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00:01 | So we are now in our final . A zai mentioned that everything from |
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00:08 | on is basically downhill. We have tough lecture is not really a tough |
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00:12 | . It's one subject within the lecture is complicated. Um on that would |
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00:18 | on today's Thursday, right? So Tuesday, that will be the probably |
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00:22 | difficult thing it has to do with counter current mechanism. So if you |
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00:25 | counter current mechanisms, you're in good , so you don't need to worry |
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00:28 | you don't, hopefully I'll explain in a way that it doesn't make sense |
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00:32 | you won't ever have to worry about ever again. But what we're gonna |
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00:35 | today, eyes, we're gonna talk the renal system, we're gonna look |
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00:39 | some structure, so we understand what looking at here, and then we're |
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00:42 | dive down, and we're gonna look mechanism what its job is in terms |
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00:46 | filtration. We're going to see that lots of jobs that the, uh |
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00:50 | kidney does and renal system is responsible , or the urinary system. You |
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00:54 | use either of those terms, but ultimately we're gonna be kind of looking |
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00:57 | the process of filtration, what we're be doing for the rest of the |
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01:02 | . So you've kind of noticed, you look at each of the |
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01:04 | the units themselves are kind of fairly . We did muscles and the nervous |
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01:09 | , right? And then we did cardiovascular system and the respiratory system. |
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01:14 | then now we like, just throw sit on top, Right? So |
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01:18 | gonna be doing the renal system of lectures. We're gonna be doing the |
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01:20 | system about 2.5 lectures in the current about, you know, half a |
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01:25 | or so. And then what we is that we do the reproductive |
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01:29 | and we do the male reproductive system one female reproductive system. And |
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01:33 | well, really one plus a lecture really kind of deals with the question |
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01:37 | reproduction. So that's kind of what rest of semester is gonna look |
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01:40 | So So what? We'll see on this next exam is that there's a |
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01:45 | more things being covered. All I'm just warning you now about |
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01:49 | That doesn't mean you need a It's not like I'm gonna make the |
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01:52 | harder or something. It's just the of material that's being covered. All |
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01:56 | , so our focus today is gonna the urinary system. And what we |
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02:00 | here is we have the basics in of the anatomy. So the |
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02:05 | that's your urinary form or you're informing . You have the your ears. |
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02:10 | orders connect the kidneys to the The bladder is what stores of urine |
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02:14 | it's time to make great, which the fancy word for saying peeing, |
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02:18 | right. And then we have the , which is the tube from the |
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02:22 | to the bathroom. Right? So females, that's its sole purpose is |
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02:25 | release the urine into whatever you call bathroom. Alright or wherever you pee |
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02:32 | males, you're ether has two First function is the same. Getting |
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02:37 | of the you're in the second function that it's part of the reproductive |
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02:40 | It serves as the passageway between, , the gonads and ultimately, |
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02:48 | uh, it's a pathway for the during ejaculation is really what I'm trying |
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02:52 | get to. All right. So that in mind, what is it's |
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02:57 | ? What is the whole purpose of urinary system. Well, the primary |
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03:02 | and what we're gonna be focusing on gonna be the filtration of the |
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03:06 | All right, so when you think , what we're doing is we're serving |
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03:09 | a filter system to get rid of materials that the body doesn't want. |
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03:13 | right, so we're removing the waste and what we're doing is we're taking |
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03:18 | waste products and we're putting them into environment, primarily water. And we're |
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03:23 | that Phil trade into what is your the stuff that we're actually getting rid |
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03:26 | the body. So there's a multiple . It's not like, Oh, |
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03:29 | take the stuff out of the blood immediately becomes urine. We're gonna process |
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03:34 | Phil trait in such a way that take things that we actually want to |
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03:39 | in the body and put them back the body. All right, so |
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03:43 | what this processing part is. It's at what the filter is deciding what |
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03:48 | want to keep and then allowing the we want to get rid of, |
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03:50 | go away, all right. And multiple steps in that, and that's |
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03:54 | we're gonna be looking at. There's functions as a swell if the formation |
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03:58 | Calista trial You guys are all taking vitamin D. Is that right? |
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04:03 | your heads and say yes. If nodding your heads and saying, |
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04:06 | you don't have to worry about the viruses. Viruses don't like vitamin |
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04:11 | I don't know why vitamin D is this Key. Lynch Key Vitamin If |
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04:15 | look at everything, you look up paper on vitamin D. Maybe I |
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04:18 | do that when you make you all vitamin D papers. It's like everything |
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04:22 | the world is dependent on vitamin There's a high correlation of decent vitamin |
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04:27 | levels and your general health. If D goes down, your health goes |
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04:32 | . Maybe don't know why. All , but anyway, so formation of |
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04:36 | trial, that's vitamin D. That's fancy word for it. All |
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04:40 | we're gonna make a written report. talked about that. We regulate ion |
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04:43 | , acid base balance. We also gonna be regulating blood pressure. We |
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04:47 | be spending time talking about blood pressure Tuesday's lecture. It also has the |
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04:53 | to be a part of or involved glucose neo Genesis. You know, |
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04:59 | . Konia. Genesis is formation of glucose. Here he goes. |
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05:05 | you didn't even have to know You could have wiped your brain |
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05:08 | And you just look at the word it tells you glucose glucose. Uh |
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05:14 | . It's like Hollis is backwards. off its needs a way to learn |
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05:17 | that way. But that's not exactly . Neo Genesis is actually making glucose |
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05:22 | amino acids. Alright. Lastly, big picture here of everything that you're |
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05:30 | at. All right. General theme the kidney's condition. The blood. |
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05:36 | other words, it makes the blood blood, right. It makes the |
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05:40 | of the blood be constant. That's we're trying to shoot for here. |
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05:45 | is why the kidneys air so All right, so what we're gonna |
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05:49 | is we're going to dive down into anatomy because while the kidneys are important |
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05:54 | the macro level, we're gonna be at the micro level. We're gonna |
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05:57 | looking at a functional unit. So when we talked about the muscles? |
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06:01 | said the functional unit is the SAARC . We looked at the nervous system |
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06:04 | functional use. It was the new , right? And then So what |
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06:08 | doing is we're gonna go dive down we're getting to What is the functional |
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06:12 | of the kidney now? This is multi cellular structure, so it's a |
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06:16 | bit different. Sarcoma is part of cell. A neuron is a |
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06:22 | so this is a little bit So this is what a kidney |
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06:25 | It's predominantly responsible for maintaining the stability the extra cellular fluid volume. This |
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06:30 | the conditioning blood thing that we're talking so you can see here Volume composition |
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06:35 | electrolytes and Osma clarity knows all three those things kind of go hand in |
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06:40 | . All right, so what we're to do with the kidney, how |
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06:45 | filters and how it processes it, the quantity of water that's gonna be |
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06:50 | in the body, depending upon your Osma clarity, which is around 300 |
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06:55 | . Osmond's right. So if you're , clarity becomes too low. In |
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06:59 | words, you have too much What's your body going to do with |
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07:04 | ? It's going to keep it Too water. Yeah, it's gonna get |
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07:07 | of it. If you have too water, you're gonna get rid of |
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07:09 | . If you have too little what's they're gonna try to do with |
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07:11 | water? I'm gonna try to keep , and then it's gonna tell you |
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07:15 | go get some. Or have you been thirsty? We should be |
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07:20 | There is? Yes, of Right. If you go work out |
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07:22 | the yard or hang out on the or any period of time and you're |
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07:25 | in the sun or in Houston for period of time, what do you |
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07:29 | ? You get thirsty because you're Larry T is going up. And |
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07:34 | one of the indicators to tell you put water in your body. The |
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07:37 | is responsible for that. Conservation or . All right. It's the one |
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07:42 | making that initial call in terms of structures. All right, we have |
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07:47 | distinct regions here. Try to make easy for you. I'm sorry. |
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07:51 | sitting down and drawing. I can't doing this, but this is how |
