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GEOL6363 Carbonate Sedimentalogy - Day7 09-17-2021-Part1
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00:00 back up, come in. that's true. Or So let me
00:15 in here. Let me get her here that we can talk about the
00:20 from last week. Yeah, finish our lectures and then at the end
00:25 the time I think will be way of schedule. Angela, can you
00:41 me? Yes, I can hear okay. Yeah. All right.
00:49 we have everybody here so we'll go and get started and let me start
00:58 recording here. Um This is the for you for any of you who
01:05 to ask any questions about the exam last week and then uh you all
01:13 the guidelines for the final. I hope you did. So we
01:18 talk more about that at the end this. I know Angela, you
01:21 be here but it should be on recording. So, any any conversation
01:26 the final terms of guidelines? Say it again. Yeah.
01:42 Anyhow? Yeah, I do. 12. Mhm. Yeah.
02:05 Number number 12 was named two of four conditions required to accumulate a thick
02:12 will subtitle evaporate deposit. So the thing you need obviously is a
02:19 right? You need some sort of . That's what we call an isolated
02:24 basin, right? It has to at least periodically restricted because you have
02:29 allow water to come in. Remember talked about taking one poor volume of
02:34 , whether it's, you know, little cubic millimeter, whether it's a
02:41 a bunch of water in the basin you evaporate that out. You can
02:45 precipitate so much. All right. you have to have recharge. So
02:49 the second thing, periodic recharging the waters because that's where all the evaporates
02:54 coming from sea water. Okay. then you need a relatively dry climate
03:01 order to facilitate precipitation. And then need a sill. Remember a little
03:09 on the edge of the basin in to a lot water in and
03:12 but also to block it periodically. right. So that's where there may
03:18 an interplay between sea level and and that's still topography. Right?
03:23 when you drop sea level, that's to restrict it to a little
03:27 right? You're not going to but when you raise the level,
03:29 may recharge. So some people think a tie back between the recharge
03:35 and sea level. Okay. Sets the a and then and then be
03:48 got that. Okay, So when talk about interaction, I'm talking about
03:54 it influences, uh, uh, deposits either from a place standpoint or
04:01 a reservoir quality standpoint or um, I said, it can create topography
04:10 localize reefs or grain stones. It conservatives a ceiling face for carbonate
04:15 We talked about the pinnacle reefs that on the michigan basin encased in
04:22 So that provides the entrapment for the , of course any nearby that predict
04:29 can be a potential source for magnesium delay metis and then the last point
04:36 I put on there, which is least common is there is potential for
04:40 to be a source rock because sometimes can accumulate organic material because there's nothing
04:47 eat it, right? So santa can live in evaporated setting and there's
04:53 to eat it. So you could some and mature it. And I
05:01 I know in the permian that some chase that kind of play for a
05:06 , but they just didn't get the of hydrocarbon out of it. So
05:09 potential there and then most of you the stability thing. So, you
05:18 the difference between an hydrate and gypsum the bound water, right? Gypsum
05:23 bound water and and and hydrate doesn't so when you to go into the
05:32 , you have to bury the So what's going to happen to gypsum
05:36 burial, you're going to you're going kick the water out of the crystal
05:40 . You're going to the water gypsum you're going to convert it to an
05:44 . Okay, so, so that's it's more stable in the subsurface and
05:50 think I showed a diagram in our where once you get about 2000 ft
05:56 burial, that's when the gypsum seems start going to and hydrate.
06:07 Any other questions? Yeah, Sand body geometries. Yeah, everybody
06:29 with that, uh which must mean not doing a very good job of
06:34 what's going on. But uh, at least you tried and I give
06:43 credit for that. Yeah. let's see which question the question was
06:54 great? Yeah. Okay, so on Cocos platform. I said,
07:02 kind of geometries? Right. So is lengthened within and depth,
07:08 Or thickness. So that's what we by geometry. So I went through
07:15 different types that we encountered and I first with the two subtitle sand
07:21 they lined up parallel to the trade , right? They started behind
07:27 That was a tom below effect that that initial agitation. Once you start
07:32 sand body, then it just builds itself. Okay, so the key
07:36 to get us started and once you started, then it's going to
07:40 It's gonna build up and then it's to be pushed progressively down wind by
07:46 trade winds and by occasional hurricanes because move east or west as well
07:52 Okay, so linear subtitle sand bodies to the wind and I showed you
08:01 major ones on keiko's platform. And what happened when we had older island
08:06 ? Remember my hand represents the Pleistocene and the trade winds are blowing into
08:12 island. Well, what are they to do along the shoreline? They're
08:15 to agitate the shoreline and so you shoreline fluids that then feed a Beatrice
08:24 . And then to do that, have to have storms involved right in
08:28 to push the sand up above sea to make a beach ridge. But
08:33 net effect of that production is to a sand body. Now that is
08:39 but shoreline parallel. Okay, But what is it what is it going
08:44 do through time? I showed you in less than 3500 years. It
08:49 graded about a 0.5 km into the . Right? So not only is
08:54 shoreline parallel to that old topography, it can take on the pro gradation
09:00 geometry as it builds out into the . Okay. Such pressure.
09:07 So the whole sand body is perpendicular the trade winds, but it's parallel
09:13 the shore line because that's the backstop you agitate against. And then the
09:19 body just starts pro grading into the . All right. So, I
09:23 guess, you know if if sea stayed relatively pretty much the way it
09:28 . Now You give the Keiko sands 50,000 years. I bet they would
09:32 grade across most of that platform. right from from west to east.
09:39 . And then the third type were sheet like deposits that occurred in the
09:44 part and deeper part of the That was in 2015, 2025 ft
09:50 water. Ah They're not as agitated much only by the stronger trade
09:57 So, you know, the 15 20 mile an hour wind would certainly
10:02 a beach and would agitate a shallow subtitle sand body. But it probably
10:09 agitate in 20 ft of water. when you jack it up to 25
10:13 30 or 40 mph, which is the winds blow in the summer then
10:18 gets agitated. And that's when we the U. S. Are being
10:20 . All right. And so we up with these widespread sheet like
10:24 So it's a sheet like geometry. ? We talked about sheet like geometry
10:29 ? But it's not due to pro , it's just due to the fact
10:32 you've got a broad area of the interior that can be agitated frequently enough
10:38 year to strip out the mud and make who? It's all right
10:43 not the greatest looking new. It's think I showed you a picture,
10:46 uh the point is it's going to preserved as a grain stone.
10:52 And then the fourth type were remember the leeward margin, the western and
10:57 margin of tacos. We had those bridges that stick up a little
11:03 We call them subtitle levies on those . And um those are created by
11:11 is being pushed off the platform off leeward margin. And I said some
11:16 it goes over. But if you stuff coming off the platform and you
11:21 a periodic storm come the other direction deep water. You can start to
11:25 up that it was sand along the and that creates this topographic feature that
11:31 call the subtitle levy. Okay, the subtitle Levy might be 6 7
11:38 of water. And then the adjacent behind it on the platform might be
11:42 or 20 ft of water. So stuff gradually gets pushed to the
11:47 Some goes over and some stays on edge. Okay. And I was
11:55 I told you I just wanted you think about what was developed on the
11:59 . So what would be the fifth if you consider off the platform?
12:05 . The on lapping wedge right, were margin. So Okay.
12:22 Any other questions? Uh huh. . Sure. Okay. Okay,
12:35 we're talking about Andros Island. That the first title flat that I took
12:39 through on the northwest side of Andros . And we started by talking about
12:47 super title levees. Right. And those white features from the air photographs
12:53 were along the channel margins and they best developed on the C word,
12:58 marine side of the tidal flats Because the side that catches the 40-60 winter
13:05 every year in a winter storm as a hurricane. But a winter storm
13:10 water up onto the title flat and get the overbanked deposition on the
13:16 Okay. Yeah, But then the sits high and dry for most of
13:20 time. Right? It's only covered water during a winter storm. So
13:24 could sit high and dry for for or could sit high and dry for
13:28 several months if it's the summer and no hurricanes. Okay. So the
13:38 thing that could live there was that unique cyanobacteria called schism tricks that little
13:45 film that and I told you it deal with One or two of settlement
13:51 down by a winter storm because that's winter storms do. They don't die
13:56 they get covered over, they just back up through that surface and recolonize
14:00 . So the net effect is the of all create millimeter scale stratification.
14:07 more appropriately that is crinkly strong catalytic , right? This is what people
14:12 cryptology eliminations. Alright. And then can happen to that organic material when
14:17 gets a little bit more buried it right through a gang material breaks down
14:23 you give off gas again. I be CO two that could be HQs
14:27 could be uh Yeah um methane And some of that gets trapped in
14:34 sediment as little air bubbles. Well was a type of finessed real fabric
14:39 porosity that we talked about and then some of that leathery met sits high
14:48 dry for a good chunk of the and it's a really hot summer then
14:53 will start to mud crack. But you know if it's too frequently
14:57 , it will never mud crack. you have to be in a time
15:01 where probably the summer where there's no storms. Right? So you don't
15:05 any overbanked deposition. It just sits and dry until the big hurricane
15:11 And sometimes hurricanes don't come for So if it's, it's high and
15:15 in the summer, it's going to dry out in mud crack. All
15:18 . So that's another thing people want see associated with the super title
15:25 And then when the big hurricane comes , what is it going to do
15:27 mud crack fabric, it's going to up some of the mud cracks and
15:31 going to create those, those the common name of flat pebble
15:36 but we call them inter class. ? Uh, a type of non
15:41 grain made one big grain made up smaller grain. So the mud
15:45 Yeah. And then the last attribute be the, the really light color
15:51 with the title flat. Right? you're above water, everything is
15:56 So you end up with that tan whitish color. And I said,
16:00 you looked at the sudden below the , it would have a light gray
16:03 because it's more organic rich is Okay, sometimes in the rock
16:10 the only thing, the only difference see between the super title levy and
16:14 pond or the back slope of the and the subsurface is the color
16:19 We go from gray, total greater tan, greater town. All
16:24 . So you have to catch the in order to see these classical
16:29 Everybody wants to see to say they into a title flat. Okay.
