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BIOL 2321_Microbiology for Science Majors - 2321_MW1130_4_18_23_Lecture_Vaccines_CH 25
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00:03 OK. Wait a it. Mhm. Mhm. Hey folks,
00:53 . Um Let's see. So are close excited or just had enough of
01:07 ? I, I don't know, seems to be that I, I
01:11 with that. Not I can be person. No, even faculty.
01:16 get a point where it's I had . So anyway, yeah, it's
01:22 anyway. Um OK, so we're finish up 25. No, I'm
01:30 gonna finish. We're gonna start We're gonna finish our vaccines. Um
01:35 through a good chunk of 25. We are gonna be going all the
01:39 through, maybe pure delight or this through the uh 27th, right?
01:45 we're, we're gonna have to, going through it but this day
01:49 because I already put together all the for each of the next a couple
01:54 weeks and so this week and next so we'll have roughly a couple of
01:59 to do, but it'll take probably 30 minutes to cover. So it
02:02 be a full day on the 20 or 27th. Excuse me,
02:07 not a full day on the But there will be a day.
02:11 . So, um, all So, uh, so in terms
02:17 this is the usual stuff, weekly you got this week, smart work
02:20 not due until next Monday. Um And then uh we got the
02:27 quiz and then one more assignment or couple more uh for smart work to
02:32 everything up. But uh the exam or I'm sorry, last week.
02:38 yeah, nearly pretty average. Uh I know a drop date is coming
02:44 and I think it's tomorrow, I . Um and so the question
02:49 what's my grade? What do I to get whatever, you know,
02:53 a final grade? Right? So is not new, this is,
02:57 in the syllabus, it gives you by step, do this, do
03:00 , do this, do this. . So um you know, in
03:04 smart work grade it's not posted on but it's, if you go to
03:07 smart work site, that percentage is great. It's the same thing you
03:12 that you're gonna see on black. I'm not just because it's not a
03:16 doesn't mean it's, it's not what is, right? So what you
03:19 on a smart work, that's your work grade, whatever your percentage is
03:24 through all the assignments you got because represents an average of your, of
03:28 smart work grades. And so that is your smart work grade right?
03:32 this point. So, so remember blackboard quizzes smart, work quicker
03:37 So for quicker grade, uh tally your top 14 scores or something.
03:44 . You, you're just trying to an estimate, ok. And it'll
03:47 a close enough estimate for what you and then um exam average. So
03:52 that you got three exams right? right? So your sum total,
03:57 you don't, your sum total, divide, add all those numbers
04:00 divide by 170.83 because you've got 83% your grade. You have one more
04:05 to go yet. Ok. So give you an estimate. Uh If
04:10 want to know the question of what I need to make an exam
04:13 to get yada yada grade in the , right? I don't know,
04:17 plug in 100 plug in 100 for , four, that'll at least give
04:21 your upper ceiling, right? That's max you'll be able to make,
04:25 ? Um So, uh, but remember, you know, if you
04:29 figuring exam four score, now you've 100%. So you need to,
04:33 don't need to divide by anything. by one, right? So
04:36 so that's gonna be, that's what would do, right? So that
04:39 give you uh your upper estimate for you can again, estimate, estimate
04:44 where you can be if you want in, I forget what it
04:48 The extra credit is like a half for the evaluation. I think you
04:53 a half point to whatever it says the syllabus. So you can add
04:56 on there too if you want and can figure out your clicker grade extra
05:00 too. So you add that So you're just trying to get an
05:04 . Ok? And it'll be close for what you need to know.
05:07 . So, and now I'm gonna this out in the email as
05:11 But again, it's the same stuff in the syllabus, right?
05:13 but I think what people fail to is they forget to, to divide
05:19 . So, if you're only going three exams, divide it by 28
05:22 , right? So, anyway, know, um, I'll, I'll
05:25 this in, in an email, send out later today. Um,
05:31 , um, any questions, any ? Um, so, I don't
05:38 . See, I looked at the site, there's nothing about when the
05:42 opens for the last exam. And not, that's typical because CASA
05:48 especially when the final week comes I think they're kind of still juggling
05:54 for different classes and things. So is yet set in stone.
05:59 um, because normally it would always two weeks before, right when the
06:03 are open. So I didn't know . I just looked, um,
06:07 I'm guessing it will pop up uh, in any case,
06:12 that's still a a ways away. uh what else? I think that's
06:20 . OK. So, uh I'm beginning here. Uh let's go
06:27 . OK. So here's the OK, let's get the old
06:33 brain cells cranked up here. Let me get that out of the
06:37 . All right, let me pause . So, as you're looking this
06:43 , so we're talking about vaccines, ? When we finished up chapter 24
06:48 the immune system, right? T , T cells and their functions and
06:53 vaccines, right? We looked, looked at, you know, a
06:58 . And uh so of course, try to get the if you can
07:02 , construct your vaccine to, to your chemo immunity B cells and
07:11 your cell media, immunity T cells both of those going is ideal,
07:18 not necessarily always possible, but that's you try to do. OK.