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07:54 | do it. All right. out on the outside, that little |
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07:58 | that I made a backward see, the cortex cortex, remember, is |
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08:03 | on the outer parson. And then in the middle. That's the |
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08:07 | All right, That's how we break thing down. So we're gonna be |
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08:10 | at the cortex and we're gonna be the medulla. We have columns. |
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08:16 | . Alright. What this is going do is these are the things that |
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08:19 | projecting. So you can see a there column there column there. So |
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08:22 | so forth. Alright. Thes air down into and really what they |
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08:27 | It allows for the blood vessels that penetrating in tow, work their way |
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08:31 | to the cortex, where they then . We're going to see how this |
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08:35 | of looks a little bit later right? But in terms of a |
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08:38 | anatomical structure, it also helps us divide up the arrangement of the kidney |
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08:45 | what are called, um, the . All right. And so you |
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08:51 | see here is a pyramid. There a pyramid so on and so |
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08:56 | They're not perfect pyramids, but just like you can see perfect pyramids. |
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09:00 | right, Now they have these strident are appearances, not periods, |
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09:06 | strident appearances. So you can see . They're trying to draw these |
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09:10 | That's that striations. And really, this is is the representation of the |
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09:15 | the, uh, tubules that we're be seeing when we look at the |
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09:20 | . That's what you're actually looking Are those tubules, right? So |
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09:23 | end up with this striking appearance, then we have some, uh, |
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09:28 | some terms. So right here, is the cortical measure, Larry |
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09:32 | So that is where the pyramids And then over here is the |
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09:36 | What you don't really have to worry . That's the real possibility. |
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09:41 | this region of the medulla I'm just to circle it is referred to as |
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09:46 | Riedel Sinus, and this is where in is actually being collected. All |
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09:51 | , so that means everything out which includes cortex and medulla, |
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09:57 | Because remember, there is the cortical Larry border. So here's medulla. |
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10:01 | that stuff is responsible for making the right. So you're in is being |
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10:07 | in the Sinus. It's being made these other structures. And really, |
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10:12 | you're seeing here is the confluence of tubules coming together to form the Sinus |
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10:20 | . So this renal pyramid, as said, these are little tiny tubules |
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10:24 | collecting together in converging, and they're what are called the fallacies. So |
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10:30 | have minor calluses. So this is example of a minor KLSE That's a |
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10:35 | KLSE. There is one. There one. And then the binder callouses |
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10:39 | . They form the major. Kayla the major Kelsey's all collectively form together |
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10:45 | form the renal pelvis, and so , that's referred to as the |
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10:50 | But what are you doing? Think it like this. Little tiny creeks |
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10:54 | to converge form little tiny rivers, converge to form big rivers which converge |
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10:59 | form oceans. And that's kind of going on here. And so that's |
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11:03 | water way. And that's really The Sinuses. It's just a large |
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11:08 | in way. You That's kind of thinking. All right. Oh, |
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11:14 | the way, everything we're gonna talk from here on out is pee poop |
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11:18 | all sorts of bodily fluids. that's why you all took this |
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11:23 | I know it. You're like I to learn about the bodily fluids. |
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11:28 | what we're doing. All right. helium is a generic term used to |
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11:36 | where vessels enter into a structure. this would be the Renal hill, |
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11:42 | , or helium. Excuse me. right. Now what we have is |
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11:46 | have arteries going in. We have coming out or the vein coming |
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11:50 | So it's a renal artery, the veins. And then there's lymph |
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11:53 | and there's nerves as well. All air coming in through the hilly. |
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11:57 | , all right, you can see is exiting out at that same |
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12:01 | That would be that renal pelvis becoming ureter. Alright, in the ureter |
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12:05 | what exits out of the hill. , as well. Yeah, it |
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12:10 | , um it's just it's just this , this generic area right there. |
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12:17 | right, so if you were drawing kidney, you just say, this |
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12:21 | the helium. It's the black It's the black eyed pea portion of |
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12:25 | black eyed pea. Not the The actual p you see right |
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12:32 | There's that's kidneys look like beans and look like kidneys, which came |
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12:38 | All right again, I'm gonna have of fun. You guys can stay |
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12:41 | home and be miserable. And the here. You could be miserable. |
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12:46 | up with my dad jokes. There go. All right, so let's |
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12:52 | to where we actually want toe spend time. This is gonna be the |
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12:56 | from this is the functional unit of kidney. So I want you see |
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13:00 | our little picture right here. What we have? You can see there |
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13:04 | the boundary between the cortex, the the medulla megillah. Alright, Right |
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13:10 | . There's a renal pyramid right down in the bottom. There's your minor |
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13:15 | right. And what you can see is you can see this structure. |
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13:19 | actually two of them being drawn Racing Inc. You can see one |
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13:23 | , and you can see one Those are net, Franz. |
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13:27 | you don't have just to net, . You have hundreds of thousands of |
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13:31 | Franz that are found in the Right? So the straight appearance is |
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13:36 | hundreds of thousands of these things going and down like so. Okay, |
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13:42 | why it looks like that. when you look at a nef |
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13:47 | it has to functional units to All right to two parts to |
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13:51 | What we refer to as the renal puzzle and what is called the renal |
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13:56 | . In our little pictures here, yellow things represent the renal tubules. |
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14:01 | , we're gonna see it's fairly We're gonna break it down. But |
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14:05 | what it is. The tube where fill trait is found and is being |
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14:08 | into urine. Right, So it's a urine making factory you put |
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14:15 | and on the other end outcomes a . All right. The corpus, |
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14:19 | the other hand, is the point contact between the blood vessel and the |
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14:24 | . You'll all right? So there's you one right here, all |
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14:29 | And they're showing you one right But wherever you see those little tiny |
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14:33 | puffs you can imagine they're trying to at least the artist trying to demonstrate |
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14:39 | there are hundreds of these core All right, so it's the point |
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14:44 | contact between the blood vessel on the . You'll all right now, both |
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14:48 | these are going to reside primarily. , Both both Corp us on the |
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14:54 | . You'll is gonna be primarily found here in the cortex. And if |
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14:58 | look closely at that picture you can of see, Here's my core |
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15:02 | Look, I got a whole bunch tube and a little bit dips down |
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15:06 | the medulla, but then it all back out again. All right, |
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15:09 | the majority of this is gonna be , all right? The part of |
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15:14 | net from that isn't found in the is what is called the loop of |
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15:18 | E. All right, there's one there and the one right there that's |
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15:23 | of hidden. And again, we'll better pictures of these in just a |
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15:28 | . So let's focus in on the core puzzle. Now, here's another |
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15:33 | for this unit. Everything we're going talk about in the next couple of |
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15:38 | have to be deal with systems that tube systems. All right, when |
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15:44 | have a tube system, you start an opening, and then you have |
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15:48 | tube, and then at the other is another opening. The easiest way |
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15:52 | learn a tube system is to start the beginning and work your way down |
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15:55 | tube till you get to the other , right? That kind of makes |
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15:58 | . Think of a car wash. right. On one end the cargoes |
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16:03 | clean or dirty. Excuse me. in dirty And on the other |
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16:07 | the car comes out clean. So happens to make the car go from |
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16:12 | to clean. And if you want dissect a car wash, you'd go |
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16:15 | say, Okay, what do they first, Then what do they do |
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16:18 | that? Then what did they do that? Then what do you do |
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16:20 | that? Oh, and then it out and then it's wet, so |
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16:22 | dry it off. And now we've our clean car, right? That |
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16:27 | sense. So when you're looking at renal system, when you're looking at |
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16:32 | Nef Ron, you start at the end, you work to the back |
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16:35 | . When you look at the entire system, you go. Okay. |
