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00:21 Okay, this is the last lecture had planned today. We could start

00:25 after this, but we'll just see it goes. Okay. Probably

00:35 Okay. And well call me um can be some more today, particularly

00:46 that Angela's got started the wheeler So it's good to get a couple

00:49 steps in and just, you we get a couple of steps,

00:53 are some complexities there. But you , if you don't get the first

00:56 right, then you're not gonna get right. But if you get started

00:59 , then there's good hope that you'll them all there right, mm

01:07 Okay. So this is really a a bit more of, this is

01:17 of as close to kind of a a field trip. Maybe if you

01:22 imagine some virtual story, you you're not gonna be examined on the

01:26 formation, but I'm hoping with this , it will reinforce some of the

01:32 that I've been talking about the last couple of weeks. Okay. So

01:37 the done vacant formation uh exposed along Peace River and that's the Dunvegan suspension

01:45 after which the after which the formation its name. So it's deposited in

01:52 glucose interior seaway and around the time the seaway was, it was close

01:57 the south that was beginning to open . Um it was a temperate human

02:03 , you know, relatively small drainage feeding pretty good sized delta. And

02:10 a, it's a system in which source to sink is pretty well

02:15 You know how big the area was was collecting water and making sediments and

02:19 know how big the the actual delta . So this is a north to

02:30 cross section across the entire province of and this is the cross section of

02:37 Dunvegan and there's a lot on this , it's not all critical, but

02:43 the right side we've got the photography Southern Alberta and into the U.

02:48 . A. And you can see there's uh, to shale units recognized

02:53 Alberta, two shells in Saskatchewan and looks like there's three shells in the

03:00 , the greenhorn belle fouche and Okay, now I've worked in the

03:04 and it's really complicated Wyoming, I've worked on it. Right at the

03:09 Montana border. As we go to northwest Alberta, we see the Dunvegan

03:15 up and it consists of a series , of, of flu viel sand

03:22 and shells and orange marine sand stones yellow and then a pro delta shale

03:26 with the green color. A lot things on the vertical axis. I've

03:30 the stages of the cretaceous on the left. I've got the forearm natural

03:35 , you'll recognize those the type. that I showed earlier that I've got

03:39 little photography in the middle column. there's the Dunvegan overline by the casket

03:44 and underlined by the Shastri shale and I've got the members which really,

03:49 was basically the sequence photography which I'll about how I developed once again be

03:54 of the scale. The horizontal scale is 300 km. The vertical scale

04:00 200 m Right? So it's 300 divided by 200 m, that's

04:05 divided by 200, which is 3000 exaggeration. And then here's my wheeler

04:14 . So millions of years on the axis that probably revise this now because

04:18 got better dates. And this is use static sea level curve from Bill

04:23 at the Exxon used to be the group And he shows a big drop

04:26 sea level about 94 million years. seems that that may have been coincident

04:31 that may have sort of pulled the shorelines out into the sea.

04:36 okay, that's all well and But let's go back to the,

04:44 I started my PhD in 84, ? You know, fresh out of

04:50 couple of years with Exxon or O. Calgary armed with this idea

04:53 cloud of farms and no pair of yet. And I was very

04:59 I was intrigued by the idea that were these quanta forms that surfaces ditch

05:04 and I was I was like No one's really applied this with the

05:07 of that one diagram by George mccallum the A. P. G.

05:11 , 26 but I showed up a lectures ago, I've never seen much

05:16 the way of sequence, particularly applied well odds. So this was the

05:22 available uh Stratan graffiti of the No one had ever looked at it

05:27 any strata graphic detail at all. had been matt Chetan Singh was a

05:35 . And so he had done some photography surrounding the gun Vegas but it

05:40 looked at the lift the the the photography in any way. So here's

05:46 of his depiction of the of the formation Visiting in 1983. And so

05:52 we see is the base his diaphanous ? So it rises you go as

05:57 go from northeast B. C. the great plains, which is basically

06:03 east. Okay. The base the of the Dunvegan formation is as little

06:08 graphically defined. Is highly dia chris were diarists means diet means cross Cronus

06:15 times. That means contact that crosses , long time. Okay,

06:22 in any one vertical succession, you on this diagram the shafts free is

06:29 and the Dunvegan is above in any location. Okay. But another thing

06:36 notice is that is that there's a formation. It over lies the cruiser

06:43 , here's the Dunvegan formation over Liza formation way out here, all the

06:49 called the lavish formation formation. so what's the contacts? What is

06:58 contact between the cruiser and the Shaftesbury defines that contact? It's a vertical

07:11 . Yes. Can anyone tell me we're vertical boundary? It is based

07:17 this cross section by far the most boundary And geology of all. I'll

07:26 this for me. Yeah. Has zero geological significance. It's not even

07:36 arbitrary vertical cut off. That that least would make sense for me.

07:48 close in Canada call them provinces. there's the british Columbia Alberta border.

07:58 so in Bc, they call the of the cruiser and in Alberta they

08:02 the Shaftesbury soccer blue. That's just worst contact of all right. And

08:11 the lab, each formation is indeed arbitrary vertical cut off where the Dunvegan

08:17 . Right? So the lavish Shastri is an arbitrary vertical cut off that's

08:23 at the end of the tip out the Dunvegan sands and the crews of

08:27 is simply a political boundary. provincial boundary. But I'll give you

08:32 points for state because states provinces, know, effectively to the same kind

08:37 boundary. Right? So, you , so the cruiser has the same

08:45 , the same fossils, the same as the Shaftesbury. But there's a

08:50 boundary there. The beast has the geology same age as the Shaftesbury and

08:56 it's given a different formation. so I decided to try and do

09:06 . And I've already shown you my answer because I've shown you the Dunvegan

09:11 . Right. But I'm going to you a little bit more kind of

09:15 a bit more detail about it. you can get a feeling for what

09:18 faces walther's law contacts look like. know, just an idea of maybe

09:22 I did the correlations. So there's , my geological grid and if you

09:28 I set up this grid because that the Dunvegan formation pinches out roughly in

09:35 sort of orientation. So it looks it's sort of broadly, you

09:40 was fed by rivers, more or programming from northwest to southeast. So

09:45 oriented my oriented, migrated cross sections to what I thought was de positional

09:50 and strike. Okay, so the thing I did was spent two summers

09:58 at cores in Canada went course taken formations, the government of Canada requires

10:06 of course to be given to the stored in a warehouse and they're available

10:10 anyone to look at. For a fee. If it's a new well

10:14 you want to keep that core you could do so with the petition

10:19 on whether it's production well or Well usually you could keep a preparatory

10:24 Like a year if it was a well and 3-5 years, it was

10:27 exploration. Well, he was certainly to keep keep core as long as

10:32 had use for it. But at point and typically you would, you

10:36 , if you want to keep some , you would slap it, you

10:39 one half to the other and you part of it yourself. Right.

10:44 this is one of the first course ever looked at and there's the top

10:49 the Dunvegan, there's the base so just about hits the base and misses

10:54 last bit of sandstone at the Okay. Okay. Apologies. This

11:00 in color. But you'll notice I've by upward coarsening faces successions. I've

11:07 the word mm F. S. meant a minor flooding surface.

11:11 J. F meant major flooding. did this before before formal sequence activity

11:18 was published. So, you I recognized that there were flooding surfaces

11:23 again, this was this this figure made after I finished my PhD.

11:30 , so just you know, initially would have marked I would have logged

11:33 faces succession, said flooding surface, , service, flooding surface. And

11:37 I do the correlations and some flooding . I could correlate regionally. Those

11:42 the major ones and others just correlated local area. So those are the

11:46 ones. Right? So I recognize there was a hierarchy of flooding services

11:51 this was before para sequence para sequence . But essentially the modern flooding surface

11:55 be a para sequence boundary and the flooding surface would probably market paris.

12:00 consents. That makes sense. very good. And on this particular

12:05 , there was nothing that I marked a I marked a transgressive surface

12:12 A couple of places they're over land major flooding surfaces and it doesn't look

12:16 I logged any obvious sequence boundaries in core. Mhm. And then in

12:24 end, here's my sequence photography. this is a dip section and it

12:30 sort of it's quite spidery looking. sound stones are very thin.

12:35 And and and compare that to, know, to Tanya says,

12:38 just hold your nose. Don't don't listen to Dennis. There's no

12:45 in there. It's just mostly That's the Dunvegan sandstone, whatever.

12:52 what I just said, well, , actually, if green is shale

12:57 places that Dunvegan is 50% Marine certainly not a sandstone. Now it's

13:02 than the stuff around it. But call it a sandstone is a little

13:05 little unfair in my opinion. All . And you know, now you'll

13:12 Angela, I've used the top So I put this cross section of

13:17 at as far as a postdoc. I said, yeah, I can't

13:20 using bottom hangs. So by by that time I decided to go

13:23 a, you know, I'm still the top bag. Never mind.