07:23 of course, there's various types of of a vaccine as you can see
07:27 the list here. OK. So looking for an a virulent, a
07:31 means not, not um able to disease. And that's what a virulent
07:38 . OK. So uh I'm going assume we're gonna get about 95% correctness
07:47 this. Heard some laughing out there . Um V two. OK.
08:12 , not quite 95%. OK. All right. So the key things
08:27 , virus, right? Um A are capable of replicating. Those are
08:32 key terms OK, because that's what the, that's why we call this
08:39 live attenuated vaccine. OK. If people replicating it such means it's,
08:45 can affect, it can do its inside of the cell. But the
08:49 part is it can't, uh, can't kill the cell. Ok.
08:54 it can replicate um, the, , and then show an right and
09:00 , and then stimulate your immune system that's alive, turning the vaccine.
09:06 . And so the types we looked last time, OK. Um The
09:15 not just attenuated, but live but the line inactivated. So it's
09:19 really able to replicate uh but but um still. So and of
09:25 the uh toxoid which can many, toxins, diseases, diseases like pertussis
09:31 um um tetanus uh boxes and these all toxin producers. So there's vaccines
09:37 that um the subunit uh likely the safest type, right? The uh
09:45 only the um uh parts that are , not, not using a whole
09:52 , but just taking parts, but stimulate the immune system and cloning those
09:57 there are different forms you can but it's, you know, you're
09:59 a part, sub part that so the virus like particle is basically taking
10:10 parts and the self assembling them into virus. But it's basically at the
10:15 shell, right? But part of assembly includes the antigen parts of the
10:21 shown here. OK. Again, inject that then and stimulate the,
10:27 humor, humor role, I these uh antibodies to it.
10:34 um OK. So we're gonna look some of the, some different ones
10:38 we finish this up. And um these uh here, I don't really
10:45 this other than what you see in slide. And that's um there's not
10:50 many of those, that's why um of using uh the outer membrane of
10:55 gram negative, right? Which is lipid bilayer. So you can take
10:59 parts and they'll self assemble into a . OK? But in that,
11:04 include, again, um the right, in this case, the
11:09 is a capsular um part of that the answer. So um so we'll
11:17 at these other three here. So polysaccharide vaccines. So remember,
11:24 in general, like the best antigens those proteins you get good binding with
11:29 antigens and that typically translates into uh robust immune response, right? That
11:37 binding. And um so carbohydrates don't that as much rapids even less.
11:44 , but you still can get a , you know, you you you'll
11:46 a response just won't be as strong antibodies might not be as, as
11:52 as they otherwise would, but something better than nothing, right? And
11:56 , and that's what these vaccines um , that's how they work. And
12:02 the um um so also remember that sacro being very big, right?
12:08 can do that the um uh T um independent, right? P cell
12:18 activation of the B cell, And so, but what's, but
12:22 downside of that, it's not generally strong, but nonetheless, you
12:26 uh the vaccine, uh pneumococcal uh , obviously, meningitis vaccine is this
12:34 um conjugated back. So you actually these stronger, right by hooking on
12:41 protein to it as you see OK. And that's um they call
12:49 . So you're conjugating, you're adding other molecule to it, it makes
12:52 a stronger response in this case by involving now, t cells that become
12:58 part of activation. And that's, typically these two with stronger response
13:05 OK. Um So the last of kind of focused these two types,
13:12 we see in the COVID vaccine, . Um Nucleic acid uh vaccines.
13:20 so COVID vaccines, well, some them are built around the R N
13:25 molecule. OK. And so the here is that you um you have
13:32 uaic acid form of the antigen, ? So if an COVID is a
13:38 spike, you have the sequence that for that. Uh In case of
13:42 Pfizer vaccine, it's the M R A that translated into that viral um
13:50 protein. OK. And so injecting , right? So it's a mus
13:56 injection. OK? And um muscle of course have um multinucleate.
14:04 And so they can take in this an example of a plasmid,
14:08 using a plasmid that carries the gene the whatever the engine is.
14:14 And then you get into the So take it in. Um
14:17 and then begin to express it, ? And it shows up on,
14:22 know, the cells on the right, stimulates the immune system.
14:27 ? Can also get T cells So you stimulate the immune system this
14:33 . Um the so the vehicle is again the the nucleic acid but very
14:44 you kind of have to put some things with it, with this
14:48 right? So sometimes um especially with Pfizer vaccine, the the the the
14:56 , the M R N A itself to be kind of stabilized and enter
15:00 cell and, and you'll typically have molecules that will help that happen.
