VideoPoints

• ••• • •• • ••••• • •
GEOL6372 Petroleum Geochemistry - Day4 04-29-2023 PM
Help Tour
© Distribution of this video is restricted by its owner
Transcript ×
Auto highlight
Font-size
00:13 It tastes good. Ok. And thank you for come back,
00:22 After our long break for the And uh, you know, we
00:29 added the added some energy to our and now we come to our afternoon
00:36 session and you know, you you will feel you will worth your
00:42 this, this afternoon's class. That's I still encourage. We have a
00:48 class. You know, I still next week. Please come, please
00:54 . And uh I I know that's my interpretation for each slide introduction for
01:01 side will help you to understand the the contents of the of of,
01:07 this course, save you time. worse for you worth for. I
01:12 to make a full use my time to make your time worse.
01:17 please support me, come and also yourself. Come for the class.
01:24 . And uh, oh, sorry that. Why? Why not
01:29 Ok, let me stop his So it's ok. You take
03:12 it's ok. Now for sharing my . Ok, great. And uh
03:19 morning, you know, we talk uh pay a greater tension and also
03:24 a lot of time to talk about some maturity uh indicator, which is
03:30 fractures. And uh I will introduce little bit more about the al alternate
03:37 for the maturity assessment. And those just shows that maturation assessment we can
03:46 on the as to peak and the max maximum, the temperature of S
03:54 peak, what you can see And uh so that's the, that's
04:07 , the left side, we have s you know, increasing of
04:13 one of the, well, the of the de between the 800 neutrons
04:20 gradually increase to 2717. And uh you see that you see we have
04:29 really and I what's the, what's film we catch what? I don't
04:40 . Huh? Have a big peak the is very small. A
04:48 We have five zone, yeah. it doing with me? They are
04:56 . Yeah, as I mature state . And then the, the uh
05:05 100 m 800 m to 1800 And then you see the two not
05:16 but the increase a lot. And yeah, zone three and
05:26 get the onset of the oil temp and then they got to the 2000
05:35 the 114 des and see that the two peak become smaller but the S
05:43 peak is increase significantly. What? the S two, this one,
05:57 one s two reduced significantly. Yeah, they still in the room
06:08 that go to the, they have higher temperature towards us almost towards to
06:13 peak of oil. And then here continue to go to decreasing. And
06:22 and then we see the significant big of and uh even though we are
06:29 and uh the is still still So we are still in a no
06:38 and it was not really the Those are the, those are the
06:43 , very, the best, the things we learned and applied to this
06:50 that and then look at this what call the transformation ratio. And uh
07:00 this one? This is bad and U two and those three, those
07:08 and this sample, this one four the early stage of the,
07:18 And, and then, but here is the, the look at the
07:25 is the, the temperature, this is the, that's the max temperature
07:33 the, the, the, the airline here, the the of
07:42 and gradually the higher and uh and the evolution of the character and um
07:54 residual character get uh getting slightly somewhat because this increase of the on this
08:03 of temperature. That's why the and they the higher temperature. And
08:16 you can see here is that is , this is the, and,
08:30 what you can see that this is significant increase of the mass temple when
08:37 reach the, those two. So a, the, we,
08:46 we remember that the 437 degree six I can remember that because I use
08:51 data a lot and 337 degrees six reach that really mature, really old
09:01 here. And I go to the 445. And then you can get
09:08 that almost the end of the And then you get the, the
09:13 three. And uh once you reach temperature about 460 degrees C, that's
09:20 , the, the mass is better or this is the problem of the
09:28 of the become very high line. line here are the, the lowest
09:48 the, the and then you see , the peak of the pick of
09:56 , this, this, this one , is moved from red light.
10:02 was the, the lack of action that might. This one.
10:17 I think that will be easy for now and then go to the a
10:23 and we already see this one, , the before actually called the devolution
10:27 of or we increase some, some expo similar word of come to
10:36 some might choose. And uh we this this already and just bring into
10:44 and then go to the, this the, we, we already show
10:48 one is the uh alteration color, alteration indicator, which is, that
10:57 a small color to indicate how the and cause the the the this color
11:10 state into the very, very stable reach the peak of and the,
11:22 see the color gradually changed from the color and to the brown color to
11:31 . And this table, this table also summarized table is also very useful
11:36 we already introduced the one morning This is the equipment, this this
11:43 the result to locate the, all how that uh some maturity values change
11:53 the, the new, the And those are to reflect. And
12:02 see that this will show that the of just the line correlation is and
12:10 this is the correlation of induced or morph, we need them to higher
12:17 generation and, and uh it's very to the table. I want to
12:24 through from the first column I two X the, the class and back
12:36 7 it a similar uh or, uh but this column I call that
12:50 that back to 1976 or 1975 that O N that's another another and then
13:05 to the, go to the, , the call ranking and this is
13:11 ranking and this name of the call . And I called because I work
13:19 because I called the let go the T U values and they use that
13:30 the, the whole uh demolition the uh this the C value I don't
13:39 , I think you know what And uh and then we see
13:44 that this is a big all that the and I because it is the
13:54 the the of the color go, , go that go that the picture
14:03 and then go to the, this , this color that tier tier I
14:10 color change and 77 you see the of the sun, you look at
14:27 chair, I already check the And this is the question of
14:34 the those are the ones very different the yellowish for the, for the
14:47 . And uh this is C I used by the and the value the
14:55 here. And uh this is the the 2 to 34 here. And
15:09 this is the, the and this the one plus two and uh oh
15:19 , sorry, this is the current , the transformation to the factors,
15:27 is the S one divide divided by sum of X one and S
15:32 So that's, that's what you see . And uh this is the chi
15:39 max from paralysis and this one is C 15 cars and uh one column
15:49 called the percentage of the organic matter the normalized to achieve this. And
15:56 is the percentage of the concentration of , between this one and the last
16:02 that indicator. And well, so uh you know the increase of the
16:10 chain initially value in the great. is just a summary of the all
16:18 sub parameters and uh during the higher generation from cover. So you don't
16:27 to, you don't need to remember these things. You don't need to
16:30 table. Uh I go through this just to give you example that like
16:35 understand that and you know the people the reference and uh that many people
16:43 a different sub indicator. But what really commonly use the some literature actually
16:52 and just to let you know that you don't need to, you don't
16:58 to know to remember all the It's not, not easy, it's
17:03 not necessary to, to to, remember those things. Yeah, those
17:09 at the, this this will already that one. And uh I I
17:14 this, this is summary, this really summary table for the and the
17:23 the preservation. So that's really based to divide, divide the higher generation
17:34 the five those summary table. You is summary table, you need to
17:48 OK, big. And now we to the very important part. It's
17:57 new numerical modeling and uh it's also a model. Yeah. So that's
18:09 one of the things that I told a lot of time already. But
18:14 , this is the slide, this you also need to remember. It's
18:19 thing called the organic measure rate of So assuming the carbon generation of is
18:31 consist of one of several chemical So that's we know that the higher
18:40 you will be increasing with the increase the increasing with increasing of the
18:48 And how that we describe this you assuming that follows the one or
18:56 chemical reactions. That's the, that's one thing we, we do not
19:03 how we can describe the hydrocarbon generation . We use, we describe the
19:10 reaction to this. That's 1111 important we introduced also reactions can be represented
19:21 the equation. What is? And can predict the volume is that in
19:28 , in general is an at the which all each and plus the
19:40 That's two, that's two, that's two products, one is the oil
19:47 one is residual pi OK. Let's the very simplest equation in our mind
19:56 how you have this equation and uh know, start equal to zero for
20:08 similarly to the oil, it should called the and they have a.
20:19 . And uh of course the beach zero. Yeah. The current moment
20:27 total B zero and each is not generation yet. So that's the,
20:34 the is zero. Yeah. So generation generation rate, generation rate is
20:42 an increase of time and the, volume change of the character equals to
20:50 one initial volume of the car, A given time of the because the
21:02 character becomes smaller. Yeah, the becomes smaller. And uh that is
21:07 easy to understand here, you the difference of the change of character
21:15 the path equals two. One of , the the which is, which
21:24 a rate of chemical reactions. It's very simple, very simple. The
21:32 , just look at the volume change the character through the time um this
21:41 . So this this equation is very . The very simple, the mass
21:47 , the mathematical, yeah. And what I show here in become the
22:02 of the be senator assuming the man the character have a same D and
22:17 the the loft of the should be to the volume of the that that
22:28 uh that has introduced one more one more thing. This is
22:32 this is how this is how the, the, the, the
22:37 do the best model they can use equation to think that the current,
22:50 , equal to the of the, , the, the constant which
23:00 which the, the, the constant eight times the E 07 A divided
23:11 the. He has been introduced a of the, the, the,
23:16 atom that G A which is the energy. Now, each reactions we
23:22 activation energy that is related to the of the, the molecule. Suppose
23:31 want to break it down, break down to the carbon carbon bumps carbon
23:38 uh compare to break it down to carbon oxygen bos compared to the break
23:44 to the sulfur. So sulfur sulfur and we know that the require energy
23:52 , the energy is different, the sulfur. So bounds require less energy
23:58 to carbon oxide bounds. And the carbon carbon bounds require higher energy.
24:06 that is reflecting to the called the energy this C A and uh so
24:15 know that on the is actually it's function of the function of the,
24:22 , the car structures which can describe the Q A. OK. Actually
24:32 and another terms A which is the temper you have a higher
24:39 you have a high completion, you have a higher, your organic natural
24:46 be convert to the oil will be . Yeah, conversion of the character
24:53 the oil. That's what we call transformation factor will be higher.
24:59 So that, that's why we introduced picture he didn't do the. So
25:06 it that you see that reaction reach is functionable to the organic type which
25:15 the reflect the and also which just just get this clear idea about
25:30 The is very useful, very The the the equations describe many,
25:39 reactions. Many people you can see it's a it's here OK? Because
25:48 evolved the two factors. It is . Why is that activation energy of
25:57 of the system that's required to be down the car, the,
26:04 the, the carbon rich oil which next to the organic, that is
26:12 , that is the, and then that a, you know, like
26:19 critical to the, to the this is the, all the uh
26:29 work for an hour, have a organic matter car converts to the
26:36 And here you see that and this those three different terms which are
26:44 which is the gas constant, sorry , constant. This is the,
26:50 , the, the uh Higgs that K per, per, per and
27:02 that, that, that the, , the, the which is the
27:08 temperature. So that means that she that you need to, if we
27:17 the cent grade t centigrade degree 20 to the temperature in the plus another
27:26 that's 273. Yeah, let's convert one to the and uh D A
27:35 . That's the manage and the activation is associated with uh our organic
27:45 The reason why I associate the organic because the chemical structures for the different
27:52 ma pa is different. So actually actually relate to the to the molecule
28:00 of the react re switch organ up the current itself. OK. And
28:06 here. So this is also also the slightly depends on the organ
28:15 mainly it depends on the, the depends on the constant uh for the
28:23 really depends on the some of some of history. But that is
28:28 important uh for, for, you , you can teach a as a
28:35 side. So the variable is attribution and the and energy is react to
28:46 organic sources. But the current types to our system concrete for burial,
28:56 burial concrete or barrier gaps. And , that's all the things we are
29:02 up again and about a Christian. think that's the, the,
29:10 the, the, the all the what I explained here since I want
29:16 , you know that the, the is our and how the each action
29:23 represent them was understandable for our We think the best best. That's
29:35 , that's the old the proposal. that for us to know that
29:42 And then any questions to this one this one is uh I think this
29:46 also very important slide. You definitely a homework for this one. And
29:51 course, final example, we have one as well. Yeah,
29:56 you see that. Yeah, this the information. It's uh that's why
30:06 OK. Let me see after That should be by the, the
30:16 whether it's for, yeah, any question to, to react to
30:27 one. But this is that I this is uh one of the main
30:34 the chemical reactions we, we introduced we um Yeah, OK,
30:44 And uh why we need the best . But this is this some kind
30:50 concept, you know, try to that because bank model can provide information
30:56 timing for the generation devotion and the that is we want to know,
31:03 want to know. OK. And instance, in the Gulf of Mexico
31:08 the regional base original model indicated that from the main source rock occurred from
31:21 less than 15 million years before the the this for many years before that
31:32 happen 15 years, 15 million years . OK. And uh depending on
31:38 specific area of history, that's one that they and then more complex model
31:47 provide an insight into the migration directions the mechanisms. We see the lateral
31:54 or vertical migration and as well as zones for primary and sensitivity models.