16:40 lot of people struggle with that one . I think so. It's a
16:48 others. Yeah. Well everybody, think a lot of people struggle with
17:04 for using a cycle contact as the for strata, graphic correlation. All
17:10 . So I would review that. , Can you go over 10 D
17:21 D? Yes. Okay. Angela asking to go over 10 d.
17:28 the rationale is remember we talked about two cycle contacts. The major cycle
17:34 . The minor. Alright. And some of you got that right.
17:38 right. Right. Go from very water to really deep water faces.
17:43 a major cycle contact. Go from shallow water faces to a little bit
17:48 water, but not that deep. would be the so called minor cycle
17:52 . So their rationale for for mapping as a timeline for correlation is when
17:59 deepen your first phase of deposition is over some area. Right? And
18:07 it's a big cycle contact, our cycle contact, Well, you flooded
18:11 a huge area. Right? So means that your initial deposition is time
18:16 for the same age over a large . Okay. And so that's that's
18:22 rationale for using as a as a of correlation. Alright. So really
18:29 speaking, what they're saying is the phase of deeper water deposition this time
18:34 over some area and that depends on magnitude of the deepening. Right?
18:39 I said some major cycles correlate for of kilometers or all the way across
18:46 carbonate platform or sometimes all the way the basin, whereas the minor cycle
18:51 sometimes just correlate for hundreds of meters for a few kilometers. Okay.
19:01 um we're gonna talk about some cross at the end of this discussion this
19:06 where I can give you those cross . Of course, essentially you're not
19:09 . So, but they're posted on , you can take a look at
19:13 on blackboard and you can see how , how they built the strata graphic
19:19 this framework. Just using this simple contact relationship. All right. And
19:25 think on the on the cross on the the ones that I
19:30 uh the ones that I posted on , I marked the major cycle
19:39 All right. They're not marked on sheets that I'm going to give you
19:43 . All right. But you can can compare the two and figure that
19:47 . Okay, I'm good. number four. Okay. Question about
19:53 four. Uh huh. Yeah. huh. Yeah, let's say I
20:21 up the number on this. I didn't. Okay. Yeah.
20:29 bank sheds principally lime mud and full sized material from its Leewards from
20:34 margins, what is the result in geometry? That's the on lapping.
20:42 Okay, so toward our end of discussion on the modern carbonate environments,
20:54 showed you three variations. I showed three different aspects of deposition that occur
21:01 off the platform or along the leeward margin. And one of them was
21:07 show you that that on lapping Right, so you under you understand
21:13 that means? I mean that's a like geometries? So trinkets up against
21:20 this is the older platform, it , it's up against the platform like
21:23 . Okay, And I showed you wedge that was 90 m thick,
21:30 up mostly of mud and silt sized . So that was the stuff being
21:34 off on a frequent basis by the easterly trade winds, that those trade
21:39 set up really weak currents that can the mud size material off the
21:44 Okay, so that's another type of . Right. So if somebody
21:49 they have only been wedged geometry. right, okay, so Mhm.
21:59 . Any others? Yeah. All , so, we'll talk a little
22:09 more about the final exam at the of this afternoon. So why don't
22:15 get started here, Dylan, would mind just turn a couple lights off
22:23 of We're going to finish up the end of lecture 17 from last
22:31 And if you recall, we started on a couple of unconventional play types
22:38 our fault controlled digest plays. And took you through the first example from
22:44 Canada in the Devonian keg River. this is the last slide that I
22:49 you. Right, Okay. And can. What was the point that
23:05 made here was that the reactivated basement did several things to the sequence.
23:09 of all, they help promote And then secondly, they actually brought
23:15 another fluid later to dissolve some of dramatized fabric to create the reservoir
23:20 And then the structuring created these low traps With the 16 - 28 m
23:27 structural closure. And these are the relief traps that Industry mis identified back
23:33 the 60s and 70s, his baby reefs. And these have nothing to
23:37 with reefs. Okay. These were series of stacked subtitle to title flat
23:45 that were structured to give you that and for that seismic expression. And
23:50 to help and trap the hydrocarbon. I mentioned the evidence for the for
23:56 hot fluids. They're actually hydrothermal fluids out of the basement, right?
24:02 the reservoir helium. And I may forgot to tell you, I don't
24:06 now, but I'll tell you now when these when these fluids come up
24:12 fall plane and they intersect a carrier . In other words, the faces
24:17 has some reservoir quality already. Those are going to intersect that and they're
24:22 go laterally. Okay, They're going go laterally like this? And We
24:28 good evidence from are well controlled that fluids have moved at least 2000 ft
24:34 either side of the faults. So that's felt driven die genesis.
24:41 . And there's other literature and I'm to talk about the Ellenberger and and
24:46 think we think in the Ellenberger That fluids go out maybe one or 2
24:53 from the fall plane and there's there's some literature published them from outcrops in
24:59 that suggests these fluids can go as as seven miles away from the fall
25:04 . Okay, So you see how could be important if you're trying to
25:08 for processing the subsurface, being able map these faults or these conjugate faults
25:14 are tied to the master rent If you think this is a potential
25:19 for creating reservoir quality, then you to pay attention to that structure.
25:24 . Not just to create the structural , but to drive the perhaps favorable
25:30 development. All right, okay. that that was the keg river.
25:40 then I wanted to finish up by this with the or division Ellenberger group
25:46 West texas because historically, uh, Ellenberger has gone through history of,
25:57 evolution of thought, if you I mean up until up until the
26:02 the the late eighties? Everybody thought Ellenberger was a fractured carbonate play.
26:09 right. And now what happened in late 80s, a couple of guys
26:13 the Bureau of Economic Geology here in started pushing the several course model because
26:19 the prevalence of the Brescia fabric and dollar stones. All right. And
26:24 course they claim that all of He said this is near surface a
26:28 car certification, which implies essentially most the dye genesis is relatively early.
26:34 ? And and then later I challenge with my colleague Ian Mirror, who
26:43 involved with the previous study in Western . Because we saw some of the
26:48 that I worked in west texas. saw fabrics that were very, very
26:52 to what I just showed you last weekend for the keg river. All
26:57 . So, I just want to want to take you through this case
27:02 as much to appreciate the danger of to hang an interpretation on one die
27:09 fabric because that's basically what these guys done. All right. They see
27:14 Brescia, they interpret the bread should Carson related near surface karst and they
27:20 explain the rest of the digest fabrics this model. Okay, so
27:25 this is like we were talking about . Right? Oh, I found
27:28 found secondary porosity. Oh, it be fresh water. Right. Because
27:33 to that point, everybody thought it that was the only way to make
27:36 prostate. But we talked about three ways now. Right, two or
27:42 freshwater and marine barrel die genesis. I showed you could create secondary process
27:47 death. So you can't just build whole interpretation around one fabric. All
27:52 . And that's that's sort of the of the theme here for this for
27:57 discussion. All right. So the in west texas, you can see
28:03 distribution of the trend here. It uh in an area that later developed
28:09 be the central basin platform. um during the or division, this
28:15 exist as a positive feature. All . And this was a ramp coming
28:19 of the Atlanta uplift over here to over here to the east.
28:24 And we talked about the land of , influencing austin chalk deposition.
28:28 it influenced uh huh uh Lord of and or division uh deposition as
28:36 And then this is what would become people call the midland basin.
28:41 And you can see the people have Most of the production. That's 1.5
28:47 barrels of oil to the so called related phenomena. And then they've related
28:53 to just other Dulles stones, but to the same degree. All
28:59 So, I've superimposed the central basin over this. This is actually not
29:06 diagram. This is charlie Karen's is of the principles that pushed this model
29:11 several cars development. All right. this is just I've just recovered his
29:17 , but you can see the, can see where most of the pools
29:21 . Right. Just remember that This not a positive feature when Ellenberger production
29:26 established in these black blobs. And then what's not shown over here
29:31 the eastern shelf production. There is over here on the eastern shelf as
29:35 ramp down into deeper water. here's the controversy is you know what's
29:41 the reservoir colonies, Dola stones? It's just a simple fractured reservoir where
29:48 need a dual porosity system of fractures matrix porosity. There is matrix
29:53 There's no question about that. Or this simply a several cars play where
29:58 create the car certification and either produced so called cavernous ferocity or you create
30:05 fractures. You create fractures above the because of the weakening of the structure
30:11 the rock above the cars fabric. , Or is a deep barrel diabetic
30:17 . That's linked back to like back some sort of faulting. Alright,
30:24 this is this is the model that guys have used. So you're gonna
30:27 names, You're gonna see Charlie Karen's here. You're going to see Bob
30:32 . Name here, Robert Hanford, are guys that now for the last
30:38 years to push this car's model Not just the Ellenberger for basically any
30:44 carbonate sequence where you see where you Brescia. Alright, So everything is
30:50 around the branches that you see here core. Right? And plus,
30:53 know, there is missing section on of the of the Ellenberger. There's
30:58 no question about that. But the is, why is there missing
31:03 Alright. Did you erode it during exposure? And usually you don't do
31:10 . A carbon, a succession. talked about how water just goes through
31:14 you just, you know, it dissolve it and curse if I it
31:18 you don't usually strip off a bunch settlement with several exposure or was it
31:24 just deposited? Right. Was it always out of water for a long
31:29 of time? And you never it's the surface of non deposition. And
31:34 it was a drier climate, you necessarily get a lot of early freshwater
31:39 . Right. But you know, you read their papers, they go
31:43 a lot of detail about all these cave models. Right? They actually
31:48 the cave systems in the modern and . Seems to be their analogue for
31:53 Ellenberger. But the problem here is you're going to see in a minute
31:58 where are all the other k fabrics Brescia? All right, that's a
32:04 problem. Right. Because you caves are not just Brescia.
