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00:01 Okay let's get this. Okay so got a new session I.

00:08 So make note of that. That . Alright so go through um It's

00:22 fake ultimately today. So basically uh see either link lipids scram negative

00:32 Water patrol cell envelope ion gradients Is that it? Re false

01:19 Yeah. Yeah. All right. camp down here. 10 98 7654

02:11 1. Alright. So nature Let's see if you didn't answer.

02:23 you are correct. Okay. Um all true statements as well. Are

02:31 . Um So let's go over this as we go through. But yes

02:38 are all true. Alright. So um Is G. Yeah of

02:49 Yeah. Alright. So like I we'll go through these points and I

02:53 this up again. Let's go through kind of basics here. So in

03:00 of uh content in itself. So obviously the aside from water which

03:07 be bonded molecule in any living you already make up 70% itself.

03:14 if you look at beyond water uh information molecules, proteins. Uh

03:23 D. N. A quarter And this is for e coli um

03:30 zones of course uh composition of both and RNA molecules. Next cell envelope

03:39 contains whatever the structures are for that organism. So likens the cell wall

03:46 uh membrane foster lipids, lippo party rides uh kind of combination of course

03:56 of lipid and carbohydrate. Then different of ions and metabolites that are involved

04:05 different reactions. Uh probably means these molecules that have multi functions in signaling

04:14 cells and biting the D. A. Uh protective purposes and other

04:21 . Um The uh and so in of like and to see their has

04:31 of this than E. Coli and would that be? Yeah. Grand

04:38 staff is a gram positive organism. uh grand positive have a lot more

04:44 like materials. Right? As we'll whether it was at the composition structure

04:50 the grand positive and negative. Uh a lot more much more. Okay

05:00 grandpa gives have that called like oreo kind of structure. I have an

05:06 layer a rare type of light down than the sight of. But we'll

05:12 through this um Many questions. The okay so here it kind of

05:21 through just an overview of things to here and what we'll cover all.

05:28 with the basic uh membrane often called internet brain because there's multiple layers.

05:39 for this this is the so uh see that there's various functions for this

05:50 and other and of course this this the boundary that within it here's the

05:56 effects of knowledge structures there. Uh the nuclear Boyd. Okay so the

06:04 Oid is not a is not a bound structure. Okay, it's simply

06:10 area occupied by chromosome. Remember prepared the most part. One circuit pro

06:17 that is in various states of coiling out typically appears like a gray kind

06:25 area and sell uh taking up a portion. So again, it's not

06:32 not it's visit the area occupied, no membrane covered. Okay. The

06:42 and so there's also a point of for it as well. You see

06:48 um it will be attached to the and kind of the central point.

06:54 . And uh right here typically and for the purposes as we'll see like

07:02 here that it's some kind of uh ahold of the chromosome. It's really

07:09 purchase of verification that it does that we'll see how that works. But

07:13 they're certainly point point has been to memory that kind of hold longer.

07:20 so that survives that each is a that the uh driving of course uh

07:30 visible under electron microscope for sure uh synthesis occurring there. So it's always

07:35 be lots of number one function. main cell is okay, then uh

07:45 can have external to this side of membrane a cell. Okay. And

07:54 can uh think positive bacteria, uh . It's gonna have a different structure

08:02 be thin positive, not much, as much. And then have the

08:09 layer around it. Grand Meghan has sort of cell wall out of ram

08:20 positive has just one thick uh so easy to kind of different. And

08:31 um things like plasmids can occur. these are small circular pieces of DNA

08:39 in addition to the chromosome. Uh are often on the average 5,050,000 base

08:49 compared to chromosome. That will be times that size. Okay, so

08:56 maybe one or more in a Archaea bacteria. And these um not

09:05 of them have. Okay. And can be these entities that can be

09:10 clean. Sounds right. Larger chromosome only transfer of course during two application

09:18 , but these can be transmitted to cells in the population. Okay.

09:25 talk about that later on the This is kind of a generic

09:30 And I just show you like these little structures here. These inclusions are

09:35 terms, describe uh can be storage like storage for example, they can

09:44 other food storage type molecules are in molecules. Um Other types of meta

09:52 related structures. These kind of And so it can encompass a number

09:56 different Structures. And began. We'll about that in part two.