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16:37 | start at the net front and I up going out the urethra. That |
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16:41 | sense. Excellent. So you basically for on the kidney kidney down the |
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16:46 | bladder. So on. Look at digestive system. Where does the food |
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16:50 | in, Goes in through the Where does the food come out? |
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16:56 | , anise perfect. Excellent food goes . Food comes out all right. |
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17:02 | do the same thing for the reproductive sperm is made in the test is |
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17:07 | leaves out through the urethra. The opium is made in the in |
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17:12 | open. Our Sorry, the over OPM is made in the ovaries. |
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17:17 | the you have feeling stupid now And find its way out through the uterine |
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17:23 | , ultimately into the uterus. And we can deal with the other |
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17:28 | as well. But basically, there's tube that's there. So if you |
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17:31 | at one end and work to the , it's gonna make sense. But |
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17:34 | you're sitting there trying to figure out and pieces as you go along, |
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17:38 | gonna be really hard to understand what's going on. All right, so |
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17:41 | is part of the organization that I about is like when you're learning |
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17:45 | you organize and find the best way organize so tube systems at the |
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17:50 | At the end, here's our tube . Alright. We said this is |
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17:54 | point where the blood meets the You'll and what we can see here |
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17:58 | we have a structure. That is of like a cap Ilary. In |
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18:03 | , we call it a capital. the glamorous Aeolus. All right, |
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18:07 | , the glamorous Aeolus, um, basically this kind of wavy thing. |
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18:14 | , I'm just gonna circle it, . It's this stuff in here, |
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18:18 | right? And what it is. a Siris of capital Aries that are |
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18:24 | of allowing the blood to filter through it allows water to come through. |
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18:29 | keeps all the cells and large proteins the blood. It allows the water |
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18:35 | other small particles to pass into the component. Now this capital ary is |
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18:41 | by what is called Bowman's capsule. the tubular component. And so you |
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18:46 | imagine what Bowman's capsule is Is this ended tube that we took the glue |
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18:52 | . Sorry. So there's my glam , right? And what I've done |
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18:56 | I've shoved it into that blunt tube that it basically surrounds like this. |
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19:04 | right, and then close at position another. So when blood travels |
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19:08 | it gets pushed into the tubular That water. Plus that that that |
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19:13 | we call that Phil trait that's the plus stuff all right. Now the |
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19:17 | enters into the gloom. Marylise. if the glamorous a capital blood enters |
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19:21 | via what type of structure Harder. vain. Event artery A arteries right |
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19:31 | . Can't be a big artery. to be a small artery. So |
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19:34 | have a special name for that. call that an arterial. So the |
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19:38 | the vasculature that enters into gotta make So blood is coming in through the |
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19:44 | parent arterial. Now, if all were perfect and good and we |
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19:49 | you know, we know things we Oh, well, the thing that |
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19:52 | there must be a venue all but not what's going on here. What |
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19:56 | have is we have an exiting arterial we call the different arterial. So |
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20:01 | interest in via the parent arterial travels the gloom aerialists and then leaves out |
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20:08 | the different arterial. Now, I'm explain why those air both arteries or |
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20:13 | here in just a moment, But right now I just want you |
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20:17 | trust me that this is correct. . Alright. So blood flow is |
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20:21 | parent arterial into the gloom aerialist, is this tuft of capillaries that allows |
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20:26 | filtration to occur. And then the that isn't filtered or not filtered but |
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20:31 | isn't the fluid and the stuff that passed through that stays in the |
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20:35 | Ary then exits out through the different . And then the fluid that exited |
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20:41 | through the capillary walls is now found Bowman's capsule, which is just a |
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20:47 | ended tube that is in close opposition opposition. You know what that word |
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20:52 | right next to write close opposition to to the gloom. Aerialists. |
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20:57 | So what we say is we have polls and you can kind of see |
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21:02 | . Here we have the vascular Here is the vascular portions. And |
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21:07 | over here, that's the tubular So we basically divide the capsule into |
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21:13 | parts. The vascular pulling the tubular . All right. So far, |
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21:20 | good people in the class people No one's asking question. That's always |
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21:26 | good sign or a bad sign. don't know which. All right. |
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21:31 | Hi, Sean. Can you see many people are actually online right |
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21:34 | I just bought in just a all right? He got so before |
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21:40 | started the over under for being online 25 right? And Peter, you |
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21:47 | 40. So you went with the ? I don't know. What? |
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21:50 | didn't bet anything, but you Yeah. Okay. So I just |
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21:55 | to find out. All right. . I'm just having Yeah, you |
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21:58 | questions? Yeah. Okay. Are that there's a if and a |
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22:04 | So I'm like, So the flu gonna come in into the it's going |
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22:09 | be filtered and is gonna leave through A parent? No, a |
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22:14 | then E. That's that's why I to try to put the accent. |
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22:17 | mean, if we were to not our good old Texas accents on, |
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22:21 | would be different and different, which very confusing because they sound an awful |
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22:25 | of like So that's why we say parent and e Farrant. Yeah, |
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22:29 | then you'll actually, And just as aside, sometimes when words are |
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22:33 | really close, you'll hear people put accents on so, like abduction versus |
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22:39 | , you'll hear people say a deduction a deduction so that you could s |
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22:45 | you can hear that anyway, So ahead. I'm sorry, I interrupted |
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22:48 | question there. Oh, so so? So the flu is gonna |
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22:51 | in through the A parent, and going to the parents. I'm assuming |
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22:54 | the train is passing through this proximal too Again, it's gonna follow through |
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23:00 | be, Yeah, you're jumping ahead my story. That so that's a |
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23:05 | no, that's okay. You're the that we don't want to go to |
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23:07 | movies with because you've already figured it . Yeah. Alright. So let's |
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23:15 | tell the story then. Okay. mean, you've already figured it out |
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23:18 | it and it's not a hard This is what I told you. |
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23:20 | stuff isn't hard right now. We're walking through the tube. So here |
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23:24 | can see right there's our core The core puzzle becomes that Bowman's capsule |
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23:29 | a proximal, convoluted tube. You'll you're booked, refers to the proximal |
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23:35 | tube you'll, but that's not so for us. So we just referred |
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23:38 | as the collectively is the proximal All right, now the word convoluted |
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23:43 | what? Yeah, twisted that That's exactly the word that we're looking |
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23:50 | because it's like this. I'm not fun. That's exactly what it |
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23:55 | It's goes everywhere. It's convoluted, ? So you can kind of see |
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24:00 | was the name this way? Because twists around all over the place. |
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24:02 | right, so that's what we're looking . That's a proximal convoluted tubules. |
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24:05 | then it kind of straightens out for little bit, becomes a straight tube |
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24:08 | , But we're not gonna put in that exists. We're just gonna call |
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24:11 | the proximal tubular altogether. And then happens is is that it's thickens |
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24:16 | and then it travels down into the . Alright, So notice it's going |
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24:21 | . So we refer to that is descending limb. And then it turns |
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24:26 | itself. It's it's a loop, then it travels back up. And |
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24:31 | the A sending limb. Now both these have thick and thin portions, |
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24:36 | ? But we're not gonna worry about thin right now. All right? |
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24:39 | do have significance or importance, but grand scheme of things is we're gonna |
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24:43 | at the big picture as it comes . All right? And then once |
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24:48 | return back to the cortex, the what we are is we're now in |
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24:52 | distal, convoluted tubules. Again, has a straight portion, so they're |
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24:56 | call the distal straight. But the tubules is what we're looking at. |
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25:01 | you can already see what's the order of what I'm doing, I'm starting |
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25:04 | capsule proximal tubules loop of Henley distal and then from the distal tubules. |
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25:11 | what I'm actually going to converge into collecting tubes. And then the collecting |
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25:15 | converged together and form what is called collecting duct. And I think we're |
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25:20 | get to that in a couple All right, so that's that's the |
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25:23 | . You'll all right? And so you can say here again is |
