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00:16 Okay, good morning, everyone. going to begin this morning by talking

00:21 full thrust belt hydrocarbon occurrences. Um you seeing that first flogged with his

00:27 schedule? Yeah. Okay, All right. So, we've looked

00:40 the known where we talked about the types of structures in all these known

00:45 fields. And what we've seen is hydrocarbons incur in all the different types

00:51 full thrust belt structures, fault, folds, fault, propagation folds,

00:57 , passive roof duplexes. So now going to talk about, what are

01:01 field size limitations? Is it something ? Does it have to do with

01:07 trap? Is it dip closure, closure, fault, seal, top

01:13 . We know it's not reservoir because have producing fields and all these.

01:18 we know we have a precinct And the last thing we'll talk about

01:22 charges, it charges that limits the in in these fields. Right?

01:32 , first we'll look at the Wyoming thrust belt. So, here's a

01:37 of the Wyoming full thrust belt. the southwest corner of Wyoming the thrust

01:43 here, the absurd a thrust, hog's back thrust here that marks the

01:49 inboard thrust of the belt. And we have this string of fields here

01:57 here, basically representing strike culmination and one of these regional antique lines.

02:05 what will go through and look at one of these and see whether they

02:10 limited by dip closure, strike closure seal, top seal or potentially

02:20 Okay, so here's an example of of the fields? The carter Creek

02:26 . You can see it's a faulted manifold here. Sure, and here's

02:37 here's a map of Rickman Creek so it's the, the outboard field

02:43 this series, with the Whitney Canyon defaulted fall Penfold back here and the

02:49 creek fold here. Here's a structured map for that Richland Creek field and

02:55 can see the leading thrust edge along , the crest here structure contour is

03:02 deeper in this direction within oil water here represented by the dashed line.

03:10 , um it's this one is under with respect to the dip closure and

03:17 under filled with respect to the highest cut off along here. If we

03:23 at the pressure depth data for the shown here on the left, um

03:29 across here. Death across here, gradient here, that the static gradient

03:36 , water gradient here and the oil here we see, it's it's over

03:43 PSE. There's 720 PSC effective stress the crest of the trap here,

03:49 we're not top seal limited in this . Good. So here's a here's

03:58 cross section of the clear creek You see it's a faulted fault,

04:04 fold here with the overturned limb, reservoir here, the nuggets,

04:12 gas and oil like up here. it's a very small column pipe.

04:16 mean, it's clearly under filled with to the dip closure and with that

04:21 column. Right? It's not topsail either. So here's a para

04:30 the Painter and East Painter reservoirs here have a pair of detachment folds painted

04:37 verging towards the east, the east reservoir verging towards the west Here.

04:43 of the two Fields. Oh and what this shows? Is that the

04:50 painter reservoir here is controlled by the spill point along. Strike here,

04:56 the oil leg, here's the gas . The oil water contact comes right

05:01 to that still point at the strike here, so this is controlled by

05:06 strike closure spilling out to the northeast the the east painted reservoir here is

05:16 filled with respect to the tip it's under filled with respect to the

05:21 closing contours along. Strike here and , there's the oil like there's the

05:28 cab and the oil leg doesn't make down to that dip closure. It

05:33 doesn't make it down to this deepest . So it's not false or limited

05:39 . And then if we look at pressure depth data for the field

05:45 pressure is here, depth is with the static gradient fracture gradient,

05:50 leg. Uh huh. Oil like , small oil like big gas column

05:56 and again, there's over 1000 c stress at the crest of the

06:00 so it's not Topsfield limited either. here's a cross section of the Painter

06:13 East Painter Reserve or painted reservoir East painted reservoir here. and what

06:18 shows is that they're not filled down the highest um fault cut off or

06:25 dip spill point. You see the lake here is way above the highest

06:30 contact here. And each painting reservoir here is just a little bit above

06:37 thrust fault contact here. So we're filled with respect to dip closure as

06:41 as the highest fault closures. so moving down here to the yellow

06:51 field in the middle of the trend . Mhm. Here's a cross section

06:56 the field, the nuggets sandstone. a faulted for Ben fold, slightly

07:02 land here. Oh, oil water here showing that it's under filled with

07:09 to the dip closure and it's under with respect to the highest fought cut

07:13 here. All right, So now got we've got a pair of field

07:22 . We moved down here to look the the And shoots fields in the

07:28 and shoots ranch field through here. one in in this one.

07:33 here's the entries field in the end ranch east field a fall, take

07:39 unfold defaulted detachment fold here with a of accumulations here and again, we're

07:48 filled with respect to the dip There's no fault cutting through here,

07:52 there's no false. He'll dependency within trip here. Again, we're under

07:57 with respect to the dip closure and no fault through the fields who are

08:01 falsely or limited. And lastly, come down to the last field in

08:10 trend of Pineview field here, out the leading edge of the anne

08:14 And here we have this fault bend representing the Pineview structure. Nugget reservoir

08:21 . Oil accumulation here and again. one also is under filled with respect

08:26 the disclosure and under filled with respect the highest fault cut off through this

08:33 this whole trend of fields back here here. Oh one field is controlled

08:40 the strike closure, but none of are controlled by the disclosure in

08:45 in the dip direction or by false or by Topsfield. Mhm. If

08:57 come down off this trend, there a recent discovery in in 2004 in

09:04 in this covenant field. And here's here's a cross section of the

09:11 You can see it's it's a fault fooled with a passive roof duplex over

09:17 crest here, the accumulation up here the crest of the passive roof

09:25 But here's the structure contour map of field faults shown here and here.

09:32 oil accumulation itself shown here with different water contacts through each of the fault

09:39 . So these faults are definitely Um and it it doesn't appear to

09:46 filled, filled to the, to disclosure and it's it's probably filled.

09:54 probably doesn't quite reach the fault dependent . Over here. Mm hmm.

10:06 , So this is the three seismic of a full thrust structure. You

10:12 see the anne klein here with all different combinations. And this shows the

10:17 of the strike closure in each one these. Each one of these combinations

10:23 limited by the strike closure either to northeast to the southwest. So this

10:31 the importance of strike closure in defining traps. Okay, alright,

10:41 look now at fields in the Canadian . So here's the structured contour map

10:48 the waterton gas field. You can multiple thrust in briquettes here here and

10:55 with a crest here. All wells defining gas water contact Coming through

11:03 there about -4000 ft. And then , uh, different gas accumulations in

11:12 one of these blocks. So, a cross section of that field.

11:22 the reservoir level and the Mississippian And you can see the main

11:27 Is this duplex structure. Mm With a different gas water contacts in

11:33 one of these slices. So, not we're not limited by the disclosure

11:40 the overall structure. And because we different gas water contacts in each one

11:44 these intricate slices, the faults are ceiling. So we're not faulty

11:54 Yeah, here's a cross section of Turner valley field in a long trend

12:00 the Canadian rockies. So here's the and carbonate that forms a reservoir.

