. So when hear that number 216 sounds pretty
00:27 doesn't it? Like I've got to that many. Well remember you are
00:32 mirror image. So you'll have many are gonna be repeated twice. And
00:37 when you think about your hands and , you're gonna have bones that are
00:41 not just twice but like a lot they have the same names. So
00:46 really not as bad as it This is where our starting point is
00:50 kind of distinguishing between both the axle the appendix color skeleton. The actual
00:56 follows just the same body plan that discussed before. It's your head and
01:00 trunk. So your head in your are the ones where all the things
01:03 need in order to live are Right? Are we awake this
01:08 I'm having a hard time being awake . Alright. So it's that's where
01:12 going to have the most important things your body. And so the bones
01:16 that part of the body are gonna there to protect those important parts.
01:21 you talk about your appendices. These the things that you moved there.
01:25 there involved in locomotion. Typically we're about a whole bunch of long bones
01:30 the appendix skeleton and a bunch of and irregular shaped bones in the actual
01:36 . Now. One of things I'll out is you'll say wait a
01:39 I've got these bones here. I've my shoulders and my hips. Are
01:43 part of the actual or the a and those are considered part of the
01:48 particular skeleton? So when you think movement, those two things to which
01:53 those at particular bones are connected to going to be included in that.
01:58 , so that's just kinda how we're divide things up. We're gonna start
02:01 the skull, we're gonna work our through the vertebrae, we're gonna look
02:03 the ribs from there, we're gonna into the upper limbs. So we're
02:07 start with the shoulder blades and work way down the arms and then we're
02:11 go to the hips. We're gonna down our way through the legs and
02:15 really, really straight forward and Now would add one of the
02:20 A lot of your homework is going be looking at pictures of these and
02:23 can play with models and digital ones that on the exam. We're gonna
02:28 it simple. I will show you here. Those are the type of
02:32 you will see on the exam. not gonna give you some strange
02:35 That is really hard to tell what's on, right? It's gonna be
02:38 that you see here, we're gonna the hard stuff to the lab.
02:42 you're taking the lab, You get actually manipulate and hold onto the
02:46 All right, so this is our point. You can see we've we've
02:49 loops the skull here. So you see the different bones. We have
02:53 bones in the skull. And these the weird ones are the ones with
02:57 most interesting complex structures. And so might be in terms of difficulty,
03:04 hardest stuff to understand. So getting out of the way first kind of
03:07 it nice and easy. Alright So the cranial bones there are eight bones
03:12 the face. For the facial there's gonna be 14 bones that we're
03:15 be learning. They're all gonna be together by a unique type of joint
03:20 suture. We're gonna learn those four today um to help us understand how
03:26 connected to and with the exception of mandible, none of these bones really
03:31 , they all are very, very and they are there to protect the
03:36 valuable thing in your body, your . Okay, so let's kind of
03:43 through these. All right now, not only a a structure that protects
03:50 brain which would be found in this right here, but there's also gonna
03:52 some muscles that are gonna be attached it. So all the facial expressions
03:56 you make all the abilities to move head and so on. So
03:59 are due to actual uh prominence is other protuberances that are gonna be found
04:06 the surface of these bones. We're gonna worry about those. We'll let
04:09 lab deal with them. All So what I wanna do is I
04:12 to just kind of walk through. remember what I said There are single
04:15 and they're gonna be paired bones. gonna start with the single bones
04:18 This is something that's not hard to if you sit in front of a
04:22 , if you have a friend you do this in front of with a
04:24 as well. All right. The ones that you can't see we can't
04:28 touch with your hands are gonna be ethanol in this finale. But we'll
04:32 to those in a second. So first bone is gonna be the one
04:34 the front, cleverly called the frontal . Okay, the one in the
04:40 over here, that's called the occipital . All right. And when we
04:43 to the brain and we'll get to brain, we're gonna find that the
04:47 underlying them were named after these two . And actually named after the bones
04:52 are gonna be making up the rest the cranial cavity. So we got
04:54 the front frontal bone on the back the occipital bone. And then when
04:58 look inside the cranial cavity, you're to see these two bones here.
05:02 little tiny sucker right here looks But you can see it actually extends
05:06 works and and serves as part of facial structure actually divides up the nasal
05:11 . That's the void bone. And the thing that looks like a bird
05:15 bat, what do you think? or bat bats? You've got
05:20 bats All right, we're going bats year. All right, so the
05:23 that looks like a bat that's just bone. Alright, so these are
05:28 four single bones, so frontal so frontal occipital eth Boyd, still
05:35 and then the rest of the bones make up the cranium are gonna be
05:39 . The two on the side of head right here. These are the
05:42 bones. And then as you move right up here where you wear your
05:48 or your Yamaka or anything else? would be the parietal bones. Alright
05:55 as I said, when we get the brain you're gonna see we're gonna
05:58 frontal um uh parietal temporal is what going to kind of say how do
06:03 remember temporal? Alright, these are your temples actually temples are named after
06:09 bone underneath it. Which is They're called temporal is because when you
06:13 the first place where you start seeing is right here. So this is
06:19 time teller. That's where it gets name from. Alright, just tells
06:25 you're old or in my case my head is old. All right now
06:32 can see here we have a top and we have a bottom portion,
06:36 top portion is referred to the The bottom portion referred to as the
06:40 . You can see right here smack in the middle of the occipital
06:43 You got this big giant old and what it's called. The big giant
06:47 . Except we have to call it its proper latin. So, for
06:52 magnus. All right, the frame magnus is the portion or the place
06:58 they're the spinal cord exits out through down through the root abril column.
07:06 , so those are the eight bones the skull. We want them to
07:10 face. I think actually I might a Oh no, we gotta deal
07:15 the fossa. Alright, so um thursday I said look where there's parts
07:21 the bone that you're gonna see names and over again. So Foster is
07:25 of them is a fossil depression. . Your your brain sits in this
07:30 cavity and it's actually uplifted by fluid other things in there and kind of
07:36 . But one of the things that hold, maintains its shape. Let
07:40 back up because I know you're not really see brain, you might get
07:46 play with with like a fixed A cat. Brain, I think
07:50 the lab maybe a little bit But brain tissue is gross. It's
07:58 . It's like warm butter. You played with warm butter if you break
08:02 one baker's anyone baked? Yeah. do you do? You take the
08:05 out of the refrigerator and let it on the counter for a while.
08:08 pick up the butter. Any sort pressure on the butter makes it
08:11 It's kind of gross, right? not margarine, margarine actually turns into
08:16 goo, which makes you really see . It's really, really not something
08:19 want. But anyway, so butter really, really soft. That's what
08:22 tissue is like. Alright. It's a bunch of fat and when you
08:27 and touch it is being held in and its shape is being maintained by
08:32 structures. And one of the structures helps maintain its shape are these fossa
08:37 it sits on top of these All right. And so you can
08:41 there's three of them. There's an one. There's supposed to be one
08:43 there's one in the middle which we to as the middle fossa.
