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00:01 So we are now in our final . A zai mentioned that everything from

00:08 on is basically downhill. We have tough lecture is not really a tough

00:12 . It's one subject within the lecture is complicated. Um on that would

00:18 on today's Thursday, right? So Tuesday, that will be the probably

00:22 difficult thing it has to do with counter current mechanism. So if you

00:25 counter current mechanisms, you're in good , so you don't need to worry

00:28 you don't, hopefully I'll explain in a way that it doesn't make sense

00:32 you won't ever have to worry about ever again. But what we're gonna

00:35 today, eyes, we're gonna talk the renal system, we're gonna look

00:39 some structure, so we understand what looking at here, and then we're

00:42 dive down, and we're gonna look mechanism what its job is in terms

00:46 filtration. We're going to see that lots of jobs that the, uh

00:50 kidney does and renal system is responsible , or the urinary system. You

00:54 use either of those terms, but ultimately we're gonna be kind of looking

00:57 the process of filtration, what we're be doing for the rest of the

01:02 . So you've kind of noticed, you look at each of the

01:04 the units themselves are kind of fairly . We did muscles and the nervous

01:09 , right? And then we did cardiovascular system and the respiratory system.

01:14 then now we like, just throw sit on top, Right? So

01:18 gonna be doing the renal system of lectures. We're gonna be doing the

01:20 system about 2.5 lectures in the current about, you know, half a

01:25 or so. And then what we is that we do the reproductive

01:29 and we do the male reproductive system one female reproductive system. And

01:33 well, really one plus a lecture really kind of deals with the question

01:37 reproduction. So that's kind of what rest of semester is gonna look

01:40 So So what? We'll see on this next exam is that there's a

01:45 more things being covered. All I'm just warning you now about

01:49 That doesn't mean you need a It's not like I'm gonna make the

01:52 harder or something. It's just the of material that's being covered. All

01:56 , so our focus today is gonna the urinary system. And what we

02:00 here is we have the basics in of the anatomy. So the

02:05 that's your urinary form or you're informing . You have the your ears.

02:10 orders connect the kidneys to the The bladder is what stores of urine

02:14 it's time to make great, which the fancy word for saying peeing,

02:18 right. And then we have the , which is the tube from the

02:22 to the bathroom. Right? So females, that's its sole purpose is

02:25 release the urine into whatever you call bathroom. Alright or wherever you pee

02:32 males, you're ether has two First function is the same. Getting

02:37 of the you're in the second function that it's part of the reproductive

02:40 It serves as the passageway between, , the gonads and ultimately,

02:48 uh, it's a pathway for the during ejaculation is really what I'm trying

02:52 get to. All right. So that in mind, what is it's

02:57 ? What is the whole purpose of urinary system. Well, the primary

03:02 and what we're gonna be focusing on gonna be the filtration of the

03:06 All right, so when you think , what we're doing is we're serving

03:09 a filter system to get rid of materials that the body doesn't want.

03:13 right, so we're removing the waste and what we're doing is we're taking

03:18 waste products and we're putting them into environment, primarily water. And we're

03:23 that Phil trade into what is your the stuff that we're actually getting rid

03:26 the body. So there's a multiple . It's not like, Oh,

03:29 take the stuff out of the blood immediately becomes urine. We're gonna process

03:34 Phil trait in such a way that take things that we actually want to

03:39 in the body and put them back the body. All right, so

03:43 what this processing part is. It's at what the filter is deciding what

03:48 want to keep and then allowing the we want to get rid of,

03:50 go away, all right. And multiple steps in that, and that's

03:54 we're gonna be looking at. There's functions as a swell if the formation

03:58 Calista trial You guys are all taking vitamin D. Is that right?

04:03 your heads and say yes. If nodding your heads and saying,

04:06 you don't have to worry about the viruses. Viruses don't like vitamin

04:11 I don't know why vitamin D is this Key. Lynch Key Vitamin If

04:15 look at everything, you look up paper on vitamin D. Maybe I

04:18 do that when you make you all vitamin D papers. It's like everything

04:22 the world is dependent on vitamin There's a high correlation of decent vitamin

04:27 levels and your general health. If D goes down, your health goes

04:32 . Maybe don't know why. All , but anyway, so formation of

04:36 trial, that's vitamin D. That's fancy word for it. All

04:40 we're gonna make a written report. talked about that. We regulate ion

04:43 , acid base balance. We also gonna be regulating blood pressure. We

04:47 be spending time talking about blood pressure Tuesday's lecture. It also has the

04:53 to be a part of or involved glucose neo Genesis. You know,

04:59 . Konia. Genesis is formation of glucose. Here he goes.

05:05 you didn't even have to know You could have wiped your brain

05:08 And you just look at the word it tells you glucose glucose. Uh

05:14 . It's like Hollis is backwards. off its needs a way to learn

05:17 that way. But that's not exactly . Neo Genesis is actually making glucose

05:22 amino acids. Alright. Lastly, big picture here of everything that you're

05:30 at. All right. General theme the kidney's condition. The blood.

05:36 other words, it makes the blood blood, right. It makes the

05:40 of the blood be constant. That's we're trying to shoot for here.

05:45 is why the kidneys air so All right, so what we're gonna

05:49 is we're going to dive down into anatomy because while the kidneys are important

05:54 the macro level, we're gonna be at the micro level. We're gonna

05:57 looking at a functional unit. So when we talked about the muscles?

06:01 said the functional unit is the SAARC . We looked at the nervous system

06:04 functional use. It was the new , right? And then So what

06:08 doing is we're gonna go dive down we're getting to What is the functional

06:12 of the kidney now? This is multi cellular structure, so it's a

06:16 bit different. Sarcoma is part of cell. A neuron is a

06:22 so this is a little bit So this is what a kidney

06:25 It's predominantly responsible for maintaining the stability the extra cellular fluid volume. This

06:30 the conditioning blood thing that we're talking so you can see here Volume composition

06:35 electrolytes and Osma clarity knows all three those things kind of go hand in

06:40 . All right, so what we're to do with the kidney, how

06:45 filters and how it processes it, the quantity of water that's gonna be

06:50 in the body, depending upon your Osma clarity, which is around 300

06:55 . Osmond's right. So if you're , clarity becomes too low. In

06:59 words, you have too much What's your body going to do with

07:04 ? It's going to keep it Too water. Yeah, it's gonna get

07:07 of it. If you have too water, you're gonna get rid of

07:09 . If you have too little what's they're gonna try to do with

07:11 water? I'm gonna try to keep , and then it's gonna tell you

07:15 go get some. Or have you been thirsty? We should be

07:20 There is? Yes, of Right. If you go work out

07:22 the yard or hang out on the or any period of time and you're

07:25 in the sun or in Houston for period of time, what do you

07:29 ? You get thirsty because you're Larry T is going up. And

07:34 one of the indicators to tell you put water in your body. The

07:37 is responsible for that. Conservation or . All right. It's the one

07:42 making that initial call in terms of structures. All right, we have

07:47 distinct regions here. Try to make easy for you. I'm sorry.

07:51 sitting down and drawing. I can't doing this, but this is how

07:54 do it. All right. out on the outside, that little

07:58 that I made a backward see, the cortex cortex, remember, is

08:03 on the outer parson. And then in the middle. That's the

08:07 All right, That's how we break thing down. So we're gonna be

08:10 at the cortex and we're gonna be the medulla. We have columns.

08:16 . Alright. What this is going do is these are the things that

08:19 projecting. So you can see a there column there column there. So

08:22 so forth. Alright. Thes air down into and really what they

08:27 It allows for the blood vessels that penetrating in tow, work their way

08:31 to the cortex, where they then . We're going to see how this

08:35 of looks a little bit later right? But in terms of a

08:38 anatomical structure, it also helps us divide up the arrangement of the kidney

08:45 what are called, um, the . All right. And so you

08:51 see here is a pyramid. There a pyramid so on and so

08:56 They're not perfect pyramids, but just like you can see perfect pyramids.