32:10 I'll address this in a minute. and then why don't you get these
32:17 developed in the limestone? There are stones in the Ellenberger that are not
32:21 monetized, you don't ever see Brescia those fabrics. It's all only confined
32:27 the dullest own fabrics. And the . Alright, so you can see
32:32 model here is they don't, for most part they don't associate reservoir quality
32:37 the so called K Phil, which the brunch zone that looks like this
32:41 core and for the obvious reasons what's this stuff in? It's all this
32:45 greenish gray play. These are allied smack type plays all right. And
32:52 iron rich and they're green. So, I guess the first question
32:57 if this is all done in fresh and there's iron in the system,
33:01 didn't you oxidize this stuff? Nobody ever been able to demonstrate reddish discoloration
33:09 this fabric. It's always the greenish color, which is the reduced
33:14 All right. And then they actually that the porosity is associated with fracturing
33:22 some dissolution up here above the cave . This is what they call the
33:27 roof. They say, go find Brescia and drill this and you'll find
33:30 reservoir. Okay, that's basically their . Right? Play the cars and
33:37 right on top of that car service the fractures and any porosity. And
33:43 don't they do in their model? don't explain any of the timing of
33:49 demonization? I guess you have to that somehow the dolomite form first before
33:56 , right? Because it's all Ified. These are these arrays are
34:00 Brescia class or their church class that worked in with some of the dolomite
34:06 . So I guess you know what's and they but they never talk about
34:10 is what is the timing of the , right? They don't try to
34:16 it out. Right. Even though some old published papers uh from some
34:22 that were actually at U. University of texas, that suggests that
34:26 of these Dolomites and Ellenberger were probably alright, based on the geochemistry.
34:34 , so I showed you this picture . Right? With the with the
34:38 system and you know, the I you cave is not just a big
34:44 , right? It back fills with own cement created by dissolution. So
34:50 expect there to be stalactites and stalagmites stone and things like that.
34:56 that's never been documented in any of stuff that locks and Karens have published
35:02 . And then with with other would you get here? You would
35:06 you would get cave sediment alright. some of it would be uh perched
35:15 , Some of it would be some the sort of occur in shelter pockets
35:21 things like that because you're creating that of fabric on the sea floor,
35:25 should see evidence of early cement All right. And I I took
35:31 through the place too soon. We're talking about the physical expressions of
35:36 exposure, had a cave system here then you might go a few more
35:41 before we hit another case system And what was happening to the country
35:46 . It was undergoing freshwater die genesis it wasn't cursed. It was fabric
35:51 die genesis right. Where the Reagan leached out and then you generate pre
35:56 cements. So that's what you should away from these branches owns the.
36:01 never documented that and I guess they tried because it's stolen. Might write
36:07 . Always presented a challenge of trying figure out petra graphically wouldn't replace.
36:12 what was the timing of the replacement and group stops preserve this so well
36:29 mad calcite. Okay. And some it be micro crystalline, some would
36:35 coarser crystalline fabric and some of it be. Remember the the fan shaped
36:44 . Sometimes you can make those fan crystals from calcite. Actually can you
36:49 you can have sometimes a reaganite form some of these case systems but it's
36:53 Loma calcite and of course of his , what should happen to it?
36:59 re crystallize or dissolve out. so let me let me address a
37:08 of issues here. Right again. the first big issue is the origin
37:14 this greenish gray clay that I showed in there and their core photograph of
37:18 Brescia uh from the work that we in on the eastern shelf. Karen's
37:27 locks that mostly work the other side the midland basin corresponding to where the
37:34 basin platform developed. But when you at you look at these greenish gray
37:40 uh most of these things are not , all their die genetic.
37:46 And the evidence for that is you them lining a bunch of parts of
37:51 pores, right? They're not filling the bottom up is what you should
37:54 if that's deposition all clay. And I think here's the clincher that you
38:01 see a fracture cutting a style T. And it's filled in with
38:05 material, the same material. And fractures feed into zones like this or
38:10 like this. Okay so and it's that a lot of these brunches we'll
38:19 about this where you have these branches . The dolomite fabric is associated with
38:25 is undergoing some dissolution. Alright so got to be explained as well.
38:33 their support is really as I said on the presence of the Brescia and
38:39 fact that there's a missing section here I I hope I convinced you earlier
38:46 were talking about Dolomites that you can breadth of the forms of depth.
38:52 ? And because of the relationship of style lights within the breath to class
38:58 each other and the horizon right there the different angles to each other and
39:03 horizon. So you can't just use by itself to say that's uniquely indicative
39:09 fresh water Your surface car certification. , so let me take you through
39:16 case study and that there is a on black board that it was put
39:24 to contrast what I showed you for keg river in Canada with what we
39:28 in the Ellenberger on the eastern All right. And so structurally.
39:36 see the little blue blue star in red star here. These are the
39:41 fields that I focused on. It's of a consulting project initially and these
39:51 fields are called Withers and Suggs. . And I want you to appreciate
39:54 close they are. You can see two miles. So it's About two
39:59 a little bit more away from this wrench fault system called the Fort Chadbourne
40:04 . Okay, So this is a master wrench fault system. I remember
40:09 our conversation last weekend about the keg , you have different contact false systems
40:16 come off of the master ranch. High Angles 70 90° and then summit
40:21 angle 20-30° off of that. All . And and there's core data for
40:29 of the wells listed here and that's I focused on my study because I
40:38 involved in a study where two clients supporting the study. One client thought
40:45 was near surface cursed. The other didn't know what it was, but
40:48 wanted an evaluation and so that's where of this work came from. All
40:55 . So these are some of the arguments against the several chorus model for
41:01 for the Ellenberger. Again, Karst dissolution, segmentation, not just
41:08 In fact, it usually doesn't involve because the fluid just go straight down
41:12 the carbonate rock to create a freshwater if it's raining and then you start
41:17 and cementing, right? And curse not just this curse is not just
41:24 to one de positional faces, It cuts a bunch of deposition all
41:29 . And that's not what these guys documenting their showing. They're showing the
41:35 is limited to certain zones within the . And again, they don't even
41:40 what the faces are because they didn't to look through the masking effects of
41:44 demonization and curse fabric should not be uniform thickness regionally as they map it
41:52 based on what we see in Carson is like the Pleistocene. All
41:57 And certainly Karst caves are not laterally . I mentioned that cave here,
42:02 over here. All right. And no bit drops to support the presence
42:07 caverns proxy. Um And then the effects. You'd expect them to be
42:13 right at the top of the Actually, they're all through the Ellenberger
42:18 a lot of times when you look the top of the Ellenberger, you
42:20 see any kind of of course if sometimes several 100 ft in to the
42:26 succession. All right. And then a list of I'm not going to
42:33 these because I'm going to show you of this. But basically, this
42:36 further arguments from the core data against against the cars model, but not
42:43 mentioned a couple here again. No formation, no open cavernous porosity,
42:49 shelter processing of perch sediments, which what you should see in a cave
42:54 that forms early. Okay, I mentioned the greenest shales there never They're
43:00 reddish. They should be if they they were introduced during fresh water.
43:06 right. And then on a finer , the photography suggests, first of
43:12 that there is no near surface pre segmentation prior to the demonization. The
43:19 replacement Dolomites are burial for the I'll show you in a minute.
43:24 the fractures that feed these car, called karst intervals. The fractures that
43:30 that cut the barrel Dolomites or they style lights, you know that these
43:35 are coming in at depth. And then I'm going to show you
43:39 church here. Uh, the guys the bureau say the church is coming
43:44 during that regional drop in sea Right? Just being washed in by
43:49 processes and introduced into some of the systems, but I'm going to show
43:54 that most of the church are actually reworked. Older fragments that are that
44:00 already buried to some degree because they pressure solution effects before they got introduced
44:07 the so called curse or Brescia Right? So think about this.
44:13 . What remember what I said about pathogenic courts and churches, Church is
44:17 type of pathogenic courts. Every author courts has to precipitate from acidic
44:24 But where you see most of the , especially the replacement sure is around
44:28 areas. Appreciation. All right, of makes sense. Right, acid
44:34 and and I told my dissolution on big enough scale to give appreciation.
44:40 right. And then away from the called curse the features you see fabric
44:48 dissolution of the dramatized fabric. And implies again, a faces control,
44:53 is not an element of the cars . Right? The cars models should
44:56 across a number of different deposition, faces. Okay, so you can
45:04 can read these slides for yourself. me just show you some of the
45:09 . All right. We're able to uh, at least one chord contact
45:16 the Ellenberger Dola stone, which is fabric right here. And you can
45:21 it's by attributed but it's got some micro skylights to run through it.
45:26 can see a little bit of dissolution , but none of this is none
45:29 this approach is what we talked about classical physical expression of longer term.