12:07 . I want to contact way back here. Gas. oil contact way

12:11 here. So we're not we're definitely falsely and limited along here. We're

12:19 dipped limited in the, in the direction. And the fault here is

12:26 2100 ft oil column in 1200 ft column. So the fault here is

12:33 big column heights and big pressures. another field in the trend. This

12:43 the Savannah Creek field up here. , we're looking at a fault.

12:48 folds and immigrated fault. Been fooled the main reservoir level being down here

12:52 the Mississippi and limestone. Oh And again, we're oil water contact

13:00 here in this slice. And we're limited by the disclosure in this

13:07 The oil water contact doesn't reach. faults were not limited by false hill

13:12 either in this direction or in this . Right, Alright. So,

13:23 look at some triangle zones in the of the full thrust belt here along

13:29 called the Alberta Sin Klein, which the um, the front of this

13:36 zone along the front of the full boat. So, here's, here's

13:44 example that we can see the, intricate slice that forms chords a triangle

13:53 here with the main thrust here. thrust extending out here with a back

14:00 extending up here along the top of structure. But so here's a seismic

14:14 of that Alberta's incline, a long of the cabin Creek field here.

14:21 the the Triassic, that's the main here. I'm sorry the Mississippi and

14:28 the main reservoir here Triassic is the here is just the marker bed.

14:33 you. You see here we've got passive roof duplex with a lot of

14:36 slices in here with a roof thrust back in this direction with a sense

14:43 displacement of top to the west So all these little wedges are thrust

14:48 here, propping up this triangle zone the accumulation down here and here we

14:57 dependent on full closure and fall closure in the leading edge of the intricate

15:06 . Okay, alright. Now I'm to go down to the sub indian

15:10 in South America and look at a of fields there and the biggest,

15:16 most important field there is cusiana field Colombia and the sub Andean trend in

15:23 . Here's a structured contour map of field. Here's a cross section of

15:27 field. The main reservoir level is here at the top mirador sandstone and

15:33 main trapped forming thrust is here in in Matthew. We see the

15:42 cap here. The oil like here oil water contact here at the edge

15:47 the green line and we see that were not filled to the deepest disclosure

15:53 strike to the north or the strike to the southwest. The fault is

15:59 emphasizes active today And its ceiling, vertical feet of gas and 800 vertical

16:06 of compensate here. So the fourth is sealing large pressures and large reservoirs

16:14 the main reservoir sandstone here. and here's the Ramos field down in

16:25 um Northern Argentina here in this trend fields shown here and through here and

16:36 that the fields again represent culmination in regional trend of declines along here.

16:44 here's a cross section of the Ramos shown here. We have a full

16:49 , full forming domain reservoir level here a detachment structure overlying that shown here

16:56 the lowest score, no shales. are wells with dip meter data from

17:02 of the worlds. Thank you. want a gas water contact here and

17:08 . So again, we're not limited dip closure in this dimension. And

17:13 not limited by false fuel dependency because gas water contact doesn't make it down

17:19 the fault. Here's a cross section the next field. And this

17:27 the Alvarado. Great trend back here again. It's the same type of

17:33 with a full band fold here forming main structure and attached fold, liftoff

17:40 fold here with the loss bonus shale cutting up through that to the

17:45 Wow, near vertical depths. IsIS dips in the limbs of the fold

17:51 the main reservoir level being down And again, the gas water contact

17:57 down about this level. So we're limited by dip closure in this direction

18:02 we're not limited by false your dependency the fault is way below the gas

18:07 contact. Huh? So I mentioned the importance of the strike closure and

18:21 saddle shapes incline is a key indicator strikes slip closure in these, in

18:27 duplex structures. If we look at cross section here, where were off

18:34 crest of this? We see just simple flat on ramp geometry. If

18:41 come down here where we have the of the saddle shapes incline here,

18:47 this cross section here. And we all these duplex slices propping up the

18:54 wall here, forming up a passive duplex that gives us the strike closure

19:00 and out along C. C. . So here's CC prawn. Looking

19:05 this direction at that duplex structure, the main reservoir level, here's where

19:11 reaches the culmination in the saddle shaped line and then dips off in the

19:15 direction. And all these duplex slices water propping up the young. The

19:22 in this strike direction. Okay, here's a map view and a seismic

19:33 from one of these saddle shapes The leading thrust here. 2nd thrust

19:42 in here in this shadow, saddle inclined here in the middle, plunging

19:48 to the north and plunging off to south here. Seismic line. Across

19:54 . It is shown here, right the roof thrust here. Fall bend

20:01 here, mm hmm. And this structure here forming to saddle shapes.

20:08 propping up this incline in the middle the structure here. Okay, going

20:18 to Iran to Zagros full thrust Yeah. So here's a uh huh

20:28 image of that. The Zagros full belt. The main thrust here.

20:35 hi Zagros fault dementia here and through . But in front of that we

20:41 the detached full structures. We see and all these little the polygons that

20:47 see in the satellite image represent different eliminations in the detached falls along

20:57 So being on that, we can nicely all these different four way an

21:02 or dip closures outcropping at ground level the field here and so each one

21:08 these represents a potential independent culmination and strike closure to the northwest and the

21:17 is defined by the plunges. The here and is the limiting factor in

21:22 fields in this direction. Okay, a map of the field with the

21:33 thrust fault here and all the little out here in the front represented attached

21:38 with oil and gas accumulations. Here's here's a cross section. Um you

21:50 see that a testament layer down here all these detachment folds overlying it forming

21:56 different reservoir levels. There's another cross with the evaporator attachment layer here.

22:10 you see here, there's a lot relief on the detachment structure. The

22:15 is coming up to the surface at levels from these large and a clinical

22:21 type structures with the strike closure on of these combinations forming in and out

22:28 the plane. You know the plane this cross section. Here's an example

22:36 one of these fields rolling in a contour map here. The dark black

22:42 represent the structure contours. The oil contact is shown by the dashed line

22:51 and so again, we're seeing an where we're under filled with respect to

22:55 dip closure in this direction, in direction and a long strike as

23:01 The spill point along here occurs here this -2000 contour spilling out to the

23:08 here and the structure plunges much deeper the southeast here in this direction.

23:15 we're looking at an accumulation that's under with respect to the trap disclosure.

23:26 a here's a cross section from southwest northeast, that same field. So

23:32 is this cross section a prime across through the crust of the fold.

23:42 can see the top seal here. water contact here and this shows quite

23:49 they were under filled with respect to disclosure in this direction and the disclosure

23:54 this direction and we're not controlled by thought cut off coming through here.