32:06 the best modeling also drives impression about oil types and the policy, uh
32:15 faces mature at different temperatures. They the cian oils can range from the
32:28 gas oil ratios to high gas oil to produce a high quality model.
32:38 confidence input is required. So what can see here is that we talk
32:47 a lot of time of time. . And if you look at the
32:53 profile was the depth, we know once we reach some depth levels,
32:59 reach some depth levels, and we a significant conversion to the oil.
33:08 uh but as you asked me about what is what we don't know?
33:16 . And uh maybe you ask me the oil rich, I still do
33:23 have that answer for that. So timing become very important. Why the
33:30 we can be linked with that is still back to our our equation because
33:38 , temperature, it is associated very associated with our barrier history. So
33:46 why the we predict that's why I you can be best model can really
33:52 a um of the oil generation and track formation, all kind of information
34:01 also provide information about migration passes. uh it's uh that I will,
34:07 will introduce more about that. You , you, you have a the
34:13 rack and you, your formation is is like uh like this is it
34:20 towards the deeper, deeper, deeper slope to the best center you like
34:26 , you have slope and then you, you, you, your
34:32 signature oil can uh expelled along from best center to the to the
34:39 which called the which which called the the expo. If you do have
34:45 this this kind of uh you, have oil temperature from this side,
34:51 temperature from this side, which is base. You do have a central
34:57 platform, you have oil temperature from to this side, from another
35:02 oil temperature from this side from the . And then oil can be age
35:08 the lower, lower the lower, lower the lower portion to the higher
35:15 , which is the which is the migration. So you will see the
35:21 see that kind of the concept module in the migration path. That is
35:27 I say what do you call? the what you call electron migration also
35:33 that they can provide information about the tax on the oil quality. Why
35:39 can provide that oil capital and oil ? Can you can you explain to
35:45 why this this morning result can provide the platform? Yeah, that's
35:57 You know, that's the the that's I ask you to remember that uh
36:03 table of the zooms, five zooms 1 to 5 and corresponding to the
36:10 shooting that uh that is directly corresponding our oil taps on the oil.
36:18 and also also you see that they predict the predict the gas to oil
36:26 , the volume of the, the the volume of the gas to
36:30 of the oil has to call the to oil, called the G O
36:34 ratios. And uh because you know portion of how much gas can be
36:40 , you know how much oil can generated. So you can make a
36:45 of at different sub mature levels of two variations. Now you see
36:52 all the, if you, you if the, if you do not
36:58 the, the, the the, the part, our class this
37:03 And yes. And you kind when you read those things,
37:08 what that means, what is this is? And now if you read
37:12 things, you, yes, I that. What, what do you
37:16 about here? Yeah. What do talk about your timing of the hydrocarbon
37:21 portion? Yeah. What do you about your, your migration directions of
37:28 ? What do you talk about your oil tax on the oil
37:33 Yeah. What do you talk about ? To your, your Yeah.
37:38 . What, what, what do talk about? Why, why the
37:41 , why the inputs is so important order to get a good prediction of
37:47 . What about? So you have clearly understanding, I believe that.
37:56 . OK. For the model or mode, we have a three kind
38:04 the models, the D R into bomb. The one, the one
38:13 that is uh that is the big model is that if you work on
38:23 , that's the only one direction. is the one. Yeah. If
38:27 have two D models, you can that you can reach the area if
38:32 want to cross sections from here to . And that 3D model, if
38:38 have a 3D model, that the , the three, that's volume that's
38:42 the basin and range at the 3D , you get, you get that
38:48 one D, two D and 3D . And once you have that
38:51 this is, uh you know, , if you want to run a
38:55 models, you need to tons of to input it into your model.
39:00 . And for the best one, you want to have a two D
39:04 , you also have more information I suppose you have a cross section
39:08 north, south across the base and you need to have several veils in
39:14 to fill up your 3D models. you want to only have one,
39:18 also want to build up your, model. That's, that's only the
39:25 . So you, you feel that , you will feel that the who
39:29 reach like more, you can get kind of, of course, the
39:34 model is more than and uh in data input and in a typical and
39:43 they, they should the piece out the and uh and also show that
39:49 the OK. So that is more , but try to describe the history
40:04 any different locations. It is a address, opportunity, out composition and
40:15 preservation. I think that's uh that's very good, very good definition for
40:22 . This you need to know, need to know don't have. And
40:28 they said, so you, you that, you know, you,
40:31 need, you need to caution that model represents only one possibility that defined
40:41 , by your inputs so that the is so important So the model only
40:48 as good as the data if you a all that and you,
40:56 you have a more reliable model for two D model. Yeah, even
41:04 the one D model, you need have really enough geological input in order
41:10 build up your and uh from multiple . What that means that means,
41:20 know, in this model. And the best on the irony is Christian
41:26 that's the big, that's the energy the in our barrier gaps, we
41:39 the to the reaction that's key to barrier depth to our barrier depths is
41:48 about current favorite death or favorite question that we have a, we try
42:13 see. Oh yeah. And we to think about the conflict to
42:26 to the current affair that all the . Sorry. What's the,
43:08 turns out the, the service and , the best kind of and the
43:19 the Yeah. Ok. Oh, um, he was a very,
43:39 because of the, and there are then they are, they are more
43:52 6000 of them because of the as dog to that point. So that
44:25 you, how you can check the . That's what we put the,
44:31 need to, you need to put , to run the order and then
44:35 need to determine that the, you that erosion six suppose from 4000 to
44:44 4000 to 6000. 8. And how you can, how you can
44:50 that, that you need to, need to do something to calibrate the
44:55 constrain on the category the model. what things can use for the category
45:04 that is, that is, that's important uh in which reflection as we
45:14 a lot of time of the that is our real measure results,
45:24 is, which is the combined effects time and temper. And that is
45:31 , the, the recording recorded the ture in the South East.
45:40 Actually, so important. And the is the best model can be used
45:46 address the point or which is the section of the interest is two
45:52 model or regional plus three more 3D or 3D models are but also
46:02 but also the also complex and require input data and also consuming a lot
46:10 computing time. The computing time is , not big. Recently, we
46:15 very, very, very hard, high running uh speed. Uh the
46:21 , it's very easy to, to work on. You need to
46:29 have a lot of data, the data you input it to your
46:33 the more reliable that your model. . And uh here is suggest for
46:41 risk and data uh coverage is uh the original, for original ones and
46:47 the key risk two D all of and uh course the map. And
46:56 you look at the maturity and the . And uh for your pro pro
47:03 you want to evaluate your oil, accumulation and then you need to read
47:09 in the two D. Well, see that in order to determine the
47:14 and coming to D three. And the, for the, the,
47:20 have the 3D data and the good that the 22 D 3D and calibrate
47:28 3D data, which is 333 You can see that uh uh it's
47:34 if you have and you can really if you have a, you
47:40 if you build up your model, you build up your model based on
47:45 , that's not. And then you model, you have a 3D model
47:50 uh those models you could, you refine or redefine. And uh if
47:58 add the more in the future, we call in the future, you
48:03 more to and you have an additional and then you input your additional that
48:12 your, what's that, that once build up your best model, best
48:19 , the best model and then you continuously update to your modem with,
48:26 your input. So let's make your your model works more uh realistically uh
48:34 effective. And I think that I to say, yeah, I think
48:41 all, what should, what should see here? And we talk about
48:47 collaboration that look, look at look at here, it is this
48:52 , the because we have knowledge already we look at this thoughts and we
48:56 become easier. OK. OK. is some, this is some assumptions
49:03 best model and uh look at this, this, this the y
49:12 which is the 77 C and A some which black and uh you see
49:25 column, this column put the geological there already. So this, this
49:31 the, this, this, this , yeah, this all kind of
49:47 then you see here is a dash at the different color here. Different
49:52 here. It's uh it is the yellow one at two.
49:58 you have an idea of zone Yeah. Z 22 is that symmetry
50:03 0.5 to 0.6 set which is on of the, yeah, that's yellow
50:13 here. OK? And then we three which is the take of our
50:21 , the from 0.6 edge to 1.1 three and the zone four which is
50:34 much from 1.3 to 21.3 and then to which is A and those are
50:49 three zones, four zones that which then you see that the, this
50:56 the, the, the red line line that your, that your base
51:02 predict some metric, whether I whether based on and how good this this
51:13 prediction are, you need to calibrate parameters used to model all the,
51:29 that's the how you calibrate your model adjust your parameters and all based on
51:41 you, you see that you see importance of the some mature chain measurement
51:45 now. Yeah, everything. What you, what do you model,
51:51 it on the adjustable you measure the for, for this, for this
52:04 , you know the the surface temperature 68 F and uh data blue eight
52:15 edges, 36 m per m square per year. That is that,
52:24 a and uh there's a the the the each, each unit, the
52:33 has some of that connectivity is higher uh share the connectivity and uh show
52:42 gradients and use the 1.35 degrees per per 100 ft of the rock and
52:52 equals to the about the 2.4 degree per 100 m. This is
52:58 this is a very just normal the and some basins have higher grating and
53:05 the 3.5 and the gradient is in different different. So this in this
53:13 , they use this kind of input then the build after the build up
53:20 kind of information that you have. this one model that generate which large
53:34 , which is where the, that's model and the model to be compared
53:44 the device which which in each of black ones. And then any questions
53:58 to this, this one. So actually think uh basic modeling and um
54:07 it, it's pretty interesting because I to that class, not having taken
54:12 the classes that lead up to So I didn't really know all this
54:16 . So I heard it there. but we, we uh had to
54:21 a paper on running a model where have well data we have um um
54:30 we had to run different models to out which, which key flow was
54:36 um which the flow match. Yeah. And then we predicted like
54:44 layer would be the, you So yeah, exactly like because I
54:51 like this, I mean, I this. This is the, this
54:54 the how I'm very happy. I'm happy to know that after this
54:58 after this class, if you can your geology knowledge and combined with our
55:05 knowledge and uh understand those, those the, those are our go,
55:11 are our class, our class And I want, I don't want
55:15 to remember type one, type type three, those kinds you have
55:18 know that the kind of knowledge but translate that knowledge, translate that knowledge
55:26 how we get this curve. Oh got this and then you know that
55:32 know that the different type of Yeah. And in other other equation
55:39 a G A activation energy is different village flow organ source cut. And
55:46 once you have that consequence. I can change some activity energy and
55:51 how, how, how this change means you change the organ my
55:58 Yeah. And also we say you know for the different different depths
56:05 the same depth in different the temperature be different. Yeah, I say
56:10 , let us, let, let change it some do some gradients which
56:15 this this this this the the this and see how that, how looks
56:25 and uh that the all the things can apply for the knowledge of what
56:33 do this and all can be applied . And when you, when you
56:38 this, now when you read this , you say OK. Yeah,
56:42 understand that this is, this is because I have some knowledge I have
56:47 of how each, each different one do to those 3 to 4 to
56:52 , what that means and actually based the same material change based on the
56:58 better. Yeah, that's but I know, I, I,
57:08 said, oh yeah, I, I have three. Yeah.