09:00 right, Now they have these strident are appearances, not periods,

09:06 strident appearances. So you can see . They're trying to draw these

09:10 That's that striations. And really, this is is the representation of the

09:15 the, uh, tubules that we're be seeing when we look at the

09:20 . That's what you're actually looking Are those tubules, right? So

09:23 end up with this striking appearance, then we have some, uh,

09:28 some terms. So right here, is the cortical measure, Larry

09:32 So that is where the pyramids And then over here is the

09:36 What you don't really have to worry . That's the real possibility.

09:41 this region of the medulla I'm just to circle it is referred to as

09:46 Riedel Sinus, and this is where in is actually being collected. All

09:51 , so that means everything out which includes cortex and medulla,

09:57 Because remember, there is the cortical Larry border. So here's medulla.

10:01 that stuff is responsible for making the right. So you're in is being

10:07 in the Sinus. It's being made these other structures. And really,

10:12 you're seeing here is the confluence of tubules coming together to form the Sinus

10:20 . So this renal pyramid, as said, these are little tiny tubules

10:24 collecting together in converging, and they're what are called the fallacies. So

10:30 have minor calluses. So this is example of a minor KLSE That's a

10:35 KLSE. There is one. There one. And then the binder callouses

10:39 . They form the major. Kayla the major Kelsey's all collectively form together

10:45 form the renal pelvis, and so , that's referred to as the

10:50 But what are you doing? Think it like this. Little tiny creeks

10:54 to converge form little tiny rivers, converge to form big rivers which converge

10:59 form oceans. And that's kind of going on here. And so that's

11:03 water way. And that's really The Sinuses. It's just a large

11:08 in way. You That's kind of thinking. All right. Oh,

11:14 the way, everything we're gonna talk from here on out is pee poop

11:18 all sorts of bodily fluids. that's why you all took this

11:23 I know it. You're like I to learn about the bodily fluids.

11:28 what we're doing. All right. helium is a generic term used to

11:36 where vessels enter into a structure. this would be the Renal hill,

11:42 , or helium. Excuse me. right. Now what we have is

11:46 have arteries going in. We have coming out or the vein coming

11:50 So it's a renal artery, the veins. And then there's lymph

11:53 and there's nerves as well. All air coming in through the hilly.

11:57 , all right, you can see is exiting out at that same

12:01 That would be that renal pelvis becoming ureter. Alright, in the ureter

12:05 what exits out of the hill. , as well. Yeah, it

12:10 , um it's just it's just this , this generic area right there.

12:17 right, so if you were drawing kidney, you just say, this

12:21 the helium. It's the black It's the black eyed pea portion of

12:25 black eyed pea. Not the The actual p you see right

12:32 There's that's kidneys look like beans and look like kidneys, which came

12:38 All right again, I'm gonna have of fun. You guys can stay

12:41 home and be miserable. And the here. You could be miserable.

12:46 up with my dad jokes. There go. All right, so let's

12:52 to where we actually want toe spend time. This is gonna be the

12:56 from this is the functional unit of kidney. So I want you see

13:00 our little picture right here. What we have? You can see there

13:04 the boundary between the cortex, the the medulla megillah. Alright, Right

13:10 . There's a renal pyramid right down in the bottom. There's your minor

13:15 right. And what you can see is you can see this structure.

13:19 actually two of them being drawn Racing Inc. You can see one

13:23 , and you can see one Those are net, Franz.

13:27 you don't have just to net, . You have hundreds of thousands of

13:31 Franz that are found in the Right? So the straight appearance is

13:36 hundreds of thousands of these things going and down like so. Okay,

13:42 why it looks like that. when you look at a nef

13:47 it has to functional units to All right to two parts to

13:51 What we refer to as the renal puzzle and what is called the renal

13:56 . In our little pictures here, yellow things represent the renal tubules.

14:01 , we're gonna see it's fairly We're gonna break it down. But

14:05 what it is. The tube where fill trait is found and is being

14:08 into urine. Right, So it's a urine making factory you put

14:15 and on the other end outcomes a . All right. The corpus,

14:19 the other hand, is the point contact between the blood vessel and the

14:24 . You'll all right? So there's you one right here, all

14:29 And they're showing you one right But wherever you see those little tiny

14:33 puffs you can imagine they're trying to at least the artist trying to demonstrate

14:39 there are hundreds of these core All right, so it's the point

14:44 contact between the blood vessel on the . You'll all right now, both

14:48 these are going to reside primarily. , Both both Corp us on the

14:54 . You'll is gonna be primarily found here in the cortex. And if

14:58 look closely at that picture you can of see, Here's my core

15:02 Look, I got a whole bunch tube and a little bit dips down

15:06 the medulla, but then it all back out again. All right,

15:09 the majority of this is gonna be , all right? The part of

15:14 net from that isn't found in the is what is called the loop of

15:18 E. All right, there's one there and the one right there that's

15:23 of hidden. And again, we'll better pictures of these in just a

15:28 . So let's focus in on the core puzzle. Now, here's another

15:33 for this unit. Everything we're going talk about in the next couple of

15:38 have to be deal with systems that tube systems. All right, when

15:44 have a tube system, you start an opening, and then you have

15:48 tube, and then at the other is another opening. The easiest way

15:52 learn a tube system is to start the beginning and work your way down

15:55 tube till you get to the other , right? That kind of makes

15:58 . Think of a car wash. right. On one end the cargoes

16:03 clean or dirty. Excuse me. in dirty And on the other

16:07 the car comes out clean. So happens to make the car go from

16:12 to clean. And if you want dissect a car wash, you'd go

16:15 say, Okay, what do they first, Then what do they do

16:18 that? Then what did they do that? Then what do you do

16:20 that? Oh, and then it out and then it's wet, so

16:22 dry it off. And now we've our clean car, right? That

16:27 sense. So when you're looking at renal system, when you're looking at

16:32 Nef Ron, you start at the end, you work to the back

16:35 . When you look at the entire system, you go. Okay.

16:37 start at the net front and I up going out the urethra. That

16:41 sense. Excellent. So you basically for on the kidney kidney down the

16:46 bladder. So on. Look at digestive system. Where does the food

16:50 in, Goes in through the Where does the food come out?

16:56 , anise perfect. Excellent food goes . Food comes out all right.

17:02 do the same thing for the reproductive sperm is made in the test is

17:07 leaves out through the urethra. The opium is made in the in

17:12 open. Our Sorry, the over OPM is made in the ovaries.

17:17 the you have feeling stupid now And find its way out through the uterine

17:23 , ultimately into the uterus. And we can deal with the other

17:28 as well. But basically, there's tube that's there. So if you

17:31 at one end and work to the , it's gonna make sense. But

17:34 you're sitting there trying to figure out and pieces as you go along,

17:38 gonna be really hard to understand what's going on. All right, so

17:41 is part of the organization that I about is like when you're learning

17:45 you organize and find the best way organize so tube systems at the

17:50 At the end, here's our tube . Alright. We said this is

17:54 point where the blood meets the You'll and what we can see here

17:58 we have a structure. That is of like a cap Ilary. In

18:03 , we call it a capital. the glamorous Aeolus. All right,

18:07 , the glamorous Aeolus, um, basically this kind of wavy thing.

18:14 , I'm just gonna circle it, . It's this stuff in here,

18:18 right? And what it is. a Siris of capital Aries that are

18:24 of allowing the blood to filter through it allows water to come through.

18:29 keeps all the cells and large proteins the blood. It allows the water

18:35 other small particles to pass into the component. Now this capital ary is

18:41 by what is called Bowman's capsule. the tubular component. And so you

18:46 imagine what Bowman's capsule is Is this ended tube that we took the glue

18:52 . Sorry. So there's my glam , right? And what I've done

18:56 I've shoved it into that blunt tube that it basically surrounds like this.