13:26 you see how here at the paris go uphill, you know, So

13:29 probably should have used the bottom but there you go. But I

13:32 still faced with the fact that some my well, see that well stops

13:35 , right? Doesn't go all the to the bottom. Anyway. Have

13:39 noticed that that's the cord? that's a chord. Well, that's

13:46 chord. Well, that's a Well, that's a core. That's

13:55 lot of core for one cross Right? So these well on correlations

13:59 calibrated with respect to core. here's a dip section all of a

14:04 . Now the big valleys pop out different valleys at different levels.

14:07 So, you know, you get impression there's trajectories, maybe some down

14:17 , there's a big flood, then pro gradation, there's a down step

14:24 . Big back step program Nation, little down step and so on and

14:28 forth. And then and then there's big transgression above, above this para

14:32 . So that's the maximum aggression of of the Dunvegan. And there's a

14:36 back step sort of two in the paris sequences in Dunvegan. And eventually

14:41 goes into this big transgressive succession And in the in the strike section

14:48 I chose this deliberately to penetrate as of the incised values as possible.

14:53 said, this distance sized valley here through 1, 2, 3.

14:57 cuts three pair of sequences out Okay, and there's a wheeler diagram

15:05 just sort of emphasizes the time graphic relationships. Okay, so let's

15:11 go back to my original schematic sequence and this was drafted directly from a

15:18 off cross section. I just took the wells out to make it a

15:21 bit easier to see the photography and just go through a little bit.

15:27 , so we've got one pair of , two pair of sequences, three

15:33 of sequences for power sequences. So would be a presentational para sequence

15:39 Doesn't look like there's a lot of . What are they doing?

15:48 And what what what are the paris doing distantly? The relationship with the

15:52 surface down? Laughing. Okay, there's a big flood. Then we

15:59 another pro grade, another pro That one's slower down lapping another big

16:07 and we have another pro grade, probe down, lapping. Then we

16:12 a little, a little down Its not really obvious here because I

16:17 an upper data if I use the data and I think the down step

16:20 be clearer. Right? And then another big transgression. Then we have

16:25 forced aggressive Series of three forced aggressive , another transgression and so on,

16:32 so forth. Right, So these regional green flooding surfaces. I could

16:38 over hundreds of kilometers. And the ones, the para sequence boundaries only

16:44 as far as the pair of So I had, I had minor

16:47 major or local and regional flooding Okay. And what that resulted is

16:56 sand stones, these sand stones here to that jasper the shale, these

17:03 sand stones correlated that part of the , very shale. And these Dunvegan

17:07 stones correlated this Shaftesbury shale. So I said is that the chassis shale

17:12 a completely artificial boundary, it has genetic significance whatsoever. The Dunvegan does

17:17 , overlying the chassis bury, it the Shaftesbury right to the Dunvegan.

17:22 stones feed the shastri shales, you , they're genetically related, you

17:27 and the flooding services can be tracked the Dunvegan into the chassis very to

17:32 point where the Shaftesbury completely, you , these, these units completely down

17:37 they completely pinch out and they bound unit above and below, bounded by

17:43 major flooding surfaces that contains both sand and shells. A strata graphic unit

17:51 by discontinuities that contains a variety of is called an ellipse strata graphic unit

17:58 this North Americans Commission strata graphic So I defined Allen member A B

18:05 D, E F and G. , now there's the little photography,

18:14 is the little strata graphic Dunvegan formation the little strata, graphic shastri

18:20 It's just a big shoes on, and my job was to never do

18:26 again. Okay, so little photography the ability to map a map of

18:36 unit, which is sort of a thing, you know, ideally should

18:43 little logically homogeneous, but the Dunvegan not, it's got shells and sounds

18:47 it and of course, you the boundaries are Dia Cronus. So

18:55 photography, there are also um available , unlike literature review, which is

19:00 of forced to be homogeneous. you can be happy if their hetero

19:05 , you can map the sand and unit as long as they're genetically related

19:08 importantly they're bounded by discontinuities. You like Alex photography, just put the

19:13 sequence photography there. Right, Alex is a way to book, keep

19:17 geology defined on strategy, on bounding that you can actually put in a

19:23 graphic code because sequence particular is not Alistair Crowley is anyway, I'm not

19:32 talk about Alice triggered me very He took this class 10 years

19:35 I would have been beacon on about more now here's the map That was

19:42 in the 60s of Dunvegan and you'll that there's there's very distinct lobes.

19:47 see that so there's definitely low bit , it might be time to

19:53 oh there's a river that feeds that , a river that feeds that one

19:55 maybe there's one big river and it for different lobes. But the

20:03 you know, it's hard to differentiate different, you know, everything just

20:07 thicker updated and it's hard to figure . Okay, is there one river

20:10 this load and a different river for lobe that's all kind of lumped

20:15 You can see individual tongues of this , but to be blunt, you

20:19 , I don't know whether this tongue is that one or maybe it's that

20:28 or maybe it's that tongue. So there's there's one, maybe two

20:36 maybe. You know there's 56 or tongues shown by by saying but I

20:41 know which of these lobes is a and the answers might be neither of

20:46 maybe have to thin sand stones and add them two together. It looks

20:49 a thick load. But you some of these lobes might actually have

20:53 reservoir units and to flow units. ? And so if you start drilling

20:58 , oh look at that load of you drill into it. Find its

21:00 little thin sand stones, you know of which is producing at a rate

21:05 to make money. You just wait some money because you don't really understand

21:09 the map relates to the flow units you don't understand the reservoir ceo

21:19 So the individual deposition systems may be down dip, but which sound in

21:24 cross section belongs to which tongue on map because the tongues aren't mapped separately

21:30 . As of as of the these maps and cross sections. Okay,

21:38 contrast I made a map of that sandstone and that low stab website it

21:46 and I got myself now I get lobe and I get a single channel

21:51 that feeds it as opposed to a and I have no idea what feeds

21:56 because I know what feeds it. don't know how the sand's connect

21:58 So I don't know if I've got or I've got a track. So

22:02 a total catastrophe. To understand the ceo pairs whether or not you actually

22:07 a strata graphic trap with my You know exactly whether or not you've

22:12 a strata graphic trap which is why use my maps and don't use these

22:17 anymore. Okay and of course mapping of these para sequences allowed me to

22:24 make all these paleo geographic maps. I have these the oldest our member

22:29 defined was G. So there's the and G. Then there's a regional

22:33 surface that covers that. Then I've delta f. two Delta F.

22:39 which looks a bit more transgressive and and that per sequence. Get that

22:43 that flooding surface there Running across the that I get the oldest of

22:49 Then next e. e. 21 is the last delta. Anyone and

22:55 flooded over there is a transgression. I get this. This is

23:01 I get an elongate show your face with a lagoon behind this is a

23:05 island. So I've gone from deltas alan Member E. To wave dominated

23:11 in in in Allah member D. there's a drop of sea level and

23:16 incised valley cuts in the north end that barrier and deposits a wave dominated

23:21 load and that gets transgressed and then other units look a little funky.

23:28 think they're more wave and tide Uh and it was a little harder

23:34 interpret the details of the deposition of . Nevertheless, I made maps and

23:39 my best, but I made, do you have here? 1234567

23:45 10, 11, 12, 1415. I went from one map

23:48 the Dunvegan to 16 maps. some of the maps, it's just

23:52 if the entire area is covered by shale, but that emphasizes the cycle

23:57 nature of the unit. Right? other thing is when the entire area

24:02 transgressed, it's kind of like erasing chalkboard, You know, you don't

24:06 what's gonna come next once you cover area, once the tire is

24:11 you know, you don't know what, what new system is going

24:13 build out over on top of So now I've got max of reservoir

24:21 cares or if you prefer flow units if you prefer aquifers and aquifer

24:28 we don't use the latter term in petroleum business because we're not hydro

24:32 Right? But the concept is really same. So we had a variety

24:36 key surfaces, including minor flooding major flooding surfaces and some erosion sequence

24:47 , kate. So the smaller scale with flooding surfaces, those more or

24:52 defined para sequences. And my PhD called them shingles because the word paris

24:57 hadn't been published yet. Then I've these units these off flapping sets of

25:04 sequences. So these are off flapping sequence sets. And these are my

25:09 members and those are bounded by major surfaces. And then internally to that

25:19 have some episodes of of of degradation those to find the sequence boundaries.