57:27 Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. That's . That's, yeah. So it
57:36 , it was cool to say that is the, that is the
57:59 Yeah. But so I didn't like we're talking about. We had to
58:03 this paper and I didn't really learn . So I started writing the paper
58:06 figuring out I was doing that really . Oh do this now, going
58:15 it. OK? It sucks. uh that's uh I'm happy, I'm
58:24 happy and you can link what you learned to what I, what
58:30 what I presented here today. That's , how, how we, how
58:34 can be combined and integrate our existing to the something, something you learned
58:41 our classes. Same thing, same for your, your work. If
58:44 can think you can, you can those things to your work that you
58:50 . That's a OK. So there's a rack of subsurface data.
59:00 So how you can get the pump ? And uh that is uh that
59:06 can get an equivalent temperature, you get a temperature that during the pressure
59:13 also you can get DS T that's , the high pressure, high temperature
59:25 also in the correction of temperature. the code total. By that means
59:34 the login, you also can get temperature but you need some corrections.
59:39 all the I think all this kind method become available if you read the
59:43 that actually, so that the un heat header temperatures for total depth on
59:52 pre pre total depths mostly to a that means that you can get some
60:02 data. And uh those temperate data all the current day temperature data in
60:11 hole hole for the it will be for your calibration as well, very
60:16 for your collaboration because any kind of , measurement data. That's how,
60:22 how you, you need to use data. And uh if you,
60:26 they become available can use it to your, check your model. And
60:33 say, OK, this is my day situation and the best on your
60:38 moment. And then the current current temperature is how, how,
60:44 high it is at 100 and 50 X. And then you use
60:49 you check, you calculate, let temperature at the current based on your
60:56 , the new model gave us about and 45. I said,
61:00 those two is much very well. if your model gives you 90 degree
61:05 , the 90 degree five F two . So you need the, so
61:13 is a, this is how you the ball temperature current measurement of a
61:18 hole temperature to get to Cali calibrating as well. OK. And uh
61:27 , we try to introduce uh uh uh concept and uh we introduced the
61:34 that concept which is a chemical, is a chemical processes and another very
61:42 uh physical processes which is a heat . The heat transfer become very important
61:51 the future when we work on the resources. Do you, do you
61:57 groups here? Resource? Yeah. . Or research team or whatever.
62:07 . Yeah. The geothermal energy, uh some area. It, they
62:13 a really high heat and the temperature the flu in the water is is
62:23 like our, you know, like uh the the many kind of the
62:28 the the spring hot spring area and on the surface on the surface water
62:35 can reach to them 60 degrees C even high. So you go to
62:42 your temperature even hot. Yeah. this is the, this is the
62:46 the geothermal resources will become, become of the important resource in the
62:56 As, as I this morning I is the energy transition require required a
63:05 English. So what are the resources do some result because we can extract
63:15 the heat from the, from from our from water. So that
63:23 , and one of the things in is about heat flow. If you
63:26 at this graph, please pay look at this graph so that this
63:31 a watch a film kilometers, it's high. This is the five
63:41 it's 10 kilometers, it's a 45 and look at this, the this
63:47 is this color. This is the is sediments. This is our sedimentary
63:53 normally is like is a around range the five kilometers. Yeah.
63:59 And then see the those ones is got and those are the best and
64:07 radio heat production from this is the and the is the heat because it's
64:18 far to the mountain. And so are the that if you look at
64:24 curve. What do we learned what learned from this curve? This is
64:32 , this is a the crash and increase of the back they do have
64:44 increase of the Yeah, and then to the basement, go to even
64:53 kilometers deep. We still see the of the pit. I could go
65:04 direction, increase of the heat that can influence from the shallower than 20
65:16 . If you want to go to deeper your heat group will not really
65:21 too much. What that, that kind of the base, the or
65:32 that the 20 k do not really too much contribution. So why is
65:41 ? Yeah. Yeah. Yeah, a good, good question is that
65:45 we increase, you see from here here is increasing of the decrease of
65:52 , our increase and uh which which the 2000 hit hit. One is
66:01 radiogenic peat production from our sedimentary OK. We have uranium, we
66:10 have many kind of uh the even the potassium on those kind of
66:17 radiogenic elements will decay during the We will release the heat. That
66:24 how the radiogenic heat source comes from our set shallow that and we
66:31 more uh and uh for the for thunderstorm and the shells, the the
66:39 , the heat is different and uh uh because they do have different process
66:47 uh also you know, go to , you see the, the for
66:50 basement itself which generate the flow from radiogenic production. We also have that
66:58 uranium and those kind of things and to generate. And one go to
67:05 deeper is that the uranium and those of concentration become low. So the
67:12 will be increase our capability. In words, to the to the.
67:21 you can see that mainly from radio . And uh don't have definition
67:29 don't have definition here. He will the underlying from of the,
67:37 the temperature to 1333 133 degrees at very time and through the sediment to
67:50 ground. OK. And the rate flow, it depends on the two
67:58 . One is different in the ground the base temperature and more important as
68:08 contact of the service that the and and then uh this is the the
68:21 the unit with the square of and beta that the equal to the,
68:32 gradients and thermal conduction. Uh That one of the, one of
68:41 the concept. Yeah, that's, also also here you see that the
68:48 flu is actually the is the flu the higher heat flu to the
68:55 the higher temperature to the areas of temperature. Actually, the heat he
69:05 and uh you know, normally our the temperature is higher and uh go
69:12 the shadow of a temperature lower. , heat over, over the flow
69:17 the base, it should be from cell to the best. OK.
69:29 is the uh the model. So is, and become so he has
69:46 strong one and the one and uh the conductivity is about 2.6 per meter
70:00 . So, and uh this is of the, and the normal and
70:11 , that is uh about the about and 20 kilometers thick. And uh
70:20 you look at the Higgs equals to thermo conductivity and the times uh times
70:31 , the, the gradient, this some but this is some. And
70:38 for the normal, this is, is here, the heat flu is
70:42 28 millivolt per square meter. And if of the is go to the
70:51 kilometers, it's actually the heat this and uh it results in the,
71:03 think it was better. And then said, what what this do?
71:13 are some crazy. So this is this is that this G O and
71:24 for the th this is the actually 80 kilometers and the this per meter
71:33 meter increase, the it will increase 0.164 degrees K. That's the thing
71:48 uh this is then this the heat is high 42.6 m per square
71:59 And uh if the go to the normal standard people to think this is
72:05 and uh that's uh this is, is about 100 and 60 kilometers.
72:12 then you get out your, those gradients become smaller compared to normal because
72:22 number is smaller, the is smaller the same kind of, and then
72:29 heat blue is, is 25.3 in square meters. So this is the
72:39 . And another fact affect your model model. So you can check,
72:44 can check your, check your, there's three normally have three different,
72:50 different scenario. And the bin is , it doesn't use normal he flow
72:55 the can reach the generate the generate rich not profile curve and see that
73:05 with your not if not. OK. OK. I see that
73:13 that this is a which means you, you can increase your draw
73:18 of gradients and then have a higher numbers and check that model. That's
73:27 , that means they gave it a to some of Caribbeans and the parameter
73:34 and check your, check your And uh if that is not work
73:39 say OK, let, let me my some the, the the graduates
73:45 is uh assuming you have a this in, in your area and then
73:52 , check, check it out. this is uh just give you an
73:56 here. And he, we talk heat flow and uh also the equation
74:03 calculate heat. Those I think those are also important, very important
74:09 slides for us to understand the another which is hateful. So the once
74:18 , you, once you, because already build up your model is
74:22 this, those are the suggest you know, you, you can
74:26 your heter flow which is change your summer uh credits. So we had
74:40 , we changed the detail, we the model and it will give them
74:46 , we predicted to our. So we got predicted, yeah, that's
74:53 we do. Yeah. Yeah. , exactly. Yeah, that's,
74:57 exactly this graph show. And uh you know the reason why you change
75:04 heat flow. Yeah, because you the thermal gradients and why the gradients
75:10 change the at. That's basically the no knowledge is here say OK if
75:16 have a this is the this is how you heat flow because we talk
75:21 the heat flu, it's uh the the higher temperature, the lower this
75:29 this is the second is thin, thin. That means you have a
75:36 long, much longer, the longer you need to the the the transport
75:42 your heat from a high temperature to temperature. And then you draw some
75:46 the gradients still be this is the normally to the depth per meter of
75:56 thickness, how much temperature will be . And then you see that that's
76:03 the that's why the, the the point that the key point, key
76:07 which we really want to provide here that the heat, fluid heat flu
76:13 not only count our basin really building sedimentary uh our se sediments, I
76:25 need to count the best, best best to the, to the.
76:34 , you, you remember that that a very important things I learned today
76:40 the also I actually learn you thermal , you your thermal in your
76:48 not only affected by your sediments also much deeper to your investment is
77:00 not enough because is about maybe 10 of Taiwan. He look at
77:07 look at the normal our dis here about 100 and 20 kilometers. In
77:14 words, you know, our our hit our heart in the center
77:18 our earth, in the center of the the the the earth temperature is
77:25 , very hot and then go to go to the crust and the the
77:31 graduate temperature will decrease but much, hotter than our sediment base. So
77:41 that is our of gradients is not depends our sediment supply in the best
77:51 particularly determined by this. So that you have a, you have
78:01 this is that's only 80 kilometers and you get the gradient, you will
78:08 significantly increase compared to normal. This this is about 120 kilometers. If
78:17 go to think, think that this it got to 100 and 60 kilometers
78:23 your gradients become, that's the I think that's the one of the
78:30 concept to be. We, we , we learned at the bill flu
78:36 . He flu, sorry, he, he flu flu in the
78:40 . It depends on all depends on sediments in the basin. Al also
78:48 on the basement and uh that maybe , not enough. Also depends on
78:55 , this sick in your Yeah. . Let us look at the heat
79:13 current heat flu in the uh in earth. You see that this one
79:21 know that, OK. The back of this last if we have no
79:27 , no lie. This is 100 kilometers. The is about 28
79:35 Yeah, but the middle per square remember that that numbers and then go
79:45 you see that that some area, area here can this kind of the
79:50 fluke can reach up to 120 millivolts square meter. And the normal the
80:01 that is only 28 is about four higher, four times higher than
80:09 Yeah. And then you see I think it's the red area,
80:14 area all shows that is a Yeah, I think they don't sort
80:22 see that in the ocean. The the I think that's the called the
80:28 of the ocean and there's there's almost thickness of the crust and directly towards
80:38 towards the lower and lower class. , I, I started and uh
80:46 at the, the, the normal the area and they have to look
80:59 the, in a range of the to go to. Ok.