45:34 barrel exposure. Right? Where's the crossed? Where's the soil crust,
45:39 the reddish discoloration and then sitting right top of the black shells in this
45:45 pennsylvania, black shells and sometimes there different kind of shales, different age
45:50 . They might be mississippian, but there pennsylvania. All right. And
45:57 the Brescia and in the course that worked, we did encounter Brescia and
46:03 look like this in core. And looks like betting in the Brescia
46:08 but it's actually fine scale micro style and whispering microsd highlights And again,
46:15 Brescia class at all different angles to other and the horizon. Well,
46:20 was the evidence we talked about couple weekends ago for barrel demonization on a
46:26 dissolution on a bigger scale. You can't do this unless you invoke
46:32 yo tectonics right? Or you bury rock right? And set up the
46:38 solution. The demonization then pop it up to the surface and Karst ify
46:42 . So there's there's again there's no of yo yo tectonics for this part
46:46 the west texas. All right. then you can see even some of
46:50 breadth of plaster suit you together by solution. All right. That that
46:56 tell you anything in terms of But the key, the key point
46:59 to see the the micro stylist at different angles to each other and the
47:06 . And then look at the matrix nights that are associated are associated in
47:12 proximity to the so called curse related . The Brescia. This some of
47:19 fabrics are politic. Some of the are political pack stones. Some of
47:23 you're going to see your tidal So these are sort of not a
47:29 uh upper camera into lower or division de positional cycles that repeat over and
47:34 again. But the point here is you have to look at it with
47:39 white paper technique or the fluorescence. then you see the rally grains and
47:44 see sutra grain contacts between those p . So that was our timing
47:50 Right? The fact that the grains so future together tells you that decolonization
47:54 to be burial right? If it's formed, you freeze that fabric in
47:59 . All right. And then in of the Dulles stone, she had
48:03 mixed in. So there's the dolomite and here's a little bit of courts
48:09 in. Look at the future in the court screens. That doesn't make
48:13 sense for the stolen might to be formed. Right with court with
48:18 All courts. Right? So the here is that the dolomite came in
48:24 replaced the limestone after it already been right to account for the grain.
48:29 grain stuttering and the carbonates, but to account for the grand grand stuttering
48:33 the courts grants All right. And I mentioned charges mixed in with some
48:39 the breath zones. You get these class of church that replaced and Hewlett
48:46 grain stone. But look at this incorporated in the british it. But
48:51 at the individual class are made up ideas that are already structured before they
48:57 replaced by church. Okay, Yes, it's all micro crystalline
49:04 Right. So, sometimes micro crystalline will perfectly preserved the fabric. Sometimes
49:09 can mass. They can mask the . Okay, us still encourage.
49:19 just telling you that that you had come in to these areas of
49:27 All right. And it had some class, whether there are limestone or
49:32 stones when they got replaced by That's another question. All right.
49:38 it's telling you how to civic fluids in. All right. So,
49:44 can only precipitate for massive fluids. right. Any author genic courts can
49:49 precipitate for massive food. Okay, , this doesn't make any sense for
49:54 to be a near surface course Right. They would say these church
50:01 came in as little Flavell deposits when Ellenberger was exposed and being Kearse
50:07 And some of it just washed in the cave system. How could
50:13 how could you press your solve that before it got washed in? You
50:17 All right. See what I'm So this is right. These are
50:23 are class that got introduced. Uh of the sequence that got introduced into
50:30 bread should depth after the after the had already been buried. And then
50:36 of the church is massive in what call trip politic church trip politic means
50:41 forest church and some of the stuff actually be oil and gas productive.
50:47 you can see it replacing some of dullest on fabric here with preservation of
50:52 remnant microsd highlights. And then you how they fade away. So that's
50:58 timing indicator. Again that the church the stolen ties fabric at depth.
51:04 then where we see church coming in this nearby we see a lot of
51:11 dissolution, which makes sense. That's how you dissolved carbonate with acid
51:16 . So the two seem to be hand in an all right. And
51:24 there's a fracture story here for what going to show you the I said
51:29 crossing the brush zones, if there crossing the bridge zones, it's usually
51:34 back to the late church fabrics that emplaced. Um the porosity away from
51:41 french zones is is is very similar what I showed you for the keg
51:48 . That is that the Ellenberger had been demonetized to some degree. And
51:53 another fluid came through to start dissolving out to create the final ferocity.
51:59 this is what you see in terms the ferocity away from the bridge
52:03 you see people would historically called dougie . A lot of this, so
52:09 buggy process. When you look at with a white paper technique is molding
52:13 solution. Large molded ferocity and then see fabric that looks like like proxy
52:19 like this and some of this is financial process. Some of this again
52:24 created by told my dissolution and you you can see this in, you
52:31 see this in thin section or the lab will start first with the course
52:36 , you see these large grains here the darker dramatized fabric. Those are
52:41 inter class to rip up class. talked about associated with parts of the
52:45 flat, these are very common in lower or division. They're called flat
52:50 conglomerates. Alright. And then look the look at the porosity, it's
52:56 same story we developed last the last for the keg river and we talked
53:03 for dolomite dissolution. The porosity is confined to the centers of grains.
53:08 random. And when you look along edges of this poor system you see
53:13 dolomite dissolution. So this is this a fabric that got dramatized first and
53:19 later another fluid came through to leech out and here you can see analytic
53:24 Hewlett grain stone here that's not replaced church and you can see some of
53:28 ghost fabrics in a normal thin but you see the fabric even better
53:33 and more importantly, I think you the ferocity relationships some of that
53:37 Primary process still between the grains and some of this is due to dissolution
53:43 those dramatized Do IDs or P. . Alright, so there's a lot
53:48 fabric selective ferocity here than the curse implies. The curse of Allah doesn't
53:53 any fabric selective ferocity. Alright. . Just a couple more examples
54:00 Again, sometimes you don't appreciate the from a normal thin section view,
54:05 when you apply the white paper you see how you can see the
54:09 of the grain here. That's another of these inter class with a ferocity
54:15 then you can pick up the S. And P. Lloyd's that
54:17 don't see very easily here. again, we talked about these cloudy
54:22 dolomite crystals and how everybody relates it to some sort of political fabric.
54:30 , that's just an artifact of the of the crystal wright, whatever replaces
54:34 always darker color in the center, becomes lighter color and as you go
54:38 from it. All right. And a tremendous amount of other styles of
54:44 dissolution. Some of those buggy pores I showed you in the core sample
54:48 you look along the edges of those those that larger buggy porosity, you
54:55 dolomite crystals being dissolved out to varying . All right. And some of
55:00 are barrel Dolomites because they're saddled Remember we talked the saddle is always
55:05 barrel dolomite. So some of these the sweeping extinction that characterizes the saddle
55:12 and you can see, I think have to agree here, there's been
55:16 degree of dolomite dissolution. And then of these saddle Dolomites are iron
55:22 So the blue here is a the blue color here, a little bit
55:29 are different than the blue ferocity. a special stage for iron rich
55:34 Alright, these are iron ridge So, again, the fact that
55:39 saddles tells you its burial, but all of these are saddled, but
55:43 fact that there aren't rich tells you didn't form in a near surface
55:48 Iron Rich requires reducing fluids. You have to do that in the
55:52 . You can't do that in the surface oxidized setting, but they to
55:57 dissolved out. And then look at of the matrix Dolomites here they whatever
56:03 replaced. Whether it's more the critical and Pakistan fabric, or whether it's
56:08 dole stones that I showed you earlier tidal flats. You see corrosion of
56:13 Dolomites. Alright, that's dissolution. here it is. In the
56:17 you can see the closer view of fabric. Okay, All of this
56:21 to be explained. Right? The model doesn't explain this at all.
56:24 . Doesn't even address the fact that is substantial dissolution of dramatized fabric.
56:32 . And then what is the evidence the influence of those of that master
56:38 fault or its conjugate false systems? , in core, we see the
56:44 style lights Remember the significance of vertical , compression stresses like this.
56:51 Most style lights are parallel to betting your principal stress directions from the top
56:58 . But we had vertical tectonics We had horizontal fractures and cross cutting
57:05 . Right? That are filled with type of cement. So their natural
57:10 . And then I don't I don't if I mentioned twinning with the significance
57:15 20 nas and carbonates. But the the only carbonate mineral that's supposed to
57:21 susceptible to twinning is cal side. right. But some of our dolomite
57:27 showed twinning. And so that suggested they were probably twin cal sites to
57:32 with and then they got replaced by . So, what is the significance
57:36 2020 is a distortion of the calcite . It's not a it's not related
57:44 burial because it was related simply to and stressed during burial, all the
57:50 should be twinned, but they're Okay, so the implication is that
57:54 these twin cal sites formed, they under some sort of stress compression will
58:00 and that's where the tectonic part of story may come in. Okay,
58:06 , very common relationship in the sorry, is to see something like
58:12 , where the the secondary porosity. it's a buggy, true buggy porosity
58:18 solution. Large molded ferocity. It's intersected by numerous little healed fractures.
58:24 right. And these fractures really pop with the white paper technique which is
58:28 this view is here. And these are horizontal so that you can see
58:33 tectonic relationship right? When you see relationship like this where the fractures dead
58:39 into secondary proxy. That suggests a relationship. And again the fact that
58:45 are horizontal means that they're tectonic, ? They're linked back to that master
58:50 fault system or probably more likely to false system that comes off of
58:56 Okay. And then the evidence for barrel dissolution of the Dolomites. It's
59:04 the same relationships we talked about earlier both limestone. Yeah barrel dissolution
59:12 Secondary Torossian lime stones at depth. also the same for Dola stones.
59:18 some of the simple relationships are like see in this core piece here a
59:22 I. T. Is coming along . It's cut out by buggy paparazzi
59:27 filled with drilling clay. And then pick up the style light on the
59:31 side. Right? Very simple cross relationship that has to be burial the
59:37 to cut out part of that style in the dolomite. Alright and then
59:42 a dolomite again you can see the light here it comes up like this
59:47 you can see this solution along the light. You can see preservation of
59:51 personally dissolved dolomite along the style those are the other indicators right?