25:25 , although I could define the sequence and interpret them, I couldn't actually

25:30 them in all the wells. They hard to pick and so they weren't

25:33 best surfaces for mapping because there were of sand on sand contacts that I

25:39 pick in the wells only in the . So I had lower confidence on

25:45 sequence pantries. It doesn't mean that weren't there. It just meant I

25:48 pick them consistently in all the whereas the flooding surfaces I could consistently

25:54 with confidence because by and large there a clearer contact of marine shales and

26:01 water sand stones in the well locks I could calibrate that against the

26:08 Now guy plant then. And so worked on the area where the Dunvegan

26:15 out. So I want to walk the disk left and then guide plant

26:19 on. So that that was my area, that sort of box

26:24 Then guide clint math the area to north and west and that included a

26:27 of our crops. And he mapped lovely tribute Tiv systems. So degradation

26:33 landscape, tributaries feed into a trunk which is in size and eventually goes

26:39 , right. I want to do PhD. I had to my bed

26:42 I wasn't sure. I sort I called them distribute ori channels,

26:47 really thinking about it very much. I think in one paragraph in my

26:53 page PhD, I said there could valleys, but I'm going to hedge

26:57 my bets. The late Great Trevor was my external examiner and he

27:06 you know, battlestar, you could consider the the opportunities are incised valleys

27:10 bit more aggressively. You're, you it, but you're very hesitant.

27:13 like, you know, it's because had a hard time mapping them,

27:16 ? So I was like, there could be, you know,

27:19 hypothesized it, but I'll leave it others to make that decision. Right

27:25 the end, Guy Plant went out and rather more confidently verified incised

27:31 Here's a nice example of one of beautiful laterally creating. Well, you've

27:36 the the diagram above and the outcrop showing a large scale erosion all feature

27:43 large lateral accretion beds that he interpreted an incised valley. You notice the

27:49 scale of 50 m here, there's verdict exaggeration. So that channel is

27:54 21 m thick. But that, a big river. Okay. And

27:59 here's some measured sections. And here can see an individual channel story.

28:05 that would be basically one channel depth it's clear. So here's the erosion

28:12 scour going all the way down here it's multistory. You've got one point

28:19 complex, another one, Maybe a 1 here. You've got three vertically

28:27 . And we're gonna we're gonna talk fluidity photography next. But if you

28:31 a big incision, right? If deeper than the channel that made

28:35 that's a valley, right? The is much deeper and deeper than the

28:39 it made. It It doesn't have be much deeper. It can be

28:43 times deeper. Three times deeper, times deeper. As long as it's

28:48 measurably deeper than if the whole that's is deeper than than than than than

28:53 channel at flood stage. That means in size. Okay. And so

28:59 multistory nature of of the of the , of the fill of that erosion

29:06 surface that I've drawn in the Of course it comes back up.

29:11 ? So that's the channel belt and clearly filled with more than one channel

29:16 . Therefore, that has to be value. And I'll talk about that

29:22 more detail later. So here's our E. And F. And these

29:29 attributed attributed systems that plant mapped, on trunk stream. What's interesting is

29:35 how there's no distributor channels, so trunk stream stops, then there's a

29:41 lobe and Clint was unable to map distributor channels there there. But the

29:49 is he was doing work with well and the distributor channels are small features

29:56 the top of an upper questioning profile the sandy part of the profile.

30:02 let me draw that there's there's my , right? The distributor channels,

30:12 things at the top. This is mouth bars, this is your digital

30:17 front. And these little small channels be resolved in a well log,

30:22 buried in the funnel. Okay. only when you get a big

30:27 that's an incised valley that's big in funnels. So you actually don't see

30:31 channels in the well log. You the, you see these big valley

30:35 , right? That's what's on your loan, right? Distributor channels are

30:40 the funnels and I'll talk about that a lot more detail when we talk

30:45 flu real photography. So we had pair of sequences in in ala,

30:55 D And there's a couple of delta in four. There is three Delta

31:02 and three three delta lobes and And interestingly, you know, although

31:07 didn't see that delta lobe sits right . Okay. And that delta lobe

31:12 right here. So there's, there's examples of lateral switching, right?

31:17 know, there's a sort of delta build there's an area that's not being

31:21 by delta. So the next delta the hole, right? And that's

31:24 we talked about with the title through castle behaving the same way in this

31:29 . The topography is just prompt controlled differential compaction. The sands compact

31:35 The shells compact more. And so get low areas in between the delta

31:40 And then that's where the shoreline is the end of of of of

31:44 And then that's where it was at end of two. That's where it

31:48 at the end of one. And about a that's about a 60,

31:54 km basin would shift. That's a . Okay, that's quite a

32:05 Okay, so there's a map. this map here. And I've I've

32:15 I've drawn I've taken that lobe, it on this map. So that

32:19 right there and there's a map. , so there's the The older delta

32:26 in two. It's in size by valley and that feeds this younger load

32:32 . Okay. And I'm going to a couple of cross sections, a

32:35 section going from the high stand to low stand and then we're gonna look

32:40 strike sections. Okay, uh here's tip section course on the bottom,

32:49 logs above. So that the core of shows things in more detail.

32:54 is incised valley cutting into these old of sequences And there is this low

33:00 , low big blob of sand here it's on lapping uh so there's Delta

33:06 . There's delta one and delta one all lapping Delta two. And the

33:11 valley Is in sizing into two and Delta one. Okay, now here's

33:20 same cross section. I've taken a of the wells away just to make

33:23 a bit simpler. And again we're to focus on al remember e

33:30 so there's the well a cross black represents the core, the black

33:37 of the court intervals. We call Hiestand Delta because of the low stand

33:45 . We have a course of the and then of course in this kind

33:48 area, that's a little bit of valley, a little bit lambda delta

33:54 . So here's what the course the descriptions look like. We've got upper

34:00 Hiestand Delta fighting up a channel. up with Delta finding up at bay

34:08 . And then of course from up down. Okay, let's start with

34:13 high stand. Okay, so we're start with this 1531. Well,

34:20 at the base we've got, so is the base with the core,

34:26 the top of the core. So got inter bedded mud stones and silt

34:34 , inter bedded mud stones and silt . There's a silt stone here with

34:38 very fine lower sound of the base a little bit sounder upwards. More

34:45 here. There's a little bit of at the top here. Okay,

34:50 sorry. Yeah. You think I'd this memorized? I've looked at so

34:58 much. Right, forget what I said. The base is here.

35:06 top is up here. Okay, I turn the lights on, You

35:10 ? This is hard to say. you see a benefit? Mhm.

35:19 , this is really more of a trip. So I want you to

35:22 able to see that. Yeah, fine. Okay, so you'll

35:37 We've got a finding upward facing succession the bottom of well, so it's

35:42 here. It's a little bit less . There's some borrowing there and it

35:47 up into this mud stone. The stones laminated. You do have these

35:51 based graded very fine lower sand to stone beds. The brown represents separate

35:58 is an iron carbonate. Probably an die genetic feature. Thank you.

36:05 lots of normally graded beds. There's very moderate level of borrowing in

36:11 on a scale of 0-60 being no , six being 100% burrows. This

36:17 called the bar incubation index. The Basin Index and the score is about

36:22 , which is quite low. We to course and upwards there's some nice

36:29 casts here. So the sand was or silt and it sank into the

36:34 . Right? So that soft sediment there is the top of the

36:40 That's that point there. That's the flooding surface and that's a fairly minor

36:44 surface doesn't correlate very far and you see all sorts of grated beds in

36:50 and then we go into a muddy . Just a little bit muddier than

36:54 . It's all it's all pro Deltek distal delta front here, approximate pro

37:00 . And then we're into a digital delta. Above this feature here is

37:07 ball of pillar structure. So this a layer of sand and it just

37:11 into the mud producing what's called soft deformation and the structure sometimes called ball

37:17 pillow structure notice that there's almost no here. Okay, so the ubiquity

37:24 soft sediment deformation, the abundance of silt stone beds and the lack of

37:31 are all competitive with with, with of mud, with a lot of

37:36 , so very high porosity, very e and soupy in order to trap

37:43 that water. The sedimentation rates have very high, and the best way

37:46 get a very high sedimentation rates is have a river just spewing its mud

37:52 the, into the coast. and then the, the,

37:59 the, the transition back to shales these inter bedded sand stones and mud

38:04 is interpreted as a minor flooding Then we continue to course, not

38:09 black mud stones here, let me this slug of sandstone with a very

38:13 based, but it goes back into , so it's kind of back and

38:18 . Then we go into this weird with just nonstop ball and pillar structures

38:24 is a ball of sandstone and they see. I've got a host of

38:34 . This is filled with ripple across that was a bit of rippled sandstone

38:40 deposited over very waterlogged mud and it sank in and sure enough,

38:47 and the club and ripples show very sedimentation rates. So and and you

38:54 , here is a nice flat sandstone all flat lamination. Sometimes I have

38:58 of ripples on top, so that's BC sequence a classic waning flow to

39:03 the current just just spewing out from delta, more bone pillow. And

39:09 here you can start to see beautiful ripples in these sands here. So

39:16 kind of stop and start. It's sand here now it's all sand.