08:49 And what they do is they uphold brain. They sit there and they
08:53 kind of as the table on which structures lists it. And each of
08:56 faces support different parts of the brain . So we can see what there
09:02 from. So, I kind of this down here, the color coding
09:05 fruit loop things so that you can the three fossa. You can see
09:08 spin oid, you can see the and the frontal bones right here make
09:13 the anterior fossa. The middle fossa is gonna be made up by a
09:17 of the spin oid and it's gonna primarily the temporal bones. The occipital
09:22 makes up primarily the posterior fossa. terms of the region's again we haven't
09:28 the parts of the brain yet but frontal lobes are going to be sitting
09:31 there over here on the side, the temporal lobe, there's a little
09:35 for the pituitary gland and then back this is where the cerebellum and the
09:39 are going to be located. And which is you're just taking your brain
09:44 you're setting it down into the space it's upholding it. The portions of
09:54 these bones we said are not They're held together by a special type
09:59 joint called suture. Um These aren't only sutures in the bodies. And
10:03 aren't the only place you're gonna see sutures are also gonna be part of
10:07 facial bones. But we're not gonna those names. Were going to use
10:10 four because they're pretty simple and easy identify and it helps us to better
10:14 the cranial vault. Alright. So that you're interested are the coronal
10:22 Remember when we talked about the coronal which way was the corona view across
10:27 top, Right? So that's the suture. And you can see here
10:31 the coronal suture. The sagittal view your left and your right. And
10:37 the sagittal suture here sits mid, mid sagittal between the two parietal
10:43 All right back here, you can this structure that's kind of triangular,
10:49 looks kind of like the greek that's why it's called the lambda
10:55 All right, so the lambda suture then that's gonna be between the occipital
11:02 the two Paride als And you can over here there's a little bit of
11:05 temporal and that's part of that as . And then over here, finally
11:09 separates the parietal and temporal bones, is called the squamous suture, I
11:14 know why specifically they call that squamous look like a scale to me,
11:18 whatever. Alright, but those four kind of oh and remember we did
11:24 about sesamoid bones to see these little things that they're kind of highlighting Those
11:29 examples of sesamoid bones, so they have names and we're not gonna worry
11:32 it. Alright anyway, those four , pretty straightforward criminal, right?
11:40 lamb oid squamous. Now looking at picture like this and look we do
11:48 this two slides just so that you have different views. Alright, so
11:54 be afraid to just kind of jump stuff, they're 14 facial bones.
11:58 right, and so you can see the frontal bone comes forward, but
12:03 not gonna count, that's part of cranium. So we're gonna just focus
12:07 on the front end one of these moves. Alright that's gonna be the
12:12 . Alright, that's one of the bones. And then we have another
12:15 that doesn't move that's hidden on the . And I'm pointing at it right
12:21 and you can see from the from side view, you can see it
12:26 , it's attached to the bone, called the bomer. So to single
12:32 , the mandible, that's the bottom , right one that divides part of
12:37 nasal cavity continues that. The F is the bomber. All the rest
12:41 them are paired. All right in of the pairs right up here,
12:46 hard part of your nose. They take off my glasses right up
12:50 nasal bone down here. That's cartilage here when you break your nose.
12:55 what you're breaking. All right over on the inside of your eyes.
13:01 the lack animal bone. Alright. tear bone. How's that? See
13:07 else we have? Oh yeah over on the sides. What's that called
13:12 cheek? Right? That thing that bony part there that makes the
13:16 That's the zygomatic bone um Palestine Um Ever felt really really sick.
13:24 you had to go and touch your palate to help yourself vomit. You
13:29 where that special button is in your . Right? Okay. The hard
13:35 is made up of two bones. first of those bones up front is
13:40 the maxillary. It's this and then right there. But if you move
13:46 back where there's still hard palate and quite soft palate yet. That's where
13:50 paired palantine bones are. So the illa are two bones that came
13:57 infused up here in the front, palantine or two bones that are back
14:00 the back paired, way back. can see better pictures here. Better
14:09 is um here to put on Alright finally this. There's no good
14:19 to do this. Alright um see two little green things right there and
14:26 over here. Those are called the nasal conch show. And the purpose
14:31 these bones is to create a a that when you breathe in cause the
14:37 to kind of roll on itself. called a termination. Alright so when
14:42 hair, when you're air does this the nasal cavity that's termination. So
14:47 are terminates. Alright. And they there so when you breathe in it
14:51 the air to move around a lot . Those are separate bones if you
14:57 inferior nasal contra do you think you superior ones? Yeah but they're part
15:04 another bone so they sit on another ? Alright so why do we have
15:10 these things and why do we Well as I mentioned we terminate the
15:14 uh we have bones that are there secure teeth into place. They create
15:18 oral cavity, the oral cavity, nasal cavity, they anchor all your
15:22 muscles so that you can look at like you are right now with complete
15:26 like this. You know it It takes effort to make that
15:31 Alright. You've heard that? What the phrase? Takes more muscles to
15:35 a frown than it takes to make smile. Yeah. So your professor
15:41 looking at it, You smile at . No, I'm not gonna work
15:46 . Okay. All right. Um creates those openings for the air and
15:52 your food. Alright, so these of the head region include the cranial
16:00 . That's what surrounds the brain. have the orbital cavity. Alright.
16:05 gonna be what surrounds the eyes, for the passage of blood vessels up
16:09 the eyes, passage of nerves, to the eyes. And it's made
16:13 of a whole bunch of bones. don't need to go through the cranial
16:16 . But you can see here here's frontal bone, there's my zygomatic
16:20 There's my max illa right back that little green one that's lack rommel
16:25 , That blue one in the back was that annoyed. And you can't
16:28 it because it's sitting back over That would be the bone. Oh
16:32 the Palestine sits on the bottom Alright, so all these makeup that
16:37 cavity again with a static picture. easy to see. But when you
16:40 something that you can manipulate. So can imagine the laboratory, they'll probably
16:44 you go through and be able to all those the nasal cavity. This
16:52 a passage for air. Alright. also has a special region in the
16:57 reaches where you're gonna have the receptors for the sense of smell. We'll
17:04 to that when we talk about the system. Alright so it's divided into
17:08 there's actually two parts to it. have what is called the septum.
17:12 already seen the two parts of the . It's the Bomber and the
17:14 Boyd. So it means you have left and a right right to that
17:19 cavity and then the bones that make that nasal cavity include the spin.
17:23 the void that we just mentioned. bomber that's not being shown palantine.