59:57 this is burial dissolution again if that early foreign ferocity. And then you
60:02 it and pressure solve it. You see preferential segmentation along the style
60:08 But you don't see that. And then of course we had lots
60:13 saddle Dolomites here as either poor filling or Yeah, as replacement fabric and
60:21 of it was leashed as I talked before. In fact, you see
60:26 I think I mentioned this earlier When you get this kind of fabric
60:29 it steps back, see the little back on some of the crystals.
60:33 the typical way that saddled all night in the subsurface. It doesn't dissolve
60:38 a continuous front. It does it a stepwise fashion. All right.
60:43 all these little features like you see where the crystal steps back and comes
60:49 out. That's a dissolution phenomena. , So both the cement and the
60:55 of saddle Dolomites are being dissolved And then I guess, you
61:00 just to complete the story then the will be, well, what's driving
61:03 stolen my dissolution? Well, we about the keg river in Canada.
61:09 was driven either by passage of hot calcium rich fluids. All right.
61:16 we talked about what calcium rich fluids dissolve dolomite. We also said there
61:21 evidence for late stage thermo chemical sulfate . A mechanism to generate high
61:28 two s. and dissolve the carbonate way. Well here in the
61:33 we have a little bit of late and hydrate that fills some of the
61:38 like you see here on the and some of that's clearly been dissolved
61:42 or cannibalized. So, it's possible could have some TSR here. But
61:48 was more common was to see relationships this in the court, we had
61:54 scale buggy porosity later filled in with macro cal sites. That's what the
61:59 stain is for. But look at causal relationship. It's fed by
62:05 Right? So that's delivering the calcium fluid that promotes the calcite. And
62:10 know, this is burial because those cut a style light. Okay,
62:15 here's an unstained part of a core calcite fabric to because I put put
62:22 on that and that is is all . But here's the stain that shows
62:25 that relationship. All right. that's going to explain potentially some of
62:30 dolomite dissolution. But remember, you needed the Civic fluids for a pathogenic
62:36 , precipitation. So, there may another mechanism like TSR that's also generating
62:42 acidic fluid. There's probably not one of just dissolution. Alright. Because
62:47 faults can reactivate periodically and every time reactivate, potentially they could deliver some
62:54 fluid. All right. And we have some evidence for lead zinc mineralization
62:59 the Ellenberger. Again, this is stain to show you the in this
63:04 the weekly iron rich cal sites. the purple fabric. And then look
63:11 the iron rich dolomite here. That's blue stain for iron in dolomite.
63:16 not much for us in this view . But then you pick up iron
63:20 , black crystals. You pick ups right, remember that zinc sulfide
63:24 Where does that come from? It from underlying basement rock. Right.
63:29 , you've got all these inter relationships . That suggests the involvement of some
63:34 of hot at least hot fluid coming along these reactivated basement faults.
63:40 I ran I ran some geochemistry on calle sites and Dolomites. And you
63:45 see the especially the cal sites are to very, very negative values.
63:51 when you're when you're carbon isotopes are of in this fairway right here,
63:58 more What we call depleted in terms the oxygen 18 isotope, then,
64:05 usually taken to be a reflection of higher temperature precipitation. Alright, we
64:10 do any fluid inclusion analysis. I not stay for sure that this is
64:15 fluids. You'd have to go a further than I did, but But
64:20 hot fluids coming in. I that's implied by the fact that you've
64:24 these fractures with cal size cutting Right? So, you're buried to
64:28 depth. You know that from that . All right. So, these
64:33 the inferred controls on the reservoir It's tie back, ultimately to the
64:40 fracture system. Right? Linked either the master wrench fault system or conjugal
64:45 coming off that We didn't have any D seismic. We have any access
64:51 seismic to really show you the what the false systems look like.
64:57 . And whether there are any contract that actually cut through these little
65:01 uh, but then the fluids were so at least warm, maybe
65:08 Who knows if they're hydrothermal, we'll know it until we do the
65:13 But direct evidence for a civic That would be again, the author
65:17 ports, but also some of the zinc minerals that we talked about.
65:22 . And then certainly calcium rich fluids through these rocks because of the presence
65:27 the late stage cal sites. All . All right. So that's a
65:33 . The bottom line is that everything just showed you for the Ellenberger is
65:38 similar to what I showed you for keg river in Alberta. Uh
65:45 we don't have in the Ellenberger or of the other unique indicators that implicate
65:50 of frenetic basement rock, like the and stuff like that. But but
65:58 , you know, this is not say that it's my way or the
66:02 . He should never say that in . Right? But That's sort of
66:07 locks and Karens have done for the 25 years. Right. Uh There
66:13 other ways to explain what's going on these sequences is not all near surface
66:18 genesis. Right. I'm not, not going to say that there couldn't
66:21 some near surface Carson, the I'm just saying that they haven't demonstrated
66:26 yet. All right. In I was at a core conference with
66:31 back in the 90s to talk about and carbonates and we brought our cores
66:37 this conference, right. I had stepped down from Calgary for the keg
66:42 , he had some of his Ellenberger brought over. This is a meeting
66:45 New Orleans and I said, come over, look at my stuff
66:49 . I found some really neat stuff I showed him the keg river with
66:54 and the branches with the the style a little different angles and he
66:59 oh yeah, that's got to be Brescia. And then we went and
67:02 at his core and I found the thing in his core. Mm I
67:06 know about that. Yes, he's the same kind of stuff. All
67:12 . But you know, the problem when these guys push a model so
67:17 , right, they built their reputation it, they're reluctant to back off
67:22 it. And that's unfortunate. now there is some, I think
67:29 people would call more near surface Karst modification in this part of west
67:34 but it's not in the Ellenberger, in a younger Permian sequence called the
67:38 Andreas. Alright. And there's there's a famous Little platform down here
67:44 the south of the central basin And uh and there's a giant oldfield
67:51 Yates field that produces from this. as part of another part of this
67:56 succession. And they've got again, several cars to associate with that With
68:02 pretty substantial reserves. I mean, at 4.3 billion barrels of oil in
68:07 . All right. And this is old field discovered back in the 20s
68:11 still flow still producing today. All . And you can, you can
68:17 drive by the field area. It's a little town called Ira an which
68:25 If you go out interstate 10 toward Paso and you turn off and go
68:31 midland, you'll go through that little of our Iran and you'll go buy
68:36 little maces and the maces are just with producing wells. That's, that's
68:42 field. All right, mm Now I've seen some of the
68:47 I knew Dexter Craig and he worked marathon and I think I mentioned my
68:53 consulting project was looking at ST andrews from a different field than, but
68:59 working on, but we're in the core warehouse. I was working on
69:04 Seminole field stuff. He was working the 8's field. So he showed
69:09 some of his core and uh, think I told him this, I
69:14 , yeah, I had Brescia but I didn't think he had anything
69:19 looked striking the near surface, You had the bread to class.
69:23 didn't see anything with rotated class silence or anything like that. But
69:28 branches again were filled with this greenish clay. Right? You didn't see
69:31 reddish discoloration and things like that. yeah. Anyway, that's, that's
69:38 , you've got to be careful with so called cars plays. It's not
69:42 just to identify the Brescia. You've to go look at some of the
69:46 rock in order to understand what's going here. Okay, You can't pick
69:52 choose one fabric and say, that's the interpretation. Whatever your digest
69:57 is, it's got to consistently explain the fabrics in these, in these
70:02 . Okay. We'll see. Costa blanca, offshore spain and and
70:14 . Uh, yeah, in the , in the mediterranean and um,
70:22 people are actually relooking the Casablanca and think are starting to come up with
70:27 story that is probably more burial related and not narrow surface cars, but
70:32 older literature implies it's all near surface . Okay. All right. So
70:40 finish up here and we'll take a little break here. All right.
70:44 taken you through the conventional unconventional play . And so I hope now you
70:50 a feel for the importance of your . All setting. You have a
70:55 for the importance of your, your topography. You have a feel for
71:00 more global fizzy graphic setting where you're in sat relative to the equator and
71:06 effect if any you had from the trade winds. Right? Whether they
71:10 the easterly trade winds or whether you're a cooler water climate and they were
71:16 . Alright. And I've given you bibliography that breaks out the play types
71:23 these lines here. And even though didn't formally talk about uh these little
71:29 unconventional play types, I said most these with the exception of the
71:36 well even the microbe, the exception sure of the liquor store in
71:40 Most of these are one of these play types modified by fractures or by
71:45 or by shirt replacement. Okay, and then it's interesting that there hasn't
71:53 any recent update. This is the paper I can find where people actually
72:00 the percentage of discovery carbonate place. this is, This is my old
72:05 from graduate school James Lee Wilson, published his paper in 81 and he's
72:11 last person at least publicly too summarize percentage of the place. And you
72:16 see Up to the 80s up to early 80s, where was all the
72:22 along the platform margin. Right, for high energy reefs and high energy
72:26 stands, things that had good seismic . And then you can see less
72:32 chasing the on lapping debris sheets or Sakas or even ferocity beneath some of
72:39 UN conformity ease and of course the back then were made up a small
72:46 . So nobody has updated this. there's certainly been a shift toward more
72:51 production because of the push of resource because everybody lumps the chalk eagle for
72:57 chalk lumps that into resource play. I guess we just have to wait
73:02 see how things have changed. But , I haven't seen anybody update this
73:07 since 81. And then I want to appreciate that a lot of these
73:13 and a lot of companies don't want play carbonates for a couple of reasons
73:16 the first reason they don't want to it is the digest is too
73:20 Right? It's hard to predict process of the drill bit. Well,
73:26 mean, I think you can say for most plastic reservoirs to right.