19:04 right, and then close at position another. So when blood travels

19:08 it gets pushed into the tubular That water. Plus that that that

19:13 we call that Phil trait that's the plus stuff all right. Now the

19:17 enters into the gloom. Marylise. if the glamorous a capital blood enters

19:21 via what type of structure Harder. vain. Event artery A arteries right

19:31 . Can't be a big artery. to be a small artery. So

19:34 have a special name for that. call that an arterial. So the

19:38 the vasculature that enters into gotta make So blood is coming in through the

19:44 parent arterial. Now, if all were perfect and good and we

19:49 you know, we know things we Oh, well, the thing that

19:52 there must be a venue all but not what's going on here. What

19:56 have is we have an exiting arterial we call the different arterial. So

20:01 interest in via the parent arterial travels the gloom aerialists and then leaves out

20:08 the different arterial. Now, I'm explain why those air both arteries or

20:13 here in just a moment, But right now I just want you

20:17 trust me that this is correct. . Alright. So blood flow is

20:21 parent arterial into the gloom aerialist, is this tuft of capillaries that allows

20:26 filtration to occur. And then the that isn't filtered or not filtered but

20:31 isn't the fluid and the stuff that passed through that stays in the

20:35 Ary then exits out through the different . And then the fluid that exited

20:41 through the capillary walls is now found Bowman's capsule, which is just a

20:47 ended tube that is in close opposition opposition. You know what that word

20:52 right next to write close opposition to to the gloom. Aerialists.

20:57 So what we say is we have polls and you can kind of see

21:02 . Here we have the vascular Here is the vascular portions. And

21:07 over here, that's the tubular So we basically divide the capsule into

21:13 parts. The vascular pulling the tubular . All right. So far,

21:20 good people in the class people No one's asking question. That's always

21:26 good sign or a bad sign. don't know which. All right.

21:31 Hi, Sean. Can you see many people are actually online right

21:34 I just bought in just a all right? He got so before

21:40 started the over under for being online 25 right? And Peter, you

21:47 40. So you went with the ? I don't know. What?

21:50 didn't bet anything, but you Yeah. Okay. So I just

21:55 to find out. All right. . I'm just having Yeah, you

21:58 questions? Yeah. Okay. Are that there's a if and a

22:04 So I'm like, So the flu gonna come in into the it's going

22:09 be filtered and is gonna leave through A parent? No, a

22:14 then E. That's that's why I to try to put the accent.

22:17 mean, if we were to not our good old Texas accents on,

22:21 would be different and different, which very confusing because they sound an awful

22:25 of like So that's why we say parent and e Farrant. Yeah,

22:29 then you'll actually, And just as aside, sometimes when words are

22:33 really close, you'll hear people put accents on so, like abduction versus

22:39 , you'll hear people say a deduction a deduction so that you could s

22:45 you can hear that anyway, So ahead. I'm sorry, I interrupted

22:48 question there. Oh, so so? So the flu is gonna

22:51 in through the A parent, and going to the parents. I'm assuming

22:54 the train is passing through this proximal too Again, it's gonna follow through

23:00 be, Yeah, you're jumping ahead my story. That so that's a

23:05 no, that's okay. You're the that we don't want to go to

23:07 movies with because you've already figured it . Yeah. Alright. So let's

23:15 tell the story then. Okay. mean, you've already figured it out

23:18 it and it's not a hard This is what I told you.

23:20 stuff isn't hard right now. We're walking through the tube. So here

23:24 can see right there's our core The core puzzle becomes that Bowman's capsule

23:29 a proximal, convoluted tube. You'll you're booked, refers to the proximal

23:35 tube you'll, but that's not so for us. So we just referred

23:38 as the collectively is the proximal All right, now the word convoluted

23:43 what? Yeah, twisted that That's exactly the word that we're looking

23:50 because it's like this. I'm not fun. That's exactly what it

23:55 It's goes everywhere. It's convoluted, ? So you can kind of see

24:00 was the name this way? Because twists around all over the place.

24:02 right, so that's what we're looking . That's a proximal convoluted tubules.

24:05 then it kind of straightens out for little bit, becomes a straight tube

24:08 , But we're not gonna put in that exists. We're just gonna call

24:11 the proximal tubular altogether. And then happens is is that it's thickens

24:16 and then it travels down into the . Alright, So notice it's going

24:21 . So we refer to that is descending limb. And then it turns

24:26 itself. It's it's a loop, then it travels back up. And

24:31 the A sending limb. Now both these have thick and thin portions,

24:36 ? But we're not gonna worry about thin right now. All right?

24:39 do have significance or importance, but grand scheme of things is we're gonna

24:43 at the big picture as it comes . All right? And then once

24:48 return back to the cortex, the what we are is we're now in

24:52 distal, convoluted tubules. Again, has a straight portion, so they're

24:56 call the distal straight. But the tubules is what we're looking at.

25:01 you can already see what's the order of what I'm doing, I'm starting

25:04 capsule proximal tubules loop of Henley distal and then from the distal tubules.

25:11 what I'm actually going to converge into collecting tubes. And then the collecting

25:15 converged together and form what is called collecting duct. And I think we're

25:20 get to that in a couple All right, so that's that's the

25:23 . You'll all right? And so you can say here again is

25:26 Oh, there's different parts, right different names. And if they have

25:32 names, that means they must have functions. Right there have been identified

25:37 being unique. Now, if we at this little picture here, we

25:44 see that we have two different types net, Franz. All right,

25:49 this is where it gets a little of wonky. All right now,

25:53 of our Net Franz, or what referred to as cortical or superficial net

25:57 and really the way that you can them should you ever have to,

26:01 that they typically are found with the Dallas. Right? That core puzzle

26:06 in high up in the cortex. right, now, remember what we

26:11 . The core puzzles are always going be in the cortex. Alright,

26:15 where they're located there, either up in the cortex or they're down low

26:19 the cortex near the medulla. If up high in the cortex, that's

26:23 they're referred to being superficial. 80% your net, Franz, are

26:27 And what they do is they um uh, process the fluid,

26:31 as we expect them to. And do. They dipped down into the

26:34 the model a little bit, and gonna see why this is important in

26:38 a moment. But they don't dive really, really deep. All

26:41 One of the unique characteristics and this absolutely no sense without talking about the

26:46 is that it doesn't possess what is a Vasari CTA. We'll get to

26:51 bazaar ETA in a moment. There's lot of plot going on here.

26:56 is like a murder mystery. We're all the characters at the front of

26:58 movie. And you're sitting there going don't know who all these characters

27:01 You'll find out. Okay, The type of different is the just imaginary

27:07 from this is the fun net from is the one we're spending our time

27:10 about. This is what makes about of the net from population. This

27:14 where the glam aerialist is near the . Hence the name. Just imagine

27:19 next to the medulla. All Now, what you can see here

27:23 that this loop of Henley dives deep the medulla. Shallow, very,

27:29 deep they have of as directora so loops, Vasari, CTA They must

27:37 something differently. And the answer they do. Their job is to

27:44 a circle. That bagel establishing what called the vertical measure Larry osmotic Grady

27:50 , and this osmotic Grady int that's here in the medulla is what allows

27:57 to make your in a varying All right, now let me explain

28:03 little bit. We're gonna deal with again primarily on Tuesday. Your entire

28:09 has an Osma clarity of around 300 animals. With the exception of the

28:16 , it's out here in the You have a, uh uh Osma

28:21 around 300 million cosmos. Right here the boundary. You have a non

28:26 around 300 cosmos. But as you down deeper and deeper and deeper into

28:30 medulla, the Osma clarity will increase to about 1200 million as moles.