24:09 another example here is a symmetric detachment . We can see accumulations here and

24:18 . The main reservoir being here and in this direction. We're under filled

24:24 respect to the disclosure here and filled with respect to the highest fault

24:30 off here here, we don't have fault cut off, but we're under

24:35 with respect to the disclosure in this . This is a structured contour map

24:45 . This field, You can see structure contours here forming a nice four

24:51 dip closure. The oil accumulation up and again, we're under filled with

24:56 to the dip closure. Annual We're under filled with respect to the

25:01 closure here along strike and here along as well as this, these two

25:07 in the regional dip direction. if we go to Albania, Albania

25:25 located here, across the Adriatic sea Italy here. Um, Albania actually

25:32 the largest onshore field in in And again, it's a it's a

25:39 thrust belt, shown by a cross here with fields occurring in the individual

25:47 combinations. Here's a map of the here, we're looking at fields in

25:58 hanging wall sheet and you see their small accumulations along here, um,

26:06 along the crest of the santa with the fields representing local subregional culmination

26:14 that incline of trend within the informal . In addition to these hanging wall

26:21 , we have a number of sub football fields through here. And you

26:26 again, we have one long antique , one long reach musical fields representing

26:33 combinations in each one of these in one of these structures. Mm

26:44 So here's a here's a cross section Albania and here's the upper thrust sheet

26:50 the lower thrust sheet here with the accumulations in the hanging wall. She

26:57 accumulations occur in these and a criminal are limited by the strike closure in

27:04 out of the plane of dissection in football. We have these football accumulations

27:12 fault. Ben folds Again, oil contact here, water contact deeper than

27:19 fault, showing that we've got a font along here, an oil water

27:24 higher than to dip culmination in this . So again, the sub trust

27:30 here are controlled by the strike closure and out of the plane of this

27:40 . Here's another example from Albania. fault propagation folds here and get thrust

27:50 accumulation in the crest of this thought fold here and in the crest of

27:55 slice here. Mhm and again, filled with respect to the dip closer

28:00 this direction, the oil water contacts make it down as deep as the

28:05 here in here, potentially where is or limited by the false here and

28:16 . Okay, going down to the eightfold belt in Mexico. So,

28:24 coming down here looking at the individual in Campeche Bay here in the full

28:30 built here's here's one of the This is the detergent for in the

28:44 Campeche Bay with a reservoir shown here level salt through here with these falta

28:53 , full symmetric and asymmetric here and there is an interpreted cross section of

29:04 showing the eventbrite later here in the combinations here, here and here.

29:11 is the restoration of that showing the length restoration and the area balanced restoration

29:19 the salt layer here. Okay, here's a here's a 3D on Seismic

29:30 of two of those fields. The field here. The outfield here the

29:36 field here and and again. We're filled with respect to the dip closure

29:44 these guys Here we have an oil contacted 34 22 m in this Sinclair

29:52 spill point is here at about 35 m. Similarly, here we have

29:59 water contact at 3050 m. So have our under filled with respect to

30:05 spill point here. Alright, so a minute look at this. Look

30:10 this meant more closely and using the to find what is the full

30:15 What is the fault dependent closure? what is the fault dependent column

30:19 And the heavy black line here represents thrust fault cut off of the hanging

30:24 sheet here. So where the structure intersect that fault define where your fault

30:32 closures are. So, so take minute and answer these questions. All

34:23 , are the gray lines, the . Yes, yes. So the

34:29 sorry the gray lines here are the . So this is the this is

34:33 fall plane here, but this is fall plane here. This heavy black

34:39 here represents where the reservoir horizon hits fall. And same here, the

34:46 black line here represents the hanging while off where that reservoir horizon hits the

36:10 closure for the trap 2000 50 Yes, yes. For trap

36:20 Up here, the full closure will about, It would be about 3,015

36:26 between 3,030 100. And the trap be 2004 50 or so 2400.

36:36 right. So for To hear the closure, there's 3,030 100 m for

36:47 trap, the full closure is between crest is at 2400 here. So

36:56 full closure would be down here At 23 50 or so. Um For

37:06 fault dependent closure For trap a. going to go from that 30 100

37:11 contour. Um All the way down the spill point here at 35 50

37:19 . So that's that that's the total fault dependent pleasure. The fault dependent

37:24 life trap is less than that because oil water contact doesn't make it down

37:29 the spill point. So for trap default dependent column pipe is from that

37:36 contour up here Down to the oil contact at 34 22. For trapped

37:43 . The fault dependent column height again less than a total fault dependent closure

37:49 trump. Be the fault dependent closure from 2600 - 29 50. It

37:55 from where we're about here, where highest contour hits the fault. Down

38:04 here for the ultimate spill point for total possible fault dependent closure. The

38:11 fault dependent column hype only goes down 3000 m here. So it's uh

38:17 2600 m here down to 30 50 for the fault dependent car.

38:27 So again, um it's important to that difference between total closure and total

38:34 height. Any comments or questions on , Are you all good with

38:52 So here's another example field. This also from Campeche Bay and this is

38:58 nod field. And here we've got beautiful symmetric detachment fooled with the salt

39:04 here. Oil water contact up So we're not limited by either the

39:13 dependent closure or any fault dependent seals this accumulation. Going down to deep

39:24 traps in the gulf of Mexico. . There's a seismic section of the

39:31 Fan. Full belt here we have fault and detachment fold with the top

39:40 here. Assault detachment Verizon here and faulty detachment fold up here in the

39:54 . Here's another example from the Mississippi . Full belt seismic data here,

39:59 down here, detachment level here at top of the green reservoir objectives up

40:05 in the shaded section and a symmetric fold a public structure with false extending

40:11 through here and through here. So here's the great white field in the

40:22 full belt. The main accumulation is with the secondary accumulation here.

40:29 And again, it's a it's a detachment full with the detachment layer

40:34 at the at the top of the , false cutting through the full limbs

40:41 and here and here along. Strike symmetric detachment folds here with false propagating

40:50 through the limb, but not reaching objective horizons here here, another section

41:01 the potato full belt, showing this geometry where we have these individual detachment

41:10 popping up here and here and found by these king fan limbs here

41:17 here, here and here in the limbs up here in this section are

41:24 actually faulted, so we're not dependent any false bent calm light of pines

41:30 the structure up through here, here's a here's a Matthew of the

41:41 area with a great white here in accumulations Tobago tried and And Tiger here

41:51 then this baja structure here is a seal limited accumulation. So this is

41:59 leak off point to protect all these traps. So the great white trident

42:07 tighter are all protected traps protected by apex structure here in baja.

42:21 so we've looked at 17 fields with fields limits of that 17, five

42:28 of seven are potentially limited by false . one out of 17 is limited

42:34 the strike closure. Only one is by top scale in 10 out of

42:40 are under filled with respect to the closure, the top seal capacity or

42:48 false seal. So 10 out of are limited by the hydrocarbon charge.

42:57 , although it's, it's really important understand imbalanced the cross sections in the

43:04 orientation and it's important to understand the closure um along strike where we have

43:13 different combinations, but it's also important understand what are the charges limitations on

43:19 one of these. All right, an example of that from deepwater,

43:27 belt in Nigeria. Here's this attachment coming through here. This is the

43:33 that flips virgins along strike. So it's a steep bloom on this side

43:40 , where the concerts come together as steep climb on this side. And

43:43 we have these broad flats inclines on side of the structure and the the

43:51 lines here define the sink Lionel keels these flats inclines off the flanks of

43:58 structure and so that the charge into structures is a very limited area shown

44:07 the black dash line through here. this black dash line, any charge

44:14 migrate up into the structure here. it's along the deep sense here or

44:21 . A long strike sets here. it's a fairly limited kitchen area available

44:29 supply charge into the structure outside of black dash line, any any hydrocarbons

44:37 going to flow the opposite direction. going to flow up, dip in

44:40 direction or along strike up dip in direction or over to this other accumulation

44:48 , in this direction, away from accumulation here. So we have a

44:53 limited um fetch area to fill the here. Yeah, alright. So

45:05 summary, we see hydrocarbon accumulations occurring all types of full thrust belt

45:11 The fault Ben folds, the fault folds, detachment folds and duplexes.