39:22 , so now in the top of delta and we start to see some

39:27 beds, so angular post cross beds were getting into the mouth bar,

39:33 distribute two channel faces. You maybe that's the base of a distributor

39:38 coming coming into a little bay There's a bit of borrowing in

39:42 it's pretty minor. Okay, and we get to the top of the

39:47 and we get these vertical penetrating features deep into the core, those are

39:52 digging down against the water. So S. C. Surface, there

39:56 Severin exposed plants were growing, the were high and dry digging down to

40:02 to the water table. Then the level began to rise and so the

40:08 exposure surface is over land by this sediment deformed mud stone with lots of

40:15 material in it. That's probably a plain faces. Okay, it might

40:23 the initial rise of the water table the beginning of the turnaround. And

40:28 we see this incised surface here that a bar debated muddy sandstone directly on

40:35 Laguna coastal faces. So that that's actually bio erosion. The waves

40:41 come back exposed to stiff substrate and have just dug down and all of

40:48 sudden there's a marine, there's a marine, but there's a marine festival

40:53 on with the party of all these animals where there was a swamp,

40:57 gone from a swamp and murky yucky . A swamp to a nice marine

41:03 dominated. Happy time. Then we this, you see this beautiful CN

41:09 burrow here, then there's a razor contact there, there's more erosion.

41:14 we see a bar debated sandy mud and then then we get the end

41:19 it and then we're into a laminated stone. So we've got a suburban

41:24 surface that's a sea level drop. it sort of rises a bit,

41:29 eventually the waves come back across and a transgressive deposit and eventually we get

41:34 maximum deepening sediments shut off completely and time passes until the next the toes

41:45 the next pro delta comes building out . So that's the story of the

41:52 . Well, now, let's look this size value that that cuts cuts

41:57 this stuff out. So here's the section when we can see what kind

42:03 draw on the board there, you ? And in size feature the bases

42:07 . The top is flat, the bars represent the cause. So there's

42:12 core cross section now where I've got space here with no symbol. That

42:18 they hit the sandstone with well took bed out, put the Corbett in

42:25 the sandstone and then kept on But they cord they drilled through the

42:29 of the sand before they started pouring . Same here they drilled through the

42:35 and then started coring. So they through the reservoir and then started calling

42:39 late. Right. Anyway, and notice that it's all muds here,

42:43 it's all muds and then we got big and you know, all muds

42:48 upward and then the question is replaced a sharp based finding upwards. Let's

42:54 at the base of one of these , laminated mud stones, razor sharp

43:01 cross bedded sandstone. We've got flu superimposed on pro delta. I think

43:06 showed you this picture earlier when I about key surfaces and methods.

43:12 So again, you can see where top of the core is. Let's

43:18 look at this 2-1. Well, in this case top is on the

43:24 , Barbara is on the right. the way shell used to archive their

43:28 . So you can see in the of the well, we've got these

43:37 short based normally great in bed so english means it's, it's great at

43:43 off. Okay. And we've got muddy sediments low bar activation, lots

43:50 graded beds. This is a river Pro delta. Then we've got this

43:55 sharp contact and we've got cross bedded above sand stones continue uh, with

44:08 eye of faith hair. This is with small scale ripple cross lamination,

44:18 hmm. All the way through There's some soft sediment deformation. So

44:26 this is abandoned channel Phil. Up this point here, let me get

44:33 dipping erosion surface that's eroding into this channel Phil. And we've got this

44:40 debated muddy sandy mud stone, muddy is to, to sandy mud

44:47 Again, finding upward the degree of is 4 to 5, maybe

44:55 Let me get a razor sharp contact then we're overwhelmed by a laminated mud

44:59 . The laminated much stoners deposited much quickly that that represents the next pro

45:05 . Okay, so a lot of has passed at that surface. So

45:11 the base of this valley fill, get an erosion of surface putting cross

45:17 sand stones with a lag on top Pro delta. There's that nice graded

45:24 . Okay. And on top we've this scoured surface that's transgressive scour over

45:30 by this stuff like a sparrow muddy and grading up into a sandy mud

45:38 . And that's the top of the debated faces. And now you can

45:42 to see graded beds again. So is the Pro Delta faces. And

45:47 course There's 1020 cm so of this finding awkward faces, but it collapses

45:55 the thickness, the pencil. I to make the correlations so you can

45:58 two surfaces in the in the You can't separate the that transgress the

46:03 of erosion from the, from the flooding surfaces in the well log.

46:08 too thin. Okay, so just remind ourselves of where we are,

46:16 looked at the high stand. Then had a look at the valley.

46:21 , next we'll go to this area . So that area is in between

46:26 distribution channels and kind of penetrates that older upward question unit. So here's

46:35 well 16-10 courses upwards. Then it upwards the sequence boundary is somewhere around

46:44 . And some people like to start up for questioning finding upward. You

46:48 , I just I just draw an , but some people like find a

46:51 , adds the emphasis. Right? let's look at this middle core

46:57 Once again, we're in these heterocyclic . Inter bedded sand stones and mud

47:01 , hardly a burrow to be This is actually a gutter cast.

47:07 an irrational scour cut during a big , right? It's a U.

47:10 thing. It's an elongate looks a like a gutter. And uh and

47:15 and the core managed to hit right in the middle of one of these

47:19 . The course is upwards. so it's getting sandy or upwards,

47:24 can see a little mud stone rip class there, there's actually, there's

47:28 changed from medium sand here with cross to find sand below. And clearly

47:35 a contact here that separates shales above sand stones below. The question

47:40 is that the sequence boundary? Or it's that one? Okay, there's

47:52 there. Yeah, so I think still part of the cautioning upward.

47:57 also a shale there. Right, I think that's actually probably the the

48:02 boundary, yep. So you're the shales there represent the fact you're

48:07 in the delta, a delta front have a bar, you know,

48:10 bar can be draped by shale. ? So those are still in the

48:13 front. Then we go into what I call this organic squishy

48:19 It looks like it's it's not it's not quite non marine, it's

48:23 that kind of Laguna bay filled Then that courses upward into an inter

48:28 sandstone, mud stones looks like a Phil. And then on top of

48:33 there is this coarse sandstone that's bar . And then it's over lined,

48:37 much, much much blacker mud Look at that piece of corn,

48:43 detail. We turn around beautiful glossy , t sharp walled, passively unfilled

48:49 land by totally barred debated finding upward to muddy facings. Mhm. So

48:57 the glossy fungi to signal faces. that marks a transgressive surface of erosion

49:05 . Uh huh. That contact represents some initial flooding of the bay.

49:12 here I think you can see it , you can see the cross

49:17 right? And it's pretty clear that sound start above is medium sound and

49:25 sandstone below is mud rippled sandstone and . The rippled sandstone is very

49:30 So there's a significant grain size break Angela, that's the face that you're

49:34 about mud stone, sandstone, mud . It's an inter bended faces.

49:38 it's kind of that transition from pro , delta front, and then

49:42 We get a course across many That's probably a distributor rechannel coming across

49:47 top. Now, let's have a at the low stand, doubted that

49:52 system feeds. Okay, so here are at the base we got quite

49:59 black looking mud stone. Then there's razor sharp contact and there's this thick

50:05 . It's it's very fine sand and soft out of a different debt

50:09 This to me looks like a So my guess is there was a

50:12 of sea level and sounds don't kind probably slumped in if you will.

50:18 then the system recovered. But notice these faces are much sandy er than

50:23 shells below. So it looks like more proximal faces is overlying a more

50:28 faces and there's a sharp contact at boundary. Unfortunately, an inconsiderate person

50:42 at the score before I did, took acid and they dropped it on

50:47 core and they were too lazy to off the acid. So this mark

50:55 is the market, he asked. person didn't wash off. So that's

50:59 that's not to be judged. that's an acid state. Okay,

51:04 you can see there's there's, you , borrowing up here, you

51:11 that's acid stain. It's inter The percentage of borrowing here is maybe

51:19 . So that would be a I index of about three on a

51:21 of 0-6. So that's still a low level of motivation. And the

51:27 the bike probation, the more stressed environment and the stresses can be high

51:33 , maybe a bit brackish, which indicates there's a river close by the

51:38 goes away, the sedimentation rate drops . Things get by debated quickly.

51:44 once again, we see these nice bedded sand stones and mud stones.

51:48 start to see some nice ball and structures that's acid stain. That's acid

51:58 . So ignore that here again is and pillow. Uh Here's ball and

52:05 . The sound stones are life's flame here and all this. Ball and

52:10 is indicative of very rapid deposition. , and we continue to caution

52:16 There's much chips here. This is interesting here. There is a much

52:23 that has a shape like this. notice if you can see that the

52:30 of the mud chip is brown and margins are gray. The center is

52:36 , the margin is considered unsterilized So there was a cigarette nodule that

52:41 early surrounded by clay that probably had dispersed in it that got ripped

52:48 The soft clay, got, got washed away and the slightly stiffer

52:54 clay was able to hold its own bit. That's a good, a

52:58 evidence for early civil rights event because cigarette classes actually captured as a class

53:04 the sandstone. So the center right to be there before before it was

53:10 into a class. All right. we continue to coarsen upwards again.