28:37 , you're like, Yes. So ? I don't care. Whenever there's

28:41 , that's important. And it's this in that we're going to take advantage

28:45 using the machinery that we have and that we've already learned to allow us

28:50 make your in a varying concentrations. , let me answer that. Have

28:54 drink a lot of water before, lots and lots? What is your

28:57 look like when you drink lots of clear? It looks like the

29:01 So what would you say? The of your urine is like very,

29:06 low, right? In other your body is trying to get rid

29:10 water, and so it's able to so right, because it's able to

29:16 out the urine, right? It's of that medulla the environment that it's

29:21 . All right, You're dehydrated. been working outside or exercising or something

29:26 you've sweated and sweated and sweated and become dehydrated. What is your urine

29:31 look like? What color does it ? Dark gold. Actually, that's

29:36 even horribly dehydrated. Horribly dehydrated. will start looking like maroon. That's

29:43 concentrated. Yeah. So if you see Maroon P, it doesn't mean

29:48 a true Aggie. It means that are truly, truly dehydrated. Get

29:53 into your body. The reason that's is because we have an environment that

29:59 us pull water out of the fill and return it back into the body

30:04 that it's staying there to keep you least marginally hydrated. All right,

30:10 what the model is. And so is what the judge to Medellin Ephron

30:15 is allows us to change our concentrations it creates this environment. It doesn't

30:22 the changes, it creates the environment the changes can occur. All

30:26 so that leads us to the uh, two structures here. That's

30:30 collecting tubules. Just a small portion that to bill that that's their before

30:35 becomes the actual collecting duct. This the collecting duct. You can see

30:40 travels down through the medulla. This where you can make those changes because

30:45 environment out here is different. That you can allow for fluids, move

30:49 and move out depending upon your state dehydration. Alright. Now they're two

30:56 types of cells that are found here the collecting ducks. We have the

31:01 cells. Why do you think they're principal cells? Because they're the

31:09 It louder. They're the principal. their the primary cell. That's

31:13 That's that's where that very, very name comes from. Yeah, all

31:18 . They're the ones that respond to hormones that regulate your state of

31:25 Okay, we've already talked about those little bit, right? We're gonna

31:29 about them or tomorrow. We also what are called the Inter Collected

31:33 Their job is to regulate pH. right. And what they do is

31:37 move acid and base in and out the field trait. So if your

31:41 your blood becomes two basic, we're move out base. If your blood

31:45 too acidic, we're gonna move out . Alright. And this is the

31:48 place in the history of biology where actually named cells. Easy to

31:53 Type A cells move acids type B move. Base the end. We

32:00 have to learn anything else. Isn't nice? It's like someone actually thought

32:06 it for so well, just All right. Complicated structure, easy

32:16 . Just a glimmer regular apparatus. right, Now, everybody at

32:21 I want you do this. I you take take your fingers and and

32:25 about. You know how speak says long and prosper. Right?

32:29 This live long and prosper. that is a fair, a fair

32:36 . That's an apparent arterial. Your of your hand is the Bowman's

32:39 You can see your arm. Then gonna be the proximal convoluted tubules travels

32:44 and then over on the other that is your distal convoluted tubules.

32:49 your distal convoluted tubules and slide it Theofanis and different arterial. Now you

32:56 made a just a glimmer your Alright, Just calm. Aerial apparatus

33:01 next to the just next to the . Aerialists. Alright, So the

33:05 that's there, where the distal convoluted Bill goes between the parent and the

33:10 . Arterial their cells. They're called , densest cells that make up this

33:16 . You can see it here in picture. Alright, so here's our

33:20 convoluted tubules. Look right here are immaculate dinsa cells right over here.

33:27 air granular cells, they'll become important just a moment. There's you're a

33:31 , arterial. There's your different All right, so what you're doing

33:35 you are I'm gonna go back a here, erase all the ink on

33:39 slide so you can see. You see Here is my A parent.

33:43 my different and they're going on either of that distal convoluted tubules. Same

33:49 over there doing the exact same Okay? I wanted to be able

33:54 visualize this. All right. the granular cells, which are part

33:59 the a ferret arterial these air smooth cells, all right. And what

34:04 do is they produce, um, hormone. Really? It's an enzyme

34:09 Renan. Renan is gonna play an role in regulating blood pressure. All

34:15 , when they are stimulated, what will do, they will contract.

34:19 other words, When you stretch them , they will contract, right?

34:23 if you send a sympathetic signal, contract. The idea is, is

34:27 regulating blood flow into the gloom So if I dilate, more blood

34:32 in to the colonialist. If I , less blood flows into the gloom

34:36 . But I also I'm gonna respond a signal to release Rinnan when the

34:41 comes. We'll deal with Renan in Tuesday. The macula dinsa cells,

34:46 are these yellow cells in our little . Um, their job is to

34:52 and detect the presence of sodium chloride the distal, convoluted tubules. In

34:57 , what they do is they look filtration rate by monitoring the flow of

35:02 chloride by the macula dinsa cells. the flow rate is too fast,

35:09 is too much. Um, there's basically too much blood flowing into the

35:15 aerialist, resulting in too much So they're gonna signal to cause the

35:21 cells to constrict, to reduce the into the gloom Aerialist. In other

35:26 , they're talking here to those cells regulate the flow of blood into the

35:35 . Aerialists All right, the second that they do is a signal to

35:40 granular cells went to release Rinnan. other words, if the amount of

35:45 chloride is too slow, that beings pressures too high and we need to

35:52 . And that's gonna cause release, . And there's all sorts of we'll

35:55 with the running and just in a bit, all right. But

35:58 it's a job is to modify the of flow, all right, and

36:06 to manage long term blood pressure. were the two things that it's gonna

36:11 . So that's what the primary job the junction, um, aerial apparatus

36:15 the macula Dinsa cells will come to again in just a moment. There's

36:18 cells in here. You can see little tiny blue cells that are kind

36:21 those air called the extra America Limousine cells. We don't really talk about

36:27 . Just know that that's not empty . Okay, uh, they play

36:32 role. Uh, it's not well , but they regulate things. So

36:37 is the flow of blood. Do need to know all these arteries?

36:42 . All right. But I want to see why the glamour really capital

36:48 have a favorite arterial Andy Farrant So blood comes in through the renal

36:53 . The renal artery splits into the arteries. Segmental arteries go in between

36:58 lobes, so they go into the global arteries. Then you go across

37:02 top. That's the arc. You artery and then you go up,

37:05 radiate upward. That would be the radiate arteries. Do you see how

37:10 air named again? You don't need know any of these names, so

37:13 write them all down, right? I'm trying to point out here is

37:17 nomenclature follows simple convention by observation. is the artery found in between?

37:24 ? It's going across the arc that the base of the pyramid.

37:28 it radiates outward in the cortex. where you got all these names.

37:34 . But ultimately what this cortical radial does is it divides into and you

37:40 see here. So there's the cortical . You can see that it has

37:45 a parent arterials. All right. at the end of each of the

37:50 parent arterials, you can see the Mary alive. All right,

37:56 at the glamour, really, the thing that's happening at this level of

37:59 cap Ilary is the movement of fluid of the cap Ilary. Alright,

38:04 no gas exchange taking place. There's nutrient exchange taking place. It's simply

38:09 point of filtration. In essence, you've done here is you've taken on

38:15 and you've created a modification within its . So you can think of the

38:20 , arterial it and the fan, one structure that has been modified midway

38:25 it. It's just a unique characteristic this arterial. It behaves like a

38:31 area. But what happens is is remember all the cells in that kidney

38:37 need nutrients. They still need They're gonna produce waste. We need

38:42 provide them with those materials. And How how do you get them to

38:47 ? Well, you need capital and so the e Farrant arterial while

38:51 leaves out. It's then enters into structure called the Para Tubular capital

38:57 and I'm trying to see if my on the next slide shows this a

39:01 bit. All right, you can right here. It's like,

39:04 look, there's paratrooper capital Aries, they're traveling around and then they enter

39:09 these tiny venue ALS before they converge and then leave out. All

39:16 the para tubular capital Aries, is where this material exchange takes

39:23 Now the Vasari CTA is a modification the para tubular cap Ilary, and

39:28 see it's role here in just a . But then what does it do

39:30 ? Then it goes out through the's vein structures and ultimately out through into

39:35 big vein, which then returns back the Vienna Kaveh. So it follows

39:40 natural convention, the convention that you learn. We just have this really

39:45 modification that takes place at the level the arterial. And there's unique modification

39:51 for filtration to occur. All so it's more of an explanation rather

39:57 making you memorize stuff. Now you need to know what the paratroopers capital