45:19 we look at these 17 fields where know the oil water contacts and we

45:24 a complete structural picture of the field those 17, Only five are limited

45:32 false hell. one is limited by strike closure. one is limited by

45:39 limited by the top seal In 10 of those 17 are limited by hydrocarbon

45:46 . These are the ones that are filled with respect to the total

45:50 both in the dip direction and the direction. And so this limited charge

45:57 that we saw in that last side by the tights inclines adjacent to each

46:01 of these accumulations. It's probably the limit on the hydrocarbon accumulations in each

46:07 of these structures, so they're although it's critical to understand the structure

46:13 understand the fault seal, the strike , the top seal, it's the

46:19 area for the hydrocarbon charts, that's the most important in determining the volume

46:25 hydrocarbons in each one of these Okay. All right, so that's

46:34 the end of this first section for comments or questions on that. Excuse

46:49 , sir, I have a question this track closure. Yes, I

46:53 the concept of the deep closure, the deep closure, but I'm still

46:59 it difficult to understand the strike I understand the study shape just um

47:05 indicating with a strike closure, but do not actually see how Oh,

47:09 cannot imagine eating three d. How the strike of the the structure actually

47:17 the closure on the risk of So, I don't know if you

47:21 go through that. He gets Yeah, let me go back to

47:24 very good example that. Mhm. . Let's find a good example of

48:25 . Okay, so I've zoomed in this structure contour map of the Painter

48:31 reservoirs. Are you are you seeing Mcdonald's? Yes, sir.

48:40 so um by the way the strike , I mean the closure in this

48:48 direction of the structure, so parallel the axis of the fold. So

48:57 here's an example where the strike closure controlled by this. Sinclair mills

49:03 Still point here, this saddle some sink line here, Any hydrocarbons

49:08 go deeper than this. Oil water will escape out to the northeast

49:14 So that's what I mean by strike . If we come down to this

49:21 Painter Reservoir here, you see the water contact here and the structure contours

49:29 to find closure in this direction that much deeper than the the noise water

49:36 . So the strike closure in this is defined by these closing contours going

49:43 to the northeast here and similarly at other end, they're defined by these

49:49 contours going off to the southwest So, bye bye. Strike

49:55 I mean, the the plunge of antique lines, the closure in the

50:00 direction of the actual surface of the . Oh, yes, I

50:08 sir. I was thinking about it I know it's an anti client and

50:11 dips in different directions around the antique . So I understood how the do

50:20 , um, how the deep causes affected by the deep, deep in

50:24 access around the anti client. But you explain it and looking in the

50:30 of the antique lamp plunging. Now can shoot. Okay, okay,

50:38 . Mhm. Any other comments or . Okay. Mm hmm. All

50:57 . Well, let's, let's let's a break here. Let's take about

51:02 , Let's let's take about a 10 break. So come back at,

51:09 see, say 9939 35. I'm gonna go on to the next

51:22 to talk about basement court uplifts. other kind of compression, all contractual

51:28 . Yeah. Yeah. So now still looking at structures related to shortening

51:41 all structures. But instead of the skin thrusting that we've been talking about

51:46 , we're going to talk about basement structures where the basement is involved in

51:52 shortening. Okay, so in in bottom of the slide here, is

52:05 an example of one of these thick structures? Mhm. And you

52:10 basement is involved as a high angle falter out zone of high angle reverse

52:16 here. So, it's very different the thin skin structures that we see

52:21 in the Canadian rockies. And in The US 4th Rush Stop. And

52:34 we're looking at reverse faults, reverse fault structures in the basement.

52:41 we would expect to have higher, dipping reverse faulted 30 to 45° Dipping

52:52 45. Yeah, 30 to 45 , forming it at 30 to 45

52:57 angle to the maximum horizontal compressive The these reverse faults in the basement

53:05 High angle structures dipping typically 30-60° so dipping a little more steeply than we

53:13 expect from from geo mechanics. So here this list their their

53:27 these are uplifted basement blocks founded by faults. Or sharp fletcher's related to

53:34 faults. So, we have these fletcher's in these these tricks. Sure

53:40 zones. The hain wall basement blocks essentially under formed. Mm hmm.

53:49 they're not they're not cut by pervasive zones or there's no evidence of deformation

53:55 the, within the uplifted basement block . There are large structural relief.

54:02 relief in this dimension can be 5-8 In and out of the plane.

54:08 length to width ratios can be 4-8 the the vertical belief. And these

54:16 uplifted blocks are 75 km by and km long. So they're quite large

54:23 structures and this is a list of they occur where they're found. Um

54:35 most well studied in the Rocky mountain province. So colorado, Wyoming northern

54:43 , they also occur in west the Permian basin, central basin

54:49 Central basin platform. As an example one of these basement court up with

54:55 in Oklahoma. The Wichita Arbuckle trend one of these basement cortical structures and

55:03 they also occur in Argentina in the foreland and sierra. Companies in the

55:10 ranges in spain in southeast Turkey and and the atlas mountains in northern

55:17 All of these have basically consists of basic cordant list. Okay,

55:29 we don't we don't have a good of why these forms where they do

55:35 the limited structures in colorado and we think this is the tectonic scenario

55:42 led to those basement cord uplifts that abducted plate here ah underwent shallow

55:51 Uh huh causing coupling with the overriding here with the mantle causing shortening far

55:59 of the main the main conversion In the main thrust belt, shallow

56:08 subduction caused the inboard part of the and mantle to collapse, generating these

56:17 court uplifts in the inboard part of section. Right? So here's a

56:28 of Wyoming. This is the outline Wyoming and then all these these pink

56:34 represent individual basement court uplifts. The severely remind Utah Wyoming trust belt is

56:42 here, verging consistently towards the In comparison when you look at the

56:50 cord uplifts here and all through the here, they occur at quite a

56:56 of orientations, relatives in this main direction in the Utah You went to

57:04 in particular is at 90° to that East West compression. Alright, so

57:15 look at individual cross sections going from to south through the province or start

57:22 at the wind river basin. The range up here, represented by this

57:27 trending uplift here. Mhm. Here's scientific section across that. You can

57:33 the uplifted sedimentary section here um and triangle reverse vault coming back through here

57:44 then smaller. Uh And it forms out in front of that zooming in

57:52 this section. Looking at this line here, we have the uplifted basement

57:58 here. The football block here in main fault zone. The ea,

58:05 here with wells constrained allocation and a will overturn sediments in the football of