17:29 The nasal bones um max Della and inferior nasal conch to. Alright so
17:36 side has those. When it comes the oral cavity. This is primarily
17:42 passage for food but air is also through it. This is where you're
17:47 find your glands, your teeth, tongue, so and so forth.
17:52 mandible. The maxillary as well as palantine make up these structures. Now
18:02 generally speaking are kind of heavy and you can imagine your head weighs a
18:08 . So one of the things that has provided for us is a way
18:12 make our heads less heavy. And we have in our heads a bunch
18:16 holes bunch of spaces we call these sinuses there, what are referred to
18:21 the nasal and para nasal sinuses. , so when you have a sinus
18:27 , what do you think you're affecting holes? All right now, what
18:34 are is a hollowed out area of bone and I'm not saying hollowed out
18:37 something drilled in there, it just form. So it creates the space
18:41 open up to these cavities, the cavity in particular. And so it's
18:47 with epithelium. And so what happens is that when you breathe in
18:53 air goes into these spaces and is as a place to warm up the
18:58 and to moisturize the air before it down into your lungs, it also
19:04 resonance to your voice. Have you that none of our voices sound exactly
19:07 same? That feature. Can you my voice from another person's voice?
19:16 , mine's mostly grumpy. At That's what the kids think. All
19:24 , so this creates that unique residents that unique sound that each of our
19:29 have. It's part of what creates unique residents. Alright, so these
19:34 gonna be mucus lines and air filled so you can imagine with big hollow
19:41 with lots of warm air and moisture in little tiny holes, bacteria can
19:48 into those spaces. And when bacteria in those spaces, that would be
19:51 you end up with an infection. , a sinus infection is simply that
19:57 having some sort of pathogenic bacterium. ? Um So the names their names
20:05 from which bone they actually sent it sit in. And so we can
20:08 we have four of them. The that's in the frontal bones called the
20:12 sinus. One in the void, sinus. It's fine idol in the
20:16 and the maxillary in the maxillary. , so that would be here and
20:23 one up here in the front row then annoyed. I can't point to
20:28 it's deeper in as well as the . All right. But it kind
20:32 shows you the general shape and it up. It makes your head lighter
20:36 you're not carrying as much thickness and bone in those areas. So,
20:46 many bones have we looked at so ? 22 eight for the Cranium,
20:54 for the face. All right. lots of her doubles. So,
20:58 makes a little bit easier. We one bone in our neck.
21:02 really in our throat region. there's gonna be bones that are vertebrae
21:06 we have one it's called the Right? And you can see it
21:10 right up here on top of the . Its job is to serve as
21:15 point of attachment for muscles of the . So it's the only one that
21:23 see there. It has two projections are kind of important? Or at
21:26 identifiable. We have this projection out in the back greater horn. And
21:30 little tiny projections up the top there the lesser horns. And so these
21:35 are gonna attach that. That's going help provide a way for you to
21:38 in a way for you to produce . Alright. And then the rest
21:42 the structure in there is gonna be . So many buttons that now.
21:51 . Glad you're paying attention. ready for now? We're just gonna
21:56 triple the number the vertebrae There are plus four. Which is how
22:11 33. Yeah. Yeah. actually, I'm sorry. I heard
22:17 right number back there. 33. , 19 plus 10. 29 plus
22:23 . 33. 33 plus 23 is . I'm just trying to see if
22:30 if you can do math in the , you're awake. All right.
22:35 right. Look at these numbers. have seven cervical, 12 thoracic five
22:38 five sacral for cox Egil. How we remember? How many are in
22:43 of these different things? All I'm gonna give you a trick at
22:46 . This is my trick. I know if it's gonna work for
22:48 When do most humans eat breakfast? students? seven a.m. There we
22:56 Seven. You said 787 A. . All right. When do most
22:59 eat lunch? 11 11. no. 12. When do most
23:05 eat dinner? 55 o'clock. I it's weird. And then they have
23:11 again. Right? And then we up late and then we party and
23:16 fun. And then we're hungry. so we go to the 24 hour
23:20 , you know, usually like, waffle house or something and we eat
23:23 at four a.m. And wow, look that. 7 12 55 and
23:32 I just got to remember what time humans eat. Right? If I
23:37 , if I do students, they'd like, well, you know,
23:40 we have breakfast, you know lunch like 11 o'clock because I can skip
23:46 . I'm not gonna eat at Maybe I snack at five, but
23:49 have dinner like what? Seven or . Right? And then you get
23:53 midnight snack on. So see those get all screwed up. So just
23:57 normal humans, 7:00, breakfast, lunch dinner at five. They have
24:07 . That's why we're fat. And then midnight snack, which is
24:11 a midnight snack. Maybe that's when get up to pee. I don't
24:14 . All right. Now, if look at this, you'll see that
24:18 vertebrae are not straight. There's actually to it. Actually when you're born
24:22 born C shaped, right? And over time you rearrange the structure of
24:29 bones so that you end up with uh curvature like So alright, so
24:33 can see a concave convex, concave then there's this slight convex and then
24:38 just kind of ignore the sigil bones . And the reason we kind of
24:42 it because there's a fusion that takes there. All right now, the
24:47 we have this, this kind of convex and con cavity is that that
24:54 or distributes the weight of the bones from gravity. All right now,
25:02 gotta think about it like this if take a bone and I stack it
25:06 way instead of straight on. I'm putting all the weight on in fact
25:09 I'm doing is I'm creating a force moving in this direction. So I
25:14 moving the force all the way so the forces being distributed instead of
25:19 on down through your body. All , so that's the primary way it
25:23 as a better way of support. second thing that it does is that
25:26 actually creates some springing minus two to spinal column. Alright now, in
25:33 , it's hard to see the spring because we stand upright when we run
25:36 kind of run upright, even though may be tilting our body slightly forward
25:40 we run, but you really want see the spring penis. Watch one
25:44 those nature channels, watch like a run and they're like Accordions.
25:48 they shrink and then they expand outward shrink and expand out. And that's
25:52 a function of the structure of the cord in that organism. Alright,
25:59 it functions kind of like a spring help you create that forward momentum.
26:04 also provides a certain degree of flexibility increases resilience with regard to that structure
26:11 how it protects the spinal column. , So one of the things I
26:16 make sure you do is do not the vertebrae for the spinal cord.
26:20 right. Those are two different structures vertebrae or the bones that protect the
26:24 cord. So structurally this is the view of what a vertebrae looks
26:34 All right, You can see it this hole that sits in the middle
26:39 it. Well, I'll start down with the big This is the
26:42 that's the primary structure you can see here, that's where the body
26:46 When you look at these pictures, big round structure right there, this
26:51 portion right there, That is the . And then just posterior to
26:59 you have this small hole and you see the hole is basically stacked.