15:07 . So I don't know how common is if it's a DNA vaccine that
15:11 pure DNA, you have to have stuff in there to kind of help
15:14 get into cells and things like that stabilize it. OK. So just
15:19 just mentioned that because it's not always as simple as what you see in
15:22 picture there, OK. There's could the other molecules along with it to
15:26 stabilize and get into cells. And so the common in vaccines,
15:32 is actually what the while the um moderna or of the nucleic acid
15:40 specifically R N A OK, the vector vaccines that was J and J
15:48 . Uh but in general, these using a virus, a very common
15:54 Denno virus. Um and, and which are DNA viruses and you manipulate
16:01 DNA. So it's not, it cause disease but can uh you
16:07 you carry, it carries a gene you put in there. OK.
16:10 it affects the cell, then the expresses the, the answer.
16:15 And in this example, here is flu virus. So it's the gene
16:19 the one of these spike proteins H . So the geno clone into the
16:25 genome and then expresses it. And then of course, it means
16:30 can respond to that, right? if we look at um the COVID
16:35 , so this is what the and this is of course, the first
16:39 . OK. So there is, a term we use or that's used
16:46 the vaccines is, is monovalent uh see bivalent vaccines. Um And so
16:59 current COVID vaccine is a bib Does anybody know what my vaccine would
17:05 ? I guess now there's more than is COVID, right? There's homo
17:12 homo variants, right? Variants in spy protein. OK. And so
17:21 is uh called B A four B five. So by the vaccine,
17:25 can have both of those in That's a, you have both variations
17:30 in the vaccine. A much more uh better vaccine, right? Because
17:36 you're counteracting both types of variants that out there. OK. And so
17:41 the first generation were mono because there only one predominant type around until it
17:49 . OK. So um so both of course, center on that,
17:56 particular energy. OK. They they just have a delivery of it
18:00 , in, in two different It is basically a difference here.
18:03 . So um looking at the Pfizer vaccine, OK? Again,
18:10 the, but they're, we're just the mode of delivery if you will
18:17 um get this engine to, to your immune system in the vaccine.
18:22 uh the Pfizer vaccine involves uh using R N A. So just just
18:27 um sequence, the M R N basically that will translate into that.
18:33 . So you have, because we're this, of course is for humans
18:37 Caros, right? We have to the elements in that enable uh an
18:45 R N A to get into a and be express. OK? You
18:49 to have those parts on it. ? Um It's not just enough to
18:54 the sequence that pro rea you gotta these other parts, right? Because
18:59 it goes into the nucleus. Um sorry, it gets um translated and
19:06 don't need to have these other parts it. OK? And also for
19:10 . If you don't have this on , this poly a tail, it
19:14 rapidly degraded, right? So it to look like any other transcript that
19:18 be in the cell and that's what's your transcript. So, um and
19:25 M R N A is what's in vaccine. OK. Kind of in
19:30 next slide, it will show you of what else is added to
19:32 OK. And so uh basically it's and M R A enters a cell
19:37 you express it and those spike proteins up on the surface, right?
19:43 your immune system cells, T e cells can both be stimulated.
19:50 ? Now, the um and so are a form I mentioned this
19:55 but Nesic antibodies, right? They the virus, the virus can't buy
20:00 whole cell or, or, or like that. So um and
20:07 and the R N A itself that's there, it gets into your
20:11 it gets, it gets into your , the cell is depressed and the
20:14 N A actually gets degraded after a . It kind of just leaves your
20:18 . OK? Um Now the, J and J vaccine, oh forgot
20:24 . I, I only put this in here just to really just show
20:27 this, OK? That it's not the R N A by itself,
20:34 not just this, but this plus it called the coated, right?
20:42 to get into the cell. Uh What these specifically are is of
20:48 a secret, not secret, but enables the, the uh entry of
20:54 R N A into the cell. . So, and that's not uncommon
20:58 any kind of a nucleic acid vaccine you have to add these things to
21:03 and allow it to help enter the . OK? Um The J and
21:08 vaccine. OK. Uh again, , right? Still the same spike
21:15 . Um But we're going to clone into a virus, the, in
21:20 case, uh I think it's a virus DNA of that virus.
21:25 but we're taking out the parts that it virulent, right? So it's
21:29 really gonna express that that antigen and a cell cell eventually then expresses
21:35 right? And so again, this gets B cells and T cells uh
21:40 . OK. Um Now the just not anything you need to know you
21:49 which is better J and J or . Well, um J and
21:54 well, Pfizer Moderna uh are uh little bit better in terms of um
22:04 serious disease uh or causing infections, better, but in terms of
22:09 they're not that far off right in the hospitalization. So the worst effects
22:14 COVID, uh both types are kind not that far apart. Uh They
22:20 recommend I think if you've had JJ get the Pfizer booster every time,
22:27 any case. So that's, that's the two types. There were any
22:32 about any of those. OK. uh So that summarize summary of the
22:41 types. Again, don't, I'm not gonna ask you things like
22:48 kind of a vaccine is made against . Don't, don't even know those
22:51 of things. All right. Just , what are the types, how
22:54 differentiate each type? OK. Um , somewhat, more general things
23:00 than, than what type of, type of which disease and so
23:05 OK. Um OK. So next 25 right? So we got a
23:13 of quicker slides here. OK. let's start with this one.