58:14 thrust on and the uplifted granic block is essentially under formed here is series

58:30 of regional sections across central Wyoming. we're looking at these sections 1234,

58:37 and 6 here here here here and . And you see these moderately dipping

58:47 falls here uplifting the woven arch the bear tooth arch here and the

58:54 horn arch here. Coming to the cross section here, across a second

59:00 of basement court up list, we the wind river arch here, the

59:05 Creek cards here and the big horn here. So we have a series

59:11 thrust and back thrust, uplifting this block and things in the middle being

59:19 and popped up as a result of the inter our compression of this overall

59:26 coming further south, we have the coverage again here and the Owl Creek

59:32 here has grown from a minor structure to a major structure with the bighorn

59:38 here becoming first staying relatively constant coming along, strike to the south here

59:46 have the winner coverage again here and . This cast barrage here coming along

59:56 south, we have the sweetwater arch here, this guy verging actually to

60:02 southwest series of thrust faults here and and there's more thrust faults here,

60:11 up this Casper arch as a result the shortening within this overall structure.

60:16 inner arch compression of this overall structure through the south To this section

60:24 # six. We're looking here across rock springs arch in the lyra me

60:30 here. So here's a zoomed in section of one of these. We're

60:41 at the bear tooth trust here, . Basement shown here in the tan

60:48 . Go on 45° dipping fault bound that structure, carrying this hanging wall

60:55 along that structure. Um basement involved through here in the basement, essentially

61:01 formed. We didn't know this within whole block here, here's another cross

61:13 extending from the winner of her. in an arch here to the Bighorn

61:19 back here. So we're zooming in looking at big horn basin here,

61:26 wind river basin here and the wind mountains uplift through through here in cross

61:36 . This is what it looks like the the uplift here basement shown in

61:41 pinkish color basement where it's exposed here essentially uninformed, moderately dipping thrust

61:49 coming down in a list of shape a a detachment in the lower crust

61:55 upper mantle somewhere around here and then a back thrust here of forming the

62:02 mountains here, the Bighorn uplift here the reverberation here again, the basement

62:08 . It's exposed along here is essentially formed and here we have a a

62:17 of the football sedimentary rocks here that deformed by Trish shear deformation in the

62:25 of this fault as it propagates up the northeast. Here's a zoom in

62:35 example of the wind river thrust. the seismic section basement hanging while

62:42 Main thrust coming through here. imaged by the seismic football block

62:49 Mhm. And here you see a uplift in the football blog that's really

62:57 an artifact of the seismic velocities. is a velocity pull up resulting from

63:04 fast basement blog being thrust over relatively sediments. And that change in velocity

63:13 you this seismic artifact called the Your side here's an interpretation of that

63:24 section. See the hanging wall the main wind river thrust coming through

63:30 . The football here with the death section taking the velocity pull up out

63:36 this case. And here you see overturned sedimentary beds from this flat underneath

63:44 hanging wall of the main uplift So, these bets come along,

63:49 the fault zone in her overturn. this is a this is this is

63:54 zone of intense try shear deformation. a seismic section across the cast for

64:07 . We're located here, out in of the main wind river block

64:14 Here's the hanging wall, here's the the thrust basement here, sedimentary cover

64:20 here sedimentary cover rocks in the football as you go below the thrust,

64:27 lose your sights from jimmy jane and get this seismic artifact this velocity pull

64:33 . It's not that's not a real . It's just an artifact of the

64:38 velocity rocks being thrust over the low settlements. Okay, so here's here's

64:50 example of that seismic velocity pull up here. We have the thrust pulling

64:57 up here over the Centenary section here where the basement overlaps the sedimentary section

65:05 in the football. You get this pull up. That's just an artifact

65:10 thrusting the high philosophy rocks over the philosophy rocks. So a lot of

65:19 like this Were drilled in the 60s we understood this philosophy artifact with this

65:27 pull up artifact and and none of resulted in producing fields. So here's

65:41 you into mountains uplift in Matthew. located here. The main full thrust

65:47 extends through here. So the N. To uplift here is Occurring

65:52 90° the main regional compression direction of west here, here's the map view

66:00 the uplift on basement shown here in stippled pattern. High angle reverse faults

66:07 both flanks that occurring here and and here. And here's a cross section

66:17 the structure here. Here's here's the when basement basement, shown here in

66:26 in the stippled patterns. Main fault up here to the north here,

66:33 the southwest With compression occurring in a south direction at 90° to the main

66:43 compression direction and again where the basement exposed here, it's essentially under

66:57 Um here's a cross section of the an incline. This is to the

67:02 of the uplift here. This is basement structure propping up, propagating out

67:10 front of The U. N. here again, it's occurring at 90°

67:15 the main regional shortening direction. Here's cross section of that sedimentary rocks here

67:25 shown here in the winter group and stippling pattern here, about a 30

67:30 45 degree dipping reverse fault zone here roll over of the hanging wall beds

67:38 in the hanging wall and here in football as a result of pricier

67:43 In between these two are these two surfaces. These are the um Uh

67:53 . The boundaries of the Trish here and that trust, your deformation gives

67:58 this sort of roll over and decline the front of the main bounding fault

68:04 up here. This fault propagates upward dies out in the sink line

68:09 it doesn't propagate all the way up the surface or to the shallow level

68:14 this incline here. This is a of the Hamiltons dome. This is

68:24 from back thrust accommodation structure here shortening occurring northeast southwest and more or less

68:34 to the regional shortening direction defined by float belt here. Here's the dome

68:42 , basement. Shown here in the pattern. Well controlled, shown

68:47 producing fields here, the Hamiltons mm hmm that forms four way

68:54 four way out closer and outcrop. we'll see at the surface in a

68:59 . And then we have these overturned steeply dipping beds within this. Trust

69:04 zone here, just below the football the fault. Coming up here and

69:12 . This is a It's a 1 1 section. These are dips of

69:15 30 and 45 degrees. So here have a very high angle fault,

69:20 60 or 70°, much steeper than we expect from our understanding of the

69:33 Here's the glow creek arch. This another base in court uplift in front

69:40 the US out. Do you want uplift here? Oh, you can

69:45 that. The uplifted block here. hanging wall. The football here,

69:50 main fault propagating up through here into sim. Clonal axis here and then

69:57 boundaries of try shear deformation represented by dashed lines here. That gives us

70:05 . Roll over and a coin on four Limo infrastructure. The front range

70:16 colorado is one of these basement cord lists if you've ever been up along

70:23 the boulder flat irons or the garden the Gods in colorado springs For this

70:30 cut on I-70 west of Denver where have all these steeply dipping beds,

70:36 all formed by the folding in front this basement court uplift here.

70:45 If you go further back along I just west of this, you get

70:49 underperformed gran. It's all in The thrust itself dips in about 45

70:57 here. The basement and the hanging here is sparsely under form in the

71:03 zone here, you get this flap overturned sediments formed by Trish your

71:09 Wow along the front of the From the front of the fall,

71:20 a cross section further south through the of the Gods. Here we have

71:25 vertically dipping red beds in the Garden the Gods in colorado springs making these

71:31 outcrops. Here's a cross section of showing the hanging wall block here.