27:03 a hole and a hole and a and all. And so what you
27:06 is you're creating a canal through which spinal cord is actually going to be
27:12 . That's completely protected and again going here. You can see where that
27:17 . It's right there. Alright. on the anterior side of the body
27:22 the spinal cord and then surrounding the cord. Through that framing is a
27:29 that protects on all sides. All . So this arch portion that makes
27:35 the other half of that for ehman a couple parts to it.
27:40 We have medicals. So the pentacle basically the two sides and then the
27:44 top arch portion that's gonna be on posterior side, that's referred to as
27:50 stamina. All right. So we the vertebral framing and the body.
27:58 you can see we have a whole of stuff sticking off the edges.
28:00 are called processes. You can go a friend and go and touch the
28:05 there back, give them a back . They'll appreciate it. But you'll
28:08 right there on the spine. You'll that hard bone in the middle of
28:11 back. That is the spine ist . All right, right. They're
28:18 process. And then what we have we have that set out to the
28:22 and see them here going out this . That would be the transverse
28:28 And then we have two that are up and to processes that are pointing
28:33 . And what they do is the that are pointing up are attached to
28:37 in contact with the ones that are down on the vertebrae that's above
28:42 And whenever two bones come together we that an articulation. So these are
28:47 processes. So we have superior processes up. We have inferior process is
28:52 down the superior on the bottom one in contact with the inferior of the
28:59 the superior got to make sure I'm my words correctly. So you don't
29:03 confused. The one that's on the has a spirit pointing up. The
29:06 that's on the top has the inferiors down. That's where the contact
29:09 If I was using proper anatomy, staying superior inferior to many times.
29:14 right, So, you can see that when I'm pointing at right
29:21 that would be an inferior process. thing right underneath it. That's a
29:26 process right there. Okay, so vertebrae has these seven processes to trans
29:38 two, superior to inferiors, one spinal wow ! Now these bones don't
29:51 sit directly on top of each other between them. There's a bunch of
29:55 cartilage that sits in between to provide between those heavy bones. All
30:02 these are what formed the inter vertebral . We can what you can think
30:10 these inter vertebral discs. This is first textbook I've ever seen where they
30:14 draw a full inter vertebral disc that ruptured. So this is actually kind
30:20 cool. All other textbooks just have ruptured disc. So down here on
30:24 bottom is showing you a normal Up here would be a ruptured
30:29 All right, you can see where rupture is taking place. So the
30:33 you can think about this if you've seen dr Scholl shoes, you ever
30:37 the pads you put inside the Right? Dr Scholl's Alright, basically
30:42 it is is a bunch of fibrous tissue that sits on the outside and
30:47 fibers connective tissue serves as a barrier the squishy center. Alright, the
30:52 like center sits on the inside. the part on the outside, that's
30:57 Angeles fibrosis kind of easy to Fiber fibrosis right? And then on
31:03 inside the jelly squishy part, that's nucleus propulsive. So weight is being
31:10 to this inter vertebral disc. It's on that gel portion. The the
31:15 or not the annual is the nucleus . And what it's doing is it's
31:20 pressure downward. Which causes that Angela's pulses to push outward. But what's
31:26 it in place is that fiber. so basically what you do is you
31:30 the slight bulging as it basically disperses and weight outward. All right,
31:38 you tear the Angeles fibrosis, that's you have a herniated disc and so
31:44 that gelatinous gooey portion can actually press . That was weird. You know
31:57 I did differently there? Um so that that portion can now push
32:03 and it can press up against things it presses up against a spinal
32:07 you're gonna notice it and so a disc is very very painful. Alright
32:14 the vertebral discs are cartilage, not . They sit between the vertebrae between
32:20 bodies of each of the vertebrae to for those forces to go outward.
32:27 probably in the lab but not you're gonna start seeing the different shapes
32:34 the different types of of vertebrae. for example the cervical vertebrae have a
32:41 shape relative to the thoracic vertebrae which unique from the lumbar vertebrae.
32:47 So remember we start at the top have seven cervical, then we have
32:51 thoracic, then we have five lumbar we're just kind of working our way
32:57 and two the cock sigil in the , so be sacral five. And
33:03 cock sigil four. But you can here they have all those features that
33:08 just described. So they both have they all have transverse. They all
33:14 the superior inferior articular processes. They have the spinal process but they're all
33:20 very different looking from one another. the reason for that is that they
33:24 different sorts of movement. Right? for example look at when I bend
33:32 this would be my lumbar region. this is about as mobile as I
33:36 . But notice I can't do the sort of movement up top right where
33:41 thoracic is. But look at my right have a lot more degrees of
33:47 , more movement that I'm capable of right, I can do this not
33:57 the same kind of movement that I get right around here right? Not
34:02 flexible. Also older. So but that kind of makes sense?
34:07 the shape of the bones allow for movement with regard to the cervical
34:12 One and C. Two have special . Alright. See one's name is
34:18 the atlas. All right. I'm sure that none of you have taken
34:24 mythology. Anyone taking greek mythology? know who atlas was? Who's
34:34 Here's what? Right? He's a who carries the world on the
34:39 He's been cursed to carry the world the end of time. So,
34:44 was that's who atlases. So, you understand why C. One is
34:49 atlas? Put your head, that's world. Right? So, atlas
34:55 holding up the world underneath the C. Two is called the
35:03 All right. Why do you suppose called the access? I have no
35:08 . Alright, Because it allows me turn my head back and forth.
35:12 right. So, those two have special names. Alright, But they
35:17 specific movement because of their particular One of the unique features of the
35:24 vertebrae is their transverse processes have a . Alright, So here you can
35:31 here is the transverse process and it with the rib. And so at
35:36 end of each of the transverse processes the thoracic vertebrae you have. The
35:41 facet, costal refers to the The rib articulation. That's all it
35:48 . All right. So you can here that little fast. Right?