81:09 that means that means that what that , that means is if you want
81:14 look at your some resources, wherever go, we will go to
81:22 Yeah, there's the ocean here. if you go to land some,
81:30 , some area here, some some area here here here. And
81:34 if there's a big potential, we get that higher temperature at a relatively
81:41 depth. This is a useful, , nice, nice uh uh ma
81:52 uh this is a surface heater Look at the surface Helu some area
81:58 reach the 100 130. Those are area is good for the for the
82:08 resources and even, you know, , everything with the young Children beyond
82:16 normal as compared to 30 those, area is not good and the the
82:24 blue, dark blue area is not . And uh so here the yellow
82:31 , everything seems about the yellow area still still good, a good area
82:36 the OK. This is uh this a further you know, let's uh
82:46 introduce about the the gradient is equal that divided by the thermal conduction.
82:58 those are the, that's the, the is a that's uh the change
83:08 temperature, that change of the And that's why the units, if
83:13 look at the unit of gradients that C per meter. Yeah. So
83:21 actually the of this, this question and then you got the divided by
83:32 , divided by K. I think need to be introduced to two mathematical
83:42 today. That's all, all Very simple is that the first one
83:46 the D V divided by what D which is time, time.
83:55 volume change through the time of the equals to the volume change from initial
84:03 zero to the at time TV T different time K values at K equals
84:14 are use R equals to the A the exportation export export national of the
84:25 A minus E A which is the energy divided by the R comes,
84:34 very simple, very simple two equations three equations. So that is not
84:41 . But it is important for us remember and heat flow heat flow concept
84:51 uh equations how we can that the blue and gradients, all other things
84:59 we need to remember in particular, flu I that's really uh for
85:04 it's like I just learned that on flow is really not only depends on
85:13 sediment field in the sediment in the gas. Also significant difference on the
85:20 of a bat and the thickness of . That's a really, really important
85:29 . What do you mean like What do you need, seeking himself
85:38 best of the rock like that? da da normally we have very old
85:45 rocks, seeking the under the our and we call it the, there's
85:53 either rocks or morph rocks. Those the best of the best called the
86:03 of best. So I that's what refer in the basement of rock that
86:07 still, is you, normally it's basement of rock and its sickness about
86:12 , maybe, maybe the few few thickness. But what we talk about
86:19 heat flow if effect of the heat in the basin is talk about the
86:25 of the sphere sickness from 80 kilometers to the 168 kilometers. That is
86:35 really, really thick but that's OK . And uh it's this is the
86:45 is that I think this is the summary slide, you know this is
86:51 gradient and equal each flow divide by thermo after this a change of and
87:05 to the divided by the conductor that and then this is the blue.
87:16 blue is a Q which is designed the of the heat passing through a
87:26 area of the earth first surface per of time. Actually in the news
87:36 says that the data flow is a of surface temperature. It it does
87:47 uh and is divided from the two which is the thermal conductivity and the
87:55 , the ratings near the earth. the thermo radi is the, the
88:03 , this kind of thing divided by is actually that's the change of
88:12 Yeah. So that's kind of the with the, to, to,
88:27 uh the relationship of the heat flow the ad. And uh and the
88:37 gratings is that the one equal to K times the, that you look
88:46 this Q equal to one K similar what I, what I talk about
88:56 , very similar to the thermal conductivity the sediments in which the shallow gradient
89:06 determined is measured in the labor. the thermal conductivity it can be measured
89:13 the, in, in the laboratories on different matures. Those are
89:17 those are the joint distribution of you got different units like uh called
89:26 U units. It's a per I think its a kilo have but
89:41 the different uh different area, different have different topic. Let me see
89:48 the highest while we got to the of this and uh the geothermal areas
90:00 see that if you really want to reach the geothermal areas and have
90:06 , you want to your, the , you have to be great.
90:14 actually, if you are, I know if you get the conversion,
90:17 actually if you choose the, the per square meters and you, after
90:26 class you can, if you you can see that all these units
90:29 become how converge to think that that should Bachelor. And then this
90:39 a good about the thermal conductivity of normal rats. And uh just
90:47 the like a race. And uh see the shell have a low and
90:57 I and uh also is the ancient I for the, the conduct that
91:10 the effect of the pro also also effect of the process and the,
91:15 conductivity of the, the, the of the process is actually not decreases
91:27 the, the that means the, activity of the water, the fluid
91:35 lowest. Uh uh If you have , if we have a rock,
91:39 process, the process, they have higher. OK. I think that's
91:54 for this stuff. But I think worth of death and uh for
92:03 and based on the, this, uh this and profile uh the school
92:27 and so that suggest that what we constant, the rate and uh also
92:39 constant algorithms. And uh here is , I think it's uh so go
92:48 the, go to the, the formation here that let, let
92:53 let me explain this one. That's yes uh uh from this, this
93:01 , I do not really use the , they use the and use that
93:07 . So in and that's why the meaning of this time and time
93:17 those are the different formations, different . OK. The Cretaceous racks and
93:26 the index is all below the dash . This is the zone two,
93:33 two. This is something that in that's zone two actually, some uh
93:42 , can differentiate the different zones, to those three for five, those
93:49 zones are still corresponding to the five , which should we summarize that table
93:56 corresponding to some and the products. uh you see see here is the
94:03 and uh this is the the the before the means of here, this
94:09 the current, the the the conditions time is there. Yeah, and
94:17 that direction in time is increased back the geological time of rats in here
94:28 uh the the even even at you not, you really get into
94:35 tree yet. So if we have creator in this, this area did
94:43 really reach to the sub mature range . OK. And uh go to
94:50 rock rock result after 18 years, years and they get into the old
95:05 , change the origin because God got three already. OK. And uh
95:12 at the to the middle. Jura directs the significant portion of those things
95:20 the those three other one is a good, very good for the oil
95:30 oil generation. So if you have soft rat, this area and uh
95:36 the middle class, you already entered the chip of origination, you need
95:44 get the whole of oil and no any formations, those this area
95:52 those which is uh which is a . I think that you, you
96:02 the, you see the, the plots and gradually we removed to the
96:07 like this, the left side and have geological time, we have formations
96:15 do have in the, yeah, is a, that is like our
96:20 D one D model. But then the mate still go to the,
96:32 the, this this those ones from area, the dimensional area and uh
96:43 you can see that, see this the, the legends here,
96:48 yellow is really what true mature the . That's the problem which reflection from
96:57 to 0.7 green is the middle mature oil from 0.7 to one. The
97:05 is a letter mature the oil which to 1 to 1.3. And uh
97:12 , the, the point here at main gas emission from 1.3 to
97:19 OK. OK. OK. This the based on model based on
97:23 model, predict line profile and uh the in this it match very
97:36 I suggest I suggest that, you , you your model build up the
97:44 and you should a very good And then after that, when,
97:55 you start getting into the pickle or at your green ale and people,
98:04 the 2000 interest and then get into very important to the recognition.
98:18 that is actually in the range of , in a range of this range
98:25 the, of the 23, not range for the or the, or
98:33 what else? Yeah, I think a, that's important, that's the
98:39 important information we make the decision, already discussed this one already. And
98:48 come to, to you very similar , to the Haiti, you,
98:52 , you OK. And uh if look at this, this line,
98:59 is, and, and uh this , this side, put the,
99:17 this column here that the formation formation , this, this is very
99:25 You at the end, you know , the, the the, you
99:28 that you best model modeling without and present in this and you will
99:34 you will read the information from OK? And uh look at your
99:40 AX, this is your time, is your geological path. So the
99:46 time is here, this is your situation, this is your current situation
99:53 your, for this. Well, . And uh and that is
99:59 and then look at your, here have a zone two which is
100:05 the two, the two in the line, yellow, yellow area
100:12 two and those three that in the area, those those in the red
100:25 back to the daughter for this You can see that you know
100:34 so that, that this, that , this is the geological time that
100:39 age of and we know about particular . Yeah, for your information.
100:52 then what you can see that is if you look at the yellow
100:59 it's actually the the onset of your sauce rocket enter the the generation.
101:07 that we look at the critical Please tell me the critical time of
101:12 onset of our generation in this, this class. Where is the critical
101:21 ? Yeah, I really, you know what your color is.
101:25 . So many years ago and uh format this formation, this formation and
101:35 but not this, not everything Yeah, everything that the rest of
101:42 formation is not really get into that should get support, support and support
101:51 . OK? If my source rack source rock interval, this it's the
102:00 is fine. OK. This is social and uh what is the critical
102:07 ? What is the critical time for located here? Yeah, yeah,
102:17 25 and about 25 years to like into the the generation of the oil
102:27 uh what the value of the is 20 million. But actually what
102:36 And uh what is the current current if you go here? Go
102:43 you know this is the zero is in the range of the or that
102:50 that under the current condition on the condition, you are still the source
102:55 in the pick off or OK, the, that is for the older
103:02 . And uh let us let us few more things, a few more
103:06 . Now, suppose this still looking those that bomb and we have a
103:19 sentiment to reach and because the longer of time, yeah, and then
103:29 you see that, that the increasing the what happens that stops quickly and
103:42 you receive the segments from the other of the very short period, the
103:52 time tier, we really think, of the sediments increase and then you
104:04 to this park and then you see second is red, supply is less
104:12 low and without, without your increase material and six is not that.
104:23 the further what here you see that that you have a really slower,
104:30 se reach and period of this And uh but there still subsides,
104:38 receive the statement from the past the side of the and about five million
104:45 ago or two million years ago. uh the the person starts to
104:50 start again. So you see the increase of your sickness in a very
104:57 period of time. So this is that is the kind of things that
105:01 can read, you can read from process. That's a very, that's
105:09 I say that very useful. You , it's a and uh and let
105:14 , let me just think about the about that. Suppose, suppose this
105:19 our of high pro pro and the pro and the high and uh the
105:31 . Let, let me, let ask you a question. What is
105:34 critical time? What is the critical for the reservation? Yeah. At
105:41 reservoir at the reservoir which is the time this time on that, on
105:50 model? Yeah, on this this is algorithm. Yes, five
105:57 ago. It's uh actually, I I many years ago is not really
106:11 . It, the reason is that they start your, your your.
106:19 yeah, you only need, you have a good rock. You need
106:24 have, you need to have you have a support, you see
106:31 rock and then you say until this rock is deposit and then you
106:38 to see start to, to, have a have your effective skills
106:46 which will be a very, I think. All right, that's because
106:55 is uh how our our the Yeah. Yeah. So that's
107:04 that's the how you know, we at those, those, those,
107:07 those graph and you will learn a . You, you read this plot
107:11 you will learn a lot and if is true or not, everything depends
107:17 your collaboration. Yeah, you, calibrate your sub maturity, some maturity
107:25 , that kind of model. And we still need to check back,
107:28 suppose that if I read all the that I say, OK.