71:38 block here. Main Uplift bounding fault , tipping off at about 30° into

71:46 basement, uninformed protozoa granted. And here in the hanging wall and then

71:54 the Oh, in front of that get these um, back thrust and

72:02 dipping limbs. Hear that form what see at ground surface here in the

72:08 irons. Yeah. Oh, if go into Utah and look at the

72:18 clients, they're like the san rafael there are also formed by these basement

72:24 , please. Right, here's an from the san rafael swell here in

72:30 Utah. An outcrop. You get flat irons of the sand stones giving

72:37 like this. You were looking So these things are dipping to the

72:42 to the east. Here's what it like enough for the basement coming up

72:52 . The vertical limbs here in the of the fold and then a steeply

72:57 district shaped fault here, bringing up this basement court uplift going south to

73:10 Audubon decline. Um This is a d. model of that decline.

73:18 looking now here at southern Utah close the Arizona border. You see the

73:25 line coming along here, the hanging here roll over here and then the

73:32 out here and then within um within deformed limb, we have all these

73:41 faults called shear bands showing the, the trifle shear deformation within the four

73:50 them here, if we go down Argentina in the hinterland of the um

74:03 sub indian full thrust belt in Argentina the making basin. We see that

74:07 the same types of structures. So an inset map showing south America Argentina

74:15 and we're along the western border of here at the western edge of this

74:21 basin. So here's a here's a diagram and cross section of that.

74:27 name came from here sediments shown by multicolor later trucks here, full thrust

74:35 attachment folds forming out in front of and all these thrusts and attachment folds

74:42 back into the basement cord up Do we see here? Mhm.

74:48 here's a restoration of that. So see all these basement court blocks slide

74:55 to form a sub horizontal basement top here, the basement where it's exposed

75:00 outcrop along here is essentially under formed In the relative shortening across this is

75:08 small, about 18%. Alright, the in the front of these basement

75:21 uplifts is where we get this. shear deformation that we talked about

75:26 So here's the hanging wall, there's foot wall, there's the actual fault

75:32 the tip of the fall. And in this triangular song in front of

75:39 in front of the fault too, where we get this Trish your

75:43 mm hmm. The velocity within this sure zone. All right. Changes

75:51 on location within the zone. It from high relative to the hangar,

75:58 high velocity close to the hanging wall , decreasing deeper down to zero.

76:06 you get close to the football of vertical angle here. And it's this

76:12 shear deformation that gives us these steeply to overturn limbs in the front of

76:18 basement corridor. Alright, the ancestral are another example of this type of

76:29 , right? And here's a map the Pennsylvanian, permian ancestral rocky mountain

76:36 . So these are shown by the range here in colorado. The un

76:42 . Up with you're in colorado and . And then these uplifts in Oklahoma

76:48 southern texas. The the Wichita uplift , the Anadarko and article trend

76:57 The Ardmore basin trend here, matadors in the central basin platform within the

77:05 basin here, with the Delaware basin this side and the middle and basin

77:09 this side and the main uplift here again. These are Oh,

77:16 orientations to the main short interactions, time defined by the Washington thrust belt

77:24 , searching to the northwest in these occurring it almost 90° to this main

77:33 shortening direction. So here's zooming looking at the income poverty uplift here

77:44 southwestern colorado, here's the basement court here, plainer reverse faults here,

77:53 doc here, but in this basement faulting, propagates out into the paradox

78:04 to form all the inclined symbol appears we see out in front of this

78:08 paradox patient in the pre Cambrian Within this uplifted block is essentially under

78:17 again the Wichita left in southern So, we're looking here, a

78:28 section across southern Oklahoma. Mhm. cross section appear across sections to the

78:38 and to the southeast here. In cases, you see this Listrik,

78:42 dipping reverse fault coming up, forming main part of the uplift here,

78:49 here's a detailed cross section of that the hanging wall here, rule over

78:55 incline here. Main thrust here and , minor synthetic thrust here, with

79:02 sedimentary beds being rotated up to some orientation in the football of the main

79:09 here. Okay, here's an example the Arbuckle mountains in southern Oklahoma,

79:21 north of Dallas, hmm. Here's main uplift here, plunging an incline

79:28 steve Forman here, moderately dipping back here with the main thrust bringing of

79:34 basement showing along here, this cross line is this size. We're going

79:41 here. So we see the the thrust here and and here. Um

79:50 rocks here, basement basement, shown by the top of the red here

79:58 a line or reverse fault coming through and through here, bringing up an

80:04 slice of the basement here. and where the where the basement is

80:10 here in the core of the anne . Again, it's it's essentially under

80:20 . Mm hmm. All right, another cross section across the Arbuckle mountains

80:27 here now, a little further to southeast, you can see the decline

80:32 the an incline here. Sedentary cover coming up rolling over into this low

80:39 thrust, with the sedimentary beds steeply to overturn in the front of the

80:48 front of the thrust. So, a balanced section across that whole structure

81:00 the Arbuckle Lana Kline extending out into Ardmore basin to the south, here's

81:06 here's the present day state. Here's main article thrust coming up here,

81:11 this is this is interesting because the foot wall of the Arbuckle thrust here

81:18 still higher than the corresponding units here the basement. So, to bring

81:25 football are relative to the basement. , we have to have another reverse

81:31 here, deeply within the basement, this block up relative to this

81:37 in the Arbuckle thrust, which looks a major structure in outcrop is actually

81:43 back thrust relative to this patient for uplifted to the southwest. So,

81:51 a restoration of that where all these blocks slide back down to the northeast

81:58 these minor slices fall back into these of keystone positions here, restoring all

82:05 sedimentary rocks back to a horizontal Okay, so here's here's another cross

82:20 across that same structure extending from the buckland o'clock here, out into the

82:26 Basin here. And within the art , you have all these center in

82:33 sedimentary rocks being deformed into second order as a result of this thrusting where

82:42 the combinations of each of these forms along this section and in and out

82:49 play in this section. Okay, central basin platform in west texas is

83:02 example of one of these basement cord lists. So, here's the central

83:06 platform in Matthew and location map it's about 90°. They remain shortening direction

83:13 the Washington thrust belt here. here's a cross section across the central

83:24 platform here it is in Matthew with Delaware basin on this side, midland

83:29 on this side cross section through it looks like like this where we

83:36 the basement and massive revision carbonates uplifted this central basin platform block by hiring

83:46 reverse faults here and hiring her back at this location. Okay, so

83:57 going to zoom in and look at . Here's the the central basin platform

84:01 the stippled pattern shown here. Here's margin the western margin of the central

84:07 platform with the Dell approbation on And what we'll look at our series

84:13 cross sections here along the western flank this National basin platform where it dives

84:21 into the Delaware basin here. So start here in the south. Didn't

84:26 our way north as long a series detailed cross sections. So here are

84:41 of those cross sections. This is one here in the south. This

84:47 one. Is this one. This see Is this one here and this

84:54 D. Is is this one So on each of these, here's

84:59 central basin platform here here here basement shown in the stippled pattern.