40:01 are. Basically, it supplies the cells with blood and they're all around

40:06 tubular component. Which is why I'm to show you that picture you can

40:10 over here. I've got para tubular . He's right there. But then

40:15 we have is that we have also unique structure. This vase director,

40:20 vast director is primarily found in the . It looks like a necklace and

40:24 that it runs exactly along side the of Henle e. In those jokes

40:29 Maja Larry Net Franz. Right. you're just Major League Neff, Ron

40:36 nice and long, and you can see it there. But it's basically

40:40 right there. You can see that have the structure that just traveled alongside

40:47 and go basically, you know, his cap. Hillary system, the

40:52 director. That's alongside it. if the juxtapose a Julian Effron creates

40:59 osmotic radiant All right. That's why told you the role of the vast

41:05 is to preserve it to maintain Okay, So loop of Henley in

41:11 junk spending on that front create snow grading down here in the medulla the

41:16 . CTA maintains it, and we're look at how that happens on

41:23 So let's you just sit in those for a little bit and we're going

41:26 shift away and talk about how you're is formed in the in the broadest

41:32 . Okay, so then I'm gonna because I'm tired of talking anyone

41:39 I got questions. Everyone's gonna sleep ? They're watching YouTube videos.

41:46 Anyone here got questions? Oh, all makes perfect sense. You're like

41:55 That's all right. I love these . I go. I told you

42:01 I get all my pictures, I just go on the internet,

42:04 in peeing, and I find things this. This is an important.

42:13 fact that you guys should know once in is made by the kidney.

42:19 right, so once you've created you cannot alter it in any

42:23 shape or form. All right, once it's made, it is what

42:27 iss Alright. What we said the kidney is responsible for making

42:32 The bladder stores up here in So you are are dehydrated, your body

42:38 making urine that mimics what your body to do while it's dehydrated. All

42:45 . But then if you drink a bunch of water that you're in that

42:48 sitting in the bladder, that is highly concentrated. If you start making

42:53 , that is now dilute because just a whole bunch of water. It's

42:55 gonna go Wait a second. I've got this, uh, just

43:00 urine I need to deal with. . And let me let me fix

43:04 . No, it's just once it's . Once it's made in the

43:07 it is what it is. The is probably an easier way to think

43:11 making urine. That is for someone is very well hydrated. And that

43:16 is going into the bladder. It's water. Well, if you become

43:19 hydrate, your body doesn't go what can I get? Extra

43:21 Oh, I got some of the . It can't do that. Blatter

43:25 simply a storage depot. Right? you are making urine constantly. About

43:32 mil per minute. All right, right now you're making water. That's

43:38 you say it politely. You're all P right, But are you peeing

43:43 now? I'll use the proper Has anyone mixed trading at this?

43:49 this moment? The answer is Right, You hold it. That's

43:57 purpose of the bladder is to hold know someone is Are they admitting that

44:01 paying right now? Yeah. Okay. The question tool from

44:17 So as I mentioned, and on first line when we first introduced some

44:21 of your net, Franz or the net front, you Onley have about

44:25 of your net. Friends are gonna the judge to measure Larry, And

44:27 more than enough to to accomplish the of creating that, uh, that

44:32 radiant. Both of them play a in creating Phil Trade. But because

44:36 the length of that loop, that's allows us to create that unique

44:41 So it's about 80 24 court cortical just imaginary. All right, so

44:51 you make peace, that's what looks . Now there are three basic processes

44:56 the renal system. All right, got filtration, We got re

45:02 We got secretion. All right, we're gonna break them down. We're

45:06 look at filtration today, and then gonna be done, and then we're

45:10 go over the weekend, and we're forget everything, and we're gonna come

45:13 in on on Tuesday. We're gonna with re absorption. Go kidneys.

45:18 right, you filter about 20% of plasma that is going through the

45:27 Really? About 20% of the plaza being filtered at that time, All

45:31 ? Now, if you were to that out, it's about 125 mils

45:33 minute. Alright? Which comes out about 180 liters per day. How

45:40 blood you have in your body? five liters. So you can

45:45 All right. At 125 mils per in four minutes. Right in four

45:52 . That's 500 mills, right? 40 minutes. That's five leaders.

46:00 literally you could pull all the water of your blood in 40 minutes,

46:06 then you'd be dead, right? you can't move sludge through your

46:12 And that would still have water in . Right? Your basket chur has

46:17 have fluid in it. So obviously rate of filtration there has to be

46:21 that's going on. So that's basically passing through from the glamorous side,

46:25 ? The blood side to the tubular , re absorption is the process of

46:31 at that Phil Trait 125 mills and of the 125 mills What doe I

46:38 and what do I return back? essence, we were turned back 124

46:43 per minute. Right? So, essence, we Onley hold onto about

46:49 mill of that Phil trade. So kidneys are doing an incredible job of

46:54 blood. So you make about one per minute. That's about 1.5 liters

46:58 day just to play a little math here. All right. When you

47:03 to the restroom U p About 250 500 mils. If you really drank

47:08 lot about 250 mils, how many do you go to the bathroom during

47:11 day? Have you ever calculated Have you ever thought about it?

47:15 some easy ones when you first wake in the morning, right? For

47:18 first thing, if you plot in bathroom, go to the bathroom,

47:21 ? Usually about mid morning. Right lunch. Usually that's three. Probably

47:27 mid afternoon. Right after you eat . Probably one more time before you

47:33 to bed. I forgot. Some have micro battered bladders, just all

47:40 . Adding 36 more. You're looking me like no. All right.

47:47 want you to calculate tomorrow I want to write down. It's time to

47:50 the bathroom right? But again, averaging. You know, if I

47:57 , you know, if I walk my gallon jug of water, I'll

48:00 peeing all day because I can't drink than 32 ounces in the city,

48:08 ? Go to a circle K by 44 ounce soda. Go to Bucky's

48:12 ounce soda at home. 32 ounce , 32 ounce water. 32 ounce

48:17 can go a little bit more than , right? It averages out about

48:23 times a day. Again, that's normal. We have another process.

48:29 called secretion alright, and the purpose secretion is simply selecting those things that

48:35 body doesn't want and adding it to fill trade, but without worrying about

48:40 process of illustration. All right, of it like this. All

48:45 You're naturally removing garbage from your right? There is a natural.

48:49 have trash, I throw in the can and then I take the garbage

48:53 and I put it on the Right? But then there, those

48:56 where you're like my house is a , and I'm getting rid of

48:59 and these are things that I don't , right? My wife was going

49:03 the through the pantry yesterday. She like, I can't stand at the

49:08 . Is she? You know, like, here's a jar of salsa

49:11 gave us that we're never gonna It was like something like honey

49:15 It's like, Yeah, we're not , it was like four years

49:19 you know, never gonna open. was like, Well, do we

49:22 it? No, we're not gonna it to Goodwill or Thio.

49:25 no one's everybody. It goes right the trash. In other words,

49:30 selectively going through and taking things and rid of it. It's not just

49:35 natural order in which you remove things the from the house, right,

49:40 that's what secretion does. It's a mechanism. Basically, you can think

49:44 it. The things that your body that it doesn't want, right,

49:49 idea of like, oh, that right there, it's a toxin.

49:53 don't want it around. I'm not wait for filtration to get rid of

49:56 , which is at a certain I'm actively grabbing those molecules and I'm

50:01 this molecule across the tubular wall to rid of it faster. That's what

50:07 is. Okay, The end product these three steps is excretion. Excretion

50:13 the actual removal of these materials, ? So when you secrete something,

50:19 usually, uh, you're usually pushing into the body. Excretion is usually

50:24 get rid of All right, So first thing is that filtration factor or

50:29 fraction that we just mentioned. So just the amount of blood that's being

50:33 through the gloom. Aerialists. We about 125 mills. It's basically that

50:38 of the plasma it goes through. basically anything of a certain size water

50:45 pass through. It's about 20% because the rate, which is passing,

50:49 the smaller molecules that are found in fluid. Anything is too big,

50:54 behind in the field, trade or behind in the plasma. Alright,

50:58 that's about 20%. 80% are 20% filtered Onley again. A grand

51:05 about 19%. What we said 125 , roughly about 100 and 24 mills

51:10 returned back to the blood And that's this is just trying to show you

51:14 would be at the level of para capillaries, right? Because they're right

51:17 to him. And so the idea I filtered here at the Glen Mary

51:21 , but here along the tube, that Phil trade is moving, and

51:24 like, Oh, wait, my wants that. My body wants that

51:26 body wants it. Give you What's something that you that is a

51:30 that would be traveling the blood that body wants Lots and lots of

51:38 we'll get the question. What did say? Water. Well, no

51:44 . That don't worry about the Water is the Is the meeting?