36:01 we mentioned the sacrum and there being bones, we mentioned the cox and
36:05 cox Egil vertebrae. We said there's bones and these particular vertebrae fused together
36:13 early on. Actually the cock Siegel kind of fuse about y'all's age,
36:17 a little bit older around age, to 25. They fuse. But
36:21 are individual bones that are coming together they're forming a larger structure. And
36:25 you can see here with the you can see that fusion. So
36:29 we use we refer to the sacrum single structure as opposed to the five
36:34 that make up that single structure. can see within these uh the
36:43 They have these holes these for me write for Raymond singular for media is
36:48 . And so these holes serve as passageway for blood vessels as well as
36:53 to move down your legs alright? to serve the lower pelvis with the
37:01 . That's the bone that you never to break in here. Ever broken
37:04 coccyx. I know ever bruised your . Was it fun? No,
37:13 is not fun. It is like worst thing like four years ago I
37:16 my coccyx. I had to call h. Police to walk me to
37:20 to drive me to class because it that much to walk. It was
37:25 And you see me walking across campus like the oldest person ever. You
37:30 ? All right. And the reason so painful, there's a bunch of
37:34 tiny ligaments that are attached to And so when you break that now
37:38 have all this freedom of movement or like that that you're tugging and pulling
37:43 , things that shouldn't be tugged and on. Alright, so the sacrum
37:47 , the the coccyx or the coccyx are are four and they fused
38:03 How many bones? I don't £56.56. Were a little over a quarter
38:12 the way done. The thoracic cage made up of a couple of different
38:19 . We have ribs and we have sternum. That's what you're referring to
38:23 thing. Right? Here. That's breastplate, right? There's three bones
38:27 make up the sternum and if you at a tie, the sternum kind
38:31 looks like a tie. All Just bear with me. Kind of
38:35 right. So, the verse bone called the manubrium. Alright? It's
38:39 of like the thai portion of the . Its job is to articulate with
38:43 ribs. It also articulates with the , which is gonna be part of
38:47 appendix color skeleton. This portion right is referred to as the body.
38:52 might see it someplace is referred to the Gladiolas? Or really the
38:57 Excuse me Gladiolas. Alright. You what the Gladiolas is all right.
39:03 of you may have heard of Gladiolas to a type of flower but that's
39:07 named after another structure. The gladiolas the sword of a gladiator. They
39:14 kind of like sort of a Kind of, That's where it comes
39:21 . And then this last little bit here, that's called the void
39:25 So that would be like this portion down there. It's primarily made up
39:29 cartilage until about the age of 40 which point becomes ossified. It's basically
39:34 a whole bunch of muscles and ligaments attached to um uh for the abdomen
39:40 um Yeah, it's it's that last bit the tip of the sternum.
39:46 manubrium body or gladiolas as well as process since she keeps answering how
39:54 How many bones? 56 Plus three 59. Yeah. All of these
40:06 I mean the question is will it if you break it? Yes.
40:11 . Living tissue. Remember we have osteo sites. Osteoblasts. Osteoclasts are
40:16 be sitting there trying to make it with the stress. Yeah.
40:22 If you don't want to break that the thing you're most concerned with the
40:26 , you don't ever ever gotten the knocked out of where they punch you
40:29 , you know. Yeah, that's like that special button, that zip
40:33 process right there. It's like a button that just says here, let
40:37 just remove all the air from your . But yeah, when they're saying
40:40 you're doing cpr you want to avoid that because the structure that allows that
40:46 move are the are the ribs. what you're doing is you're using those
40:51 of as a spring as a bellows move air in and out. But
40:55 pressing down on a structure that doesn't to be pressed on basically. Is
41:00 to protect the heart? Right? many thoracic vertebrae over there? 12
41:18 vertebrae all have costal facets? so how many paired ribs do we
41:26 ? 12, 12 pairs or a of 24? Right ribs are associated
41:33 the thoracic vertebrae? Alright. So you know how many thoracic vertebrae
41:38 you know how many ribs there Alright, and it's paired. So
41:42 12 on this side, 12 on side, that's 20 for 24 plus
41:46 is really 60 plus 24 84 minus , 83. See how quickly they
41:51 by. It's like no no big . Alright. Seven of these,
41:56 first seven are called the true You can see all these ribs are
42:00 to these thoracic vertebrae? Uh You see them up top, you can
42:04 them down below as they come around ones that are directly attached to the
42:09 so they're all going to be attached the costal cartilage. But the ones
42:13 are directly attached. So here's the and you can see cartilage to sternum
42:18 to sternum all the way down. first seven are attached directly, even
42:24 one attached directly. And then look happens. This cartilage is attached to
42:29 cartilage. This cartilage is attached to cartilage. This cartilage is attached to
42:33 cartilage all right. And then down , this one doesn't even have
42:37 This one even further, doesn't have . So those last five are referred
42:43 as the false ribs. First seven you attach directly by cartilage. That
42:48 true. If you're attached indirectly, false Or if you have no
42:53 your false These last two without cartilage the floating ribs. So that's number
42:59 and number 12. All right. two makes sense. 11 and
43:05 So, ribs 12 ribs seven true falls. The last two of the
43:11 are the floating ribs structurally pretty Now ribs are flat bones. They're
43:20 long bones. You'd like to think them as being long bones, but
43:23 not. So your homework tonight is go test this out. Find good
43:26 joint. Go get yourself some ribs the ribs look at this bone and
43:30 is it a flat bone? Or it a long bone? A long
43:34 would be shaped like this. A bone would be shaped like this,
43:38 ? Yeah. And go and take look and see the best homework you'll
43:43 did. I'm not gonna grate for though. Alright. The long
43:50 Alright so the way we're looking at is we're looking from the back to
43:54 front. So over here portion right is one catch to this would be
44:01 the costal cartilage is and it's attached the sternum. So this long portion
44:05 we're looking at here is the portion comes up and around through the
44:10 Alright. That is called the Alright. The next long portion is
44:16 right here? It's called the Alright. It sits between the two
44:22 of attachment to the vertebrae. So have a shaft and you have a
44:26 . And the way that that rib before it becomes the neck. So
44:30 chef turns sharply. That's called the . So we have a shaft.
44:34 have an angle and then we have neck and the two portions that make
44:38 the boundaries of the neck. We the portion that's attached to the body
44:42 the thoracic vertebrae. That's called the . And we have the portion that's
44:46 to the facet on the transverse process called the tuber coal. So this
44:52 all out of order up here. you would think of it like
44:54 It's shaft angle neck head. All . So the hardest part is to
45:02 what's the to brickell. It's the with the transverse process. What's ahead
45:05 the arctic articulation with the body. next sits between those two points.
45:11 angle comes around. That's the easy . And the shaft is the longest
45:17 . And how many ribs do we ? 12 pair one on each
45:23 So 24 in total. But 12 . And that is your actual
45:35 83 bones. That's not hard. for the easy for more easy.
45:41 you have questions about these. if you're not in the lab,
45:45 of your homework is going to be here going through those atlases and kind
45:49 learning the pieces parts. Yes, . Yes. So all all 2012
45:58 should say 1212 has a pair or 24 are equally paired. So you
46:05 12 on one side. 12 on other side. No no no,
46:11 sorry. So for the vertebrae the , you only have one of each
46:16 ? Because it sits in the And so that is um That is
46:21 makes up your middle portion. So have those 7 12 554. That's
46:29 you have of those. But then ribs as they're coming up, there's
46:32 pair on each side. Alright? then when it comes to those facial
46:36 cranial bones, we had a couple were not paired and then we had
46:40 bunch that were paired. Okay. right, any other questions? You
46:48 want to go home. I can it. All right. We're now
46:55 into the girdles. Okay, So gonna start with the upper limbs.