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25:26 | Oh, there's different parts, right different names. And if they have |
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25:32 | names, that means they must have functions. Right there have been identified |
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25:37 | being unique. Now, if we at this little picture here, we |
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25:44 | see that we have two different types net, Franz. All right, |
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25:49 | this is where it gets a little of wonky. All right now, |
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25:53 | of our Net Franz, or what referred to as cortical or superficial net |
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25:57 | and really the way that you can them should you ever have to, |
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26:01 | that they typically are found with the Dallas. Right? That core puzzle |
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26:06 | in high up in the cortex. right, now, remember what we |
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26:11 | . The core puzzles are always going be in the cortex. Alright, |
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26:15 | where they're located there, either up in the cortex or they're down low |
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26:19 | the cortex near the medulla. If up high in the cortex, that's |
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26:23 | they're referred to being superficial. 80% your net, Franz, are |
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26:27 | And what they do is they um uh, process the fluid, |
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26:31 | as we expect them to. And do. They dipped down into the |
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26:34 | the model a little bit, and gonna see why this is important in |
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26:38 | a moment. But they don't dive really, really deep. All |
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26:41 | One of the unique characteristics and this absolutely no sense without talking about the |
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26:46 | is that it doesn't possess what is a Vasari CTA. We'll get to |
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26:51 | bazaar ETA in a moment. There's lot of plot going on here. |
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26:56 | is like a murder mystery. We're all the characters at the front of |
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26:58 | movie. And you're sitting there going don't know who all these characters |
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27:01 | You'll find out. Okay, The type of different is the just imaginary |
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27:07 | from this is the fun net from is the one we're spending our time |
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27:10 | about. This is what makes about of the net from population. This |
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27:14 | where the glam aerialist is near the . Hence the name. Just imagine |
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27:19 | next to the medulla. All Now, what you can see here |
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27:23 | that this loop of Henley dives deep the medulla. Shallow, very, |
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27:29 | deep they have of as directora so loops, Vasari, CTA They must |
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27:37 | something differently. And the answer they do. Their job is to |
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27:44 | a circle. That bagel establishing what called the vertical measure Larry osmotic Grady |
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27:50 | , and this osmotic Grady int that's here in the medulla is what allows |
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27:57 | to make your in a varying All right, now let me explain |
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28:03 | little bit. We're gonna deal with again primarily on Tuesday. Your entire |
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28:09 | has an Osma clarity of around 300 animals. With the exception of the |
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28:16 | , it's out here in the You have a, uh uh Osma |
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28:21 | around 300 million cosmos. Right here the boundary. You have a non |
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28:26 | around 300 cosmos. But as you down deeper and deeper and deeper into |
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28:30 | medulla, the Osma clarity will increase to about 1200 million as moles. |
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28:37 | , you're like, Yes. So ? I don't care. Whenever there's |
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28:41 | , that's important. And it's this in that we're going to take advantage |
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28:45 | using the machinery that we have and that we've already learned to allow us |
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28:50 | make your in a varying concentrations. , let me answer that. Have |
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28:54 | drink a lot of water before, lots and lots? What is your |
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28:57 | look like when you drink lots of clear? It looks like the |
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29:01 | So what would you say? The of your urine is like very, |
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29:06 | low, right? In other your body is trying to get rid |
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29:10 | water, and so it's able to so right, because it's able to |
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29:16 | out the urine, right? It's of that medulla the environment that it's |
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29:21 | . All right, You're dehydrated. been working outside or exercising or something |
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29:26 | you've sweated and sweated and sweated and become dehydrated. What is your urine |
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29:31 | look like? What color does it ? Dark gold. Actually, that's |
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29:36 | even horribly dehydrated. Horribly dehydrated. will start looking like maroon. That's |
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29:43 | concentrated. Yeah. So if you see Maroon P, it doesn't mean |
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29:48 | a true Aggie. It means that are truly, truly dehydrated. Get |
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29:53 | into your body. The reason that's is because we have an environment that |
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29:59 | us pull water out of the fill and return it back into the body |
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30:04 | that it's staying there to keep you least marginally hydrated. All right, |
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30:10 | what the model is. And so is what the judge to Medellin Ephron |
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30:15 | is allows us to change our concentrations it creates this environment. It doesn't |
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30:22 | the changes, it creates the environment the changes can occur. All |
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30:26 | so that leads us to the uh, two structures here. That's |
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30:30 | collecting tubules. Just a small portion that to bill that that's their before |
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30:35 | becomes the actual collecting duct. This the collecting duct. You can see |
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30:40 | travels down through the medulla. This where you can make those changes because |
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30:45 | environment out here is different. That you can allow for fluids, move |
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30:49 | and move out depending upon your state dehydration. Alright. Now they're two |
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30:56 | types of cells that are found here the collecting ducks. We have the |
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31:01 | cells. Why do you think they're principal cells? Because they're the |
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31:09 | It louder. They're the principal. their the primary cell. That's |
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31:13 | That's that's where that very, very name comes from. Yeah, all |
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31:18 | . They're the ones that respond to hormones that regulate your state of |
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31:25 | Okay, we've already talked about those little bit, right? We're gonna |
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31:29 | about them or tomorrow. We also what are called the Inter Collected |
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31:33 | Their job is to regulate pH. right. And what they do is |
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31:37 | move acid and base in and out the field trait. So if your |
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31:41 | your blood becomes two basic, we're move out base. If your blood |
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31:45 | too acidic, we're gonna move out . Alright. And this is the |
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31:48 | place in the history of biology where actually named cells. Easy to |
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31:53 | Type A cells move acids type B move. Base the end. We |
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32:00 | have to learn anything else. Isn't nice? It's like someone actually thought |
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32:06 | it for so well, just All right. Complicated structure, easy |
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32:16 | . Just a glimmer regular apparatus. right, Now, everybody at |
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32:21 | I want you do this. I you take take your fingers and and |
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32:25 | about. You know how speak says long and prosper. Right? |
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32:29 | This live long and prosper. that is a fair, a fair |
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32:36 | . That's an apparent arterial. Your of your hand is the Bowman's |
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32:39 | You can see your arm. Then gonna be the proximal convoluted tubules travels |
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32:44 | and then over on the other that is your distal convoluted tubules. |
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32:49 | your distal convoluted tubules and slide it Theofanis and different arterial. Now you |
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32:56 | made a just a glimmer your Alright, Just calm. Aerial apparatus |
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33:01 | next to the just next to the . Aerialists. Alright, So the |
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33:05 | that's there, where the distal convoluted Bill goes between the parent and the |
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33:10 | . Arterial their cells. They're called , densest cells that make up this |
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33:16 | . You can see it here in picture. Alright, so here's our |
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33:20 | convoluted tubules. Look right here are immaculate dinsa cells right over here. |
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33:27 | air granular cells, they'll become important just a moment. There's you're a |
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33:31 | , arterial. There's your different All right, so what you're doing |
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33:35 | you are I'm gonna go back a here, erase all the ink on |
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33:39 | slide so you can see. You see Here is my A parent. |
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33:43 | my different and they're going on either of that distal convoluted tubules. Same |
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33:49 | over there doing the exact same Okay? I wanted to be able |
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33:54 | visualize this. All right. the granular cells, which are part |
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33:59 | the a ferret arterial these air smooth cells, all right. And what |
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34:04 | do is they produce, um, hormone. Really? It's an enzyme |
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|
34:09 | Renan. Renan is gonna play an role in regulating blood pressure. All |
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|
34:15 | , when they are stimulated, what will do, they will contract. |
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34:19 | other words, When you stretch them , they will contract, right? |
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34:23 | if you send a sympathetic signal, contract. The idea is, is |
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34:27 | regulating blood flow into the gloom So if I dilate, more blood |
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34:32 | in to the colonialist. If I , less blood flows into the gloom |