51:47 , we want water, but a that you stood in line for for

51:50 long periods of time, right? , you know what I'm talking

51:55 You've had a lunch on campus right? You've got to Taco

51:59 I've seen you standing in line at Bell. You'll be like 50 students

52:02 at Taco Bell. I'll sitting on phone's going. I need my

52:07 my taco, you know? And standing there. What? What are

52:11 staying in line in the Taco For what is it that you need

52:13 Taco Bell? This is not a what? Sit. No, not

52:19 . We're going for the big one . You said taco. Uh

52:26 Glucose. Thank you. That's always , right. That's like the one

52:29 answer. Always. If I don't the answer. Third down,

52:32 That's got to be the right It's glucose, right? Your body

52:37 desperately for that glucose, right? mean, putting up with freshman.

52:43 , alright, let's let's move away the 20th century. Let's go back

52:46 couple of 1000 years, right? mean, you fought that wooly mammoth

52:49 that nutrient, right? So, know, you got glucose circulating in

52:56 body whether you you consumed it directly you made it. Glucose is something

53:01 don't want to get rid of. so glucose can pass through into the

53:06 trait just fine. But it wants to hold on to it, so

53:11 moving it back. All right, that would be an example of that

53:14 absorption. All right. Got a online? Yes. Yes. So

53:24 It's basically for the whole renal Yeah, and again. It's a

53:28 estimate. It's not an exact right? That's that's the idea.

53:33 not. I'm not gonna ask you number. I'm just trying to impress

53:36 you how powerful the kidneys are. right? So the filtration fraction is

53:43 is being picked up. Now, do we figure out what the filtration

53:48 ? All right, So there are that are associated with familial filtration.

53:52 ? I said, you gotta learn pressure's gotta know your pressures,

53:55 air. Simple hydrostatic pressures push fluid on Codec or osmotic pressures pull fluids

54:04 . All right, so there's a in a poll, all right?

54:07 we saw when we're talking about the areas, we have, ah,

54:10 and a pull inside the capital with push and pull outside the Capitol

54:13 Right. We could do the math we could figure out what these pressures

54:15 , and we're doing the exact same here. We have a push and

54:18 pull pressure. All right. The vocabulary pressure. That's the fluid.

54:23 plasma inside the glam aerialists, We're gonna call it P G.

54:28 . It's a major driving force for Basically, it's driving the fluid into

54:34 small space, and it's creating What's looking for? The path of

54:37 resistance? That fluid is gonna go of the blue Maryland into Bowman's

54:41 Now, if you want to envision picture hose, you remember playing with

54:45 in the summer, right? Take hose and you drink water from the

54:48 . Did you ever do that? know, you've That is like the

54:52 of summer, right? Water out out of a garden hose.

54:58 I want you to picture this. picture that garden hose. You've just

55:01 it on a little bit. Water not flowing out of it Like mad

55:04 just trickling out, right? You that hose sticking in your mouth,

55:08 right? Water is gonna pass into mouth, right? It's gonna

55:13 At a certain rate. That flow water through the garden hose would be

55:17 the hydrostatic pressure that we're describing All right, It's the gloomy regular

55:21 pressure. All right, Now, also plasma proteins in that plasma,

55:28 the purpose of those plasm proteins is draw water back. That's an osmotic

55:32 or what they refer to as on pressure, right? It's creating an

55:36 radiant across the capital. Every so plasma proteins inside the Capitol.

55:41 plasma proteins outside the Capitol area. draws the water back. So it's

55:45 negative pressure, right? Positive pressure the hydrostatic pressure. Negative pressure is

55:50 on Codec pressure. All right, we have to others. We have

55:54 Bowman Space or Bowman's capsule Hydrostatic Okay, so remember, I

55:59 you stick that hose in your right? You can swallow water at

56:01 certain rate, but if the water faster than the rate that you can

56:05 all of a sudden, now your fills up with water is creating back

56:08 , isn't it all right now? not a good example, because what

56:12 happen is water words and starts squirting your mouth, You know around the

56:15 , but it's showing you which way it going? It's just trying to

56:18 the path of least resistance here. no backwards, right? It's You

56:23 go in or you prevent stuff from in, and that's really what this

56:29 pressures. It's preventing flow into Bowman's . Alright, so it's pushing water

56:36 of Bowman's capsule, right? It's negative pressure. Bowman's on Codec pressure

56:44 dependent upon the the presence of Karl or plasma proteins in this particular case

56:52 would be found in Bowman's capsule. maney plasma proteins are found in Bowman's

56:56 . Not a trick question, it in the name. Nothing. Nothing

57:02 right, because they can't be So there is no poll of water

57:07 there's nothing to pull the water that sense. I got plasma proteins in

57:12 blood. I have no plasma proteins the In Bowman's capsule, water is

57:17 pulled towards the plasma proteins. If no plasma proteins in the,

57:22 in Bowman's capsule, it can't pull towards it. But if there

57:27 it would. So we mention knowing that it is very small or

57:33 , truthfully at zero. So we're do is take these values and just

57:39 of do the same thing we did we did the capital, As we

57:41 , All right, what's the net pressure? It's the difference between the

57:46 out of the of the gloom aerialist Bowman's capsule, minus the pressure back

57:53 the cap. Players of the gloom away from Bowman's capsule, and we

57:57 just do the math here. Measure pressures out the material pressures around 60

58:03 ? The pressure moving into the uh Bowman's capsule is, uh, you

58:10 , basically 50 have to do my in my head a little bit

58:15 and then you just take one from other. It's about 10 millimeters

58:19 You could increase it by increasing the pressure primarily right, But you can

58:26 back pressure and stuff. You're gonna this net filtration pressure by changing one

58:31 those four pressures. But ultimately what see here is we have a driving

58:37 that's driving fluid from the gloom. writes a positive pressure, so it's

58:42 it from the gloom aerialist into Bowman's . So there's a natural flow in

58:50 direction. Do that kind of makes through the 30,000 Children here in Children

58:58 students. I'm used to being around Children. It's a problem for 30,000

59:02 . They're sitting in the auditorium right , learning and the 12 that are

59:10 . Yeah, there they actually they know this stuff. That's why they're

59:14 showing up. Does it make Yes. Yeah, yeah.

59:23 I don't wanna leave it all Alright. So net filtration pressure is

59:28 differences in those pressures and tells the in which the blood is gonna or

59:32 fluid is going to flow from the Thio Bowman's capsule or vice versa.

59:38 , it's going into Bowman's capsule. don't want to go backwards. That

59:42 be bad in all sorts of different . I think it. I don't

59:46 if it can go backwards to be . All right, the goal marrow

59:50 rate. Then it's just that rate filtration. Alright, so it's basically

59:54 upon the net filtration pressure, and is really conceptually easy to understand.