23:20 So, uh the layout here of chapter is um, some of the
23:27 we talked about before. OK. my cry pa genesis is all
23:34 of course, we've been looking at much all, all we've been looking
23:37 is how your body fights this disease now. I'm gonna turn the
23:42 look at the other side, How the pathogen get around all of
23:46 various defenses, right? And so kind of begin with the basics,
23:52 is OK. It's, it's here . How does it get to
23:56 But all terms involved in different ways can acquire it and this and that
24:01 ? Then we'll get into specifics of actual, how it causes disease.
24:07 . So, um, if I opened this up, we already be
24:11 with this question. Now, now can, now you can answer sorry
24:35 . Mhm OK. Let's count down . OK. Okey doke. And
24:58 see. Yeah, of course, where you're gonna find the pathogen,
25:04 ? A reservoir of infection. So um, look at this question here
25:11 there'll be a question popping up Just give me a second there.
25:15 is B what is Fox B? . Is box B? So what
25:44 box B represented? So what, do you think? What fits the
26:11 ? What fits the best? What want? OK. And which,
26:31 one fits best in box B All right. Correct virulence factors.
26:41 . So um that of course, reservoir here. All right, let's
26:53 . Transmission, right? I think have it on the next slide.
27:00 . So um all about brillance right? Which is basically what we're
27:04 be honing in on here for the of these chapters, different types of
27:09 for different things, right? So of the infection as having different
27:14 right? Um There are factors needed the beginning that aren't needed later
27:21 right? Because pathogens have to get you, right? Once they're into
27:26 , they have to maybe stick on cells. Uh they maybe need to
27:30 out somewhere and then maybe later on some toxins and whatnot all there was
27:35 course pathogen. But um but there , it was kind of a sequence
27:41 kind of um an infection in most which I many of these factors are
27:47 , antibiotic resistance can be transferred uh looked at these earlier, right?
27:53 um conjugation, transformation, et OK? Um transduction. And
27:59 um so the various virulence factors are these kinds of functions, right?
28:06 to your cell colonizing, right? proliferating. Um sometimes they get inside
28:13 cells, right? Obviously, buyers do that. But remember we're gonna
28:17 examples of bacterial pathogens that do this well, not for the purpose of
28:23 just for for kind of hiding out the cell. OK. Um Using
28:27 as a way to get elsewhere in body. OK. Kind of like
28:32 you like a hijacking, driving, the cell around different parts of the
28:36 , so to speak. Ok. certainly they can do damage to
28:40 OK? And um affect the immune in different ways, right? They
28:45 sometimes shut off complement activation. Um can uh kind of take over uh
28:52 certain immune system themselves and immune system can't do what they normally do so
28:58 ways they affect. OK. All course, obviously, in an effort
29:02 get over these, right? Your in various ways. OK. And
29:09 can be quite sneaky about it. . So, um, so primary
29:14 opportunistic pastors, we also mentioned this , right? So let's look at
29:17 question about that shame. Mhm. . 143. OK. So,
30:44 , so some very opportunistic pathogens arise your own microbial. OK.
30:52 they're on you. Um, they're only right now, they're just
30:58 you know, they're held in so to speak or they're not able
31:01 get to other parts of your Um, um, but where they're
31:06 and where they're at right now, . They're, they're not causing any
31:09 . Ok. So, um, primary passengers are not like that,
31:14 not part of your Toyota. You have Ebola just sitting on you
31:20 Ok. Just hanging out. It would be there. You required
31:25 , it's gonna cause an infection. . Um, so for that reason
31:32 doesn't fit, right? Um, pathogen. Staff, no staff is
31:38 an example of a typical example of opportunistic type. So you have on
31:45 nose, very typical, uh different of your skin, right? They
31:49 issues. Usually when you have, , um, when they get into
31:54 of your body, they don't normally either through a, usually through a
31:58 of your skin or puncture of your . Now, they get into areas
32:02 they don't normally reside and that's when can kind of cause issues.
32:08 the primary pathogen wouldn't originate in your , but this, that could certainly
32:14 true. So when your immune system compromised and check can, um,
32:23 , than a lot of chronic so that could be, that could
32:27 true. The, um, you have heard of, uh,
32:31 see the cell, the cell, heard of that one, right?