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34:36 | . But I also I'm gonna respond a signal to release Rinnan when the |
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34:41 | comes. We'll deal with Renan in Tuesday. The macula dinsa cells, |
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34:46 | are these yellow cells in our little . Um, their job is to |
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34:52 | and detect the presence of sodium chloride the distal, convoluted tubules. In |
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|
34:57 | , what they do is they look filtration rate by monitoring the flow of |
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|
35:02 | chloride by the macula dinsa cells. the flow rate is too fast, |
|
|
35:09 | is too much. Um, there's basically too much blood flowing into the |
|
|
35:15 | aerialist, resulting in too much So they're gonna signal to cause the |
|
|
35:21 | cells to constrict, to reduce the into the gloom Aerialist. In other |
|
|
35:26 | , they're talking here to those cells regulate the flow of blood into the |
|
|
35:35 | . Aerialists All right, the second that they do is a signal to |
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35:40 | granular cells went to release Rinnan. other words, if the amount of |
|
|
35:45 | chloride is too slow, that beings pressures too high and we need to |
|
|
35:52 | . And that's gonna cause release, . And there's all sorts of we'll |
|
|
35:55 | with the running and just in a bit, all right. But |
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|
35:58 | it's a job is to modify the of flow, all right, and |
|
|
36:06 | to manage long term blood pressure. were the two things that it's gonna |
|
|
36:11 | . So that's what the primary job the junction, um, aerial apparatus |
|
|
36:15 | the macula Dinsa cells will come to again in just a moment. There's |
|
|
36:18 | cells in here. You can see little tiny blue cells that are kind |
|
|
36:21 | those air called the extra America Limousine cells. We don't really talk about |
|
|
36:27 | . Just know that that's not empty . Okay, uh, they play |
|
|
36:32 | role. Uh, it's not well , but they regulate things. So |
|
|
36:37 | is the flow of blood. Do need to know all these arteries? |
|
|
36:42 | . All right. But I want to see why the glamour really capital |
|
|
36:48 | have a favorite arterial Andy Farrant So blood comes in through the renal |
|
|
36:53 | . The renal artery splits into the arteries. Segmental arteries go in between |
|
|
36:58 | lobes, so they go into the global arteries. Then you go across |
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|
37:02 | top. That's the arc. You artery and then you go up, |
|
|
37:05 | radiate upward. That would be the radiate arteries. Do you see how |
|
|
37:10 | air named again? You don't need know any of these names, so |
|
|
37:13 | write them all down, right? I'm trying to point out here is |
|
|
37:17 | nomenclature follows simple convention by observation. is the artery found in between? |
|
|
37:24 | ? It's going across the arc that the base of the pyramid. |
|
|
37:28 | it radiates outward in the cortex. where you got all these names. |
|
|
37:34 | . But ultimately what this cortical radial does is it divides into and you |
|
|
37:40 | see here. So there's the cortical . You can see that it has |
|
|
37:45 | a parent arterials. All right. at the end of each of the |
|
|
37:50 | parent arterials, you can see the Mary alive. All right, |
|
|
37:56 | at the glamour, really, the thing that's happening at this level of |
|
|
37:59 | cap Ilary is the movement of fluid of the cap Ilary. Alright, |
|
|
38:04 | no gas exchange taking place. There's nutrient exchange taking place. It's simply |
|
|
38:09 | point of filtration. In essence, you've done here is you've taken on |
|
|
38:15 | and you've created a modification within its . So you can think of the |
|
|
38:20 | , arterial it and the fan, one structure that has been modified midway |
|
|
38:25 | it. It's just a unique characteristic this arterial. It behaves like a |
|
|
38:31 | area. But what happens is is remember all the cells in that kidney |
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|
38:37 | need nutrients. They still need They're gonna produce waste. We need |
|
|
38:42 | provide them with those materials. And How how do you get them to |
|
|
38:47 | ? Well, you need capital and so the e Farrant arterial while |
|
|
38:51 | leaves out. It's then enters into structure called the Para Tubular capital |
|
|
38:57 | and I'm trying to see if my on the next slide shows this a |
|
|
39:01 | bit. All right, you can right here. It's like, |
|
|
39:04 | look, there's paratrooper capital Aries, they're traveling around and then they enter |
|
|
39:09 | these tiny venue ALS before they converge and then leave out. All |
|
|
39:16 | the para tubular capital Aries, is where this material exchange takes |
|
|
39:23 | Now the Vasari CTA is a modification the para tubular cap Ilary, and |
|
|
39:28 | see it's role here in just a . But then what does it do |
|
|
39:30 | ? Then it goes out through the's vein structures and ultimately out through into |
|
|
39:35 | big vein, which then returns back the Vienna Kaveh. So it follows |
|
|
39:40 | natural convention, the convention that you learn. We just have this really |
|
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39:45 | modification that takes place at the level the arterial. And there's unique modification |
|
|
39:51 | for filtration to occur. All so it's more of an explanation rather |
|
|
39:57 | making you memorize stuff. Now you need to know what the paratroopers capital |
|
|
40:01 | are. Basically, it supplies the cells with blood and they're all around |
|
|
40:06 | tubular component. Which is why I'm to show you that picture you can |
|
|
40:10 | over here. I've got para tubular . He's right there. But then |
|
|
40:15 | we have is that we have also unique structure. This vase director, |
|
|
40:20 | vast director is primarily found in the . It looks like a necklace and |
|
|
40:24 | that it runs exactly along side the of Henle e. In those jokes |
|
|
40:29 | Maja Larry Net Franz. Right. you're just Major League Neff, Ron |
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|
40:36 | nice and long, and you can see it there. But it's basically |
|
|
40:40 | right there. You can see that have the structure that just traveled alongside |
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|
40:47 | and go basically, you know, his cap. Hillary system, the |
|
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40:52 | director. That's alongside it. if the juxtapose a Julian Effron creates |
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40:59 | osmotic radiant All right. That's why told you the role of the vast |
|
|
41:05 | is to preserve it to maintain Okay, So loop of Henley in |
|
|
41:11 | junk spending on that front create snow grading down here in the medulla the |
|
|
41:16 | . CTA maintains it, and we're look at how that happens on |
|
|
41:23 | So let's you just sit in those for a little bit and we're going |
|
|
41:26 | shift away and talk about how you're is formed in the in the broadest |
|
|
41:32 | . Okay, so then I'm gonna because I'm tired of talking anyone |
|
|
41:39 | I got questions. Everyone's gonna sleep ? They're watching YouTube videos. |
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|
41:46 | Anyone here got questions? Oh, all makes perfect sense. You're like |
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|
41:55 | That's all right. I love these . I go. I told you |
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42:01 | I get all my pictures, I just go on the internet, |
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42:04 | in peeing, and I find things this. This is an important. |
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|
42:13 | fact that you guys should know once in is made by the kidney. |
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|
42:19 | right, so once you've created you cannot alter it in any |
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|
42:23 | shape or form. All right, once it's made, it is what |
|
|
42:27 | iss Alright. What we said the kidney is responsible for making |
|
|
42:32 | The bladder stores up here in So you are are dehydrated, your body |
|
|
42:38 | making urine that mimics what your body to do while it's dehydrated. All |
|
|
42:45 | . But then if you drink a bunch of water that you're in that |
|
|
42:48 | sitting in the bladder, that is highly concentrated. If you start making |
|
|
42:53 | , that is now dilute because just a whole bunch of water. It's |
|
|
42:55 | gonna go Wait a second. I've got this, uh, just |
|
|
43:00 | urine I need to deal with. . And let me let me fix |
|
|
43:04 | . No, it's just once it's . Once it's made in the |
|
|
43:07 | it is what it is. The is probably an easier way to think |
|
|
43:11 | making urine. That is for someone is very well hydrated. And that |
|
|
43:16 | is going into the bladder. It's water. Well, if you become |
|
|
43:19 | hydrate, your body doesn't go what can I get? Extra |
|
|
43:21 | Oh, I got some of the . It can't do that. Blatter |
|
|
43:25 | simply a storage depot. Right? you are making urine constantly. About |
|
|
43:32 | mil per minute. All right, right now you're making water. That's |
|
|
43:38 | you say it politely. You're all P right, But are you peeing |
|
|
43:43 | now? I'll use the proper Has anyone mixed trading at this? |
|
|
43:49 | this moment? The answer is Right, You hold it. That's |
|
|
43:57 | purpose of the bladder is to hold know someone is Are they admitting that |
|
|
44:01 | paying right now? Yeah. Okay. The question tool from |
|
|
44:17 | So as I mentioned, and on first line when we first introduced some |
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|
44:21 | of your net, Franz or the net front, you Onley have about |
|
|
44:25 | of your net. Friends are gonna the judge to measure Larry, And |
|
|
44:27 | more than enough to to accomplish the of creating that, uh, that |
|
|
44:32 | radiant. Both of them play a in creating Phil Trade. But because |
|
|
44:36 | the length of that loop, that's allows us to create that unique |
|
|
44:41 | So it's about 80 24 court cortical just imaginary. All right, so |
|
|
44:51 | you make peace, that's what looks . Now there are three basic processes |
|
|
44:56 | the renal system. All right, got filtration, We got re |
|
|
45:02 | We got secretion. All right, we're gonna break them down. We're |
|
|
45:06 | look at filtration today, and then gonna be done, and then we're |
|
|
45:10 | go over the weekend, and we're forget everything, and we're gonna come |
|
|
45:13 | in on on Tuesday. We're gonna with re absorption. Go kidneys. |
|
|
45:18 | right, you filter about 20% of plasma that is going through the |
|
|
45:27 | Really? About 20% of the plaza being filtered at that time, All |
|
|
45:31 | ? Now, if you were to that out, it's about 125 mils |
|
|
45:33 | minute. Alright? Which comes out about 180 liters per day. How |
|
|
45:40 | blood you have in your body? five liters. So you can |
|
|
45:45 | All right. At 125 mils per in four minutes. Right in four |
|
|
45:52 | . That's 500 mills, right? 40 minutes. That's five leaders. |
|
|
46:00 | literally you could pull all the water of your blood in 40 minutes, |
|
|
46:06 | then you'd be dead, right? you can't move sludge through your |
|
|
46:12 | And that would still have water in . Right? Your basket chur has |
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46:17 | have fluid in it. So obviously rate of filtration there has to be |
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46:21 | that's going on. So that's basically passing through from the glamorous side, |
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46:25 | ? The blood side to the tubular , re absorption is the process of |
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46:31 | at that Phil Trait 125 mills and of the 125 mills What doe I |
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46:38 | and what do I return back? essence, we were turned back 124 |
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46:43 | per minute. Right? So, essence, we Onley hold onto about |
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46:49 | mill of that Phil trade. So kidneys are doing an incredible job of |
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46:54 | blood. So you make about one per minute. That's about 1.5 liters |
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46:58 | day just to play a little math here. All right. When you |
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47:03 | to the restroom U p About 250 500 mils. If you really drank |
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47:08 | lot about 250 mils, how many do you go to the bathroom during |
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47:11 | day? Have you ever calculated Have you ever thought about it? |
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47:15 | some easy ones when you first wake in the morning, right? For |
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47:18 | first thing, if you plot in bathroom, go to the bathroom, |
|
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47:21 | ? Usually about mid morning. Right lunch. Usually that's three. Probably |
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47:27 | mid afternoon. Right after you eat . Probably one more time before you |
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47:33 | to bed. I forgot. Some have micro battered bladders, just all |
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47:40 | . Adding 36 more. You're looking me like no. All right. |
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47:47 | want you to calculate tomorrow I want to write down. It's time to |
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47:50 | the bathroom right? But again, averaging. You know, if I |
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47:57 | , you know, if I walk my gallon jug of water, I'll |