53:17 the stuff here is asset state, can start to see some stratification,

53:28 ? It's low angle, there could some sway. Huh. Monkey in

53:31 . So it could be a sort a river dominated wave. Storm wave

53:35 delta. Okay, we're going to jump to the next court because the

53:41 on the left didn't go to the and the corn on the right didn't

53:44 go to the bottom. So we back down again a little bit and

53:52 again inter bedded sand stones and sometimes zones of borrowed libation, rare

54:01 , there's some soft sediment deformation baldwin pillow, maybe some cross

54:08 flat stratification. Again some into thin muds, mostly sand, there's classic

54:15 front sand stones, very river dominated just events. Ah yeah.

54:38 Mr. So what's broken? Oh right. I'm just saying I feel

54:48 the situation in place. Okay. fractured. Alright, forget it.

55:03 . Yeah. So let's give this for example. Right. I think

55:06 question you're asking like clearly that contact you know, that's probably cord right

55:12 . You got a channel and it's But but wait a minute like it's

55:17 doesn't fit together right now that the slabs, right? So the man

55:21 to fit the core together when they it. Maybe there's a little bit

55:25 , you know? So there's reasons that could be right. I measured

55:28 core so I knew there was there's no core missing in that well.

55:33 I think it was just just you where they may have just taking one

55:36 of slab to put it in, a piece and slapped it and put

55:39 in and they didn't fit them They cut them separately. Right then

55:43 they put them back in they didn't together anymore. It happens all the

55:48 . Okay. Yeah, that sounds this. You know when core

55:53 it's all sharing, it's all No 1s dropped that right. You

55:58 I mean that core has been Right Anyway. So yeah, looking

56:07 further, you can usually sound like bottom. It was exciting, but

56:12 won't be fun. Like even though looks like, okay, you'll

56:23 It's not lastly, thank you. spent hours fitting quarterback together before I

56:36 hours. I didn't spend hours. would, I spent two years describing

56:45 . Well 2, 3 month long is a couple of christmases. I

56:50 184 cores and there was a lot time. I'm like, okay,

56:54 have been jumbled a bit. I'd fitting them together. That peace has

56:57 around. I spent hours putting it the jigs that the core jigsaw puzzle

57:04 . Alright. Anyway, so there's flooding service. Okay. Mhm.

57:12 here's a couple of points. The high stand delta is very few

57:19 dominated and the lone stand delta is flu real dominated. They both have

57:24 , elliptic faces, low byte probation , lots of soft sediment deformation and

57:29 are attached. Right? So most wouldn't be put a big genetic difference

57:35 the, between the high stand river delta and the attached low stand river

57:39 delta. It's like this. on the river and I'm feeding a

57:46 , there's no drop of sea level on the river, but I'm feeding

57:50 out what's his again? I'm a feeding it down to downtown. We'll

57:56 you on the ground and I just on going? You know, maybe

57:59 stick a little bit. It's just . Why doesn't even set the water

58:03 goes, you know, keeps on . So when we talk about genetic

58:10 , is there much taking up all ? A little Seattle draw and the

58:15 just kept on going right. It's shift. It's like it was it

58:18 going like this and just check the . Okay. So in terms of

58:27 all faces, the sequence boundary separates same deposition systems. There's no

58:33 magnificent change in the deposition steps below above the sequence boundary. Okay,

58:42 , if we look at the wheeler of one of these, Ala

58:46 okay. We see that there's, know, the rapidly deposited faces.

58:54 , so these deltas are whoops, know, they're they're programming past the

58:59 and they fill up really quickly and the delta's past you. Right.

59:03 that surface just sitting there similar, sitting there, then the system turned

59:11 and the city starts to come The service is sitting there sitting there

59:16 adventure the waves come across the Okay, that's the hiatus. There's

59:21 long time from the point where the goes past until the water comes back

59:27 again. Okay, of course, how it just decreases as you go

59:32 the distal end, eventually the belt and then it begins to flood

59:38 Okay, so the rapidly deposited faces before you get to the hiatus.

59:46 are these horrific faces. And I've calculations in order to fill about a

59:52 m deep hole. Probably takes a 100 years. Right? So all

59:57 these shales here probably represent a few years of deposition. We started to

60:02 the number of beds and sort of out if there's two or 300

60:06 how many beds are there? It like there's about one or two events

60:09 per year. It probably means there one or two big storms every

60:13 One or two big river floods. folks, The average river floods about

60:17 days a year. That's about what's in this photographic record. Okay.

60:24 contrast, you've got this massive hiatus the transgression and there it is.

60:31 that surface there represents a really long of time. I mean, it

60:37 be 10,000 years Of of Gap vs years of deposition. And then of

60:44 the waves come across the area and produce that little green band, the

60:49 faces, you know, that might Maybe 20, maybe 100 years,

60:53 know? And then it's gone, , let's take a break. So

61:04 done Alan Embree, which is a dominate delta. Now we're going to

61:08 the next album member, which is last one we'll talk about and I

61:11 take a little bit of time and finish up and we'll see where we

61:16 probably gonna be about and another half hour maybe to finish up. Then

61:20 take a little break. We'll talk some more exercises and we'll see how

61:24 day is going. Okay. There go, yep. So the basic

61:34 I'm telling I'm telling here is I'm you example of all the detailed

61:41 Trying to give you an idea of level of detail of species that can

61:45 observed, Walters, Walters, far contacts look like. And of

61:53 you know how that ties into this sequence data, graphic correlation and

61:59 you know, beginning with the idea this was just an undifferentiated sort of

62:03 sandstone wedge. Now it's been broken into its its its genetic compartments that

62:09 both genetic units pro grade with the surface. And then of course that

62:14 defines the basic reservoir architecture of the and allows you to find the smaller

62:20 isolate flow units or areas of potentially and maybe bypassed or missed oil.

62:31 ? We now jump up to Member D and al Member D.

62:35 even less of an aggregation, all than E. Is thicker. It's

62:39 flu real dominated Diaz thinner. Uh looks like the space was a little

62:45 less overall, the pair of sequences a bit a little bit thinner and

62:50 less evidence for flu real processes in deposition, Not zero but less.

62:58 this shows two of the elements in . A map of this sandstone

63:05 which is which maps out as an shore, parallel wave dominated barrier.

63:11 then that's eroded into biden sized valley feeds this wave dominated delta. There's

63:18 valley here. But to be honest you, there's very poor data down

63:22 . So the geometry of data was a little iffy on, but it

63:25 like there's a big incision there. , the orange units younger,

63:30 the orange units older and the Elliott's . And set seaward of the orange

63:37 . So once again, we have a series of cores with the black

63:42 that penetrate this wave dominated shore face incised valley. And then the low

63:48 uh wave dominated delta system here. the course. So the seven of

63:58 well caused the this wave dominated barrier . It also cores some of these

64:05 para sequences. These are little enigmatic . They're thin, they're truncated.

64:12 look like they're some floaty influence, I was never able to make much

64:15 to tail them. Then this Hiestand is eroded into by this finding upward

64:22 valley fill and it has a lot marine influence than in Alabama e.

64:28 . And then it feeds this low , shorelines, shore face, wave

64:32 delta. So once again, let's in this lowest shingle or Paris sequence

64:39 . three. And once again, back to this kind of laminated

64:44 Okay, there's a little gutter cast here. Okay, Uh there's lots

64:49 evidence of of graded beds. Silty beds. So quite a lot of

64:53 real influence, flu real storm influence that lowest para sequence. Uh it

65:00 upward upward to this point here. , so that's uh Yeah,

65:15 that's that contact here. So there's lower power sequence of this laminated

65:22 It's got deformation, shrinkage, gutter casts, and there's a little

65:27 on top of that. Some bar hunky sand stones here and then there's

65:31 transgressive lag. And that's right at point, right there. Then it

65:37 into an overlying faces and immediately you see the rocks are very much more

65:42 debated With the bike probation, it's from five, two, maybe three

65:47 to five. So little windows of , but mostly bar incubation,

65:53 And it very quickly starts to get or upwards and once again, completely

65:57 , debated muddy sandstone and then laminated stones. And same here, Bart

66:05 slightly muddy sand stones and then laminated stones and this is actually called lamb

66:12 laminated scrambled, laminated scrambled, scrambled by motivation. Okay, a lot

66:19 swelling and Nikki cross stratification here as go up, it starts to get

66:24 the large scale cross beds. so those are the cross beds here

66:30 those are probably upper shore face and cross bedding here and then eventually goes

66:38 into parallel laminated sand stones that are beach or foreshore. Okay, there

66:47 the top of the beach sandstone, is riddled with roots trying to get

66:52 to the water table, right? put dig their roots down to get

66:57 the water right? If if there's if there if the water table is

67:04 surface, then you don't need You just take the take your nutrition

67:07 out of the water right now. interesting is overlaying that rooted surfaces a

67:13 now for years and so the calls plants and the routes where they're digging

67:18 . But in fact when the plants digging down, that means the water

67:22 below the surface and you're not going preserve your plants. So the plants

67:27 got preserved probably represented a new phase plants that were deposited when the water

67:32 popped above the surface. So, think that surface there was originally severity

67:39 the sequence boundary, then it's over by the coal, which I think

67:44 the beginning of the rise of the table and then eventually it's overlaying by

67:50 bar incubated sandstone, overlaying this cold laminated mud deposits. And we see

67:56 transgressive surface of erosion over land by flooding surface. Okay, and what's

68:03 is we see the exactly same suite surfaces. And remember d a sequence

68:09 with routes taken down that kind of poor alec coastal playing coal faces and

68:15 a transgressive surface of erosion and a or maximum funding service. So we

68:21 all the same surfaces all the same . The only difference is the sequence

68:26 and alan Member C. Sorry, the sequence boundary Dalam member E.