107:32 And by critical of the formation coming for 10 million years ago before the
107:42 effective trap did not do it because series is still not developed yet.
107:49 uh and then you need to, locate your reference, the reference to
107:53 others because this is you, you really, everything depends on the model
107:58 . You need to check with, with your real geology. You make
108:03 model here, suppose you have geological knowledge here, here, here
108:10 here. And then you have some say, OK, my, what
108:13 geological models tell us and then OK, this is the my,
108:19 modeling results match the real geology. , you need to check, you
108:25 to check how your statement from modeling March to the geology of March.
108:33 that is the, I think that the, all the things which I
108:36 tell from this graph. And uh will do that. This is very
108:42 . This is very use. That's I say the best mode is
108:47 Best model is important. OK. . That's, this is a,
108:57 , that's I think it's almost I assuming this assuming this is so and
109:02 you can, that you can see what is the, what, what
109:07 the real critical time time? And this one critical time? Five.
109:19 . Five. And uh that the, that's the big real and
109:28 to everything if you tap, if trap the formula before 35 minutes,
109:39 it's not good for the oil or . But uh if the plan formula
109:47 close the very a to, to , to the situation and then if
109:55 is a high possibility that all any question refer to this graph,
110:17 you read the, read the, , if you see something here on
110:21 , uh you know, those, the curves using your geology technology,
110:26 your geochemist knowledge, using whatever knowledge have. And uh you can it
110:32 here, you can put the, know, tell the, tell the
110:36 , tell the geology story. And you tell the geology story, if
110:42 ge story is true or not you need to really check with the
110:47 geology. OK? And uh for maturity to go to the app creation
111:00 the before you know, you have as and uh we explain it to
111:06 deeper racks. And now we see those rocks got the zoom, which
111:13 yes. So you see that is if you say that when, if
111:20 , if the, if the, the source rock and when you start
111:26 yes, natural death. Yeah. the meaning is to and those,
111:34 , those the, the, the the uh and, and that means
111:43 you have a traps forms adjacent to one, that gene gas can be
111:49 and charge trap. OK? This uh I definitely need to need you
112:04 understand that this kind of plots because is the house how that's best
112:11 That is the the hidden working You, you did this kind of
112:16 . Yeah, you this kind of , you need to tell the stories
112:21 your thought that generation explosion and your information time and your critical time for
112:31 your trap information and your effective trap related to your block. OK?
112:39 you will put the information real information the in this kind of plots.
112:45 , I definitely want you to understand one. And uh of course,
112:50 is the final product we talk about lot. I to say that after
112:54 class, each of us, each us all can read this plots,
113:01 the previous plots and those are called system system elements and the processing through
113:10 time at the at the beginning, I said that we have five,
113:16 , we have system including five geological and five geological processes. Yeah.
113:23 let us see that. And then , they got actually the, they
113:28 a, they have a sea they have, they have. So
113:33 are the five elements, geological We have the and uh if you
113:40 at this summary, pay attention to , those are the geological time.
113:47 that today, present time, the day since the time is there.
113:54 this is for that. OK. uh this is the, this is
114:01 , the elements of geological events at , this is this one, you
114:07 that, see that those, those geological age, the name of the
114:17 uh if you get this end there people, when you talk to the
114:26 geologist that they will follow you, ? 100 million, 100 million,
114:37 actually, it is actually made of you need this, you have a
114:46 of this, this, this uh those are, those are those
114:53 All the other computer can I can , those, those, yeah,
115:00 things, the table that's useful. then, then they say,
115:08 which is the sauce rack. This my sauce rack. What about
115:19 And now you say, OK, ritual is by here? The origin
115:29 , that the deposits, the classic , red, the time you see
115:38 timing and you see the timing. sounds like the, yeah, that's
115:45 good. That's a good. And you see the is actually same time
115:53 that you have. So the red have. So that's, and then
116:04 see all the, after the open is the deposit started the late,
116:11 early of all the way to the that all the open. OK.
116:24 is the old one. You get open the village to this stuff.
116:32 , it's a, it's a over rock referring to the rocks because the
116:39 city on top of OK, I on top of, on top of
116:47 , see the red light here, will open the bracket much longer
116:57 Um um Yeah, is important because the I will accomplish. Oh
117:11 the, yeah, anything. The the, both the, both the
117:18 the, the, the uh and , and, and the push to
117:25 the Yeah. OK. OK. will do the top formation. Formation
117:34 here that we have formation and uh at our generation of explosion. This
117:49 a generation, this generation to that . Is that actually that the,
117:58 so very clearly we are with our the the generation that starts at this
118:07 of time of creation. But the occurring and to the the middle of
118:17 , why, why, why the generation time is uh is uh earlier
118:27 the old pressure and enough time to the first build out. And in
118:37 words, the oil is not like and you need to reach that the
118:46 to that, that the, the , the oil and then they are
118:52 to do the app version that you , I I'm very glad that that
118:58 the knowledge which we, which we before, we will use that use
119:03 here to, to understand that it's or not reasonable. You will use
119:09 as much. And uh and now say, OK, this is,
119:15 uh you say that the oil generation is actually stops oil generation stops for
119:21 case around four years. But that that you know, very deep,
119:27 , deeper, which is difficult for . And that's why the generation if
119:41 the and the generation of the so that's actually the exposure is not
119:55 . So they do have a critical here. See that say the critical
120:00 here, direct to the time to generation exposure I think to the critical
120:10 because time is here. And the critical time is here actually to the
120:16 of the explosion. That means there no, the pressure is pressure alone
120:21 there's no enough pressure to let the be spelled out. So actually,
120:29 that that means that if you if you trap for the fail the
120:34 in some some area, here is kind of here. Uh you see
120:43 see this is very important, this very important slide. And uh I
120:48 want to, to read each other you understand that all the, all
120:53 concept, all the, all the , what we, what are we
120:59 in the last few days? And it's easier for you to understand
121:05 understand that this this this chat, charge, that is how the how
121:13 the you know this if you bring charge, if you bring this type
121:18 geologist, geologist will appreciate that, they can, they can understand that
121:23 , you gave a little the the explanation as to how those things
121:29 Many geologists that they can read this this plot and uh almost everybody,
121:38 can read this, this one. , can read this one because that's
121:42 . That's ok. So over pressure the generation of the critical time and
121:50 they say, OK, you critical of critical time for the charge is
121:57 30 minutes is uh in the, the uh and that another risk,
122:11 of less than 10 million years, million years ago because of the
122:17 And uh the the the not enough allow the oil gets built out.
122:24 it's a convenience for that. Is kind of risk five, their critical
122:39 maybe star right here since your trap already in place and you are,
122:45 have generations of happening that window. , I think it's a simple and
122:59 I would say that the reason why the the person put a critical time
123:06 is OK. This time hydro generation but they still have and uh they
123:15 uh almost they have a transformation almost time. So they put this is
123:20 , that, that means that this also the the chance of risk come
123:27 the critical and anything, anything that know from here to here at all
123:33 for the regular charging. But after , after this, this time,
123:39 will be a risk. OK? when I was, yeah, I
123:52 it had to be like, why you say it was a risk?
124:09 one? Yeah, this one is because uh you know, the this
124:14 should be I I don't think this is the same, the, the
124:20 as this one. It's the, reason, the reason is we see
124:24 conti regeneration continue a generation of of the hydrocarbons. Uh And to
124:32 reason reason from this chat. And uh from here you see that
124:37 we saw like the generation stops How can cause the generation stops?
124:44 means your temperature getting cooler. What means you, you reach the sub
124:51 reach the maximum of temperature deposition and the temperature is the hardest. And
124:58 the only things you can that stop reactions is happening, your uplift and
125:07 your temperature get cooler, temperature gets and then it actually stops. So
125:14 is why that's, that's why I it's the one of the critical at
125:21 you. Yeah, that's that I is that this is very useful,
125:32 useful chat and the hidden you can this chat to get to the,
125:36 to the the generate this kind of from for your work. Yeah.
125:46 questions. OK. I think it's we are good and uh OK.
125:55 is uh let me, let me this two slides, three slides and
126:00 we can, we can have a . And uh I think this is
126:06 , another key studies and still OK? That mean still change the
126:17 about the many years, this period time, what happens in the,
126:24 this everything older than 10 years for . OK. That's why, that's
126:33 you see that here. 707 125 , that's the reason you do not
126:48 care about this, you really care this book. OK? And then
126:56 is the, the time scale and and the, the protection and this
127:05 the, this is the additional for and then put the and for that
127:19 the play groups and the awesome shop the group. And the,
127:26 and this is the soft rock. is the rock and the, the
127:37 and uh for the rock that this is the coming of the,
127:47 formation that is about the for the my OK. And then that's because
128:00 focus on the focus on real and look at the red, red actually
128:08 they are almost over. So like that the overlap with the, with
128:16 , with our uh and look at rocks is different, got the same
128:26 almost same as our and the over racks. Oh This is the over
128:33 the after that, after the, position, all the and the top
128:42 , look at the top formation. have a actually the, the form
128:49 the form from the 14, 10 from now. And uh also have
128:58 in conditional pa pa this area out . So after that, you
129:06 if, if you look at this processes going take to the almost over
129:11 . And then when I saw that , before I look at this this
129:15 , I say, OK, the time definitely some somewhere here.
129:19 it's a critical time here because this the two events taking place. So
129:24 want to, you definitely want to at that possibility, right? Put
129:29 critical time here. Yeah. And the generation migration on the OK.
129:36 are the or the or the the the generation, OK? And the
129:51 , very good preservation conditions. That's the that's why you see that any
129:58 from the is all good and critical where the critical time and at that
130:07 , we need to focus about the the salt formation, how the that
130:18 focus, you focus, you look that and uh also if you look
130:25 the the here for me, I is that if you have a
130:30 you do have a generation, do pre generation, you still have
130:34 possibility to form the form the type traps out there is alleged after this
130:42 time but the critical time and then then questions with this. OK.
130:55 great. And this, this one already, you know, we the
131:01 the, this is the first time do the, the the the before
131:05 introduce everything about base modeling. We this plus plus. And now if
131:11 look at this one, yes, understand that. And uh one go
131:16 those three, those are the three the four is the sum and those
131:24 your product. And the is and it will be very easily to
131:31 this. I think that's it. all what should be through the,
131:48 , the, the this afternoon portion first portion of the talk and we
131:54 discuss more in the, we will more in the after our break that
131:59 , have a 10 minutes break. . OK. Yeah. And uh
132:07 , we talk about a lot about of Petro generation and a few
132:11 those we already talk about about And those are, we also talk
132:16 it and those are, we also about it. We show some key
132:22 here and I show this, this before in the morning. And uh
132:28 it's uh it's uh how the, different uh geological uh the,
132:37 the history affect the petro generation. that's one you see that, that
132:43 is the time, I think the X excess is time, Y excess
132:50 death. And you see that, the time it's a continuous today,
132:57 time in increasing the continuous continuous linear of the death, which is uh
133:06 is the corresponding to our linear And here this is uh some period
133:14 time they bounce back, up, and then continue subsidence. And that
133:21 our, you see that this continuous point edge for our first time and
133:29 some uplift with some time and get zero point and here we have
133:38 we have, and then, and have a zero and this one have
133:49 continuously the, the position that the, the rate is higher so
133:57 they get the flat, the higher time. So once we understand
134:03 the, the, the profile and easy for us to understand this
134:09 Yeah. OK. And uh one the goal for us, we want
134:16 look at the, how the, , the, the, the variation
134:23 the best or original. So that, that means we need to
134:28 a map and uh the is not and this go to the, those
134:33 go to two 3d. So that's go to map, everything will be
134:39 . So this, this step of best you see the depth of the
134:43 . OK. Yeah. And what you see once you see the
134:51 , you can quickly quickly come up joke geometry of the best in
134:56 the, the for your, like one have a deep here to the
135:05 . And uh then if you look the, the, which is the
135:13 constant uh about 2.5 degree and the is actually have a higher. And
135:27 again, the, the of the of, especially if the,
135:33 the, the gradient is 2.2 point or 2.5. And now it's increasing
135:40 3.7. And you see that significant , significant change you change the before
135:51 that is only about 0.6. Now reach at 1.8 that significant change.