32:36 commonly elderly can get susceptible to Um, and that happens when you
32:42 that in your gut, but when on antibiotics, it can upset the
32:46 and then they can, they uh, emerge. Um, so
32:51 ones can be opportunistic, but they're gonna originate from what you've already
32:55 Ok. Um, so an example brillance factors, right? Don't memorize
33:02 number one, just an example to you what are the types of things
33:06 can do a certain type of this causes things like um strep
33:15 Um it's called fever, uh different of uh skin infections, flesh eating
33:22 . You probably heard of that, that. But there's a whole host
33:26 um various factors when using enzymes and can break apart the connection between tissues
33:33 penetrate deep um and uses to help stick the cells of toxins that cause
33:41 effects. Um The uh that's a term term kind of for uh the
33:51 that they can allow them to inside . That's our immune system for the
33:57 , a number of different enzymes. also surface proteins to help them stick
34:02 do other kinds of functions. So the other point here is that um
34:08 one. Yeah, say staff works necessarily have every single one of
34:15 OK? What they possess any given , it's what they can use,
34:20 it's down for them to have every type here. OK? But they
34:24 certainly have a collection of these Staff typically very commonly have things like
34:30 , how you it's pretty common. some of the evidence, some
34:34 some constantly don't. But yeah, you understand the point here they can
34:40 this one here protein A this is that can uh kind of uh bypass
34:45 effect of an antibody, right. , antibodies, right? This is
34:49 antibody binding site here, right? yet this protein, a factor on
34:55 surface is binding the F C portion the antibody, right. So essentially
35:02 the antibody can't do anything to it the antibody binding sites aren't binding to
35:07 . It's taken by the tail, to speak in the front of the
35:13 , that's very sneaky. OK. these are kind of things they can
35:17 . OK? They can also secrete that destroy the antibody altogether.
35:23 So again, just example of what talking about here. So um could
35:30 cytic membrane or DNA, could that considered a appearance factor? Remember we
35:42 that example way back of uh E K 12 lab string versus E coli
35:49 157 separated them was one has virulence , right? Genes for those
35:56 That separates it from K 12. what do they, what do they
36:01 have? You got a cytoplasmic They these are the things that you
36:07 , all, all, all stranges gonna have. So it's not something
36:10 separates them in terms of being a . OK? Just having DNA is
36:16 factor, just having a membrane is factor, right? It's a part
36:21 what any living cell is. Has , but unique things that enable them
36:26 cause disease. But yeah, that's be a good spot. OK.
36:31 just keep that in mind. Um Now, all right. So
36:37 the question. So now we're gonna into um the, I'll back it
36:43 here. We're gonna get two in . Um How they get in different
36:53 . They can uh transmit from their to you different ways. And so
37:05 one, each type is kind of and type, type has kind of
37:12 particular way it gets into your right? Um It kind of depends
37:20 their reservoir in many cases. So here we're talking about a G
37:25 tract pathogen. OK. Intestinal. Pastor. OK. The survey
38:14 OK. So what are the Yeah, see food born and um
38:26 water right here and here. So I think of fecal contaminated
38:33 right? Fecal contaminated water. Uh food born. OK. So um
38:41 obviously that means F F is the dancer here. OK. So um
38:46 , so air can be a um soil can be a vehicle,
38:54 food. And so um but we'll start with reservoir what you talked
39:01 That's the source. So if you and listen to be an outbreak of
39:06 , right? If you just want study and you think, where am
39:10 gonna find it? Wherever that That's the reservoir. Ok. Like
39:16 can see for many of them, reservoirs, many human diseases are,
39:22 not humans, there's an outbreak, because of the humans carry it,
39:25 ? Carriers, asymptomatic carriers. Um is also very common. So,
39:34 it's very likely the next pandemic will from some sort of zoonotic disease.
39:40 don't yet know, don't yet know COVID origin of COVID um about to
39:46 active, specific bat species. Um so it's uh it's making that leap
39:54 from the animal and human uh that can um be dangerous. And
40:00 , um but then of course, we call an or environmental.
40:05 soil and water, many different uh a way to many different pathogen
40:11 Um And so all the focus on , bacteria, viruses. Uh remember
40:18 things are pathogens to pro or pro in the category of G I tract
40:25 , foodborne, waterborne, typically, . So um the um and in
40:32 of transmission from these various reservoirs, takes different forms. So um
40:40 So there's different categories of contact right? Direct contact, touching someone
40:46 somebody's sexual contact, that's direct, that way, um indirect. So
40:54 um it could be a somebody uh right could be a fomite. Um
41:05 needle, a dirty needle could be fomite. Um any kind of inanimate
41:11 , right? The doorknob, The door handle, these could all
41:14 potentially to be fomites. The inanimate contains the pathogen, then you touch
41:21 and then touch yourself, then you right. That's indirect via fomite a
41:28 . So there is as it may , there there is there is to
41:34 and droplet, it has to be distance that travels the droplets travel.
41:40 um short distance drop infection, which of course you get in close
41:45 . So he sneezes and you're in vicinity and you acquire it right.