59:58 I raise the pressure, what's gonna to the filtration rate? He goes

60:03 . If I lower, the pressure down. All right, that's not

60:07 . So then the question is, do I increase or decrease that

60:11 Well, the primary way, all is gonna be in changing that pressure

60:18 glamour color or in the gloom. , right? In other words,

60:21 I want to increase the pressure, want to make mawr blood go into

60:25 gloom. Aerialist. Well, how I do that? Well, I

60:27 increase thief a ferret. Arterial Dilate it. More blood flows

60:31 Increase the pressure. What if I to decrease pressure? Why don't I

60:36 the flow of blood into the Aerialist. Right. So that could

60:40 that by are constricting be a fair arterial in a less, uh,

60:48 way. One of things I can is I can dilate and,

60:53 constrict the parent arterial. All I want you think about it for

60:57 moment. Remember different articles how I if I construct different article What happens

61:02 the glamour? Regular capillary pressure. increases. That's right. If I

61:08 the door smaller and you're all trying leave, it's harder. So you're

61:11 stuck for longer, right? I to increase flow. I open up

61:19 different arterial. All right now the is the a Farrant arterial thief.

61:25 arterial can come into play, but major one is the parent arterial.

61:31 . Now how do we go about this? Basically it's gonna change.

61:36 are either through intrinsic factors or extrinsic , intrinsic factors of those things that

61:42 within the kidney themselves. This refers primarily auto regulation and the extrinsic factors

61:47 neural or hormonal regulation. All now, I'm kind of showing you

61:53 , am I gonna increase the Well, basically, when I when

61:57 increase the pressure that increases the rate Phil traits or the substances in the

62:01 traits. So this is why I'm sodium chloride, right? If I'm

62:05 sodium chloride, I could determine whether not I'm filtering too fast or too

62:10 . And that's what the macula Dinsa are responsible for. All right.

62:15 more substances there are, the less gonna be re absorbing. Do you

62:19 ever watch? I love Lucy. a classic I love Lucy that most

62:22 are familiar with if you've ever watched . All right. I love

62:26 Lucy and Ethel going work in a factory. No one's laughing. I

62:31 , you None of you guys have this. You know what you're talking

62:34 ? So the Candies coming along the belt, their jobs pick up the

62:37 , wrap it and put it back , pick up candy wrap it put

62:39 And then it's like another thing. bad this into bad. Then the

62:42 starts going faster, and so what is they have to still pick up

62:46 candy and keep doing it. But problem is that is going too fast

62:49 So what is, Uh, Start doing starts picking them up,

62:53 candy in your mouth. But you eat candy fast enough and rapid and

62:57 , so they start shoving it down shirt, and it becomes more and

63:00 funny because it goes faster and faster faster. That's the same sort of

63:04 is there's a rate at which filtration work where you can play, do

63:09 re absorption. But if it gets too fast, then you can't reabsorb

63:13 . And so your body is now nutrients to escape from the body.

63:17 don't get to put that 124 mills , so that's why you want to

63:23 it. All right, so let's what this means when we talk about

63:27 regulation. Basically, we're trying to a constant blood flow. All

63:32 so we're making sure that we're staying a certain range again. The range

63:38 matter for you all Not important, right? It's just we're trying to

63:44 a range. And so what we're is we're saying, Look, we

63:48 that blood pressure is gonna go up down during our daily activities. Right

63:52 , you guys were all sitting on butt. What's your blood pressure

63:57 It's Yeah, it's low. What when you stand up? Your blood

64:02 stays low, But then all of sudden, because of that change in

64:06 , your body says, Oh, can't move blood quite as well.

64:10 need to increase my blood pressure, ? That's that. Hydrostatic are no

64:17 . Um, Ortho Static change is I'm looking for in the blood

64:22 All right, now imagine what's going in your kidney things and cruising.

64:28 is nice, and even all of sudden blood pressure goes way, way

64:31 . It's like, you know, filtration rate would go out off off

64:36 scales. So what it's doing is going to make modifications to the blood

64:43 and the kidney to meet its needs a result of your changes in

64:49 Tries to maintain constancy, right? what its goal is all right.

64:55 it uses it in one of two . Are the biogenic mechanisms which we've

64:59 learned about, But we're just going say it again. Or we used

65:01 be a local regular feedback, Which that what the macula densest cells

65:06 All right, so biogenic auto regulation says, Look, I'm going to

65:11 or relax the arterial in response to . All right, so if the

65:18 drops, All right, so when pressure drops, what do I want

65:21 do is I want to dilate the arterial, right? Because if the

65:29 drops, that means my GF are dropping, and I want to keep

65:33 GF are at a constant rate. if I dilate the apparent arterial,

65:38 the g f r goes back up is maintaining that constant state. If

65:43 blood pressure goes up, then what's now is that means my GF are

65:50 up, right? That's no Now I'm filtering too fast. So

65:55 do I do is I will, , constrict the a parent arterial,

66:01 will bring the GF are back All right, so I've tried to

66:07 the picture so that it makes Right. So this is your start

66:11 what happened when the blood pressure goes ? What happens when the blood pressure

66:15 down? All right. And what looking at is this is what

66:23 All right. That's what you see the end. That's what occurs in

66:27 to the change that happens here. . Yeah, This is interesting that

66:33 brought up. It says it's blood . Drop this one. Relax.

66:37 it leads to increase in blood But that's, uh could you explain

66:42 ? Because I usually think of when pressure. Right. So Right,

66:49 So you're pointing out just the way I phrased it, all right?

66:54 so what we're trying to accomplish If is the condition, then this

67:00 Okay, So what we're saying is if you're systemic blood pressure is

67:06 Then the blood pressure inside the arterial also dropping. And that means the

67:11 pressure inside the glamorous is dropping all . And so that all those things

67:18 results in a loss of pressure which in a drop in the GF

67:26 That's what we're trying to fix Those those air all congruent. So what's

67:31 happen then? The smooth muscle relaxes a result of smooth muscle relaxing.

67:37 blood pressure in the GLA Marylise All right, that's what we're trying

67:42 say. In other words, we're to see the dilation, which results

67:46 a rise in the flow of blood the gloom aerialist, which results in

67:51 increase in the blood pressure which results an increase in the G fr.

67:56 is the condition. This is the . That's what I'm trying, all

68:02 , So it's not saying the blood drops air go. This happens.

68:07 This is the condition that leads to change that gives you the result.

68:13 right, so So it's an A B then C type thing, and

68:17 a good distinction because it's, you , it's it's. Sometimes we look

68:21 these things and we're thinking very but I want you to think in

68:24 of this is the condition that that what we're changing. So there is

68:30 there is no longer static state. it was in a static state,

68:34 everything you said is absolutely true. , good. Thank you bet two

68:41 marry your feedback is where we're looking the actual Phil trait. All

68:46 so the tubes are looking at what's inside themselves. Alright, and

68:54 the one thing they're monitoring monitoring sodium . Remember, sodium and chloride are

69:00 that are attracted to one another. not connected to one another in a

69:05 . All right, they're just they're . And so what's happening is,

69:09 your measuring the amount of sodium chloride passing by the macula dense of

69:15 All right, if the sodium chloride levels are increasing, then what?

69:21 gonna see it. So here's Here's condition. The response is gonna be

69:26 of constriction. In other words, we're saying is, is that if

69:31 mawr sodium chloride than what we're well, let me put this

69:35 The macula dinsa cells sample at a rate, right? So it's like

69:40 reaching in and I'm grabbing. I'm in and I'm grabbing. If I

69:43 able to every time I reach in grab, I'm increasing the rate at

69:48 I'm finding a sodium chloride. In words, I'm able to grab more

69:52 chloride over a shorter period of That's telling me that the fill trait

69:56 moving by faster. All right, what I want to do is I

70:01 lower the filtration rate. So what gonna do is I'm gonna cause a

70:06 arterial of as a constrict, All ? And then the converse is

70:10 Now I'm saying, here, this the simple This is the last

70:17 but it explains why this is going . All right, so these are

70:22 facts. And I had to create slide because even Dr Gil and

70:26 when we explain it, sometimes we get lost in our explanation. And

70:30 said, All right, I'm writing down so that everyone can see what

70:34 going on, so I'm just gonna through it. So these are the

70:38 we know. We know that the f. R is dependent upon the

70:40 pressure. That's easy. All We know filtration rate is dependent upon

70:44 glamourous filtration rate, right? So happening in the tubules? Dependent directly

70:48 what's happening in the gloom aerialist, . And this flow of sodium chloride

70:53 gonna be dependent on on that tubular rate So the mawr sodium chloride there

70:58 . That means the mawr, the the filtration rate or the flow

71:01 Excuse me. All right. as I said, that rate of

71:06 re absorption is gonna be constant. other words, the cells are sitting

71:12 going. I'm taking out at a rate, the only place where this

71:16 not true in the distal convoluted to , and we don't have to deal

71:19 that right now. Everywhere in the of the tube, it's a constant

71:24 . So you're expecting to see a amount of sodium in the fill

71:29 That's that's what the kidney is all right. Now, if we

71:34 a drop in the regular blood then you will see a drop in

71:40 glimmering filtration rate and a drop in tubular flow rate, right. So

71:45 pressure goes down, filtration rate goes , which means flow rate goes

71:49 That makes sense, right, because all interrelated. As one goes

71:54 they all go up. If one down, they all go down.