135:59 , you have and, and once have this model and then see compare
136:04 your real geology and you, you measure which are the two constrain
136:10 model. And then you will determine one is right. And this is
136:16 gradients and uh do some gradients and , they use the different gradients at
136:22 area. And that showed the this result in a map. And uh
136:29 we already, we already discuss them , many times about this five.
136:35 still the most important slide. We to remember it and this comparison we
136:42 do the same. And so that's quick review questions, zones of hydrocarbon
136:49 and the explosion. How many What are the characteristic products? So
136:54 think you have a clearly picture in mind. Yeah, for this
137:00 And the second one is that the induces of maturity is that is uh
137:06 15 plus hydrocarbon concentrations C C I that is direct uh in,
137:14 in indicator of the maturity. And water problem is those, those things
137:20 cause some uh because the contamination is and also we have a significant loss
137:25 the large hydrocarbons. So we lose information, but that's this is still
137:31 information and uh it's under the, OK. That's the question. I
137:37 answer this. That and the issues direct use of maturity based on the
137:42 mobile components and the mis misinterpretation cause non indi indued standing of the rocks
137:52 migrate m flus and also contamination of dreaming flus. And uh now we
138:00 to the hydrocarbon migration trap and the how toco expulsion and migration. I
138:11 think it's the, I already describe , this this slide but I still
138:16 to emphasize a little bit more. , so we have the, we
138:21 at the scale that is the, about the trans and uh then we
138:29 a different scale and the microscope scale reached about the about this scale as
138:36 look at the paper, same sections the organic and that this year and
138:43 because the S C M still reaches nanometers and they go to the even
138:51 scale, we look at the and molecule that actually even the molecule levels
138:59 . So we, we really deal with with the very big scale variation
139:04 we talk on the migration and the and uh those kinds of things and
139:09 factors to controlling the hydrocarbon generation on expulsion. It's of course, that
139:15 formation of organic matter sediments and the of the hydrogen rich organic matter and
139:21 thermal maturation of organic matter. And generation of the critical moment of hydrocarbon
139:27 overcome the retention capacity of source rocks generation of excess whole pressures to induce
139:36 fraction of source rocks. You once you read all this sentence in
139:41 mind, you definitely linked with some graphs which what we're showing in our
139:48 . Yeah, how the pressure created the increasing of the generation of the
139:54 matter in the oil and the And also we, we know that
139:59 needed to reach some critical command in to overcome the absorption and generate the
140:06 that those are the make that your amount of oil generator is enough
140:13 expel out all things and the and factor to controlling the uh hydrocarbon
140:21 you need to, if you have continued compaction of the source, that
140:27 a significantly reduce the property and also the temperature. Yeah, compa release
140:37 hydrocarbons in quantities exceeding the reac retention of carrier bands. I told that
140:45 that, you know, we the one we talked about. So the
140:48 source rock source rock, which oil to meet the minimum requirement of the
140:54 rock itself have retention. And uh the gene oil expelled out of from
141:03 getting carrier ba only about uh only the maybe 10% or 15% of the
141:10 can be accumulated in the traps. about the 90% of the oils expelled
141:18 source rocks get into the courier base other residue of oil in to keep
141:26 , the, the lost in the base. Because the carrier beds have
141:30 pro you, you in order to , you will overcome the pre capital
141:36 and you need to replace the water the, in the, the,
141:41 your, your post and then you the, the, the capital pressure
141:47 uh C 00 projection. It the uh CO2 injection is not related CO2
141:56 . You can inject your CO2 to carrier base and those, those can
142:02 the remain residual oil. And that's your, increase your oil production,
142:09 your CO2 can be dissolved in your base in the water and that can
142:15 the recovery. Yeah, but that is that uh that's not related
142:20 the generation, enrich the CO2 C CO2, the storage and the presence
142:27 the porous um pre carrier beds adjacent the source rocks and the stretch graphic
142:32 construct structure, inter relation ships that various two migration traps. That's uh
142:42 , we already did the to talk all those things. And we have
142:47 talked about the concept to a barrier of unit volume of oil pro source
142:53 , generate the oil generator from source and increase the pressure and those kind
143:00 increased pressure that uh could be caused fracture generation in the source wraps are
143:09 is for the oil expo expulsion when have a OK. Let's just talk
143:19 the expulsion mechanisms. Petro expelled petrom expelled from the. So at continuous
143:29 fi along interconnect the character networks. is the one statement. In other
143:36 , you know, we, we about the heterogeneity of the organ distribution
143:42 the shells and the organic matter can paired, they distributed around London.
143:49 those things can be the form that connected in network which that's called the
143:58 networks as the, as the the explosion. And that's the first
144:08 Second point of mobilization will take place after enough hydrocarbons have been formed to
144:16 the retention capacity of both organic network the mineral metrics of source rocks.
144:23 think you can follow the second point it means you have to generate enough
144:29 . And the first, they need meet the retention of the organs and
144:36 mineral hospitals in the source rock before expelled out of your source.
144:42 That is what you mean. Second , third point is transit micro fractures
144:49 in some sort as a result of increased internal pressure which is associated with
144:55 hydrocarbon generation, provide expulsion avenues for hydrocarbons. This is what we already
145:02 about those things. This is about expulsion mechanisms and uh natural pressure
145:12 That's we, we, we already about this. And uh you
145:16 that's uh as a really valve, kind of the, that simple because
145:20 some vessels with this valve and when pick it up, then to add
145:26 pressure and then you have to release pressure that's release the pressure and then
145:33 continue to generate oil and gas and to the build up pressure and eventually
145:39 will expel the up out there. that's uh those are called natural pressure
145:45 . And uh I think the point make here is called the fresh oil
145:51 require over pressure. That's uh that that generate the, the exposure is
145:58 required the overpressure how you generate over . That is a hydrocarbon gene generation
146:05 converted to the oil and gas. uh over pressure require pressure. Seeing
146:11 is the pressure that means that you need to the good seal to generate
146:17 pressure, clarify the minerals and can as a the and the system are
146:28 sourcing, self sealing and the self the reservoir. And the many seals
146:34 transit trans being formed by the system the bridge or destroyed by the system
146:41 the generation. So that means that , your se system is uh it
146:48 be destroyed as well in somehow you to evaluate your se system. That's
146:52 the petroleum system, you know, you see the petroleum system and uh
146:57 chat and you see the, what the critical time for the formation.
147:03 if the after that, if you have a uplifting, generate some fractures
147:09 the forces in your cell that can them cause you the destroy it.
147:15 uh I don't want to spend too time for him, but I want
147:19 go through a little bit of this . So we have this three percent
147:27 4% of which. And uh the, the is 1.3 and the
147:37 open market is 1.3 of the where and the oil and the gas.
147:53 then we see that the, the in the carbon content because the,
147:59 gene oil gas and some better So the carbon increase to from 74%
148:09 2%. But the is reduced because , because the the the the that
148:18 less becomes less. So the volume reduced and that 7%. And how
148:25 oil generation is only small of oil if you make a numbers all
148:34 that gene oil is not enough to the whole system in the rocks
148:42 What that means you do not have access amount of oil available to be
148:49 out so that this is not it's not effective. So you have
148:55 not have enough oil can be expelled . So that's this uh this is
149:06 the two things is, is, some maturation, not reach, reach
149:11 maturation yet. That is the one . The second thing is the top
149:20 . I I think it's a you the whole calculation you don't need.
149:26 you do not really work on the modeling, you don't need to understand
149:29 these things. But, but you the concepts, the concepts we already
149:35 about before and uh if you really on the high carbon generation system,
149:40 need to, you need to clearly the how you call this.
149:49 what's this one says this internal migration the rock is mainly involves movement of
149:57 literally along parallel the bedding uh surfaces oil generating from the organic matter is
150:10 towards the open fractures on the po part, part fraction fractures on the
150:20 trust transverse to the bedding, the carry oil from the pats to expulsion
150:32 . What are the key points is actually say that if you have a
150:36 generated, you have a fracture developed of the high pressure and uh along
150:42 beddings, what I describe that in in the picture say, OK,
150:47 a the bedding, organic bedding, distributed bedding. But those organic match
150:53 be connected to organ match connected interconnected . So the field with oil and
150:59 those can see those things can be out along the interconnected organic a network
151:06 also can be filled into the the the matrix systems during the during that
151:15 of internal migration. And this, , we, we show that he
151:22 the shell already, I don't want , those, those we, we
151:26 describe that on the, this is the uh from some and those ones
151:36 we see that the, some pressure build up from the, from the
151:43 of the origin which and uh I we, we, we show this
151:50 one before it's called a genetic classification system, including the generation system on
151:58 migration and generation. Uh The system uh including and the normal under and
152:08 the chat. And uh it all on, depends on availability of the
152:15 the sub maturity of the rock and availability of the here is dr style
152:23 can be bad or drainage and in can be a high and uh also
152:33 law in independent and eventually the control is according to the qualifier selected from
152:41 three catalogs. Actually the the the , OK. The migration is controlled
152:52 high pressure differences. The flow flow the high pressure to low pressure
152:57 This moment may be either be parallel in certain in certain circumstances should also
153:07 be normal to be. And uh graph just uh I just want to
153:13 some explanation here is based on the . If you look at the gravity
153:20 and the force are from a high to the low position, this is
153:25 energy variable. Yeah uh on uh but you have a, some,
153:32 uh and the barriers that this part this, that higher and not all
153:38 . And uh over this uh then and another one is uh based on
153:44 voice and the voice that is because difference of. So that's the
153:51 So the this downward is, and this is about the policy and see
153:57 , the area for the gravity variable is the force that become a barrier
154:06 the energy barrier again. So actually the the the the the upward
154:14 those are 22 forces to make the migration migration from a high pressure to
154:23 pressure. So for gravity force is the high to low and for force
154:31 low to high because the density the the next slide I think that's
154:37 , this is this is that this gravity, there's no graphic differences here
154:44 everything is by the water. And if you have oil, oil density
154:49 lower than the water so that you have a gratitude for. And uh
154:56 is graph is so you gotta go direction and uh for, for the
155:02 and even is that even larger So this is uh this is the
155:10 the the the explanation and this graph that all the formation water both very
155:20 uh with water is on the and a different color, different uh different
155:32 . What temperature, temperature voice and the gas to that. And uh
155:42 increasing the increase of the is actually the voice. This is about the
155:56 of the hybrid dynamics and the displacement oil and electron. It's actually
156:02 just to show the three case three of standard and the one is no
156:09 . There's no, no, not the normal, normal the
156:17 It's uh if you do the hydraulic studies, you know, recharge,
156:24 , recharging from your, your your and then to formation. But like
156:31 one, there's no recharge, there's additional source water. So everything the
156:37 safe, stay safe. So what with the oil? You have
156:42 oil under water and uh you know the the the oil and the oil
156:48 the water that is large and not the the decline, the the
156:56 But if you have more water you can have water flow. You
157:01 the additional water come in to your . And then what happens? You
157:07 some water, bring some definitely bring water in and then to see that
157:11 water and the oil and the water interface is not, it become
157:18 This it's reasonable. Yeah, because have a, you, you have
157:23 water flash in this direction and uh some oil flow through this direction.