41:50 And then vehicle transmission of these three , waterborne air food or more fairly
41:58 , right? Contaminated water. Um But doesn't always have to be
42:04 . Um If you don't, uh a disease um uh legionella,
42:10 It causes a type of pneumonia that transmitted through uh typically through um H
42:17 systems, right? Air conditioning. because commercial where the air conditioners,
42:23 are big rightly on water, evaporation water that then is that is uh
42:30 and then a it and and heat and whatnot to provide cool air.
42:36 water isn't. It just is never systems never cleaned out and disinfected that
42:41 is just standing there that can, can um and contain the regional
42:47 Um But certainly physical contaminated water, , um airborne, typically through microbes
42:54 travel through dust particles, pet Um So, obviously, you
42:58 uh air filters can trap some of things and minimize them. But um
43:04 is probably the most common mode of transmission of diseases. They can
43:09 you know, the respiratory illnesses that out there. A common cold,
43:12 ? How prevalent that is uh et cetera, right. So,
43:17 if a food born, of course in different forms, it's not just
43:22 food, it also begins with the in various ways, whether it's,
43:28 , not using sanitary practices, Um, not wearing gloves when you're
43:32 food, talking about food workers, , not having gloves on.
43:38 food is not sitting out and should refrigerated or so forth. So all
43:43 these can lead to, um, illness. Now, uh, so
43:49 get into accidental transmission. That's not be a common one. Lyme disease
44:01 due to a tig, uh, the bacteria, but the tick
44:07 of course, hitch has arrived on animal, typically a deer or
44:12 uh, depending on the environment where is. And, um, humans
44:19 down with this, uh, like the eighties, I wanna say,
44:23 , or late seventies when due to natural human expansion, right? We
44:30 grows, you need to build houses malls and blah, blah,
44:33 right? And so now you, cutting out forested areas and things humans
44:38 interject themselves into one of these life , right? So, so the
44:41 is maybe has this life cycle where uses a, an animal and then
44:45 and that, but the human animal injected in there and they get bit
44:49 that's when you can acquire, that's what we call accidental,
44:54 The human is not normally there, then by accident is now, is
44:58 there. He gets bit, for . Right? A lot of examples
45:02 accidental transmission. But that's certainly Yeah. Oh, yeah. That's
45:13 . Um, so, yeah, think of that. Um good
45:18 Yeah. Actually sticking yourself in a . Wow. Yeah. Yeah,
45:22 . Right. Good. Um uh transmission. So mother child, mothers
45:29 passes on the child. OK. Vector. OK. So,
45:37 but your transmission mechanical. So house lands on a piece of garbage or
45:44 it flies on you, right? its legs are touching theoretically, maybe
45:50 gonna be transmitted to you. That's moco mechanical. OK. Uh
45:56 of random more or less, It's uh um theoretically a number of
46:01 types of, I guess micro types be passed on that way, but
46:06 more or less kind of a random , biological transmission. Uh That's a
46:11 cycle. So think for something like . OK. Which involves uh proto
46:17 and involves a mosquito. So it's of a definite life cycle. Um
46:22 what we call biological transmission. So, um so again, all
46:28 ways. Uh and again, I'd respiratory uh it's gonna be the most
46:34 probably followed by waterborne or probably second my desk and then food born.
46:41 . Um ok. So let's look this question here. So we're gonna
46:46 at a little bit about Lin's factors are beginning to at least. So
46:53 gonna be kind of a pattern right infection. OK. So we have
47:02 transmission to a host you, for . And then what are the things
47:08 can happen? Ok. So it's listing a bunch of virulence factors,
47:30 some virulence factors are meant for different of the infection cycle. OK.
47:54 we're looking for those that contribute to ability to penetrate, typically penetrating tissues
48:01 or hide from your host defenses, from the immune system. OK?
48:16 that from five. Remember, don't afraid to pick all the above.
48:28 right. Here we go. I I influenced a number of people on
48:35 one. In fact, it is of these can help you do both
48:39 these. In fact, so invasions help you and help get, get
48:49 of a cell, right? That's from the immune from your immune
48:54 right? The capsule, a here's our, here's our pathogen.
49:00 a capsule on it. Now you're up its antigens. And so making
49:08 less susceptible to your immune system managing , right? That's that one where
49:13 can change your pattern of manage, ? Hide from the immune system that
49:18 these two um lead to either penetrating tissues. Uh coag is coagulation is
49:28 of help it wall itself off from infection. So it can't find like
49:33 barrier, so to speak. So these, it can either penetrate
49:37 and or um hydro an immune Ok. Um Now, so here's
49:45 of the process here. OK. So, portals of entry,
49:52 So the way the microbe gets into , ok? And so this and
49:59 these forms here uh through your G I G U tract respiratory
50:08 um pathogens that, that use typically respiratory tract pathogens, adherence is typically
50:14 big part of their what they do to your cell types, OK.