85:08 vertical lines represent well controlled, well where we have the tops and in

85:14 cases didn't didn't meter data from some the wells. You see the uplifted

85:20 block here moderately. Didn't reverse fault and folded basement cover interface here in

85:28 tri Sure zone in front of this here on Modern 33 dipping reverse vault

85:37 , shall we dipping reverse faults wow, roll over anne klein formed

85:42 the trickier deformation at the front of uplifted blocks here we have a high

85:49 reverse faults all by itself here we a series of high angle reverse

85:55 bringing the central basin platform up here have folded lamb here defined by the

86:04 by the trickster deformation between these two zones continuing on to the north.

86:15 we're looking at these sections, F. G, and H.

86:19 E F. G. And Here. Central basin platform here,

86:25 at the edge of the platform with Delaware basin here, right, starting

86:31 the south section here we have to basin platform basement cordell placed here,

86:39 only giving reverse faults here and bringing those blocks up into forming the

86:45 cover interface. You know, a of folds here. Here's a nice

86:50 example, basement court uplift here. basin platform. Try yours on

86:56 Roll over and decline formed by the deformation in front of this basement court

87:07 . Here's another example from And this the diagnosis field here at this combination

87:14 basement here, largely on the Roll over an incline here formed by

87:18 for defamation in front of the basement falls here. And lastly, here

87:24 have this pop up blocker basement here the center, reverse faults on both

87:29 of that with Well, I trust deformation folding the beds in front of

87:37 fault tips here. Mhm. So a here's a detailed section of the

87:47 kind of santa klein central basin platform uplift here, basement and shown by

87:52 stippling pattern here. Oh Playing a fault here, dipping at about 45°

88:00 the northeast with the pressure defamation the basement cover interface in front of

88:08 in front of that basement accord Okay, right. So these these

88:20 have been interpreted in a variety of ways. And so we're going to

88:24 at some of those alternative models and that sort of again in this

88:32 So here's the here's the first order that we're trying to constrain. And

88:40 we have good data constraining the hanging here and poor and good data constraining

88:46 football here. And this portion of structure is what poorly imaged or relatively

88:56 . And so these are three different of that poor data zone. The

89:04 is a trade fold here where we a high angled normal fault potentially causing

89:10 trade fold over the structure here and . This is now inconsistent with all

89:18 seismic data and the wealthy and that have from the. This up thrust

89:25 was an alternative that was proposed based their mechanics where we have a concave

89:33 shaped felt like this from a going a moderately getting reverse faults here to

89:39 higher on reverse faults here. And lastly, we have this full trust

89:47 which is consistent with all the seismic in the world data that we have

89:51 showing a planner or a Listrik reverse , extending it 30 to 45 degrees

89:57 the basement here with his own Trish deformation causing the folding up here.

90:04 . These alternative models, the drake up structure, our unrestored rubble.

90:12 so they're unnecessarily impossible or incorrect. hmm. So this this shows an

90:22 of the normal faulty model where we trip fold over the structure here.

90:29 hmm. To be restore a bubble be restore a Ble. This requires

90:36 of the sediments here, which we see or normal faulting, which we

90:42 see or detachment of the cover rocks from the basement. So this straight

90:48 conformed by pulling these sedimentary guys up drape over the higher defaults here.

90:56 that requires detachment of the sentiment. here from the fall in the basement

91:01 again, this is something that's just observed. Okay, okay, so

91:13 this up trust model is really driven the poor seismic data where you have

91:25 no seismic data zone here. That you to want to carry this fault

91:32 a steeply dipping orientation here in the seismic data zone. This gives rise

91:38 this up thrust interpretation where you have hanging wall here In the football

91:45 There's no vertical exaggeration along here. is 1-1 and then you have the

91:51 dipping beds formed by multiple intricate falls shears out in front of the structure

91:58 . And the problem with this is you try to restore it, the

92:03 of the sedimentary sedimentary rocks here is , much longer than the top of

92:09 basement blocks here and then here. if I try and slide this hand

92:15 back along this zone of faulting I might have two possibilities.

92:22 If I keep these two folk blocks contact, if I keep the hanger

92:27 in the football block in contact, have to have this rotation. Ah

92:32 I can't with this restoration, I restore the sedimentary cover interface to support

92:38 orientation. Alternatively, if I use deadlines is my restoration data and restore

92:47 to a supports on orientation, Have much longer beds here than I

92:54 in the football. And I end with this gap between the football here

93:00 the hanging wall here. So this thrust interpretation is impossible to restore and

93:09 incorrect for that reason. Okay, . Through. And just like we

93:18 about earlier, you know, these , The hanging wall shape and rotation

93:27 the shape of the underlying fault. here where I have a plate or

93:34 , I have no change in orientation tilt of the hanging wall relative to

93:39 football. My basement covered contact in case is some horizontal in both the

93:45 and hanging off where I have these up shaped district shaped falls. The

93:53 of the hanging wall block here is result of the curvature of the list

94:02 of the fault here. In that tilt is defined by um the curvature

94:11 this district fall where I have a downward shaped fault like this. The

94:19 wall is going to be rotated in opposite direction towards the football here.

94:25 that rotation is defined by the curvature the fault here. And so if

94:33 take the radius of curvature here. . That angle representing the radius of

94:42 is the same as the tilt of hanging all blocks. Similarly here,

94:48 I look at the radius of curvature this concave of fault, this mr

94:53 fault, that angle of curvature is to the rotation of the hands roll

95:00 here. Now where we have more shapes, we have more complex

95:07 So here's an example where I have football here hanging old block here,

95:13 trick thrust fault here where I have concave up shape, I get this

95:21 rotation of the hanging wall bed where go from this concave up shape to

95:29 blistering. I mean to a planner fault here. Um I have local

95:36 , reverse faults, concave up shortfalls here to accommodate the relative motion of

95:43 part of the hanging wall relative to part of the hanging wall. And

95:48 in the front of this block here can get local extension where the basement

95:54 structure here basically collapses into the So all along here the shape and

96:03 of the hang role is related to shape of the master fault. But

96:08 get very complex structures within that hang as a result of the changes in

96:15 of the fault here. So here's an example that this is from from

96:30 uplifts in in Wyoming the rattlesnake mountain here and then uh the Teton uplift

96:38 , where in both cases I have Listrik shape reverse faults here cutting down

96:44 the basement, the basement here and is largely under form. The folds

96:51 formed by attrition deformation in front of leading tip of that basement court

96:59 And the shortening of the hanging all here is related to the curvature and

97:09 of the basement block along these By this series of questions what?

97:16 all right the same or a equals difference between the hanging wall dip and

97:23 football dip and A. And B. Or bed lines. So

97:28 the headlines here at And um let's here, A C. In the

97:37 state owned here and maybe in this direction here. So the, the

97:46 of the uplift here is defined by function A. B plus C.