73:29 have been struggling for decades trying to ferocity headed the drill bit for sand
73:34 . All right. But the other that scares them is they don't think
73:39 gonna they don't think they're going to much hydrocarbon. Alright, unless they're
73:45 . All right. And so I this together for a talk I gave
73:50 in town years ago and these are talked about three of these examples poza
73:57 from Mexico that was the on lapping sheet, shut off the labour margin
74:02 field and black Lakefield or those platform carbonates that are developed up on a
74:08 carbonate platform, You know 82 over km or more in from the open
74:15 . So, we talked about the of the trade winds and driving the
74:19 for this. We didn't talk about feel this is a giant oil field
74:24 the Middle East off of Dubai. one of these platform margin rudest reef
74:30 . All right. And so look look at the porosity. The average
74:36 not incredibly high. All right. the perms are not incredibly high
74:41 I mean, You can see the for fat is only 30 million
74:46 Alright, fairway field, Yeah. perms are pretty small oil in
74:54 Giant oilfields to pretty good size smaller fields. All right. And then
74:59 at the ultimate recovery efficiency, 42 Over 50%. That's pretty
75:05 All right. And none of these the characteristics of fracture assistant production.
75:11 don't show the gusher rate for a months and then a rapid decline and
75:16 term stabilized production. All right. showed this and they just stay at
75:21 rate for years. Okay. I want you to appreciate that.
75:27 then I want to finish up this by getting you to appreciate some of
75:33 questions that you you should think about you ever get involved in expiration or
75:38 we call more regional exploitation in a that's a little bit more mature.
75:44 . And you made some discovery of sort of feature office seismic. What
75:51 the questions you should ask before you how to develop this structure. All
75:56 . So here's an example. This a field called Kashagan field. And
76:01 organs turned out to be a giant field. It was discovered back in
76:06 late 1990s in the Caspian sea Right? And in Kazakhstan. And
76:14 are some other giant oilfields already established . The most famous is probably uh
76:19 G's. Right, chevron field. so here's here's the outline of Cash
76:26 from the seismic data Sort of looks some weird animal with two big
76:32 All right. But the scale here pretty impressive. Right? In
76:39 here's a diagram that that shows you the outline of the a little bit
76:46 recent paper. This is actually one the first paper, there hasn't been
76:50 published on this field. All This is a paper that came about
76:54 years after the initial discovery, talked little bit about the dia genesis of
76:58 they encountered. Right? But you see the reserve your I mean,
77:02 reservoir age. You can see how it is. Right? You can
77:07 what the thickness is. You can what the scale more geometry is.
77:12 . So, what are some of questions you should ask yourself before you
77:17 . Where are you going to drill first wells. All right. And
77:20 can see where they've drilled the first , they drilled it uh in a
77:24 higher position. right? Because that's everybody does because they think oil is
77:29 to migrate all the way up to structural highest point. All right.
77:33 these are some of the questions, ? You want to know what the
77:36 . Right. So we spend a , a lot of time talking about
77:39 controlling the players, right? That up the face is right? And
77:45 their original mineralogy is. So where we carboniferous? Is this sort of
77:53 uh pennsylvania Mississippi and in pennsylvania aged . So, you have to go
77:59 to those diagrams I showed you before show you who the players were during
78:03 Mississippi and in pennsylvania. Right. what didn't we have in the Mississippi
78:08 in pennsylvania, did we have platform reefs in the Mississippi in Yes or
78:20 . Mhm. Anybody remember we had lot of ramp like carbonates,
78:26 Because we didn't have any organisms capable building steve margin platforms. Right?
78:32 there's a mass extinction at the end the devonian that kills off all those
78:35 atop words that made lots of platform reefs. Okay. That's how important
78:41 ages just pay attention the age. , you know who the players
78:45 Right. So then what's the other I want to ask. Right.
78:49 the orientation? Where am I paley . Right? So, you want
78:55 know that you get that from the maps that we've shared with you.
78:59 ? You want to know if your subtropical or temperate if your tropical or
79:05 ? How close to the equator, that determines the strength of the
79:08 Right. And then that helps answer question when words versus lee work.
79:14 ? But this could also be leeward here. Right, right. Here
79:18 be a leeward margin. Right? would be a leeward margin. So
79:22 not just out here on the Our way back here on the
79:25 all of this is probably leeward with to the prevailing easterly trade winds.
79:31 ? So it gets you to start about the processes and the influence on
79:36 deposition that we talked about. All right. Are you in a
79:42 integrate tonic basin? Are you in more open notion setting? Right.
79:46 has an influence on some of the that would have driven carbonate deposition.
79:52 again, what side of the platform ? Open ocean with side face,
79:56 leeward side. What's the underlying I hope now you've appreciated my comments
80:02 structuring right to create paleo topography to hydrocarbon, but I think perhaps even
80:10 important is to drive the reservoir potential quality for some of these carbonates.
80:18 , How deep is the surrounding All setting? Right. What was
80:21 water depth here? How deep were um for this given time period?
80:28 would have been the major skeletal grains have been the non skeletal grains?
80:32 , well not scalar grains are almost . What who would P Lloyd's
80:38 They're ubiquitous all through geological time. . I don't know if a geological
80:43 period where you wouldn't find somewhere in woods or P Lloyd's. Right.
80:48 the scale of stuff is more problematical the reasons we just said,
80:52 Mississippi and lower pennsylvania. No platform , high energy reforming organisms. All
81:00 . And then is there potentially nearby rock? More source rocks would over
81:06 the platform top, in other what would provide the top inside seal
81:10 the structure? Could there be any equivalent of ap rights or deeper seeded
81:15 that might come into play here. to interact with the carbonates that make
81:20 this structure or two maybe provide later that come up into the platform to
81:25 ties. All right. And then , what kind of trapping mechanisms?
81:29 right. So, how many questions I ask your 123456789, 10,
81:37 , 12, 13, 14, . And I probably forgot some.
81:43 , But this is what an expiration be asking when they get thrown into
81:47 new This is what you should ask you ever get thrown into a new
81:51 and you don't know anything about. right. You know, because these
81:55 the kinds of factors that influence the development. Right. And yeah.
82:01 then I think it's always important, know, we talked a lot about
82:04 platform, keiko's platforms, relatively small platform compared to the northern Bahamas.
82:11 I think it's always important to relate scale of platforms or reservoirs to the
82:17 of things we see in the All right. So obviously you haven't
82:21 a chance to be in the But you know, I show these
82:25 on our field trips after we visited different settings to get people to appreciate
82:31 , what they just looked at, they just voted over for for an
82:35 . Right? How it translates back a uh huh play or a carbonate
82:42 . So here's Kashagan flooded at the scale as Tacos platform. Here's fat
82:51 that I just mentioned for offshore Dubai some of the attributes of fat
82:56 How many fonte fields could you fit an area like keiko's platform bunch?
83:02 right. And then Fairway field, definitely talked about fairway field last
83:07 Right. One of these, a reef complexes up on a drowned carbonate
83:13 . And then judy Creek, we're to talk about here for our final
83:17 with respect to developing carbonate reservoirs. right, this is a pancake,
83:22 mean, I told you there's five six kilometres across like this, just
83:27 few 100 ft thick, but it over a billion barrels of oil or
83:32 hold over a billion barrels of All right. And then Katie field
83:37 is like, Gwar, but not big. Not as long, but
83:41 produces principally from Hewlett grain stones in arab d and look at the scale
83:46 Qatif compared to the ambergris shoal That probably in the last 3-4000 years.
83:52 right. It goes from one side the platform to the other side and
83:56 dumping off over here. Okay, , so again, the goal here
84:04 been to get you to think about of the drivers for carbonate deposition to
84:08 the different scales of these influences. . So, I use the term
84:14 graphic setting or, or regional paleo . There's sort of synonymous and in
84:20 of their application. But the point at a global scale. You want
84:24 know where your basin set relative to paley equator. So this can guide
84:30 thinking about the play potential, right of the trade winds, windward versus
84:35 sides, all of these things we've about. Alright, so again,
84:40 the wind relationships. All right. then the bottom topography. And that's
84:46 I tried to lump our discussion of carbonate plays uh back to a position
84:52 the de positional profile. Right. it more of a state margin kind
84:57 profile like we talked about for the or is it more of a ramp
85:02 with a little bump here? The crest and gradually deepening off to the
85:06 into a relatively shallow were basin. , any questions or comments about any
85:16 the play types that we've talked So All right, so let's take
85:30 let's take a little break here. take about a 10 minute break.
85:34 we'll come back and finish our last . All right. So let me
85:40 the recording. Mhm Yeah. Mhm. Yeah. Yeah.
88:54 Yeah. Oh yeah, mm Yeah. Okay. The last formal
96:43 for this segment is number 18, I've entitled developing existing carbonate reservoirs and
96:51 study from the Devonian of Western Mhm. So, a lot
96:56 lot of what we've been talking about respect to the plate types have been
97:01 to explain the occurrence of distribution of plays. And the thought that you
97:05 into thinking about what controls their occurrence distribution. Right. How would you
97:14 some of these different play types based the rock data and things like
97:22 So, we need to talk about happens after you make a discovery and
97:28 would be some of the strategies for this? And that was a little
97:33 of the discussion about casa, right? Where you drill the first
97:37 of wells, but that's a huge and that's going to take tons of
97:41 in order to fully understand and develop of our carbonate reservoirs are not the
97:48 of Kashagan right there, smaller scale . And so what is the
97:53 what kind of strategy should you think in order to more properly developed the
97:58 reservoir. Okay, and this gets back to this diagram that I showed
98:03 uh a couple of weekends ago when start our discussion about carbonate sequences and
98:09 city and the two different approaches to to strike a graphic faces framework.