157:30 then if you look at the, have a very strong water and
157:35 you almost, you almost destroy the , the oil, that's we have
157:42 here. And then you, you the, this, this, this
157:46 all we have water and the this, this is a kind of
157:52 things we will talk next week about , the degradation caused by the water
158:00 can alter the oil quality. So give a, give you an idea
158:05 the about the uh how influence of hydraulic, what dynamics to the oil
158:12 water preservation and the hydrocarbon migration is part of the system current system.
158:21 have a prostate and uh forecast from as the best structure style and out
158:31 carbon dynamic gradients and distribution of the and the present and the P S
158:43 and the carrier be including the sorry balls, including the permeable base and
158:51 some graphic lens and some channels and structures, joints and folds and the
158:59 conformity structures. Those are the carrier . And uh so let see here
159:04 , that shows that and you have in parallel ma know that uh that
159:11 center of the and that of the, the, the the center
159:17 see the, the, the the better depth here is deeper than the
159:24 the center to the edge. So happens if you have a here,
159:29 best center, your formation in the, the form this kind of
159:34 and the not the the angles. so you, you flu it can
159:40 easily later along the because of the , the voice to the,
159:47 you see that the direction the expo from center to the edge. And
159:57 is the case at all the And uh for this, this that
160:09 me about how are you going? no explosion, no expulsion because export
160:29 that it means that you, you to have enough oil. And so
160:34 have the and that the excess oil be. That means this, this
160:40 , the maturity is old, so enough oil. So that's why the
160:46 not really reach the explosion. Uh the but the this small bad they
160:54 some oil so that all the oil expelled have a very adjacent the structure
161:04 408. What else? Yeah, , I think that's it.
161:12 and then also have a different, can evaluate the estimate the oil
161:18 in the different different and uh based the, based on the C 15
161:27 and the yield and uh can ran the different actor in different formations and
161:35 distance of migration and uh can be by the structure style and relatively short
161:44 that 10 miles, 10 miles. relatively short distance. Yeah. Think
161:50 that. It's including the North Sea the Mars and in from, and
162:04 long distance can be 100 mile, miles, 100 miles that's from,
162:10 almost from the, you know, to Austin. Yeah. 100
162:17 Yeah. That's a fall on the , fall on the best and actually
162:20 have a long migration. OK. are some examples just to give you
162:27 uh some examples. This is this is a long time, the
162:32 generation from here on average, average to the to, to the very
162:39 . So this is the, this the 100 degree 106 degree F as
162:44 limit. Anything over here, it the onset of oil generation.
162:50 but anything over here, those rock immature. Anything in the, in
162:57 traps is all rich oil from from the rock, the mature.
163:05 if you look at the, the oil signature oil signature and there's
163:12 , there's a very important factor that want to see that on the rat
163:21 here, that the deep, this deep with the, the,
163:27 the 0.7 and the is 3.7, one is about seven. This one
163:36 that means that those are the, are the, the, the oil
163:40 come from the same source rock that you look at the, look at
163:45 oil, she see, she see are different. That could be really
163:52 oil from here getting to mature and know actually they have a can be
164:00 out. Yeah, oil reached some and spelled out oil from here is
164:09 out and charge them to, to here or could it be that
164:16 the the, they use a very , very deep oil. And that
164:30 here because the oil from 22 to to 46 same source oil that have
164:40 oil quality because they generate at different that just uh just to give you
164:51 example about migration. And this is , this is the, the uh
164:58 see like the whole different of This, this is the deposition
165:06 very deeper and some oil is actually reach to and the, the the
165:14 structure to the higher areas. Exactly you look at the scale of scales
165:20 the beginning, this this 15, K and uh this is also the
165:33 kind of and just shows that all of both. So both group that
165:41 do have a have migration directions in migration direction can be migration along here
165:53 . Yeah. And uh just put window, the window which is the
166:01 , which is the carrier reservoir which the the new things happen and it
166:19 the, the geological lower points As those, those are the some
166:32 tables about the, the, the petroleum system for the basic ones and
166:39 the Bima ice box and of the oil. And also you don't need
166:44 read these tables. This is too . You don't need to know too
166:49 about those things. There's too, many inspections and I don't want to
166:54 you just uh just you see that geo chems are organic geochemist and we
166:59 that what each, what each parameters the, referring to how we use
167:05 things. You don't need to know . And they just said that organic
167:08 the organic geochemist. They are doing lot of those things and uh to
167:14 the oil, oil, oil source . And this is another one is
167:21 studies and show the long migration called multiple migration positive exist in a single
167:28 producing accumulation with different characteristics. And so the, the I think that
167:35 , you can see that they have that they have thought that here here
167:44 see this is not the previous developed and here and also the of developed
167:56 . And uh you see the has and it can be can be charged
168:08 to the structure, high area and the oil can be here and also
168:15 oil can not and they can charge up here. And if they developed
168:22 this is very complex complex geology and that this is the Gulf of Mexico
168:34 the, the, the soft rock in here, all the formula primary
168:44 that means oil generates charge, that a very a structure. And later
168:53 of techno electronics, additional force such and migration, destroy the, destroy
169:01 original oil fields and the oil field the field can be M and into
169:11 cell structure plans. Which is, are the, the, the formula
169:19 all preserved in the primary field. is the, this is about mechanical
169:26 tracking mechanisms and that's what I receive . And uh we, we already
169:38 this one. This is the all the two relevant and source system.
169:44 is the associate associate each other in terms of the space special
169:51 Now this one, this is the and this oil is coming can come
169:58 here and uh the, the both the car head and both the structure
170:05 on the floor on the re and those, those things, you
170:10 there is a, there is a association between the red bar and the
170:17 this is uh do not really associate each other. That is the oil
170:22 here. And the and then you build the, the along the on
170:29 oil. But those, those oil not that this uh this the
170:43 we already, I think we already about this one, you know,
170:46 we have a generation. But those are the on the and the
170:56 is very high now and then one oil is along the and some structure
171:05 here. And also, and also flu can be mad along the floor
171:14 then goes to the top. It not have good here and the temperature
171:20 can be to the and uh to to the app and this is the
171:34 uh the the graph show similar similar the the concept of this is
171:39 But here the oil can be the on the to the and do not
171:52 to the to the. Yeah, are the the two kind of mechanisms
172:00 the propose of the migration concept so the migration concept. Those things,
172:09 better parallel is personal migration, which what we discussed before. It always
172:15 , always important to invest. And and gene oil can be along the
172:22 and to, to the, to . So that's called the, it's
172:35 this one is called a better kind migration. This support is the is
172:41 highest point in the, in the , in the, in the
172:45 And uh those are the points that oil. So gene oil can be
172:51 the to the to, to to the highest point that those call
172:56 the whole. Those two. we already, we already uh show
173:04 key studies of this those two and they generate some kind of uh easy
173:10 jobs and help us to understand and come up here. So this is
173:16 very parallel. So we have a course, we have a, you
173:22 a, you have a chance We have and have a look at
173:27 , the geometry which you will the more likely you will receive the
173:35 . OK. Bye which you know a AAA and the in the medium
173:50 see the 555 which your, that A actually what A set A
174:03 B and C to receive the Yeah, that is a, that
174:08 a very simple, simple concept is would say if you try form the
174:14 to your source. So for it will have a higher possibility to
174:22 it because it will take less migration M M OK? And uh
174:34 this is the, we already show one, you know, this is
174:37 best and the, and this one this shows the shows the, the
174:48 and uh and check into the, track that places we show that already
175:04 is a higher cut migration migration associated the system. You know, the
175:11 , not the the information that I the have a have a Yeah.
175:19 this is the, we have uh top of oil window here is
175:26 this is all like the, the, the the carrier mass and
175:33 those carrier in Taiwan natural migration of of carbon and just below the performance
175:42 that is the status 18 miles miles , you know, and you can
175:57 a accumulate all accumulation somewhere here that 18 miles is about 160 miles.
176:05 the learn of my, this is case is about to show the vertical
176:14 a dissociation source system. This is central graph of North Sea and the
176:22 . So this and this is the generate top of oil window and there
176:29 track our as we operation OK. to the carrier systems and this is
176:46 generation and uh OK. This is the this migration is the those
176:53 those are the center of the and different color shows the zoom, the
177:00 color is doom three and the yellow do four and got the virus last
177:09 and the yellow color is blue and the very good. And uh and
177:20 look at the migration explosion that all the to the of the his older
177:34 what else? Ok. This is case and a a and the the
177:45 area has human mature also. And all all the and the, and
177:58 this time the the the first day produce the data in the on the
178:11 day. What what? Oh, is a 15 million years ago that
178:19 situation. So 15 million years ago uh this area which the area under
178:29 I really, it's a lot cheaper uh but the the the current
178:37 if you look at the mature mature , it's really big, really
178:43 So all the oil in the reach and not the over there, if
178:49 is available, that's what that tells from 15 million years to to
178:58 It's actually that the getting more mature of the work. Think about the
179:14 will be very continuously. Yeah, the and receive the more, receive
179:24 sediments in the in the and that increase the of this area. And
179:33 you see that 50 years many years , the area too much but only
179:43 a very, very low limit. of the you OK. What this
179:55 is this like generate migration and in dark river which is a 50 million
180:02 . OK? That means 50 million to for the best of that.
180:07 uh what happens is the, the represent gene gene generation of basin and
180:13 oil fields that oil fields and all migration here and uh like all into
180:25 and those are all and uh go the unformed and all the and this
180:41 is a general migration pathway on of river at present time. The current
180:49 is because more mature, getting much area, more much to it
180:54 see the green area become more. previously this other area is still not
181:01 reached the green area yet, not really reach the oil yet.
181:06 uh here get because continue and receive more sediments and the other area get
181:16 , more oil and oil beverage and check the OK. This is the
181:28 migration and the show back on the have a have a of the oil
181:35 here here and oil along the can checked here and the the pressure and
181:46 can be. So here, the why I came from Africa here have
181:54 very good, very good you can the and uh those are the,
182:11 are so there's of thoughts and then the cut through the cut through
182:19 the the formations and you have a from here and the average and the
182:26 , the average to charge some level . Yeah, we already show this
182:37 before distance. We have this, , I do not really get the
182:44 . So how I can explain this ? It's a and uh this one
182:50 the de X X is very, normal, but normally we put the
182:59 but then this, yeah, and deeper and so this is shadow.