50:19 these particular areas, uh skin like can see natural openings in the
50:26 um sweat glands, pores, but uh eyes, right? The uh
50:36 came by yesterday um mentioned to me the eye drops that is infected with
50:44 like 50 something people coming down with . Um Somebody lost their eye because
50:50 it. So, um but that's way to penetrate the body through that
50:55 the eyes. Um Pre route that's gonna be through some kind of wound
51:00 . Ok. Breaking the skin, have you and then introducing microbes.
51:05 Now, here's a question. 157 is a food borne pathogen.
51:11 . Um You're gonna get it through of food typically. Um Could it
51:20 a skin infection? This kind of to this idea of what we
51:26 right. And could it cause a infection? They may think it cause
51:31 skin infection. Skin infection actually. I think the worst you get is
51:39 of a rash, right? Because is not built to be to infect
51:44 your skin, right? You can it on your skin, right?
51:48 on your skin, you'll probably get rash, right? But it's not
51:50 to do anything beyond that, You have to ingest it. It's
51:54 to withstand uh a a specific P or the little encounter in your digestive
52:01 , it's built to stick to Uh So that's what it's made
52:06 right? It's not, it's not , it's not a skin pathogen,
52:09 example, OK? Doesn't have, have the virulence factors for that.
52:14 . But um other types can do . Stress, staff and strep can
52:19 that, right? But staff can strep. Strep can, doesn't cause
52:23 poisoning, right? It's not built that kind of environment, right?
52:26 everybody has kind of its own, me mode of, of entry.
52:33 . And so um so if we at things like uh he the
52:38 so it he's sticking to yourselves, ? Can be a big thing.
52:43 Of course, how many infectious units coming into how, what's, what's
52:48 numbers of cells that obviously will have factor? Um So adhese is,
52:54 kind of a generic term to cover kind of molecule that helps it stick
52:59 your cells. OK. Now, course, things you talked about
53:02 Right. Right. But there can other things too, there can be
53:07 surface molecules that facilitate this interaction. . Um And so uh here's a
53:15 of examples. So for the E uh the oh 157 that causes the
53:22 chipotle, right? That, that a big deal mu mu lack,
53:27 , don't cause infection. Uh M protein O P A, these are
53:34 , not just helping facilitate adherence, they have other functions as well.
53:41 can counteract the immune system in different . Um Well, look at that
53:48 little closer here in a second. so uh damaging the host,
53:52 Certainly toxins, intracellular pathogens can do , but they can also, they
53:58 also do this, right? They both really. Um Of course,
54:03 think of the virus, right? that's a cell, it's a letting
54:05 , it will kill the cell, ? But while it's inside the
54:09 it's hidden from the immune system as . OK. So they can kind
54:12 do both these things, damage a and be inside of a cell hidden
54:17 the immune system. OK. Um let's look at this question. All
54:24 . So this is the process um now Syria can do nice good.
54:33 your familiarity with this one is what you got vaccinated for serious
54:40 Um, that, that group in is one has a whole bunch of
54:53 factors. Ok. Gonorrhea is another Nigeria species. Go ahead and cut
55:07 here. Yeah, absolutely. I just realized one thing if you
55:43 know it, it. Mhm. realize that. Ok. So,
55:56 , it is cytosis. Ok. , uh, so, uh,
56:03 come back to this in a couple slides. So let's go,
56:05 look at, um, penetration of , ok. Um to the
56:11 right? So that can cover engines the surface, right? Make them
56:16 visible to the immune system. Um call it acids that um I'm missing
56:26 s here. Um very thick, ? It's a very thick envelope,
56:34 ? And, and um uh can protective, of course, the uh
56:38 proteins. This is what you see hairs that are on the surface of
56:42 cell. And so strep pneumonia has characteristic, like what's typical diplococcus morphology
56:51 two beans stuck together, right? so these, these protein fibros help
56:56 adhesion but also have these properties, ? It can um resist cytosis,
57:04 . Um And can interfere with It actually binds compliment and it activates
57:10 . And so it doesn't uh it , it's not susceptible to compliment for
57:15 reason. OK. Or not very . The um OK. So back
57:20 the question. So the cytosis OK. Um So what we see
57:27 here's a typical, this is also diplococcus, this is a gram negative
57:32 It has uh these long I need see there and then these O P
57:40 proteins on the surface. OK. there's two types of adhesion that
57:45 One is kind of a loose OK. That you see here in
57:51 which is kind of a more loose . But what happens is it gets
57:54 to the cell surface where you then tight adherence. And that's the,
58:01 the O P A proteins causing OK. So that tight adherence then
58:08 the engulfment of the cell that you happening here. OK. And so
58:15 , it's finding its way through the layer, right? So it starts
58:20 , ends up in here. And then can go into these other
58:28 types that's being a invasive type, ? So we can go inside these
58:33 hide from the immune system. 12 travel, right? Uh So
58:42 so remember this is what lines, would be a blood vessel that could
58:47 a blood vessel. So it can inside there now and travel through the
58:51 . OK? Or it can hitchhike on a blood vessel or hitchhike into
58:59 by getting in itself, right? or granite. These are also in
59:04 blood, OK? And so we'll um meningitis is one of the diseases
59:10 look at. And so the ability become meningitis has to do with being
59:15 to get into your central nervous Ok. So normally you reside in
59:20 throat are those that are about half population carries them. Um That's
59:27 that's the reservoir for there it And so it gets, so then
59:32 do you get from there into the nervous system? That's not an easy
59:35 to do as you learn. But being able to do the transit tosis
59:41 hitchhiking either directly into the blood stream through other cells, it can get
59:47 the central nervous system. So uh , the factor is specific to it
59:52 enable it to do this, Because the central nervous system is very
59:57 , there's a lot of layers there protect your neurons, which obviously is
60:02 you want, but they can get there this way. OK. Um
60:08 . So let's look at this question beer that's factor stuff. OK.