68:31 Liza river dominated delta. The sequence and I remember D over Liza barrier

68:36 face same surfaces the same order. the faces and deposition environments in between

68:42 different. Now let's have a look the valley right away. You can

68:49 on this diagram there is a sand valley and then the upper part of

68:53 valley is the mud filled. Now did see we saw upper muddy fills

69:00 A. Mhm. But these are more marine looking. There is a

69:05 section lots of cores. The black represent cores so the valleys shallow on

69:13 left side and quite a bit deeper the right side. Thanks. And

69:20 the valley has sandy fail shown in kind of a big sort of brackish

69:27 mud stone in the middle and then got to sand your faces on

69:31 Let's have a look at what that like. So here's the bar debated

69:36 ethics below. Then we see a contact and we see sand stones above

69:45 you can clearly see that there's burrowing the sand stones. There's mud ship

69:50 ups, there is cross bedding, , so sharp contact between the lightly

69:57 heretic faces of probably a power sequence . three which was the flu real

70:04 . The barriers and it's mud stones completely missing here and we see thin

70:10 and burrows in the overlying faces and borough suggests marine influence. And the

70:15 thin mud drapes probably represent tidal So right away we see that this

70:20 fill has more marine influence and more influence than C. Than D.

70:25 , then e the face is fine . You can see again, you

70:32 , this little burrows here, there's mud drapes. We can see more

70:37 and then we get into this muddy faces. It's quite horrific, but

70:41 got two x 2 x two based index Get on a scale of

70:46 bar debated zero is nothing. This probably 2, 2, 3,

70:51 two have been certainly not for Maybe quite three, but maybe 1-2 and

70:56 half. Yeah. And you it still stays that way. You

71:01 , it's at the very top of sandstone, it's more bark debated and

71:04 was a bit of a monkey sound here. So a bit of wave

71:07 . Then there's a mud and then get a little last gasp of activated

71:12 and then we're into the laminated Now we haven't told about estuaries,

71:20 and estuaries there's two types of Wave dominant estuaries in which a barrier

71:26 closes off the mouth of the estuary as the area behind is muddy.

71:32 get the river feeding at bay head , you get a sandy barrier at

71:35 front and you get this tightly influenced bay mud stones that gives you a

71:41 Phil sand at the bottom, sound the top, mud in the middle

71:48 here's what it looks like. So got more sand as you go

71:53 Then you get santa base at the of the middle and more marines stand

71:57 the mouth. Okay, that seems be what we see in in this

72:02 film sands which are tied to the but quite course means they're coming from

72:07 river and being tightly worked. Then over line by this big slug of

72:12 and then we get a cap of at the top, right. And

72:15 fits very nicely with this tripartite model it's sand at the base, sand

72:19 the top and central basin, mud in the middle. So that's kind

72:24 a model of estuary films. So interpreted this as a probable estuary.

72:31 let's have a look at the sand the at the end of the

72:36 So here's these mud stones here. . What? Mhm. Yeah,

72:47 , tide dominated area would have a of tidal sands in the middle of

72:50 estuary rather than a central bay mud . Thanks. And I think the

72:56 energy, the Dunvegan was pretty low general. So there is some tidal

72:59 , but it's not a tight dominated . That makes sense. Bye.

73:04 here we have these mud stones, gutter casts. So there's some preservation

73:09 sedimentary structures. That's probably that three para sequence as you can see

73:14 the cross section. Then it goes more bar debated. Now we're in

73:20 d. 2 and then it starts cross an upward into the delta.

73:25 upward coarsening facey succession. Okay. we see evidence of less far debated

73:32 that lower power sequence and then it's participated in the upper power sequence.

73:38 the top looks like it's right about . Okay, we continue. Stands

73:45 . They're quite well defined lamination and never quite We don't call the top

73:51 this 3 28. Well, let's a look at this core in the

74:01 . Ah I was doing a weblog and I took these photographs when I

74:13 teaching the class. So once again uh we're in these So we got

74:19 . Yeah, it looks like this completely cuts out this pair of sequence

74:25 . There's there's a subtle sequence boundary and that's probably it's hard to say

74:33 it is because it gets pretty cryptic I put it. Yeah, it's

74:40 bit muddier here. It could be around here where it goes sandy

74:48 Nice uh precaution faces succession. Inter , horrific sounds and muds, you

74:53 , there's some grated beds in There's some bar debated beds. So

74:58 get a lot more bar debated than see in C. In E.

75:03 less bar debate than in the two barrier. Um but maybe a

75:09 bit more bar debated than the three parachutes courses up into sand stones

75:15 laminated and wow, look at There is the camp and it goes

75:20 into laminated mud stones about the sharpest surface you can see in beautiful uh

75:27 amorphous burrows here, right. Trip right. And then look at the

75:34 distal end of the system. So quite silty and bark abated above the

75:42 boundary. Quite a bit more laminated the sequence boundary, believe or

75:47 That's the sequence boundary. A slight in salt at a slight increase in

75:56 clarity courses upward, but it courses , it's probably into a muddy

76:03 muddy, silty sandstone were kind of here. Right, It's never severity

76:08 . And of course here it's it's upwards and then it just went

76:12 It was never exposed. We don't a transgressive surface erosion anymore because the

76:17 is never exposed. We just get a sudden deepening surface. And then

76:24 a close up of the sequence We see more by incubation above.

76:29 we see less participation below. And interesting is if you look at the

76:37 log, look at it carefully. see how the well log shows

76:41 The gamma log shows a very sharp to the to the left. That

76:44 it's much less clear rich. Okay the sequence boundaries actually in this case

76:48 little bit better picked up by the off. So let's make a few

76:57 here. Alan member E. Was fluke deal dominated delta. It was

77:04 grade, it was flu feel There was a little drop of sea

77:08 and it just kept on trucking as political dominated delta. Okay so there

77:25 is Flu will dominate delta in the and two and that fluid will dominate

77:30 . Anyone and then the entire area underwater. There it is all

77:39 It's like it's like raising the bar then some system came in that was

77:47 bar debated. It's so muddy. wasn't able to happen. That's the

77:52 . So I didn't make a map it. D. Two maps out

77:58 beautiful elongate barrier island totally wave dominated different system from E. One.

78:06 ? So you talk about de positional , there's there's a legal deposition

78:12 The transgression wipes the slate clean. the next thing you know, we've

78:15 a wave dominated barrier. So the of de positional systems cannot be predicted

78:21 and above this major flooding surface. in sequence photography. Exxon said the

78:28 barry is the big genetic break Bill said nonsense. You know the transgressions

78:34 of wipe the slate clean and the above the flooding surface can be very

78:38 . And Bill Bill and I kind kindred spirits. I don't agree with

78:42 he says, but certainly I'm definitely maximum flooding service kind of guy.

78:47 like, yeah, once you get maximum flooding surface and the air is

78:50 underwater, you can make no predictions the nature of deposition systems that

78:56 that will build above that major flooding . Okay. And and these series

79:01 maps show that nicely. Okay, what we've shown is that we've got

79:25 Allah members. So my big break the remember flooding surface and it's separated

79:30 flapping river dominated delta with a low in it from an off flapping wave

79:35 system, an estuary system with a a low stand in it. So

79:38 had my sequence, I had my all sequence inside my allen member because

79:45 didn't think that the sequence battery, though even though I showed an irrational

79:49 there and interpreted to be a result a city level drop, I wasn't

79:54 confident mapping it and yes, I it, but I didn't feel it

79:58 the best basis for mapping. So I didn't make it my fundamental

80:02 . It's there. I didn't, didn't shy away from it. If

80:06 prefer to draw a big black line that go ahead. Make that your

80:09 break. Right? You're welcome to that. The correlations don't change if

80:13 choose to emphasize that surface, you , Exxon and Bill Galloway would correlate

80:18 rocks the same way. They would say, oh what do you think

80:21 that the maximum floods more important? what Galloway would say. Excellent would

80:24 no, no, no. The brown is more important. I'm

80:27 you know what? They're both pretty , right? And they're both they're

80:30 critical to use as mapping if you . Now, interestingly, the top

80:36 d drops by 25 m And the of the drops by five m.