183:11 uh those are the hr gravity which is the oil produced in
183:16 in a shadow. And then you , and uh the only one
183:28 I don't know is this number, numbers, those numbers is called the
183:36 . That's not for the, I understand why in here that you have
183:46 to reach about 45 or 50. cannot really understand that. So that's
183:53 I don't know how to explain this . And uh I spent some time
183:58 to understand but I, I don't to accept that, but it's not
184:01 for you, but also not important me. You don't need to,
184:05 don't need to, to clearly understand happens on this slide. Yeah.
184:13 , we already passed this one and got to have to come and,
184:20 you see that we can look at probability of the hydrocarbon trap. It's
184:25 function of a source rack of and the reservoir. And the,
184:31 are the, those, those are function, you know, but that's
184:35 I say is that once you have want to evaluate your system, you
184:40 to come up some, some you use the sta statistic analysis and
184:48 if function, if any factors here becomes zero, that means you have
184:55 good you have no, do not a good. So that means that
185:00 all charge is there. Yeah. uh if everything is good, everything
185:06 good, all the things is good not good, not, not reach
185:13 high. Yeah, it's a you a good for you have a very
185:24 but you do not have really, good tracks, developed everything. So
185:31 an extreme case. So that's why timing is so important for the probability
185:37 of the uh the oil trap. this is that's the problem of the
185:46 petroleum cells are barriers to migration and cells are not entirely impaired with an
185:56 . Trans transmission of the flu is could be dina which means which means
186:02 you feel it lost of the oil gas compared to the supply of your
186:11 and gas to the trucks. If still great, then you lost,
186:18 still have a chance to form This is called the, that's how
186:23 could just describe this, the dynamic . And uh also you have the
186:29 influence by the temperature fluid, the fluid properties, hydrocarbon column height,
186:35 the geological histories and the effective sese , including lateral and uh changes from
186:44 to less permeable that we talk about Strat graphic trap, uh lateral and
186:51 the reservoir against the salt or mud and the for of the permeable against
186:59 last permeable ba that's, that's all . And uh and the type of
187:06 can be a hair can be, be milestones and it can be normally
187:12 cells and the high pressurized cells and can be dense. Lower per stones
187:18 light, high mineral symmetric sil stones high on the meat, but that's
187:24 things and also powerful come come on for and for the gas average
187:33 I I need to describe a little in my first class about the,
187:38 gas average formation in the, in , in the, in the shallow
187:46 sediments and also top of top of roster area. And those are
187:56 those are the, the, the out back to the, the those
188:02 indicate the potential of. And if see that we have uh the normal
188:07 here, we have a here here the do not the I I guess
188:15 those black lines are see the shells there's a, there's a blue
188:23 maybe actually the red rocks, if connected with the, the connected with
188:29 rock with the red one and then you can get here, that's
188:35 that here. You see that actually here is connected with your,
188:41 that's a black light and you have deep, deep in the potential good
188:49 here, you do not have, not have a pass through the side
188:57 rocks. This indicate the, the of the field and the other force
189:04 . And uh here also you see if you have a, the top
189:09 the few rocks developed here and uh , if the, if the,
189:14 normal force and developed here and then side have an additional layer of the
189:22 of and this side is not of top and then the oil and the
189:29 can get lost along the because you fuel within this side. And uh
189:37 one is good because you have in both side and then your,
189:41 your, your and uh those one about the kind of the,
189:51 the, the uh the and uh have a top here. And so
189:59 also you have a natural se that's good for the, for the
190:07 uh here you have the, the closer. And let's see, this
190:12 the lower risk because they can relate here. You have some here or
190:20 and you have, uh, those of the, the, the shells
190:24 here they do not have to use of from here. That's the lower
190:31 for you. The oil, those , I have a lot of the
190:38 here and then you have higher chance your oil can get lost. We
190:48 just describe this one and this one show the oil on the water blue
190:54 that person on the. And uh think that the is here the is
191:02 that that has developed here and the, the, the oil can
191:08 the, along with this at the and uh the cut through the all
191:16 top formation and all can be along , along the, the,
191:21 the fat and the along the four back the push to get a
191:32 I think this is match representations of model that is for the Gulf of
191:41 . And the original all generation window this red lines and the oil from
191:51 and checked into the red initially and on the development of the and also
192:00 previous and the cause that originally uh and allowing oil along the and get
192:13 the top. Same thing here, thing here. And I think that
192:22 the, you can uh I think everything what should be described is for
192:28 golf of Mexico, that summary of summary of the Gulf Mexico system,
192:35 can read all those things and uh yourself. And uh, yeah,
192:47 , I like to spend some time that we still have time. We
192:52 , spend some time to introduce the last point about the gas as,
192:59 some maturity indicator. So this is gas from the Gulf of Mexico,
193:11 medicine people and the, anything for , than the 65 or 60 or
193:23 which should belong to the biogenic anything of that it belongs to the
193:29 . It's a very uh the, on this graph. And uh for
193:36 , I said, oh yeah, a, there's a mix, there's
193:40 a mixing of the gas on the because uh if you have a and
193:55 this graphs and the shows that and uh they have a what migration and
194:04 so this is uh this, this is the, the, the
194:09 to the, the, the, increase of the decrease of the,
194:27 and the, it becomes different once get into the machine. Yeah,
194:39 is the kind of things that if measure the and then after you reach
194:52 two point something. And uh here you see that actually this is the
195:01 curve and uh this, this, is the, the and uh so
195:08 , that's the al also for the . If you go to the,
195:13 you go to the, go to , from there, you get to
195:16 2.5. And that, that is about the, and that kind
195:26 the idea, this is very complex and what I want to, to
195:37 and uh this X axis me the AAA and uh and I the light
195:59 I for the, yeah, it's like and the for the, and
196:10 this is a some maturity curve, increases of the you the and your
196:20 increase of symmetry change and the whole and for the for the same kind
196:30 thing and the just mix all the lights and you mix the mix of
196:49 , of the, the all So this is a, it is
196:59 very complicated but that this, this generated by the it's very good,
197:08 good, very good uh chemist. uh this plot we already stood up
197:17 there is a relation between the and that you know about car. That's
197:25 it means about natural gas. And then you see that this is
197:31 , this is the, the source this is, and this is the
197:37 , real data and from North North , from different in the, in
197:45 , in the United States and all below the 0.5 symmetry, zero point
198:01 and the bridge and the mountain for . So in other words, if
198:09 , if the our getting into the or gas, gas, it will
198:20 , it will be followed and uh the increase of and the this is
198:32 , this is the about uh the the direct evidence to show the maturity
198:37 particular, in particular, once we into the five, the 1.31 point
198:48 and uh the, the, the max is not no longer available and
198:55 the heavier hydrocarbon syndicator in not cannot use it because similarly instable and but
199:04 dominant component. Me I is very , very useful parameters for the indicator
199:15 that is that based on this everything based on this plant. So
199:21 you got into like me, I on a lot of the the the
199:25 gas systems, I use this, do use this knowledge a lot,
199:30 top and all kind of I use this knowledge. OK. If you
199:41 at the, you know that that the value and increasing of the
199:54 that's all good, that's also very indicator for the kitchen in particular,
200:00 know, than 1.3. And we see the linear population. Yeah,
200:09 are the drugs and just say, , if we know that if you
200:13 that we know this and the of of the, the the the and
200:22 are some all come from the to gas and the gas and then the
200:29 is this one and then gave us and from and uh over here all
200:46 is also very useful plus to use carbon and of the natural gas
200:56 the referring back of the, of and this is the one example and
201:08 the Gulf of Mexico. And so let's look at this one,
201:13 yellow cos I as on the top the medicine in the minus 60 mile
201:21 then blue ones actually mix the gas the red one. And so you
201:27 clearly see that clearly that the separation the gas and the gas. And
201:35 you look at the, the scales , those are the 40 miles about
201:41 here to here is about 40 And uh, I believe I found
201:46 if you look at the, if you look at the the
201:52 I think the depth from here to to become. And this is another
202:02 studies. And uh also shows that this side, this study so much
202:16 . So here contributes more compared to . Yeah, those are the one
202:25 uh I think this almost to be final slide. Yeah. Ok.
202:36 think that we, we talk about lot today. What a really important
202:40 is that the, the, the the migration and the trap and those
202:45 are runs very quick because that one , uh that one is the associate
202:51 many other knowledge. And uh we some key studies and for us,
202:57 of natural gas, I also run quick because that is another topic that
203:03 topic uh for the natural gas So we, we just realize,
203:09 realize that there is a topic of the the of natural gas and those
203:16 be uh a very good indicator for some in particularly for the dragons.
203:24 . And, uh, let's uh this back again. So actually,
203:30 in my first the, the introduction that I really like this slide,
203:34 like this slide. It's a very like general structure and the oil generated
203:47 the map, reach long distance and in the traps. And those got
203:54 guide us to look at the, at the oil and the gas exploration
203:59 pasture from the early from the 19 before the 19 seventies, we look
204:11 uh the, the, the the type and then, and we look
204:16 the center of the, the, system and also cattle that is a
204:25 short distance of migration and uh from into the probability is very low but
204:35 have good quality in a stone. this kind of red and form the
204:43 oil charging systems and the natural gas , which is based on oil
204:51 that actually uh clearly associated with the our on the system. Is that
205:02 oil gas? Yeah, it's uh uh the probability is low. So
205:07 still need the through the horizontal and fractions and then increase the through
205:15 through the at. And then recently , that since 2008. And,
205:23 , then we go to the shale and the shale gas system through
205:30 in the, and, uh, got it and then let the oil
205:37 the gas can produce. Uh, is, uh, this is before
205:42 19 seventies and, uh, we have a central oil oil oil and
205:52 , which is, uh, which that this kind of re, since
205:57 9, 19 nineties even to now uh since 2008 and the self source
206:08 the shale gas, shale oil. I think this is a very
206:14 very good plots, general thoughts and us some ideas, think that's
206:24 that's all for today's uh today's And the next week we will,
206:29 will cover the alteration of the petroleum , rid of us and also some
206:35 geological in method to locate it because , you know, supposed we have
206:42 , we have oil here, we a lot of here and you still
206:49 to understand that the oil here compared oil here and compared to over
206:55 they are sourced from same source or . That will because we the soft
207:03 that, that uh we do not any be drilled into the soft
207:09 that's much deeper. You still need understand where it is also. And
207:15 order for us to find a new of us, so that is why
207:21 run the oil oil correlation oil source and we call the geochemical inverse.
207:28 thing is that once we have oil here, that, that because is
207:34 and you have a water recharge to relevant to your relevant and bring some
207:42 into the rear that can be that will cause the, the degradation
207:48 the oil for the because of the reactivities. And that we call the
207:55 process. And uh also if you are very, very deep. And
208:01 I said, the feature itself can that will become a CO2 instead of
208:07 . Instead of after that, we about the alteration that we will cover
208:13 in. Uh I think that's all we want to share today and we
208:22 have time and uh we will, will approach the right now is 44
208:30 44 40 and we have 20 minutes close our class, but we will
208:37 about 10 minutes early today. So have 10 minutes of the for questions
208:44 uh discussion. So I will stop
-
+