60:35 the end of this chapter, 25 , we lift up different factors.
60:39 you might find a helper is studying this stuff. OK. Right.
61:03 count down and uh these are not , excuse you, these are not
61:22 correctly matched, right? Definitely. . Mhm OK. Let's see.
61:45 , if you answer the D D correct. So um endotoxin that's gram
61:55 . I have that not gram Um Asians allow you to get inside
62:00 a cell. Nothing to do with . Uh We just talked about these
62:06 . Uh this has to do with adherence, uh some other functions but
62:12 an exotoxin. Um OK. So look at some of these types
62:18 So a number of these you find this list, you find in staph
62:23 strep that are pathogens um to So you do part of your normal
62:30 clotting function, right is to take um soluble fibers in your blood,
62:40 ? And called fibrinogen. And you things like uh uh platelets and other
62:47 actually come together to to make that a network of fibers, right?
62:53 fiber in right becomes a more insi as you as you produce these
63:01 Um clot blood, for example, . Well, bacteria, certain types
63:06 have their own kind of enzyme that the same effect, creating a blood
63:13 . If it, if it does it can kind of wall itself off
63:17 the immune system. I think of if you already, you already know
63:21 that's had like AAA boil, It could be like a very hard
63:26 with the skin and that's due to this fibrinogen form. So the cell
63:31 of just basically walls it off from immune system the way to treat
63:34 Of course, you have to, have to penetrate it, drain
63:37 et cetera to get uh to, um treat it. Um the um
63:45 think I just went out. Um on. Yeah, you and best
64:16 there we go all right. or enzymes, these um if you
64:21 form clots, well, these break apart, right? So that can
64:26 a cell type to then get into body if you have a clot,
64:30 maybe it's part of a healing you form a clot in a scab
64:33 something and then they can find their in by breaking apart the clot and
64:38 penetrating into your tissues. Um how on a day? So you have
64:44 your um say your skin, for , you got epithelial cells that are
64:50 packed, right? So um layer layer, right? So these are
64:59 your epithelial cells. Well, the between that's hyaluronic acid, all
65:08 So the enzyme having the enzyme hyon will allow the organism to penetrate through
65:14 tissue layers. Ok. Breaking apart have a, they can vary the
65:20 of severity of a skin infection can like superficial layers are kind of torn
65:25 to mild rash to very extreme flesh disease where it penetrates all the way
65:31 to the bone. So that's not having hyoid days but also other toxins
65:36 things to kind of to bring this . So, but the point is
65:41 can allow the cells to penetrate deeper your tissues. Ok. Collagen
65:46 So below here, right? So we go through layers of cells,
65:52 , let's say we have another layer . OK. Well, if it
65:57 below here, but this is the , let's say, well, what's
66:03 of holding the cells in place, ? Collagen collagen fibers. Now,
66:12 often call that a a basement right? And your cell is sitting
66:17 top, right? And so that membrane kind of just anchors in
66:22 And so of course, this is into your tissues. And so if
66:26 have collagen ace, you can break apart and it can go even
66:32 so deeper penetration, right? So it's just it's all about layers and
66:37 deep you can get in there. you have these enzymes that break apart
66:41 cellular connections, right? And then course, a proteases can come in
66:46 forms, these degrade obviously proteins. so uh a one of the major
66:52 is this so many of your respiratory have this because remember I G A
67:01 secreted in your mucosal membranes. And uh those antibodies coat, right?
67:08 the pathogen and and, and and it not to stick to your
67:12 But if you have a prote if they have a proteas, they
67:14 destroy the I G A, then stick to your respiratory system or tissues
67:20 then potentially cause uh infection. So with many of these things, your
67:27 , their very factors kind of act other in different ways. So it's
67:33 evolving. OK. Um Any questions was all I got for today.
67:42 we will continue Thursday.
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