80:46 it looks like d never had as combination to begin with. So a

80:50 accommodation system in general and the accommodation mostly negative, which is why the

80:55 cut deeper. Indeed. Uh I think there's a lot of space

81:00 begin with. And so when there a drop, maybe there was more

81:04 subsidence. And so the actual use drop ended up being relatively less.

81:10 the incised valleys are a little bit . The down stepping of those wedges

81:16 similar to what we see in their , I don't show them very well

81:20 I used a top data. in this diagram, I use the

81:28 data and you can see the down much easier, right? You see

81:35 this down steps now, right? it looks much more like their own

81:40 . So I'm like, okay, I finally used bottom date, um

81:45 get a geometry that looks more like modern forced aggressive system. Right?

81:52 once again in e I used the datum. Maybe I shouldn't date him

81:57 that lower surface. Anyway, so album member shows a very similar

82:04 We have a aggregation of procreation, para sequence set, then we get

82:12 , then we get a valley fill we get appropriation with a bit of

82:17 . Eventually we transgressed across the whole and we preserve some of the alluvial

82:22 , but we strip a little bit the top off. Now, in

82:26 morning's class, I talked about much widespread erosion and much less top set

82:31 . Right? So this system has of sort of an intermediate level of

82:36 set preservation. When we come back week, I'll talk about the fair

82:39 which has a lot of talks at . And so what we see is

82:45 exactly the same general stacking of Klan and paris sequences, despite the fact

82:51 one's river dominated ones wave dominated. . And of course, the sequence

83:00 at the base of the valley goes the low stand delta. And this

83:06 what John Van Wagner suggested in Just as an interesting aside when I

83:13 this figure In a paper, I in 1993, that's in your reading

83:20 guy at Exxon reviewed it, who know quite well. He's a good

83:23 of mine and he insisted that I the sequence boundary on top of the

83:28 . I'm like why would you do ? I've got a big river,

83:31 got this delta. The river feeds . Right? He said no it

83:35 on top. Then you got a that feeds nothing and adults that's not

83:39 by anything. That makes no And alright, that guy ended up

83:45 Exxon and going to BP and started me. So I don't know,

83:48 never understood that. John Van Owen , look, the the sequence boundary

83:53 below the delta as a corrosion of . And so I I convinced myself

83:58 the sequence grounding was that big slug sandstone in the distal position. So

84:04 find it for you, just remind what that looks like. That.

84:12 that contact there? Right. The of the base of the low stand

84:16 . Alright. And so we similarly see a similarity of surfaces despite the

84:27 in deposition environment and facings the deposition above and below. The sequence boundaries

84:33 hugely different. You know, the boundary in E separates a wave dominated

84:38 from a river dominated delta from a dominated delta. The sequence battery indie

84:44 a wave dominated barry shore face from wave dominated delta. The major paleo

84:50 reorganization occurs across the major flooding not the sequence standards. Okay.

84:57 valley fills show markedly different faces they find upwards and yes, there's mud

85:02 in E. And a lot more in in D. And D.

85:06 more bark probation and more tidal He looks a bit more like a

85:11 dominated valley filled and that's reflected in different architecture. See is more is

85:18 sand filled and D. Although it's because the sea level drop was

85:22 It has a more complex valley Okay, that's it. Okay,

85:35 not going to leave the meeting. . So what I thought we would

85:40 now is um we have how many exercises to go. Thanks. Let's

85:54 a little break. So now you some very detailed instructions. Okay.

86:05 this is an exercise I've been being been giving for many years. You

86:11 , I sometimes go like, you know, I've been doing it

86:14 so many years. How many students seen this before? How many have

86:18 it? But whatever, it's a exercise and I've seen some crazy answers

86:26 I don't get the crazy answers I think because enough people have done

86:29 that there's, you know, and Howard Feldman was doing a a new

86:36 of the S. C. M. Sequence photography book and asked

86:40 he knew I had some exercises and me to contribute. So it's sure

86:44 do that, that. So we've a series of sections, side by

86:52 . And the question is, how you begin? So yes,

87:04 that's a good place. It's a place to start. So let me

87:08 what we have here. So now can barely see this. Oops,

87:28 there's a Yeah, and there's a thing there, there's pinks down

88:06 base, you'll see him better than can. But yeah, you pick

88:12 pinks Ben tonight's and then you correlate and I'm pretty sure that this pink

88:31 that blue. That's kind of a the condensed section. So you can

88:35 out blew through back. Now then you look on top right, you'll

88:59 a pink on top, you see it's not every section, but it's

89:10 of them. So what we've done we we founded the classic wedge,

89:44 , we've got a marker on We've got some markets at the

89:47 Okay. What we can see is a slight thinning of the overall

89:51 not huge And it thins maybe 20% about 20 km now then. And

90:04 lot of this work has been done you, then we can start picking

90:21 sequence boundaries. Okay. And what see is an open course inning and

90:30 flooding surface. A precaution ng and surface upward, coarsening and flooding

90:38 flooding surface, flooding surface, flooding , little flooding surface. Another

90:48 another one, another one, another , another one, another one.

91:00 there when there another one you're gonna a little crazy with these, there's

91:18 some more in here. Sometimes there's real obvious ones and sometimes I marked

91:38 an arrow. Not every single one a lot of them. Sometimes you're

91:42 pretty muddy here. Right? Ah really critical to get your bentonite is

91:54 there and tonight there spent the night . I think there's a band tonight

92:15 there. Alright somebody get this bed in a few wells and so there

92:21 a good internal markers that will help decide how to correlate things. Okay

92:30 keep going with flooding surfaces, flooding , flooding surface. Okay so what

93:44 done is what you're doing you're well which is picking every little top of

93:48 up for questioning faces, succession that can see. Okay now what's your

94:09 ? I'll give you some rules. And that's what we're doing now.

94:24 so we've done that. We picked flooding surface position. Okay. No

94:38 instructions on the actual assignment. Yeah are all good points too. I've

94:44 you the data you know the sections roughly a kilometer apart. Right?

94:54 . Okay. So that means quantum the right and you're going to decide

94:57 aggressive you declined to form form Right? So if there's anything here

95:02 think correlates anything you think looks obvious oh that clearly those parachutes Corley sure

95:12 made. Thanks for coming. Well those are done right now. I'm

95:17 about the black flooding so I've got bunch of black flooding surfaces there.

95:20 correlates with what now you're gonna start them up. Right? I'll

95:33 I'll do one. Okay. I at this and I go like,

95:35 know, that's got to be that that's got to be that dropped it

95:43 to the right. I've got one done right without anybody. Got like

95:48 walk up and point and tell yeah, I think that connects with

95:56 . Yeah. Which? Yes. . So you want to have that

96:12 that right? We'll have that to and that to that. No,

96:24 not going to do that. go ahead. I'll give you that

96:47 . These two hit the funds. . And that probably means,

96:55 let's leave it there. Something Second. This one. Yeah.

97:16 still not help. Oh yes. as that. But then what about

97:22 lower ones? Are you going to that out? Okay. Let's just

97:38 I do this. Okay. Shouldn't be happy? Let's just say I

97:47 that. Now what do I do that black thing in the middle?

97:53 do we do with this? according to that to that.

98:17 Up to this 1? Probably. . I can connect that one to

98:21 . Right. I can't connect that to that. What do I do

98:27 this? Yeah. And then it up to the defendant's dipping in the

98:34 direction. You're not allowed to do . I'm not allowing you to do

98:55 . You can top lap it right that for that most wonderful.

99:42 That's true. Well, you you can have down stepping, you

99:47 top lap, right? So you have things peeling out, Right?

99:50 what we keep saying. Right, sequence peeling out. Do this.

100:01 , So here, okay, so at the band tonight, right?

100:07 want your correlations to at least parallel bent. Tonight's you don't do that

100:12 that goes uphill, Right? So not do that. So, if

100:22 say, okay, I think that down there and that correlates down there

100:30 that correlates down there and then how hell do these? And then let's

100:35 that correlates with that there. You no choice. You gotta you gotta

100:40 lap, he's right, there's the will shoes on that. The criticism

100:56 and we'll put a shot sam here you can kind of bring back into

101:15 . You see how we're building the , keep things dipping to the

101:21 okay, you got some chronic forms . You know, once you get

101:26 sands in again, I look for like here here, it's a big

101:29 , continuous sound. Sorry, that's base. It's hard to draw this

101:36 , you know, here, it's continuous sand, then it's mostly sand

101:40 a bit of a shale, then three separate sounds. So what's happened

101:44 the sounds of breaking up becoming share sequence. Right? That's the faces

101:48 , right, that some cases you've no sand here and thick sands

101:54 Right? So ah, maybe that this and then there's a little forced

102:03 sound that comes sticks out. Maybe goes down here somewhere here again,

102:11 , there's a thick sand here. the base of the sand,

102:16 That's gone. There's your sam. does that go here? Maybe that

102:21 into here. Right. So that be a little forced regressive sound coming

102:28 and then, and then you can of warm your way up through

102:31 Maybe it pops up there, You're getting some sand and you get

102:36 shale bypass and Sancho. You've got little forced aggressions in a few places

102:50 . Everybody gets it. So this something you definitely want to work on

102:55 Wednesday? Yeah. This is going be duped after the exam.