47:01 gonna work our way down and then gonna go down to the lower limbs
47:04 work our way down through those. shoulder girdle is made up of two
47:11 . The first one is the the second is gonna be the
47:15 This is your clavicle. Alright, bone right here. Its purpose is
47:22 hold your arm out to the Alright. And the reason it sits
47:28 is because your scapula is floating in muscles of the back. Alright.
47:34 what we have is we have the connected to the clavicle which is connected
47:38 the scapula and that is what holds arm out. You break your
47:46 your arm falls forward and inward. broken the clavicle. Yeah, that's
47:53 a fun one either. Right? did have a friend whose grandmother when
47:57 got mad when she got mad at , would grab him by the
48:00 make him pay attention. Apparently you what that feels like. So the
48:06 is like what? Yeah, I you like a chicken. Alright.
48:12 looking at the clavicle we said that attached to the sternum and it's attached
48:18 the scapula, the portions that's attached the scat or to the sternum is
48:23 the sternal end. How clever. then the part that's attached to the
48:29 is attached to a process on the called the acro me in. So
48:34 called the chromium lend. So that of sets the arrangement. So sternal
48:39 a chromium lend is over here. when you see a picture like this
48:47 you see all these names and stuff that, don't freak out about
48:51 I mean the first thing that's gonna is gonna overload your brain. So
48:54 you gotta do is you have to that step back and say I just
48:57 to know the things that I'm being to learn. Don't try to memorize
49:01 here. All right. And so you need to do in this particular
49:05 is kind of locate what's the front what's the back? All right.
49:10 the scapula, as I said, embedded in a bunch of muscle in
49:13 body. All right in your It sits on the back side,
49:19 ? The portion that's smooth, The side that's smooth, That's the
49:25 that is facing towards your body. portion that has this large thing sticking
49:31 . The spine sticking out is the that's faced away from your body.
49:37 this would be the anterior side. is the posterior side. So the
49:42 side of dorsal side has what it and that spine sticks up and it
49:48 as an attachment point for a bunch muscles. And the lateral end.
49:53 that a chromium process that we just . So the scapula would extend across
49:59 way. You can see here there's clavicle, right? We're looking at
50:07 anterior side here and there's your chrome and that would be the chromium end
50:13 the chromium end of the of the . So chromium process part of the
50:23 spine serves as an attachment point for bunch of muscles here. This structure
50:28 the lateral edge is the Glynn oid . That's the place that articulates with
50:35 humor versus long bone of the upper . So that's where the head
50:41 So that's what you think of as shoulder socket. Alright. That would
50:47 called the Illinois cavity. And then have three fossil of which I think
50:52 of of importance that you should And again these structures are where muscle
50:57 going to be found on the anterior . We have this large smooth
51:03 Alright. It's called the sub scapular . So it's below the scapula is
51:10 you look at it. Alright so would be the sub scapular fossil,
51:14 big giant flat surface on the posterior . We use the spine as a
51:20 point. The portion above the spine the super a spineless fossa. The
51:26 below where muscles attaches the infra So the below spine process. Or
51:33 . Excuse me. So super spin and for spin this sub scapular,
51:40 your scapula? The humerus is the . It isn't. Have you ever
51:53 begged your findings. Have you ever ? You're funny man. No.
51:58 done that. Okay. Yeah. like when I look at people and
52:04 like it. He's not talking to . I'm not gonna look at
52:09 Is it funny when you bring your ? But no. So it
52:15 All right. So the humerus is humorous. It's not funny when you
52:21 your funny bone. So you can see kind of. What am I
52:26 to do is I'm trying to connect things together. Right. Alright so
52:31 humerus is the long bone of the are alright. It articulates with the
52:37 at the glen oid cavity. The that articulates at the glen oid cavity
52:41 called the head. So the proximal of the humerus is the head.
52:47 have a bunch of portions that stand but see that stand out that muscles
52:54 gonna attach to. We have the and lesser to brickell for example we
52:58 the deltoid tuba ross et This is telling you which muscles attached to
53:03 The deltoid ferocity. That that's where deltoid muscle attaches. Alright so these
53:10 stick out so that your arm can specific sorts of movements because those are
53:15 sites for ligaments and for muscles you along the long length. So this
53:21 be the shaft. Right? Then get down to the bottom and this
53:25 where we're gonna articulate with two The two bones of the lower
53:30 All right. The two bones are be the old and the radius.
53:35 the anatomical position. Right? Palm like. So so the bone on
53:41 outside is the radius. The bone the inside is the owner. The
53:48 of the humerus with the radius is the capitulation. It's going to be
53:53 on the lateral side. That's the you can remember it. If you
53:55 where the radius is capitulate. Um the attached or is the point of
54:01 where these two articulate? All so capital. Um And then on
54:06 medial side, that's where the trow is. Now this one's a little
54:09 easy to remember because it's going to with the ulna in a structure called
54:14 trow clear notch. So the two together kind of go hand in
54:17 All right now if you take your and look down at it you have
54:22 bony structures that sit on the outside ? You can see it right there
54:26 if you feel on your other side can feel it over here.
54:30 Those are called the epic con Alright, so there's a lateral one
54:35 side would be the lateral this side that side for this arm. That
54:44 I'm looking at this time, which is lateral that way medial is this
54:48 ? Okay, so you can find two. And those show you that
54:53 be that little bump that comes So you know how you draw
54:57 We've all drawn bones right? Most the guys we drew bones a lot
55:01 we drew skulls and crossbones a right? So you make that little
55:05 of bumpy bump at the end. are representing your epic con dials right
55:12 . The reason I'm pointing this out the epic candle service attachment points for
55:17 , but this is where that owner travels right and it travels right there
55:24 that epic con dial is. And comes right down and around and keeps
55:28 downward the arm. So when you right here, we call that our
55:34 bob right? And you can actually your finger and you can roll it
55:39 that older nerve and you can get little tingle going all right. You
55:43 feel it. No one's gonna press real hard because no one wants to
55:47 that really awful feeling. All But you can kind of So there
55:52 go. The humerus, the bone isn't that's your funny bone. So
55:59 down our arms, forearms, lower , here's our alma. And our
56:03 , radius we said is the lateral knows the medial bone. We're gonna
56:07 that they actually can cross over each when we super Nate. So the
56:12 of the medial bone we've mentioned or already mentioned the cochlear notch. So
56:18 trope of the humerus goes into this that's called the trow clear notch.