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48:00 | peeing all day because I can't drink than 32 ounces in the city, |
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48:08 | ? Go to a circle K by 44 ounce soda. Go to Bucky's |
|
|
48:12 | ounce soda at home. 32 ounce , 32 ounce water. 32 ounce |
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|
48:17 | can go a little bit more than , right? It averages out about |
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48:23 | times a day. Again, that's normal. We have another process. |
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48:29 | called secretion alright, and the purpose secretion is simply selecting those things that |
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|
48:35 | body doesn't want and adding it to fill trade, but without worrying about |
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48:40 | process of illustration. All right, of it like this. All |
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48:45 | You're naturally removing garbage from your right? There is a natural. |
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48:49 | have trash, I throw in the can and then I take the garbage |
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48:53 | and I put it on the Right? But then there, those |
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48:56 | where you're like my house is a , and I'm getting rid of |
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48:59 | and these are things that I don't , right? My wife was going |
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49:03 | the through the pantry yesterday. She like, I can't stand at the |
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|
49:08 | . Is she? You know, like, here's a jar of salsa |
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49:11 | gave us that we're never gonna It was like something like honey |
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49:15 | It's like, Yeah, we're not , it was like four years |
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49:19 | you know, never gonna open. was like, Well, do we |
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49:22 | it? No, we're not gonna it to Goodwill or Thio. |
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49:25 | no one's everybody. It goes right the trash. In other words, |
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49:30 | selectively going through and taking things and rid of it. It's not just |
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49:35 | natural order in which you remove things the from the house, right, |
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49:40 | that's what secretion does. It's a mechanism. Basically, you can think |
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49:44 | it. The things that your body that it doesn't want, right, |
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49:49 | idea of like, oh, that right there, it's a toxin. |
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49:53 | don't want it around. I'm not wait for filtration to get rid of |
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49:56 | , which is at a certain I'm actively grabbing those molecules and I'm |
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50:01 | this molecule across the tubular wall to rid of it faster. That's what |
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|
50:07 | is. Okay, The end product these three steps is excretion. Excretion |
|
|
50:13 | the actual removal of these materials, ? So when you secrete something, |
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50:19 | usually, uh, you're usually pushing into the body. Excretion is usually |
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|
50:24 | get rid of All right, So first thing is that filtration factor or |
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|
50:29 | fraction that we just mentioned. So just the amount of blood that's being |
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50:33 | through the gloom. Aerialists. We about 125 mills. It's basically that |
|
|
50:38 | of the plasma it goes through. basically anything of a certain size water |
|
|
50:45 | pass through. It's about 20% because the rate, which is passing, |
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|
50:49 | the smaller molecules that are found in fluid. Anything is too big, |
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|
50:54 | behind in the field, trade or behind in the plasma. Alright, |
|
|
50:58 | that's about 20%. 80% are 20% filtered Onley again. A grand |
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51:05 | about 19%. What we said 125 , roughly about 100 and 24 mills |
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|
51:10 | returned back to the blood And that's this is just trying to show you |
|
|
51:14 | would be at the level of para capillaries, right? Because they're right |
|
|
51:17 | to him. And so the idea I filtered here at the Glen Mary |
|
|
51:21 | , but here along the tube, that Phil trade is moving, and |
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51:24 | like, Oh, wait, my wants that. My body wants that |
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51:26 | body wants it. Give you What's something that you that is a |
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51:30 | that would be traveling the blood that body wants Lots and lots of |
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|
51:38 | we'll get the question. What did say? Water. Well, no |
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|
51:44 | . That don't worry about the Water is the Is the meeting? |
|
|
51:47 | , we want water, but a that you stood in line for for |
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|
51:50 | long periods of time, right? , you know what I'm talking |
|
|
51:55 | You've had a lunch on campus right? You've got to Taco |
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|
51:59 | I've seen you standing in line at Bell. You'll be like 50 students |
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|
52:02 | at Taco Bell. I'll sitting on phone's going. I need my |
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|
52:07 | my taco, you know? And standing there. What? What are |
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|
52:11 | staying in line in the Taco For what is it that you need |
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|
52:13 | Taco Bell? This is not a what? Sit. No, not |
|
|
52:19 | . We're going for the big one . You said taco. Uh |
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|
52:26 | Glucose. Thank you. That's always , right. That's like the one |
|
|
52:29 | answer. Always. If I don't the answer. Third down, |
|
|
52:32 | That's got to be the right It's glucose, right? Your body |
|
|
52:37 | desperately for that glucose, right? mean, putting up with freshman. |
|
|
52:43 | , alright, let's let's move away the 20th century. Let's go back |
|
|
52:46 | couple of 1000 years, right? mean, you fought that wooly mammoth |
|
|
52:49 | that nutrient, right? So, know, you got glucose circulating in |
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|
52:56 | body whether you you consumed it directly you made it. Glucose is something |
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53:01 | don't want to get rid of. so glucose can pass through into the |
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53:06 | trait just fine. But it wants to hold on to it, so |
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|
53:11 | moving it back. All right, that would be an example of that |
|
|
53:14 | absorption. All right. Got a online? Yes. Yes. So |
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|
53:24 | It's basically for the whole renal Yeah, and again. It's a |
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|
53:28 | estimate. It's not an exact right? That's that's the idea. |
|
|
53:33 | not. I'm not gonna ask you number. I'm just trying to impress |
|
|
53:36 | you how powerful the kidneys are. right? So the filtration fraction is |
|
|
53:43 | is being picked up. Now, do we figure out what the filtration |
|
|
53:48 | ? All right, So there are that are associated with familial filtration. |
|
|
53:52 | ? I said, you gotta learn pressure's gotta know your pressures, |
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|
53:55 | air. Simple hydrostatic pressures push fluid on Codec or osmotic pressures pull fluids |
|
|
54:04 | . All right, so there's a in a poll, all right? |
|
|
54:07 | we saw when we're talking about the areas, we have, ah, |
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|
54:10 | and a pull inside the capital with push and pull outside the Capitol |
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|
54:13 | Right. We could do the math we could figure out what these pressures |
|
|
54:15 | , and we're doing the exact same here. We have a push and |
|
|
54:18 | pull pressure. All right. The vocabulary pressure. That's the fluid. |
|
|
54:23 | plasma inside the glam aerialists, We're gonna call it P G. |
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|
54:28 | . It's a major driving force for Basically, it's driving the fluid into |
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|
54:34 | small space, and it's creating What's looking for? The path of |
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|
54:37 | resistance? That fluid is gonna go of the blue Maryland into Bowman's |
|
|
54:41 | Now, if you want to envision picture hose, you remember playing with |
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|
54:45 | in the summer, right? Take hose and you drink water from the |
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|
54:48 | . Did you ever do that? know, you've That is like the |
|
|
54:52 | of summer, right? Water out out of a garden hose. |
|
|
54:58 | I want you to picture this. picture that garden hose. You've just |
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|
55:01 | it on a little bit. Water not flowing out of it Like mad |
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|
55:04 | just trickling out, right? You that hose sticking in your mouth, |
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|
55:08 | right? Water is gonna pass into mouth, right? It's gonna |
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|
55:13 | At a certain rate. That flow water through the garden hose would be |
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|
55:17 | the hydrostatic pressure that we're describing All right, It's the gloomy regular |
|
|
55:21 | pressure. All right, Now, also plasma proteins in that plasma, |
|
|
55:28 | the purpose of those plasm proteins is draw water back. That's an osmotic |
|
|
55:32 | or what they refer to as on pressure, right? It's creating an |
|
|
55:36 | radiant across the capital. Every so plasma proteins inside the Capitol. |
|
|
55:41 | plasma proteins outside the Capitol area. draws the water back. So it's |
|
|
55:45 | negative pressure, right? Positive pressure the hydrostatic pressure. Negative pressure is |
|
|
55:50 | on Codec pressure. All right, we have to others. We have |
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|
55:54 | Bowman Space or Bowman's capsule Hydrostatic Okay, so remember, I |
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|
55:59 | you stick that hose in your right? You can swallow water at |
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|
56:01 | certain rate, but if the water faster than the rate that you can |
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|
56:05 | all of a sudden, now your fills up with water is creating back |
|
|
56:08 | , isn't it all right now? not a good example, because what |
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|
56:12 | happen is water words and starts squirting your mouth, You know around the |
|
|
56:15 | , but it's showing you which way it going? It's just trying to |
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|
56:18 | the path of least resistance here. no backwards, right? It's You |
|
|
56:23 | go in or you prevent stuff from in, and that's really what this |
|
|
56:29 | pressures. It's preventing flow into Bowman's . Alright, so it's pushing water |
|
|
56:36 | of Bowman's capsule, right? It's negative pressure. Bowman's on Codec pressure |
|
|
56:44 | dependent upon the the presence of Karl or plasma proteins in this particular case |
|
|
56:52 | would be found in Bowman's capsule. maney plasma proteins are found in Bowman's |
|
|
56:56 | . Not a trick question, it in the name. Nothing. Nothing |
|
|
57:02 | right, because they can't be So there is no poll of water |
|
|
57:07 | there's nothing to pull the water that sense. I got plasma proteins in |
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|
57:12 | blood. I have no plasma proteins the In Bowman's capsule, water is |
|
|
57:17 | pulled towards the plasma proteins. If no plasma proteins in the, |
|
|
57:22 | in Bowman's capsule, it can't pull towards it. But if there |
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|
57:27 | it would. So we mention knowing that it is very small or |
|
|
57:33 | , truthfully at zero. So we're do is take these values and just |
|
|
57:39 | of do the same thing we did we did the capital, As we |
|
|
57:41 | , All right, what's the net pressure? It's the difference between the |
|
|
57:46 | out of the of the gloom aerialist Bowman's capsule, minus the pressure back |
|
|
57:53 | the cap. Players of the gloom away from Bowman's capsule, and we |
|
|
57:57 | just do the math here. Measure pressures out the material pressures around 60 |
|
|
58:03 | ? The pressure moving into the uh Bowman's capsule is, uh, you |
|
|
58:10 | , basically 50 have to do my in my head a little bit |
|
|
58:15 | and then you just take one from other. It's about 10 millimeters |
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|
58:19 | You could increase it by increasing the pressure primarily right, But you can |
|
|
58:26 | back pressure and stuff. You're gonna this net filtration pressure by changing one |
|
|