98:15 ? And the one that I stressed the actual is stick approach uh that
98:21 generated by the two Canadian geologists, Jack Winnie and frank Stokes and they
98:29 their model from the bottom up using data to see how the carbonate faces
98:35 and how they get packaged in the all packages. Again, they coined
98:40 approach of using major minor cycle contacts time. Strategic graffiti and this is
98:46 they built their strata. Graphic face bottles for these reservoirs. All
98:50 And this is uh the beauty of approach is that you can subdivide these
99:00 down to a much thinner strata. interval do you ever could achieve with
99:08 starting graffiti or or size mixed Alright, so, appreciate what we
99:14 about a couple of weekends ago about carbonate cyclist, the relationships if you
99:20 the carbonate cyclist city that helped actually your interpretation of at least Eur gross
99:25 positional setting. Right. Remember we about the two models in this,
99:32 the scale of cyclist city variation. , so where are your thickest
99:37 Always developed high energy platform margins, ramp crist. Because those are competent
99:45 to generate a lot more vertical thickness time. Those are where you get
99:49 10 2030 m thick cycles. And then of course they can pro
99:53 or not. Pro grade depending on deep the basin is or what sea
99:58 is doing through time. And then would the smaller scale cycles be?
100:02 1-3 meter thick cycles always back in interior. Right? Either ramp,
100:10 or platform interior, much shallower, protected environments. Small little changes in
100:16 level have a dramatic effect on that , but they don't have any effect
100:20 the high energy briefs or grain And of course out in deeper
100:25 that's where you get no expression of cyclists. The wright. It's all
100:29 same deep water environment. So you actually use the scale of cyclist city
100:34 sort of understand your gross de positional . And then if you understand how
100:42 faces tie back to a position within deposition will cycle. Then you can
100:47 that and that guide your spatial prediction faces that have reservoir quality in the
100:53 . And so, I mean, bottom line is you end up with
100:55 more precise way to predict the distribution reservoir quality and continuity in the
101:01 Alright, If you can utilize these techniques. All right. So again
101:07 saying the cycle contacts have time strata significance because we're saying the first phase
101:13 deepwater deposition is the same over some . How wide an area depends on
101:19 magnitude of your relative sea level Alright, but again, the beauty
101:24 this of this approach is you end with regional correlation much better. Better
101:31 correlation at a smaller scale than you could achieve with bios treaty graffiti of
101:36 strati graffiti. All right. The line is this is a simple approach
101:40 allows more accurate reservoirs. Oh, . This is an approach that allows
101:45 to more precisely uh determine the amount oil and gas in place,
101:53 Which is important obviously for for Alright. And you're going to see
101:58 economic benefit of this approach is that always they added more oil and gas
102:04 the reservoir than they initially thought they . Okay, so, the method
102:13 , for for building the so called models are doing what we call zoning
102:19 carbonate reservoir is the first thing you is from the rock data. You
102:24 to identify the opportunity sequences. All . And once you've done that,
102:29 break out your faces relationships. And you start looking Mhm. For the
102:35 contacts right? Where you get that change from a shallower faces to deeper
102:39 faces. And you always try to the major cycle context first because they
102:45 through going lateral disposition. And then come back and you you start in
102:52 more restricted part of the setting. you look for your smaller scale cycles
102:57 then you try to correlate them as as you can in the C.
102:59 direction. That's how you set up time strategic graffiti. And then you
103:04 the faces within the cycles and then superimpose your reservoir quality. You're porosity
103:10 permeability, your water saturation data, , whatever whatever other engineering data you
103:16 . That's how you try to then accurately mapped at those relationships across your
103:24 discovered reservoir. Okay, so this what we're looking for in the rock
103:29 . We're looking for a situation where do what what do we call
103:37 What do the faces do through time upward. Right. So you're looking
103:42 a relationship where the face is gradually up. Right? And normally the
103:46 contacts congregational because you don't do this . You do this in a gradual
103:51 . And then you look for a change in the deposition als setting where
103:57 go from shallow high energy, too deeper water setting. Well, put
104:02 basin on top of a reef margin definition. That's a major cycle
104:06 All right. This is also where get those regional extensive hard grounds developed
104:10 that position there. Okay, so how you build, try to build
104:17 time strata graphic framework. Okay, let's do a little exercise here.
104:24 and we can play this game of to correlate from well to well,
104:29 , we've got these four wells and yellow intervals are the areas of better
104:35 quality. So, the question is you would tie this from well to
104:39 , right? And asserted, depends your background. Are you a geologist
104:44 you geophysicist or are you a reservoir ? Right. So, uh the
104:52 , but one is very conservative would afraid to tire From 11 Well Board
104:57 the other. He would just map bunch of blobs like you see
105:00 Right? And then what would a geologist who, Well, he might
105:04 a little bit more bold and try tie these things together like you see
105:08 . Right? And then a optimistic would start to correlate from well to
105:13 like you see there. Yeah. a very optimistic geologist might do something
105:18 looks like that. And then an optimistic geologist. Alright. See how
105:26 level of optimism is driving their correlation well to well. And then let's
105:32 in the geophysicist. Okay. And let's don't forget about the engineer.
105:43 , I couldn't put this in your sets or would have no impact.
105:46 right. If you ever want these sets, I'll be glad to send
105:50 to you. But uh this given me by an engineer that worked for
105:55 . Exxon. Very conservative company But uh even the engineers have a
106:02 of humor. So, yeah. right. So let's get back to
106:09 , reality is when people discover a reservoir, right? It's either going
106:15 be looked at as a inverted right? The structural closure and everybody
106:21 at as being filled the spill right? Where you get ideally you
106:26 get a gas leg at the top then an oil leg and then water
106:30 that. And what's the, what's common approach for developing this? Everybody
106:35 drill the structurally highest point. They their well in and they would put
106:40 would they would tap into the upper oil leg and assume that they're going
106:47 drain out all the oil from that structure. Okay, now we're gonna
106:53 about judy creek here in a judy creek is was clearly early
106:58 recognized to be an atoll reef All right. And everybody thought the
107:03 continuity all the way around. That be the blue in this cartoon
107:08 And then what was between the reefs the margin? A type a critic
107:13 environment with no reservoir quality, no potential. All right, So this
107:19 the, the so called bucket Everybody just assumed that the reefs were
107:25 continuity. And so what do companies S. O. Do back in
107:31 The 60s and 70s, they started in down jip water injectors. Remember
107:35 ? You're going to see this thing tilted up like this to the
107:39 So they would put in a down water injector here. And they thought
107:43 would sweep the whole structure. They they would sweep all of this blue
107:48 they ended up only sweeping a little of it at the base because they
107:51 understand the reef is made up of positional cycles that are separated by vertical
107:58 barriers. Those are the major cycle that we've talked about. All
108:03 so this is the methodology. You read this for yourselves because I'm going
108:09 take you through and basically show you they do this. But basically you
108:15 uh rock data and you need really start off at least some core.
108:20 you best understand your faces relationships in contacts that you need to see in
108:25 to understand whether they're traditional faces contacts cycle contacts like we defined them.
108:31 you start with whatever rock data you get a hold of you interpret for
108:35 and die genesis. Then you relate relationships to log suites so you can
108:40 to take it to another nearby well you might not have as much rock
108:45 . And then you pick the major contacts first to set up your time
108:49 graffiti over the more regional setting. then you come back in and you
108:55 up the minor cycle contacts. And he always started the more restricted
108:59 of the setting because that's where you the best expression of fine scale cyclist
109:05 . And then you try to carry correlate those small scale cycles as far
109:10 you can in a C. Word until you lose confidence in where they
109:14 . Right? Because I think I those high energy platform margin reefer grain
109:19 cycles, The 10 or 20 or m sick are going to be a
109:23 equivalent to a bunch of smaller thinner that are stacked in a platform interior
109:30 . All right. So that's how that's how you build your reservoir faces
109:36 . And so the obvious advantages of simple approach are you end up,
109:41 I said with more accurate reserve You end up with a more sophisticated
109:46 recovery model. All right. So water floods not gonna bust or your
109:51 two sweet which is the Comes after . Right? They try to sweep
109:56 co two that's not going to Right. So the bottom line is
110:01 end up with more complete and efficient development. I'm going to share what
110:05 terms mean here in a minute with of the cross sections. But uh
110:09 can extend the limits of the That's what Canadians called field extensions.
110:14 can create what are called wedge edges you can extend some of the faces
110:18 within a cycle of sedimentation. Of , you can infill drill,
110:24 You may have bypassed some of the , you can go back in and
110:28 drill and you can also deepen some the world's because what's the, I
110:33 you this for the keg river. ? Remember that keg river structure at
110:36 to 28 m. They only drilled the upper cycle, right? Upper
110:42 cycle. And that's what they produced 25 years until it dropped off.
110:47 then they didn't realize their underlying cycles virgin oil that they accessed and they
110:52 production back up. So that's the deepening part of the story and then
110:57 successful reactivation is a Canadian term for completions. When you're trying to come
111:04 and re complete uh or stimulate some these wells after they've been producing for
111:10 while again. How you inject that to to do that. You do
111:16 better job if you understand the internal basically. All right, okay,
111:24 we're going to talk about one of mega sequences here in Western Canada.
111:28 called the Beaver Hill Lake group. just this part of the diagram.
111:32 here it sits on top of the river. We just talked about last
111:38 And then I mentioned the other three sequences of carbonate deposition. Alright,
111:44 here's the map. I think I showed you this when we're talking about
111:48 platform mound carbonate type of play. . And I said we'd come back
111:54 talk about judy Creek in more So what is the regional setting,
111:59 , you're in the western Canadian sedimentary . That's one of these big
112:03 intricate tonic basins. Right? It up to the open ocean to the
112:09 the north in the arctic. But you have these smaller scale carbonate platforms
112:19 front the deeper water. But not is not the deep open ocean.