56:24 can see it up here. So they've done is they've taken the structure
56:29 looking at it now from a medial lateral view. And you can see
56:33 is the true clear notch and that's sets the truck into that notch and
56:40 you to create this sort of movement your arm. The bony portion back
56:46 , that's called the L. Crown on, right? So when
56:49 think of the bony portion of your , that's your lecrone on.
56:54 when you come around the edge, would be the ala cronyn process.
56:58 they label the process. But it's portion right here that sticks out.
57:02 the al acronym. And then down , that little bony portion that sits
57:07 to the side. Okay, on side, I'm sorry, it would
57:11 on this side because that's your So right over there. That's the
57:15 oid process. And it's what's creating articulation with the carpal bones that make
57:20 the wrist. So the radius has stylist process as well. And the
57:27 thing I wanted, I don't think even talk about any of the other
57:30 that are of concern. So humorous up here with the scapula and it
57:39 down here with both the owner and radius. The radius and the ulna
57:43 gonna articulate with the carpal bones. I stopped counting, we can go
57:55 and count, but I'm not All right. So one of the
58:01 that people remember stuff in uh anatomy they use harmonics. Ever learned harmonics
58:09 come up the phrase and it helps remember like the sequence of a bunch
58:12 words. All right. And with carpal bones and the partial bones.
58:17 is one of the places where you a lot of pneumonic, pneumonic that
58:20 easiest to remember are dirty, no because our brains remember dirty things a
58:26 better than clean things. All now this is a respectable class.
58:33 I try to make them less dirty you. But I mean, you
58:37 I swear if you look up any , it's going to be some sort
58:40 dirty phrase. All right. And this is how we remember the carpal
58:45 . I've tried to clean up. found a picture. This artist is
58:48 really interesting artist. He takes contortionists and he twists them and puts
58:53 in pictures and then takes pictures. guys watched cartoons right? When you
58:56 kids, like tom and jerry when jerry and spike would get in a
59:00 . How do they represent the fight the cartoon? It was a cloud
59:05 usually like an arm coming out and a leg coming out. So he
59:08 a picture where he has like five all in a ball and that's like
59:14 limbs are coming out and it's like supposed to be a fight at the
59:17 or something like that. But this the same sort of picture to help
59:20 us to remember the pneumonic and some try positions that they can't handle.
59:26 right. So what are our carpal there? The wrist bones? So
59:30 to make sure that we understand our is here. It's what allows us
59:34 make this movement, right? Do see that? It's not up
59:39 It's very very small bones that are together. There's eight of them.
59:44 right. And they're held in close one another by a bunch of
59:48 And so there's two rows of four . And so we basically go
59:52 illuminate trickle atrium pissy form and notice is your thumb. So we're going
59:58 this direction, Right? So scaphoid eight pistol for intricate tree. Um
60:06 back around to the other side. we got to that sound a lot
60:09 each other, the trapezius and the . And then we go to cap
60:12 eight and into hamate. And so just learn those orders. Now
60:20 this is not a lab. It's in a lab when you can sit
60:23 and point at a bone and what is this? Right? It's
60:27 to do that when you're looking at picture like this, You just memorize
60:31 picture. But what if I turn picture upside down and backwards? Then
60:35 kind of screwed, aren't you? ? So, we're gonna let the
60:39 really kind of do all the hard . So I may ask you a
60:43 like which row is the the you the handmade in as an example?
60:48 it'll be a little bit easier on . Alright? But if you need
60:52 remember the pneumonic, that's the that if you don't like that
60:56 go find your own. This is one I found that I was
60:59 okay, I think that's works all . And then we get down to
61:04 hands and remember what I said is you look at a skeleton, When
61:07 see your palm, your palm is with long bones. And so you
61:11 see them right here, those are to as the metacarpals. There are
61:15 of them. All right. And we do is we count from the
61:18 and we work um inwardly. So . So this would be number or
61:23 , this would be number one, two, number three. Number
61:26 Number five. So it's metacarpal number . And then the fingers are referred
61:34 as the phalanges. Alright, collectively the phalanges, they're all long
61:40 The thumb is the pollocks. so the thumb 12 bones. Remember
61:55 I said on Tuesday? I said body is your cheat sheet. So
61:59 you forget stick up your thumb and it. How many bones do you
62:07 to take your finger bend it? many bones? You see three?
62:12 can do it with any of So your fingers have three bones,
62:17 have three failings failings is singular phalanges the plural together. So you have
62:24 phalanges each failing. So the one closest proximity to the one that's furthest
62:30 distal. The one that sits in middle is middle. Alright, so
62:35 can see there those are the individual . So the thumb itself is called
62:40 pollocks and that is the upper So it wasn't hard. 1238.
62:51 a whole bunch. five Plus How much? 14. How many
63:02 in total? 14 plus five and plus 8. 27 plus two.
63:08 plus 1 30 plus the scapula and uh The Clavicle. Another 232 times
63:21 64 bones. Man. We just through all that stuff. How many
63:28 we have before him? 83. bones. Now we just gotta do
63:35 legs. The pelvic girdle is made of three bones that have been fused
63:42 to form basically one big giant actually bones on each side. So there's
63:47 total of six bones that make up pelvic girdle. Or your hip
63:51 All right. What we call these collectively is the mosque Aqsa.
63:57 so there's three pairs they fuse around age of 13 to 15 and they
64:03 that bony pelvic girdle that protects all structures of the pelvis. The three
64:11 . The easy one to remember is you can feel on the side,
64:14 here? That crest, that top of your hip, that's called the
64:20 . That that portion that sticks up the iliac crest. So the bone
64:24 the ilium, the bone that you on is called the skim. And
64:30 bone that sits in the front is the pubis. Alright. So the
64:35 together and there's there's three on this , three on that side fused together
64:40 together, those three pairs formed the cock. So you can see there's
64:45 big giant gaping hole between the fusion these bones. It's called the
64:50 Foramen the foramen is what nerves and vessels used to get down into your
64:54 and go down to innovate and provide . This is looking from the
65:02 You can kind of see here there's indentation. This is similar to the
65:08 oid cavity to which the humerus is to for the upper arm. That
65:13 that little indentation is called the asi . Um All right now to see
65:18 buell. Um Asi tabula. Um means vinegar bowl. And so vinegar
65:24 can refer to the thing that you your fingers into between courses to clean
65:28 hands or can refer to um uh the cup that they gave to christ
65:35 he was on the cross to feed vinegar. Alright. So again either
65:40 in uh in reference to. All . But that is that a c
65:46 um is a cavity to which the bone is going to be associated.