58:31 | those four pressures. But ultimately what see here is we have a driving |
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|
58:37 | that's driving fluid from the gloom. writes a positive pressure, so it's |
|
|
58:42 | it from the gloom aerialist into Bowman's . So there's a natural flow in |
|
|
58:50 | direction. Do that kind of makes through the 30,000 Children here in Children |
|
|
58:58 | students. I'm used to being around Children. It's a problem for 30,000 |
|
|
59:02 | . They're sitting in the auditorium right , learning and the 12 that are |
|
|
59:10 | . Yeah, there they actually they know this stuff. That's why they're |
|
|
59:14 | showing up. Does it make Yes. Yeah, yeah. |
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59:23 | I don't wanna leave it all Alright. So net filtration pressure is |
|
|
59:28 | differences in those pressures and tells the in which the blood is gonna or |
|
|
59:32 | fluid is going to flow from the Thio Bowman's capsule or vice versa. |
|
|
59:38 | , it's going into Bowman's capsule. don't want to go backwards. That |
|
|
59:42 | be bad in all sorts of different . I think it. I don't |
|
|
59:46 | if it can go backwards to be . All right, the goal marrow |
|
|
59:50 | rate. Then it's just that rate filtration. Alright, so it's basically |
|
|
59:54 | upon the net filtration pressure, and is really conceptually easy to understand. |
|
|
59:58 | I raise the pressure, what's gonna to the filtration rate? He goes |
|
|
60:03 | . If I lower, the pressure down. All right, that's not |
|
|
60:07 | . So then the question is, do I increase or decrease that |
|
|
60:11 | Well, the primary way, all is gonna be in changing that pressure |
|
|
60:18 | glamour color or in the gloom. , right? In other words, |
|
|
60:21 | I want to increase the pressure, want to make mawr blood go into |
|
|
60:25 | gloom. Aerialist. Well, how I do that? Well, I |
|
|
60:27 | increase thief a ferret. Arterial Dilate it. More blood flows |
|
|
60:31 | Increase the pressure. What if I to decrease pressure? Why don't I |
|
|
60:36 | the flow of blood into the Aerialist. Right. So that could |
|
|
60:40 | that by are constricting be a fair arterial in a less, uh, |
|
|
60:48 | way. One of things I can is I can dilate and, |
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|
60:53 | constrict the parent arterial. All I want you think about it for |
|
|
60:57 | moment. Remember different articles how I if I construct different article What happens |
|
|
61:02 | the glamour? Regular capillary pressure. increases. That's right. If I |
|
|
61:08 | the door smaller and you're all trying leave, it's harder. So you're |
|
|
61:11 | stuck for longer, right? I to increase flow. I open up |
|
|
61:19 | different arterial. All right now the is the a Farrant arterial thief. |
|
|
61:25 | arterial can come into play, but major one is the parent arterial. |
|
|
61:31 | . Now how do we go about this? Basically it's gonna change. |
|
|
61:36 | are either through intrinsic factors or extrinsic , intrinsic factors of those things that |
|
|
61:42 | within the kidney themselves. This refers primarily auto regulation and the extrinsic factors |
|
|
61:47 | neural or hormonal regulation. All now, I'm kind of showing you |
|
|
61:53 | , am I gonna increase the Well, basically, when I when |
|
|
61:57 | increase the pressure that increases the rate Phil traits or the substances in the |
|
|
62:01 | traits. So this is why I'm sodium chloride, right? If I'm |
|
|
62:05 | sodium chloride, I could determine whether not I'm filtering too fast or too |
|
|
62:10 | . And that's what the macula Dinsa are responsible for. All right. |
|
|
62:15 | more substances there are, the less gonna be re absorbing. Do you |
|
|
62:19 | ever watch? I love Lucy. a classic I love Lucy that most |
|
|
62:22 | are familiar with if you've ever watched . All right. I love |
|
|
62:26 | Lucy and Ethel going work in a factory. No one's laughing. I |
|
|
62:31 | , you None of you guys have this. You know what you're talking |
|
|
62:34 | ? So the Candies coming along the belt, their jobs pick up the |
|
|
62:37 | , wrap it and put it back , pick up candy wrap it put |
|
|
62:39 | And then it's like another thing. bad this into bad. Then the |
|
|
62:42 | starts going faster, and so what is they have to still pick up |
|
|
62:46 | candy and keep doing it. But problem is that is going too fast |
|
|
62:49 | So what is, Uh, Start doing starts picking them up, |
|
|
62:53 | candy in your mouth. But you eat candy fast enough and rapid and |
|
|
62:57 | , so they start shoving it down shirt, and it becomes more and |
|
|
63:00 | funny because it goes faster and faster faster. That's the same sort of |
|
|
63:04 | is there's a rate at which filtration work where you can play, do |
|
|
63:09 | re absorption. But if it gets too fast, then you can't reabsorb |
|
|
63:13 | . And so your body is now nutrients to escape from the body. |
|
|
63:17 | don't get to put that 124 mills , so that's why you want to |
|
|
63:23 | it. All right, so let's what this means when we talk about |
|
|
63:27 | regulation. Basically, we're trying to a constant blood flow. All |
|
|
63:32 | so we're making sure that we're staying a certain range again. The range |
|
|
63:38 | matter for you all Not important, right? It's just we're trying to |
|
|
63:44 | a range. And so what we're is we're saying, Look, we |
|
|
63:48 | that blood pressure is gonna go up down during our daily activities. Right |
|
|
63:52 | , you guys were all sitting on butt. What's your blood pressure |
|
|
63:57 | It's Yeah, it's low. What when you stand up? Your blood |
|
|
64:02 | stays low, But then all of sudden, because of that change in |
|
|
64:06 | , your body says, Oh, can't move blood quite as well. |
|
|
64:10 | need to increase my blood pressure, ? That's that. Hydrostatic are no |
|
|
64:17 | . Um, Ortho Static change is I'm looking for in the blood |
|
|
64:22 | All right, now imagine what's going in your kidney things and cruising. |
|
|
64:28 | is nice, and even all of sudden blood pressure goes way, way |
|
|
64:31 | . It's like, you know, filtration rate would go out off off |
|
|
64:36 | scales. So what it's doing is going to make modifications to the blood |
|
|
64:43 | and the kidney to meet its needs a result of your changes in |
|
|
64:49 | Tries to maintain constancy, right? what its goal is all right. |
|
|
64:55 | it uses it in one of two . Are the biogenic mechanisms which we've |
|
|
64:59 | learned about, But we're just going say it again. Or we used |
|
|
65:01 | be a local regular feedback, Which that what the macula densest cells |
|
|
65:06 | All right, so biogenic auto regulation says, Look, I'm going to |
|
|
65:11 | or relax the arterial in response to . All right, so if the |
|
|
65:18 | drops, All right, so when pressure drops, what do I want |
|
|
65:21 | do is I want to dilate the arterial, right? Because if the |
|
|
65:29 | drops, that means my GF are dropping, and I want to keep |
|
|
65:33 | GF are at a constant rate. if I dilate the apparent arterial, |
|
|
65:38 | the g f r goes back up is maintaining that constant state. If |
|
|
65:43 | blood pressure goes up, then what's now is that means my GF are |
|
|
65:50 | up, right? That's no Now I'm filtering too fast. So |
|
|
65:55 | do I do is I will, , constrict the a parent arterial, |
|
|
66:01 | will bring the GF are back All right, so I've tried to |
|
|
66:07 | the picture so that it makes Right. So this is your start |
|
|
66:11 | what happened when the blood pressure goes ? What happens when the blood pressure |
|
|
66:15 | down? All right. And what looking at is this is what |
|
|
66:23 | All right. That's what you see the end. That's what occurs in |
|
|
66:27 | to the change that happens here. . Yeah, This is interesting that |
|
|
66:33 | brought up. It says it's blood . Drop this one. Relax. |
|
|
66:37 | it leads to increase in blood But that's, uh could you explain |
|
|
66:42 | ? Because I usually think of when pressure. Right. So Right, |
|
|
66:49 | So you're pointing out just the way I phrased it, all right? |
|
|
66:54 | so what we're trying to accomplish If is the condition, then this |
|
|
67:00 | Okay, So what we're saying is if you're systemic blood pressure is |
|
|
67:06 | Then the blood pressure inside the arterial also dropping. And that means the |
|
|
67:11 | pressure inside the glamorous is dropping all . And so that all those things |
|
|
67:18 | results in a loss of pressure which in a drop in the GF |
|
|
67:26 | That's what we're trying to fix Those those air all congruent. So what's |
|
|
67:31 | happen then? The smooth muscle relaxes a result of smooth muscle relaxing. |
|
|
67:37 | blood pressure in the GLA Marylise All right, that's what we're trying |
|
|
67:42 | say. In other words, we're to see the dilation, which results |
|
|
67:46 | a rise in the flow of blood the gloom aerialist, which results in |
|
|
67:51 | increase in the blood pressure which results an increase in the G fr. |
|
|
67:56 | is the condition. This is the . That's what I'm trying, all |
|
|
68:02 | , So it's not saying the blood drops air go. This happens. |
|
|
68:07 | This is the condition that leads to change that gives you the result. |
|
|
68:13 | right, so So it's an A B then C type thing, and |
|
|
68:17 | a good distinction because it's, you , it's it's. Sometimes we look |
|
|
68:21 | these things and we're thinking very but I want you to think in |
|
|
68:24 | of this is the condition that that what we're changing. So there is |
|
|
68:30 | there is no longer static state. it was in a static state, |
|
|
68:34 | everything you said is absolutely true. , good. Thank you bet two |
|
|
68:41 | marry your feedback is where we're looking the actual Phil trait. All |
|
|
68:46 | so the tubes are looking at what's inside themselves. Alright, and |
|
|
68:54 | the one thing they're monitoring monitoring sodium . Remember, sodium and chloride are |
|
|
69:00 | that are attracted to one another. not connected to one another in a |
|
|
69:05 | . All right, they're just they're . And so what's happening is, |
|
|
69:09 | your measuring the amount of sodium chloride passing by the macula dense of |
|
|
69:15 | All right, if the sodium chloride levels are increasing, then what? |
|
|
69:21 | gonna see it. So here's Here's condition. The response is gonna be |
|
|
69:26 | of constriction. In other words, we're saying is, is that if |
|
|
69:31 | mawr sodium chloride than what we're well, let me put this |
|
|
69:35 | The macula dinsa cells sample at a rate, right? So it's like |
|
|
69:40 | reaching in and I'm grabbing. I'm in and I'm grabbing. If I |
|
|
69:43 | able to every time I reach in grab, I'm increasing the rate at |
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69:48 | I'm finding a sodium chloride. In words, I'm able to grab more |
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69:52 | chloride over a shorter period of That's telling me that the fill trait |
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69:56 | moving by faster. All right, what I want to do is I |
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70:01 | lower the filtration rate. So what gonna do is I'm gonna cause a |
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70:06 | arterial of as a constrict, All ? And then the converse is |
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70:10 | Now I'm saying, here, this the simple This is the last |
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70:17 | but it explains why this is going . All right, so these are |
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70:22 | facts. And I had to create slide because even Dr Gil and |
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70:26 | when we explain it, sometimes we get lost in our explanation. And |
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70:30 | said, All right, I'm writing down so that everyone can see what |
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70:34 | going on, so I'm just gonna through it. So these are the |
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70:38 | we know. We know that the f. R is dependent upon the |
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70:40 | pressure. That's easy. All We know filtration rate is dependent upon |
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70:44 | glamourous filtration rate, right? So happening in the tubules? Dependent directly |
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70:48 | what's happening in the gloom aerialist, . And this flow of sodium chloride |
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70:53 | gonna be dependent on on that tubular rate So the mawr sodium chloride there |
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70:58 | . That means the mawr, the the filtration rate or the flow |
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71:01 | Excuse me. All right. as I said, that rate of |
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71:06 | re absorption is gonna be constant. other words, the cells are sitting |
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71:12 | going. I'm taking out at a rate, the only place where this |
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71:16 | not true in the distal convoluted to , and we don't have to deal |
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71:19 | that right now. Everywhere in the of the tube, it's a constant |
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71:24 | . So you're expecting to see a amount of sodium in the fill |
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71:29 | That's that's what the kidney is all right. Now, if we |
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71:34 | a drop in the regular blood then you will see a drop in |
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71:40 | glimmering filtration rate and a drop in tubular flow rate, right. So |
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71:45 | pressure goes down, filtration rate goes , which means flow rate goes |
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71:49 | That makes sense, right, because all interrelated. As one goes |