10:02 Um but there are no organ elms you're familiar with in a eukaryotic

10:11 Like there's no there's no other types membrane bound structures. Uh there can

10:18 structures. These can be protein structures can create the structures but not living

10:27 their structure like. Okay. And , the inclusions where they have like

10:36 very depending on species and the that have often these kind of a lot

10:42 variation. Um And so the uh the both are made of the

10:53 material. Right, figure out. tend to be more numerous and

11:00 Right pill. I tend to be and less numerous. And we have

11:06 specialized functions. Okay. Thing called sex pilots. That's how bacteria can

11:14 plasma. For example, other types pillai involvement. Taking up to the

11:20 in the environment. Um, I often attachment in fact. So

11:26 so there is you have made the material. There is a difference in

11:30 of the function. Okay. And they do of course the Della Flora

11:36 motility. Okay. Uh we'll also that actually there are that can be

11:42 in motility as well in a very way. Um so another structure so

11:51 . So this shows up in the here, capsule capsule covered all this

12:00 um in in certain bacteria and many they didn't have a capsule are often

12:07 . These causes. Okay, so terms Carolyn's factors uh is one will

12:15 mention a lot in the last quarter course talking about medical microbiology. But

12:21 factors can be any number of these . We just talked about the capsule

12:27 can be um various factors. So any kind of a structure that enables

12:34 micro to cause the specific for Of course. There's many other things

12:39 have not seen factors toxin, uniform and other things. Uh but the

12:47 certainly is is found in many happens many uh pneumonia, a very big

12:55 . So you'll see that as the in many in many types of

13:01 Okay. The thing about the capsule is covering covering the the envelope

13:09 It's hiding those molecules. Uh, might potentially be an to the

13:17 Can see that the capsule kind of and kind of making it visible to

13:22 immune system. Also a capsule makes continent less uh, be able to

13:31 by your white blood cells. One the primary ways to get rid of

13:36 . Okay. And a capsule make kind of more slippery. Not so

13:42 for that reason it's a very Okay, so again, we're gonna

13:49 through some of these structures in a more detail, particularly the nature of

13:53 grandfather about uh, Russian uh, the purpose of the just transfer

14:05 it's that purpose, I guess. could say that. Okay. The

14:15 the plastic will contain often uh, that may not be on the larger

14:22 . Okay. And you can have factors that may be on the that

14:26 transfer between cells. And so the them and eventually have uh, real

14:32 become uh, others very different types property. So, um, but

14:40 , not not all plasmas are necessarily to transfer them specific genes that maybe

14:47 what we call conjugated plasma can be . Others don't have that property.

14:54 the other way it can be passed is through the division of the South

14:59 . But other types that have those can be for sure. Okay so

15:10 we'll talk about three. So uh this I'm sure this review for you

15:18 you went through a little something by . But just to refresh your

15:23 Right? So uh a little bit structures. Term fluid mosaic model.

15:30 ? Fossil lipids have particular chemical The polar uh called polar head

15:38 non polar portions of these fatty acids side chains and connecting both artists.

15:46 So of course in english solution they violate uh fatty acids themselves in terms

15:56 differences. Right? Um like us this uh uh type called but here

16:12 this representative types of fatty acids, can also form colonies uh propane uh

16:22 sided uh structures. Uh this gives change overall a more flat uh structure

16:32 more rigid structure. Okay, um the archaea can have these right that

16:41 different from Esther. These tend to less susceptible to fibrosis or more and

16:48 hard and kind of look it remember see these particularly in our high

16:55 Okay. And adaptation to the And so they can also increase the

17:02 of these. Okay, by memorizing to form a much longer on very

17:10 uh rigid molecule that can also have cycle ization. So the cycle again

17:18 makes it more rigid structure and more structure. So you have to remember

17:24 at high temp. High temp is membrane. I kind of want to

17:30 know, kind of energy from temperature gonna want to break apart these connections

17:35 fossil if it Right. And that's to cause those small apart.

17:39 High temp. And so obviously lead material comes comes out. So you

17:46 keep those those possibilities together. Those memory limits together to maintain the integrity

17:56 ? At high temp. And so want to promote association between your

18:03 So how do you best do Will make them really straight.

18:07 And make the law. So it lots of hydrophobic interactions. You have

18:11 hold like the molecule. Right. you have lots of come together as

18:15 changing very straight and stacked together and will enable to withstand high temps.