65:51 right. And that's a point of for all three bones. One of
65:58 things that we can look at when look at this is this is one
66:01 the areas where we can see sexual or fizz um in humans very very
66:05 . The male and the female pelvis very very different. Male, male
66:10 female pelvis. The primary reason for difference in shape is for the purpose
66:14 giving birth Children. We have females this very wide. You can see
66:20 wide pubic arch, you can see inlet is much much wider and the
66:26 themselves are much more shallow and males basically have more of an upright
66:31 So this is just an example. are all the different characteristics. But
66:35 just a point of example that you look at the skeleton and go oh
66:39 looking at the structure of the Oscar . I can determine the sex of
66:46 particular um skeleton to what it belongs . So moving down from the
66:56 Yeah cox to we go to the . Alright. The femur is the
67:02 or largest bone in the body. about one quarter of your side.
67:05 there's another one of those fun ones if you dig up a skeleton and
67:08 find the femur. You can actually the femur and you can calculate the
67:12 of the person because it is always quarter the length or the size of
67:17 person that you're looking at. structurally the place of articulation is the
67:24 . So the head is where you at the assay tabula. Um of
67:27 Oscar aqsa. We have a bunch processes that set up. We have
67:32 canter's alright, this is where some the gluteal and thigh muscles are going
67:38 attach. We have the gluteal tubarao which is not shown here. But
67:43 this structure kind of comes off like that is where the gluteal tuba rossi
67:49 be. You don't need to identify you hear that word gluteal tuba rossi
67:53 kind of like the Deltoid tubarao That's the big muscle. You know
67:56 your glutes are right Alright. The of your butt. There's three of
68:03 greater, lesser and medial. All . And so those muscles are attaching
68:09 holding and and giving strength of that joint. Um The shaft is this
68:15 portion you can see at the very we have the articulation with the next
68:21 and here we have something that's kind unique. This particular articulation is called
68:27 con dial and there's two of So normally Akande I'll you might see
68:32 . It's just a shape of a . And so the epic condo would
68:36 the area above the condo, I'll here we have to con dials that
68:41 side by side that are associated with next bone in the uh in the
68:48 which is the tibia. So the articulates with the tibia um in the
68:53 side and on the superior side on proximal side it's articulating with the ox
68:58 . Oh now I just want to here. This is also where you're
69:02 see the patella. So you can they put the patella in place.
69:05 protects the knee joint. When we about articulations we'll see this a little
69:10 better. But you can see it's . They're trying to show here that
69:15 a tendon and ligament. The ligament on the bottom side. The tendon
69:17 on the top side. And so you move you're actually pulling the patella
69:22 and away from that joint as you . All right. So like when
69:26 leg is extended it sits in front it's kind of loose. But when
69:31 tighten it up, the patella is sitting there and protecting that open
69:39 Lower leg. two bones just like the lower arm. We had the
69:50 and the way I remember this is . T. F. We go
69:53 femur completely articulates with the tibia. that's the larger of the two bones
69:59 the lower leg. And then articulating the femur, sorry with the tibia
70:05 the fibula. So femur tibia So weight is born through the
70:12 Down through the tibia. Down to tar cell bones of the ankle and
70:17 into the feet. All right. you can see here there's that bigger
70:23 . You can see the articulation. , So here is the tibia structure
70:31 I want to understand is down here the distal end. What you call
70:36 ankle is actually part of the What you think of on the that's
70:40 to be on the um the inner or the medial side and then on
70:44 outer side. The thing that you to and say that's my ankle.
70:48 actually part of the fibula. So are called the mallee Ally collectively.
70:53 there's a medial Mallia list which is of the tibia. And we have
70:57 lateral malleable. That's part of the . All right. And you can
71:01 of like that like this. The cell bone, specifically the talus sits
71:07 this as part of your ankle. then these two bones come and they
71:11 on either side. And so now we've done is we've created a joint
71:16 rocks back and forth between those two . Okay, so three bones in
71:27 hip that the femur tibia fibula working to the tallis. So these are
71:34 tarsus bones. They're not as There's seven of them instead of there
71:40 eight. Like we had in our . Again, there's a pneumonic.
71:43 found the clean one. So the is tall California. Navy Medical interns
71:49 cuties. It's terrible, there's horrible english. But you can remember
71:54 right. So the two Mallia to I'd come down like so right.
72:02 first tar cell bone is called the . Alright the talus sits on top
72:09 your heel bone which is the cal . The bone that comes forward is
72:15 navicular and then we go immediately and next row there's four bones. Those
72:22 are the medial the intermediate and then lateral uh uniform. And then finally
72:31 one that sits over here on the is the cue Boyd. So talia's
72:36 Calcavecchia's then navicular, then medial intermediate que uniforms. Que Boyd. And
72:44 you can see T. C. . M. I. L.
72:48 those are the uniforms. And that's here is Q. Boyd. Now
72:52 you want you can come up with else to help you understand those the
72:54 big ones though are the kind of easy ones to remember the talus and
72:58 falcon ius we're down to the The long bones of the hands were
73:10 the metacarpals, the long bones of feet. Those are called the metatarsals
73:16 they take up the length portion of feet until you get down to your
73:21 . When you get down to your . Those again are called the phalanges
73:25 like your fingers are called phalanges. big toe is called the Alex.
73:30 thumb was called the pollocks. So have the pollocks we have the Alex
73:36 then each of these phalanges again there's be two in the big. So
73:41 Alex has to approximate distal phalanges and all the other toes have three.
73:49 , if you wear sandals then that's cheat sheet. Alright? You can
73:53 your toes presuming you know how to your toes. Alright, so approximate
73:58 and distal just like the fingers. your feet have to them a bunch
74:08 arches. All right now if you're me, you have flat feet,
74:11 have flat feet. So my arches not well pronounced but some of you
74:15 really really well pronounced arches. And arch kind of looks like. So
74:20 notice I'm not doing this, it's this, you have a lateral
74:23 You have a medial arch and then have a transverse arch. And what
74:27 does is that it allows for weight be distributed to the edges of the
74:33 and serve as a spring for when take your steps right? So when
74:38 take a step, what happens is that arch comes down and it basically
74:43 out, forces go to the edges through the heel, down through the
74:47 and out through the lateral side. then as you start lifting up the
74:51 it's gonna all that energy potential energy in that stretching allows you to More
74:58 lift your foot up. It helps you forward. So, it's a
75:03 to help propel you during locomotion. , if you can't visualize this or
75:08 it, go find some sand that's . I encourage you to head on
75:12 to the beach, it's only 60 away. Take off your shoes,
75:16 walk on the beach for a little and take a look and see the
75:19 of your foot. You'll be able see that arch pretty well. All
75:24 , that's today. I'm gonna just you because I'm just feeling generous
75:28 What do we have in two An exam? So you should be
75:33 up for your exam. I think . It probably opened up last night
75:36 midnight. So find your times. , I will see you on Tuesday
75:44 we'll do articulations. It will be lot
-
+