71:57 . So if the tubular flow rate down, then the quantity of sodium

72:03 by the macula dentures. Cells goes as well. All right, Everything

72:10 going slower because the filtration rate is slower. When that happens, the

72:17 dentist cells say, wait. The rate or the flow rate is too

72:21 . That means a filtration rate is slow, which means the blood pressure

72:25 too low. So what we need do is we need to change the

72:28 pressure. So it sends a signal the A parent arterials to those granular

72:33 which are smooth muscle cells and says . And when you dilate the flow

72:41 the gloom, Marylise increases the blood in the gloom. Aerialist increases the

72:47 rate increases, the flow rate All of those things are gonna occur

72:54 together because they're all interlinked. All . The converse would be true as

73:00 . All you gotta do is just those arrows. If this is

73:03 then this goes up, this goes , that goes up and then that

73:07 up and then all these would go . Okay, All of those salt

73:16 , those salt things, that is macula dinsa cells. That's what these

73:19 right there are doing all right and gonna signal to those granular cells toe

73:26 dilate when the sodium levels are low to constrict when the sodium levels are

73:34 camp. The other thing that they're to do is they're gonna signal to

73:37 granular cells to start releasing Rinnan. we're gonna look at Renan and how

73:42 plays a role in regulating a long blood pressure. That's what Tuesday's lecture

73:49 halfway about. And so with that's where I'm gonna stop today.

73:52 get extra five minutes to wander to next class or to go get a

73:56 or go to the bathroom because Europe four for the day. I think

74:03 funny. I don't know. You , I guess Toilet humorous, humorous

74:07 me. I don't know. Front . But when we come back,

74:11 going to look at because we've looked filtration right. When we come

74:16 we're gonna look at re absorption and gonna see re Absorption is ridiculously easy

74:21 we've already learned the politics of high , right? Remember high school

74:30 Unit one. Wherever sodium goes, follows, I might have to re

74:43 politics again. All right. You're high school politics. I don't get

74:49 . All right, I'm gonna leave guys hanging, and I feel like

74:56 , All right? Yes. You questions for me? Uh huh.

75:04 the are if you're in a say the blood is filtered through the

75:10 . So normally, when I think , like, rain that think off

75:15 material defined filtering something from the Do we also filters of base from

75:24 base products? I'm I guess I'm little bit confused here. So normally

75:29 you would see whatever you're doing, sort of filtration, it's gonna be

75:33 gonna be done at the level of or arteries. And veins simply are

75:37 . Trends are mechanism to transit. anything that you're gonna do is with

75:42 to filtration. Absorption is always gonna place in the capital, ary.

75:46 what's unique about this particular capital ary what I was trying to get across

75:51 I may not be answering a question all, But what I was trying

75:53 get across here is that the glam is a unique, um, modification

75:59 oven arterial that it's not a normal in the sense that it doesn't

76:05 um, play a role in Exchange it on. Lea allows filtration

76:11 the level of the core puzzle where moving fluid from one vessel, which

76:16 be the glam aerialist into another which would be a tube You'll That's

76:21 that distinction lies. So I probably answer your question at all. So

76:27 you wanna rephrase. So, the So if I'm filtering from the

76:34 you're an arterials, do right. the composition of the venues.

76:41 remember, So So the answer. question is, yes, but all

76:46 , so I'm gonna answer in the , So I'm gonna back up a

76:50 slides here just so we can get a big picture of this.

76:56 that's probably will be the better. do this one. All right.

77:01 the fluid that's coming in has a composition. We're gonna say its composition

77:07 plus Why? All right, when go through filtration, why stays around

77:15 are wise filtered through X days in different arterial? All right. But

77:22 we're gonna do is we're gonna move time. We're gonna learn this this

77:27 . So this would be the re part. Is that why? Most

77:31 why returns. So I'm gonna stay here. This is gonna be why

77:36 are sorry. This is gonna be . And then I'm going to say

77:41 is why minus one plus X. there's your ex. So, in

77:48 , all of that stuff is is around. I mean, I could

77:52 put in a in there or but do you see what I'm saying

77:55 that yes, this fluid is different that fluid. But it's only different

78:01 that Phil trait ends up over But what we're gonna do is we're

78:05 move most of that stuff back. what this is suggesting. So the

78:13 changes. Not drastic. No, not. And in fact,

78:19 it's It's almost as if you're moving , very little. Now, you'll

78:24 when we talk again tomorrow, we're talk about what this all looks

78:29 Not tomorrow. But Tuesday we'll talk what those differences really are.

78:33 no, it's not a significant Significant. Where your body not

78:41 Um, relatively speaking. Did I the question now? Help?

78:53 Excellent. Anybody else have questions or just ready to start your welcome.

78:58 else have questions? We want to the weekend. No, no.

79:05 right. Start the weekend. Start weekend. Oh, there is a

79:09 . All right. That's okay. be a minor question. Mhm goes

79:20 . Which one goes out? All right. So I'm just gonna

79:23 on the slide so you can see . All right. So I

79:26 uh, when we're talking in and here, let me just make

79:29 Okay? So when I'm talking I'm gonna be referring to out of

79:33 capital Aries, and I'm gonna be to into the tube. You'll

79:41 So that z my frame of Alright, So the culinary capital pressure

79:47 out. The blood collide on Pressure is into the cap. Ilary

79:55 hydrostatic place is into the cap. theon Codec. Pressure is out,

80:01 , into our out of the capital . All right, so this is

80:06 pull pressure. Maybe I'm going to that way. Pull. This is

80:10 , um of push. Well, not use pulling push here, because

80:15 might get all right, but that kind of gives you the direction,

80:23 ? And so when I use this here all right, you can see

80:32 can see what have I have? your darn it right there. There's

80:39 capital area pressure. That's hydrostatic There's the on Codec pressure inside

80:46 This is the ah, on Codec inside the cap Ilary. This is

80:53 hydrostatic pressure inside there. That's and all you did is just excellent.

81:04 there you go. Are you guys for classes yet? But I

81:14 is it open? Okay, I'll put this announcement here for those you

81:19 that are interested. Um, I'm a new course in the spring.

81:24 meets at a horrible, horrible time the morning. 8. 30 in

81:27 morning to 10 o'clock. I do know if it's face to face.

81:30 it's Hi. Hi. Flex will being high flex because university sucks.

81:34 I'm saying that loud and recorded because class should be face to face Worst

81:42 ever to be in this high flex . Anyway, the new class is

81:48 comparative anatomy. And so it is look at, um, uh,

81:55 structure and function across vertebrates. Uh . Uh huh. not just

82:04 And the reason we don't do that we are human class and so most

82:07 upper level anatomies are are really mawr . Um, so a and P

82:14 covers all of human humans. So the idea here is really I

82:19 haven't you ever wondered why we use as models or rabbit's models?

82:24 I mean, guinea pigs or anything . I mean, we're gonna talk

82:29 , but there's also gonna be anatomy function, so we're gonna be looking

82:33 that. So if you're interested, it's gonna be available under its a

82:37 43 97 course Tuesday Thursdays, 30 to 10. Yeah, I

82:47 Yeah. Anyway, all

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