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71:54 | they all go up. If one down, they all go down. |
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71:57 | . So if the tubular flow rate down, then the quantity of sodium |
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72:03 | by the macula dentures. Cells goes as well. All right, Everything |
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72:10 | going slower because the filtration rate is slower. When that happens, the |
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72:17 | dentist cells say, wait. The rate or the flow rate is too |
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72:21 | . That means a filtration rate is slow, which means the blood pressure |
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72:25 | too low. So what we need do is we need to change the |
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72:28 | pressure. So it sends a signal the A parent arterials to those granular |
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72:33 | which are smooth muscle cells and says . And when you dilate the flow |
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72:41 | the gloom, Marylise increases the blood in the gloom. Aerialist increases the |
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72:47 | rate increases, the flow rate All of those things are gonna occur |
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72:54 | together because they're all interlinked. All . The converse would be true as |
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73:00 | . All you gotta do is just those arrows. If this is |
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73:03 | then this goes up, this goes , that goes up and then that |
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73:07 | up and then all these would go . Okay, All of those salt |
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73:16 | , those salt things, that is macula dinsa cells. That's what these |
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73:19 | right there are doing all right and gonna signal to those granular cells toe |
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73:26 | dilate when the sodium levels are low to constrict when the sodium levels are |
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73:34 | camp. The other thing that they're to do is they're gonna signal to |
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73:37 | granular cells to start releasing Rinnan. we're gonna look at Renan and how |
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73:42 | plays a role in regulating a long blood pressure. That's what Tuesday's lecture |
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73:49 | halfway about. And so with that's where I'm gonna stop today. |
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73:52 | get extra five minutes to wander to next class or to go get a |
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73:56 | or go to the bathroom because Europe four for the day. I think |
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74:03 | funny. I don't know. You , I guess Toilet humorous, humorous |
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74:07 | me. I don't know. Front . But when we come back, |
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74:11 | going to look at because we've looked filtration right. When we come |
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74:16 | we're gonna look at re absorption and gonna see re Absorption is ridiculously easy |
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74:21 | we've already learned the politics of high , right? Remember high school |
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74:30 | Unit one. Wherever sodium goes, follows, I might have to re |
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74:43 | politics again. All right. You're high school politics. I don't get |
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74:49 | . All right, I'm gonna leave guys hanging, and I feel like |
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74:56 | , All right? Yes. You questions for me? Uh huh. |
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75:04 | the are if you're in a say the blood is filtered through the |
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75:10 | . So normally, when I think , like, rain that think off |
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75:15 | material defined filtering something from the Do we also filters of base from |
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75:24 | base products? I'm I guess I'm little bit confused here. So normally |
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75:29 | you would see whatever you're doing, sort of filtration, it's gonna be |
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75:33 | gonna be done at the level of or arteries. And veins simply are |
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75:37 | . Trends are mechanism to transit. anything that you're gonna do is with |
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75:42 | to filtration. Absorption is always gonna place in the capital, ary. |
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75:46 | what's unique about this particular capital ary what I was trying to get across |
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75:51 | I may not be answering a question all, But what I was trying |
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75:53 | get across here is that the glam is a unique, um, modification |
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75:59 | oven arterial that it's not a normal in the sense that it doesn't |
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76:05 | um, play a role in Exchange it on. Lea allows filtration |
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76:11 | the level of the core puzzle where moving fluid from one vessel, which |
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76:16 | be the glam aerialist into another which would be a tube You'll That's |
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76:21 | that distinction lies. So I probably answer your question at all. So |
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76:27 | you wanna rephrase. So, the So if I'm filtering from the |
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76:34 | you're an arterials, do right. the composition of the venues. |
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76:41 | remember, So So the answer. question is, yes, but all |
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76:46 | , so I'm gonna answer in the , So I'm gonna back up a |
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76:50 | slides here just so we can get a big picture of this. |
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76:56 | that's probably will be the better. do this one. All right. |
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77:01 | the fluid that's coming in has a composition. We're gonna say its composition |
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77:07 | plus Why? All right, when go through filtration, why stays around |
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77:15 | are wise filtered through X days in different arterial? All right. But |
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77:22 | we're gonna do is we're gonna move time. We're gonna learn this this |
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77:27 | . So this would be the re part. Is that why? Most |
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77:31 | why returns. So I'm gonna stay here. This is gonna be why |
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77:36 | are sorry. This is gonna be . And then I'm going to say |
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77:41 | is why minus one plus X. there's your ex. So, in |
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77:48 | , all of that stuff is is around. I mean, I could |
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77:52 | put in a in there or but do you see what I'm saying |
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77:55 | that yes, this fluid is different that fluid. But it's only different |
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78:01 | that Phil trait ends up over But what we're gonna do is we're |
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78:05 | move most of that stuff back. what this is suggesting. So the |
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78:13 | changes. Not drastic. No, not. And in fact, |
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78:19 | it's It's almost as if you're moving , very little. Now, you'll |
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78:24 | when we talk again tomorrow, we're talk about what this all looks |
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78:29 | Not tomorrow. But Tuesday we'll talk what those differences really are. |
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78:33 | no, it's not a significant Significant. Where your body not |
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78:41 | Um, relatively speaking. Did I the question now? Help? |
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78:53 | Excellent. Anybody else have questions or just ready to start your welcome. |
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78:58 | else have questions? We want to the weekend. No, no. |
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79:05 | right. Start the weekend. Start weekend. Oh, there is a |
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79:09 | . All right. That's okay. be a minor question. Mhm goes |
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79:20 | . Which one goes out? All right. So I'm just gonna |
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79:23 | on the slide so you can see . All right. So I |
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79:26 | uh, when we're talking in and here, let me just make |
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79:29 | Okay? So when I'm talking I'm gonna be referring to out of |
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79:33 | capital Aries, and I'm gonna be to into the tube. You'll |
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79:41 | So that z my frame of Alright, So the culinary capital pressure |
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79:47 | out. The blood collide on Pressure is into the cap. Ilary |
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79:55 | hydrostatic place is into the cap. theon Codec. Pressure is out, |
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80:01 | , into our out of the capital . All right, so this is |
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80:06 | pull pressure. Maybe I'm going to that way. Pull. This is |
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80:10 | , um of push. Well, not use pulling push here, because |
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80:15 | might get all right, but that kind of gives you the direction, |
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80:23 | ? And so when I use this here all right, you can see |
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80:32 | can see what have I have? your darn it right there. There's |
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80:39 | capital area pressure. That's hydrostatic There's the on Codec pressure inside |
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80:46 | This is the ah, on Codec inside the cap Ilary. This is |
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80:53 | hydrostatic pressure inside there. That's and all you did is just excellent. |
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81:04 | there you go. Are you guys for classes yet? But I |
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81:14 | is it open? Okay, I'll put this announcement here for those you |
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81:19 | that are interested. Um, I'm a new course in the spring. |
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81:24 | meets at a horrible, horrible time the morning. 8. 30 in |
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81:27 | morning to 10 o'clock. I do know if it's face to face. |
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81:30 | it's Hi. Hi. Flex will being high flex because university sucks. |
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81:34 | I'm saying that loud and recorded because class should be face to face Worst |
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81:42 | ever to be in this high flex . Anyway, the new class is |
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81:48 | comparative anatomy. And so it is look at, um, uh, |
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81:55 | structure and function across vertebrates. Uh . Uh huh. not just |
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82:04 | And the reason we don't do that we are human class and so most |
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82:07 | upper level anatomies are are really mawr . Um, so a and P |
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82:14 | covers all of human humans. So the idea here is really I |
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82:19 | haven't you ever wondered why we use as models or rabbit's models? |
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82:24 | I mean, guinea pigs or anything . I mean, we're gonna talk |
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82:29 | , but there's also gonna be anatomy function, so we're gonna be looking |
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82:33 | that. So if you're interested, it's gonna be available under its a |
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82:37 | 43 97 course Tuesday Thursdays, 30 to 10. Yeah, I |
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82:47 | Yeah. Anyway, all |
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