112:24 . This is because this is part an isolated integrate tonic basin. So
112:30 pink represents a carbonate platform, shallow . Yeah, during earlier stages of
112:37 , there's actually platform margin Reese on side of the platform over here there
112:41 producing fields called Deer mountain and house that produce on this side. And
112:47 are they there? Because your trade are from east to west.
112:52 So that's the one we're facing side then they get drowned out relatively rapid
112:57 in sea level terminates that reef deposition the margin. And what do you
113:02 ? You do? What we call stepping. Right, you shift your
113:06 of high energy from the margin on subtle paleo topographic highs. And you
113:12 these more isolated reef structures. And obviously judy creek is the most
113:20 of these types because it is the that was extensively developed with with numerous
113:28 and cord scoring cord wells. But every one of these blue blobs
113:34 a producing atoll reef complex. All . And this is the old cross
113:40 view and the true scale judy Creek discovered in around 1959 or so off
113:48 that vintage aid. Seismic. It barely visible as a subtle seismic
113:54 So it looks like a pancake because what it is. Right. It's
113:58 or 6 km across this way or , Actually more. Right. It's
114:03 like 10 or 12 km across, on what part you cut. But
114:08 look at the vertical scale here. only a few 100 ft thick.
114:13 , so great aerial extent, not lot of vertical thickness. You have
114:17 appreciate that. Later with the loading the Canadian rockies off to the
114:23 You did what he started to tilt this up to the northeast.
114:28 So that's why you see the original water contact. Yeah, testing
129:17 It's working. Okay. So, had an issue with the microphone.
129:28 , you have to rely on on word slides that I showed you write
129:33 summer of some of the advantages and approaches designing the carbonate reservoir. And
129:39 think you can piece together the deposition from what I said. Right?
129:44 , just to finish up this let me share with you the the
129:53 this reservoir is put together and you put this, you can put this
129:58 by from the well controlled and first all appreciate the tremendous amount of well
130:04 associated with this small little pancake structure . O. Resources. And then
130:12 other companies that bought judy Creek from S. O. There's been over
130:17 wells drilled into this into this Right? And you can see summer
130:23 oil producers summer water injectors, Some have been abandoned summer dry
130:29 But they tried to use the well to further their understanding of the
130:35 Right. And so what has been out now essentially These 1,
130:43 345 cycles of sedimentation. Right? oldest and black is R0 to R
130:49 . So look at the black This defines the outer boundary of this
130:53 reservoir during the first cycle of And then R 1 to R
130:59 R 2, two or 3 or or 4. And what do you
131:03 here are 4-5. Okay, Are . Is the capping storm. What
131:08 Sancho on the Sancho that I said the whole reef complex. Right.
131:15 I think you can start to see things vary in terms of their
131:20 Right? Look at look on the side here. Well, what side
131:24 this? Just anybody remember the wind in the Devonian? I think we
131:31 it for a couple of different reservoirs of the out of the northeast.
131:36 , so that makes this side That makes this side leeward the evidence
131:42 this is they ice a pact. sand bodies. The Sturm atop Rhode
131:46 bodies and the upper caffeine cycle. see how they line up again parallel
131:52 the preferred trade winds? Subtitle sand are never the Caicos model. They
131:58 up parallel to the strong easterly trade . So that's the evidence that winds
132:02 out of the northeast. So what you see here with judy creek?
132:08 terms of the so called stacking We had this little discussion last time
132:14 How Exxon uses stacking geometries to 1st level. Well, what is the
132:20 geometry back here? This is what would call aggregation. All stacking
132:24 Right? Basically each margin is of in the same position. That's actually
132:30 , very typical for most carbonate buildups this type. All right. They
132:37 are aggregation all on the leeward It's actually true for bigger scale platforms
132:42 well. Okay, and then why you get all these black producers off
132:48 structure? Anybody want to guess the of what's being produced here should great
132:57 . Yeah, it's that colloidal grain again, because that's the breakdown product
133:01 stream atop roids. Mm Sleep I'm going to show you two cross
133:07 here. So we can, we compare. So, I'll get there
133:11 just a second. I just want to appreciate the leeward side. Remember
133:15 was the difference generally between the windward and the leeward sides of of these
133:21 or smaller reef complexes with respect to development? Where always is the best
133:26 development? Right on the windward Right. And then what was the
133:32 of reef deposition back here? Very . Right. I showed you the
133:38 and logs from police and great barrier . Very patchy. And what else
133:43 back here in a strong trade winds ? You shoot sand through those little
133:48 between the reefs or you stress the and kill them. All right.
133:53 you can shed the stuff off the side and that's the origin of that
133:56 trend right there. These are political stones. All right. So let
134:01 compare the northeast side here to the the southeast side here. So you
134:06 see the scale here. We're going about five km around the bend
134:11 And I think you can see already from the way these margin stack that
134:17 a difference from one side to the . All right, So here's the
134:21 northeast facing side. This is the the the heart of the strong north
134:26 trade wind Effect. And you can the first cycle R0 R one is
134:34 it shows up right to reef margin re flat it pro grade a little
134:39 because you see Laguna carbonate sitting on of that reef flat which is sitting
134:44 top of the reef margin. All . And the refilled out basically to
134:50 position right here. Okay, now at look at the next cycle,
134:54 go up and we have reef margin re flat behind it. Alright,
135:00 stacking in the same position and then little bit of a shift back
135:04 That's what they called retreating style of stacking geometry and then a little
135:11 more of a back step effect. back in here. All right.
135:15 here they just mapped what they mapped flat material for that cycle of
135:21 And what you don't see is the Street photographer essential on top of
135:26 But look, if there's a re right here, they picked up a
135:28 flat in this well and they didn't it in this. Well, what
135:32 to be in between? What faces to be in between? Where does
135:40 reflect come from? Yeah. So got to be in between this?
135:47 and right here somewhere there's got to a reef margin. All right.
135:52 they realized that and they stepped out right. And that's what they
135:56 Uh They're their wedge prospect there. out prospect. That's how they added
136:01 oil to the reserves. Okay, see this in a minute.
136:06 what's this? What's the sense you here? It's mostly up building with
136:09 little bit of shifting back at the , but basically everything is stacking in
136:14 . Right, Remember the Exxon boys call this? What part of the
136:19 level curve trump? Which is what of the sea level curve. What's
136:24 stat, What's there? Systems track part of the high stand? Late
136:36 falling pro gravitational. So if it's late, it is early.
136:44 so the early early thai stand after . After you see levels rapidly risen
136:53 to them. Right? And it's . Really high stand is characterized by
136:57 they would say. Catch up, , catch up. That makes you
137:01 aggregation all and then when you start pro great after that, they call
137:05 the late high stand. All All right, So let's go around
137:09 corner down here. Here's the same of Reef deposition at the first cycle
137:16 our Zurita are one builds right out this position here. And I think
137:20 clearly you can see back stepping back back, stepping back stepping. There's
137:24 term atop Rhode Sancho now, in cross sectional view again, you see
137:29 missing their picking up re flat in wells here so there there's potential to
137:34 out and drill new oil, which what they did. But again,
137:38 overall pattern is back stepping right, they would relate to the early to
137:43 high stand systems track. Right? here they would say syllables rapidly
137:50 right, an overall sense down But uh oh wait a minute.
137:54 level wasn't doing that over here. would already stabilized or catching up.
137:59 the folly of trying to use stacking , Sea level is not going to
138:04 from one side of this, of complex to the other side over five
138:08 . There's no way. All right orientation with respect to the trade
138:13 its and other environmental factors that have come into play besides sea level
138:18 All right. Yes, sea level creates the space for each of these
138:23 . It terminates the reef creates new . But how you fill it up
138:29 again on your all the local environmental , some of which could be related
138:34 facing into the trade winds or away the trade winds. Put other environmental
138:39 like we talked about for reef deposition . Okay, and here's what I
138:46 talking about how they, how they more reserves to the to judy
138:51 Right? Like I said, they've drilled here, they drilled a couple
138:56 of sedimentation, one has the re in it. Then they see uh
139:02 two cycles of sedimentation dominated by laguna . Well, if they encounter low
139:08 carbonate here, what has to be in front? High energy margin.
139:12 ? Re flat or brief margin. that's where they step out and drill
139:16 and find new oil. Okay, then how did they add oil to
139:21 inner part of the trend here? realize that the small scale cycles sometimes
139:27 up to beat your title flat that ferocity and that stuff is charged and
139:32 could produce that but they'd have to back in and deepen the wells and
139:35 perforate the individual poorest faces. But they did that and that's how
139:41 added more oil and gas, mostly to the To the reserves.
139:47 That's how they went from 830 million 1.1 billion barrels of oil in
139:52 All right. And then just so know, another pool on, on
139:58 drowned swan hills platform is called Snipe . I showed you schematic cartoon.
140:03 think when we talked about sequences and city basically judy creek has the same
140:11 reef dominated cycles and then there's a capping strum atop essential on top.
140:16 believe the reason why I'm mentioning this if you're more interested in the engineering
140:21 and how it ties back to the city. I put a paper on
140:28 . It was published by Spring Gate others at esso right cord Spring Gate
140:36 engineer that works night blake and I you'll see in mirror's name on
140:40 He works night blake before we got on the judy on the Cape River
140:47 . Okay. All right. Any or comments. Okay. I've got
141:02 couple of cross sections here. Let's if I can yes. Okay,
141:08 these out to you and we can from him. Angela. I'm going
141:16 stop the recording right now. I think Angela's she's at the doctor's office
141:21 now, but she still got her on. But I'm going to,
141:25 going to pause the recording. Yeah, assertions. Yeah,
141:44 Yeah. Take, wow. Press section first. Yeah. 1st
142:06 is the
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