18:23 , these are adaptations for those kinds conditions. Okay, these kind of

18:27 uh living molecules are right. And also remember that the the of the

18:39 of the membrane. Right? Looking the diagram appear the presence of course

18:47 . So proteins of course are Right? Various functions and it's a

18:55 membrane that function. Right? Transportation candidate reactions involved in metabolism. Um

19:05 happens? Right. It's about 50 more or less in terms of

19:11 content and fossil is right. So all familiar with that term selective

19:17 Right. So selective permeability comes from fossil lipids themselves. Okay. Because

19:26 certain things can get in. Water can flow through but not charged

19:32 or water logging molecules right there, . And so um you have to

19:37 certain proteins that will enable those things get right. Uh Memorization has also

19:44 functions as well being involved in the . So uh it all depends on

19:48 the proteins are making it up. ? So both both go hand in

19:53 . So um any questions about So the question So I kind of

20:04 want to go so much in the something. I know you've you've all

20:07 that. So let's just kind of at it. This question here to

20:10 of answer a couple of main things to know um The uh so we'll

20:19 a little bit about transport processes uh to uh uh But this one is

20:31 about a aquatic bacterium that hand is an interest Sailor, sodium ion concentration

20:41 millimeter. Living in a pond. salt concentration point over five. So

20:52 have to remember that these are microbes at the mercy of their environments.

21:00 can't always control they can't control going . They have different levels of size

21:07 things that they need and have to these at optimal concentrations different ways to

21:14 that. Okay So let's go 10 here. Okay. 543 210

21:50 All right. See who Elsa get . Okay, who answered E uh

22:18 , that means. Right. So , what do we call that kind

22:21 process? Right, right. You're . Active transport. This is active

22:28 . So, as gentleman mentioned, none of those because it's the

22:39 So my sodium apparently is being taken by that cell even though it's nowhere

22:46 . So it's all about concentration Yeah, just explosive. I'm curious

22:56 things. But the thing with diffusion it's gonna be for uh charge.

23:05 that can't get cell otherwise. But fusion is always going down the rate

23:13 process active um uh transport. protein but always down the great that's

23:28 textbook definition. So, remember your right past called simple diffusion facilitated diffusion

23:40 going down a grade. I know transport both of course occur across the

23:48 depending on what the site is and need for the cell for that

23:52 Um Any question about that? Yeah. Yeah, I'm gonna go

24:05 about it right now. Okay. help required. Right. Things like

24:13 is um oh, to see to of course water can pass through

24:19 diffusion. Okay, it's small enough pull it. It's small enough to

24:23 through um facilitated fusion uh involves a transport because the molecule is charged or

24:35 and big enough for just can't It's by the by there. So you

24:40 the floor ingredient or out of the , direction. movement is always based

24:46 going from high to low concentration. , so um osmosis is all

24:54 The process was reserved for water, ? For water. Right? So

24:59 use of water molecules. So remember these terms. Okay, the hyper

25:05 hip, a tonic that you may . It's all about the solute

25:11 Right? So water remember is water to the area of high concentration,

25:19 flows there to basically hydrate the solvent . Okay, so the water flows

25:26 the high solids up always right? now you can't have and so like

25:33 said, water can flow without any from a transport molecule. But if

25:38 need rapid transport water which can happen , bacterial seller here can certainly vary

25:47 fluctuate and salt concentrations may be such they lose water and you need to

25:54 it back in or get rid of quickly or flood. Right? So

25:59 horns are specific for water transport molecules will facilitate rapid movement. So bacteria

26:06 archaea can form these rather quickly in membrane and we're done with. So

26:14 it's for again, transport transport of conditions. So this idea of hyper

26:23 selling tears. So for periods tend keep their seven tiers hyper time,

26:31 ? Water flow in, it's like shape uh and warmer the set.

26:39 , that's where that cell wall comes handy. Water flows in a balloon

26:46 the cargo box and the box is cell wall, a balloon for the

26:52 pressure against that side of the and certainly in a bacteria archaea,

26:58 flows in and can press against the wall and maintain pressure pressure, maintain

27:05 forming itself so that itself slightly hyper water. Um Is any questions?

27:20 let's uh we'll start with their We'll pick it up thursday. Um

27:26 , next week, Tuesday. Tuesday. Hey

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