102:59 We agreed to have this, do we say friday. What Day is

103:03 13th? Yeah. Just emailed to on the 13th. Okay. And

103:12 only thing I'll do is I will with with Bill and just ask him

103:16 Don asked him what the ultimate deadlines right now. This, this could

103:23 this anyway. It's going to look like that. That's part one.

104:04 . Are you reasonably happy enough with explanation of the gist of doing the

104:08 correlations. Okay, Okay. We'll a little stretch break, good stretch

104:15 me. Yeah. Okay, now got to figure out how to correlate

104:23 channels. Okay. And I have very simple rule. All you have

104:29 do is follow the rule rigorously. . And the rules, right?

104:37 you've got channels mark the base with wiggle, now I'm marking the base

104:50 channel belts. Now there's also a surface here on top of the sandstone

105:27 it parallels to bend tonight. That that's the actual top of

105:31 of the fair information and again, drops down here, huh? Thank

105:44 . The ones that there there's a of static. Yeah. Some of

105:58 are amalgamated. You look for the grain size kick to the right.

106:02 ? Sometimes they're amalgamated. Sometimes they're . Okay. And that's something you

106:08 are going to have to sort of out a little bit. Okay.

106:54 much easier to do with the paper . But anyway, we have to

106:58 with that now, as long as , so what you should try to

107:08 is, so now we know now all we've done is some scours.

107:17 . Now we haven't done the food an apology yet. I got a

107:26 . All right. So next Yeah. Generally in a river besides

107:49 whole filled with some sort of Right? General architectural rivers of china

108:01 . They have a flat top and they rode down to the service.

108:06 , Let's say there's a ford, another chapel and it erodes down.

108:11 right. Going to the show you have deep erosion surface. Okay,

108:27 River coming in another river coming Okay, well, you can have

108:32 channel here. That's the channel Okay, that cuts into channel

108:48 The other channels always have what I've you to do is pick the base

108:53 channels. Now, I'm gonna ask to take the talk of channels and

108:59 figure. Where's the top two And just that arose in surface all

109:03 way. That's all or is it myself? That's okay. So,

109:20 can go in and start drawing drawing tops. Okay. So, would

110:23 like to connect any channels up in case you're probably better off starting with

110:30 youngest channels because they'll cut out the channels. Right? Rather draw the

110:33 channels and they have to race Anybody feel like there's something they want

110:38 suggest, connects up. Yeah. get this. You shouldn't I'm looking

111:07 a top Club wishes this. which one? Okay, so let's

111:26 look at that. Okay, these two, but definitely at the

111:31 strata graphic level. Okay, I'll give you that one.

111:36 Ah this is the pain because you it's just hard to draw on this

111:46 well really. And here, you've a choice. You could connect those

112:04 , right? Or the little display . You could say that's that sandstone

112:09 cuts that out. And that's that there. So, that goes up

112:17 there, then there's a sound stone here that cuts that out. You

112:26 , you might connect those up if want or you could, you

112:31 and that's cutting that out. See I'm doing here, tops are flat

114:05 on your life. Sometimes they amalgamate . This is perfect. You

114:09 it's, it's probably over quality showers here. But that's the basic idea

114:14 over here you can dip them because there's a bit of distortion going on

114:19 for the police. So that's how going to correlate the memory channels.

114:24 how you create. Correlate the marine . Does that make sense?

114:49 Any questions about that so far? . I'm sorry. What what asked

115:02 straight lines for a perfect line for ? Perfect like paper. Okay,

115:18 pointing that just yeah, When you baker like that, I just want

115:24 make sure I know exactly what you're about or do we just more

115:32 Yeah. So that's the that's the of that's the top channel balance and

115:38 the face, right? That's the of the channel about there's a topper

115:45 belt and it's a really So I've got a child that's cutting the

115:50 belt. So where is that coming from here, that's gonna wrote about

115:54 young fellow. So as much as can take the top flat and then

116:00 the dollars in in whatever artistic they to make sure that they perfect for

116:05 irrational scarabs. Right, That makes . Mhm. And again, you

116:12 how it follows the rule in I got flatlined sand stones with undulated

116:18 in an armory part of the And I've got platform units which examines

116:22 base of the marine right dips You see the very different styles of

116:27 of the flu viel versus the shallow faces. Right? And again,

116:31 that was an oil field in a different architecture and the flu vehicle versus

116:35 marine. Right, okay, so got about 15 minutes left.

116:51 So how about I just go through one quickly, quickly. That's exactly

116:56 same exercise. Okay. It's the formation. This is a cross

117:02 It's never been published. I put cross section together and you know,

117:08 it's it should be broadly similar to cross sections to to my cross

117:14 But you won't find this published but you'll find things that look very

117:19 to it. Okay, so step is to pick, there may be

117:31 bench nights here. But anyway, real high gamma kick here,

117:36 You see this? So that's something can I can carry through a lot

117:52 confidence and there's a kick here. I can also carry through. That's

118:25 the data. Now there's also a nice kick here at the top.

118:45 gamma spike. Great data. It's a little bit I'm being very messy

118:57 . I think it's up there, not quite as pronounced. And I've

119:10 I've got a marker on the shelves and to markets in the shells

119:15 Right then I can do the same I did with the pair of

119:28 You can see these nice cautioned upper with the flooding surface on top.

119:35 , okay. Using white is not good idea. Okay, a precaution

119:45 flooding surface. Okay, flooding surface surface. There's a lot of them

119:53 here, flooding surface, flooding flooding surface, floating surface, flooding

120:03 . And you'll see that that it as you you know, you

120:07 you know, you'll you'll see things feel can correlate. I can tell

120:11 that this flooding surface there correlates down , that little flooding surface there Correlates

120:19 that one there that correlates down there eventually these downloads. You've also got

120:31 boxy things in here, some channels find upwards, make sure you keep

120:49 the base of the channels And there's Nice one up there. Okay,

120:56 caution upwards basically, it's it's more less marine above that point, non

121:05 hair. And then marine below. that non marine wedge gets more marine

121:10 you go from proximal to distal. ? So there's almost no non marine

121:17 this. Well, but most of stuff here is coastal plain faces.

121:22 quite a gradual transition use the same , you know, pick your

121:29 pick your cloud forms, picky flooding and drop your marine crisis to the

121:36 . And and some of these units , you can see these upward coarsening

121:41 , you know, those flooding surfaces through pretty good. So you see

121:50 expanding wedge on top of marine a normal in wedge in the middle

121:55 performance at the base, Not quite much detail as the last one.

122:03 I would work on the on the first, that's got all the faces

122:08 and then attack the second. This is a little harder because it's

122:13 well, log data, you're making little bit more guesses. But that's

122:17 you have in the exploration world. you just have well logs right?

122:20 never have data as good as the section you have. Mhm. So

122:27 go ahead and work on these. uh from now until Wednesday. You

122:34 tomorrow monday, Tuesday, all Wednesday. I know you guys have

122:39 to do, but take the time on the wheel diagrams, work on

122:45 the exercises and we'll go through, do a share on Wednesday with whatever

122:50 done, even if you just you know, But even if we

122:54 a little bit of work and everything probably better than trying to get something

122:57 , right? Because get work on and then you'll have questions right?

123:01 opposed to I haven't looked at that , right? Because then you're gonna

123:03 , you're gonna, you know, not going to know if you've got

123:06 . Not right. You want to with the paper, you know,

123:11 up later. That's fine too. find it a little bit easier to

123:14 by hand. It's much quicker than to on the computer a meter.

123:18 you know, I'm pretty good at at looking at messy work and and

123:23 interpreting that assembled to two and which two and 3. Yeah. I

123:38 hand those to me before I go before I go next week. What

123:45 you do today first? Okay. . So I think have you all

123:51 me that you haven't yet? You have. I've got you I

123:56 you. Okay. So um I that. So I would say give

124:00 the lap out exercise next week. like to look at that. I'd

124:04 to look at that on friday. if you can if you can try

124:07 get that done by friday, that'd great. And then the seismic

124:13 we can have the seismic assignment. have the data assignments all due on

124:16 same day. Okay. I think important to get the wheeler diagram done

124:20 there will be a wheel diagram for exam and you need to be,

124:24 need to have at least have done correlations that I've seen even it's not

124:28 graded because there will be correlations on final exam as well. Okay.

124:35 then saturday we'll have the quiz uh uh we'll have two meetings before that

124:41 , so I'll see you guys Wednesday have a good the rest of the

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