97:54 two times the sine of this angle rotation of the hanging wall block s

98:03 here, it's a total shortening It represents the total shortening minus the

98:09 shortening and it's equal to Okay this A B minus a B minus Bc

98:18 a C. Over two times one the cosine of this angle so that

98:26 . We can use these equations to what the dip of this fog morning

98:34 bounding the block has to be and the relative shortening is across the beds

98:41 that deformation zone. So now we're to look at some of the second

98:55 structures that result from these basement Topless, wow. So here

99:01 we're looking at block diagram, I give up for being blistering thrust fault

99:08 here. And what we're going to at. Our secondary structure is representing

99:14 local compression formed where the trajectory of fault changes. The first example is

99:22 the Bighorn basin here we will look the rattles, think about Goose Creek

99:28 and Hambleton dome. It forms second structures relative to the main bear tooth

99:36 circa uplift out here in front of structures. So the Grass creek structure

99:47 the Bighorn basin asymmetric W. Plunging incline, mm hmm. Reverse fault

99:54 it has greater than 4000 ft of . The front limb is steeply dipping

99:59 strongly thin, is defined by well And the field has produced over 100

100:06 barrels since its discovery in 1914. a pretty substantial field. So here

100:15 is located at the boundary of the basin in the America uplift here.

100:25 what it looks like in Matthew we before way plunging an incline here and

100:33 sink line here. Axis of the incline extending along here so okay curve

100:39 linear shaped and climb here. So what it looks like in cross

100:50 high angle reverse faults here and sedimentary rocks here are deformed into a

101:00 by the treasury defamation at the front the fold here and the the back

101:07 here. So the basement court Second order second order structure relative to

101:14 main out lift off to the west . So here's a detailed cross section

101:24 that grass creek field structure. You the sediments coming along here, basement

101:32 , basement fault dipping in about 60° , one and then these Centenary beds

101:39 , rotated by Trish or deformation at tip of the fault here, the

101:45 , your deformation occurring within this. pickle zone defined by the two dash

101:50 here. There's the east side of , the east Grass creek structure section

102:00 , a basement court fault here, granite. Shown by the stippled pattern

102:06 . Coverups, shown by all the layered rocks here, mm hmm.

102:12 fall propagating up here into his own or deformation here, The force

102:19 these sedimentary rocks over to us. steeply dipping orientation here and then try

102:26 deformation propagates upward along these dash changing on generally to farming the overlying

102:37 up here. Okay, here's a section across that. You can see

102:47 basement cover contact somewhere about here. fault zone coming through here uh fairly

102:57 imaged actually by the sergeant data angle here. Football block here in the

103:05 dipping beds on here. Not really by the seismic data. Here's another

103:17 section across your. You can see top of the basement extending here.

103:24 cutting through the basement here propagating up the sedimentary section here are And then

103:32 the paleozoic section here being rolled over the trickster deformation in front of the

103:38 tip as it propagates up through Okay, okay. The Rattlesnake mountain

103:47 Wyoming. So this is a structure to back thrust off the major Oregon

103:52 for and it's constrained by down plunge from surface outcrops in this canyon

104:04 And we have a high angle high angle in zone characterized by second

104:08 normal and reverse faults. The basement largely on the form. We c

104:15 dikes in the basement that are not and the deformation is restricted to Cata

104:21 zones immediately adjacent to the falls. here we're looking at the Rattlesnake mountain

104:29 inclined here between the Bighorn basin and back of the absurd Erica uplift

104:40 So here it is an outcrop on way plunge again, inclined crest coming

104:46 here, plunging off in in this , gently dipping back limb here,

104:54 dipping for living here. Here's what looks like in an outcrop in a

105:04 few. The hanging wall here, dipping beds here. So we're taking

105:08 view looking south where the stupid dipping are dipping to the east. We're

105:15 to the west. I'm sure you me in the west here. So

105:24 one of these up thrust, grateful interpretations of that in decline. She

105:30 puts a block here potentially formed by angle normal faults here with the sedimentary

105:37 draped over that full tripped over that basement box here in a drink Phil

105:44 I try and if you try and this, if you slide the basement

105:48 down along these high angle normal you get an unrestored herbal section.

105:53 length of the shallow beds is much than the length of the top of

105:58 basement here. And that's shown in restored section here. We'll have a

106:05 line out in front here. That's represented by this in line here.

106:11 basement cover contact is only this long the under formed state, whereas the

106:18 get progressively longer as you go up into younger and younger sediments so that

106:23 the overlying sediments have dead links much than the top of the basement cover

106:29 here. So this restoration is telling that this this interpretation is necessarily incur

106:37 and incorrect. Okay, so here's restorer sample of the same structure hanging

106:48 block here. Football block here. for uplifting the basement here, ballistic

106:56 falls with that strength. Well folded over the top of that. Not

107:04 in this case, but deformed by for defamation in the front of this

107:09 as it propagates upward and in this the the top of the basement and

107:16 sediments are restore a bill to a horizontal datum with the same line length

107:23 the sediments and for the top of basement. So you're hanging with

107:38 Do you want to do you want take a break before we go on

107:43 continue on? Take a break. , Alright. Um mm hmm.

107:57 it's half past. Why don't we back at? Yeah, In about

108:02 minutes. In about 20 minutes of hour. Okay, we have a

109:22 more examples of these basement court uplifts we're going to look at. The

109:26 one is this Hambleton dome on the of the Bighorn Basin. Um And

109:32 an asymmetric. Doubly plunging. An related to steep, northeast dipping reverse

109:38 With greater than 5000 ft of The fog dies out in the overlying

109:44 . It does not propagate to the . The mesozoic shales on the front

109:49 of the structure are steeply dipping and attenuated, strongly thin. In

109:56 the basement and the more rigid billions carbonates are deformed by faulting with how

110:02 falling the field as a whole has over 170 million barrels from the Permian

110:08 for AEA intensely formations in the Mississippi Madison group. So we're here on

110:19 flank of the Bighorn basin, again a back thrust related to the Abs

110:24 uplift here, there's a structured contour of the, of the Hambleton

110:33 Let's see those structured contracts here in water contact shown here, um offsetting

110:41 shown by the lines here and here then. All the black black dots

110:46 representing wells within the field, gently back when steeply dipping foreland.

110:59 here's a cross section of the See the hanging wall block here.

111:04 block here. District shape, reverse here, bringing the hanging wall

111:13 Main annual block essentially under formed beds this zone of pressure deformation in front

111:19 the fall, steeply dipping to There was a seismic line across that

111:32 the top of the basement here in . About here in the hangar law

111:38 section here in paleozoic Mesozoic section here the hanging wall corresponding section. Mesozoic

111:46 section here in the football and here's the bed. These beds rollover to

111:53 steeply dipping sub vertical beds formed by trickster deformation related to the fault zone

112:01 and overall just poor imaging of the itself and the steep beginning bets here

112:13 a restore herbal section across that with main dome up here, High

112:18 reverse volunteer dipping at 60 or 70° the basement basement and in carbonate rocks

112:27 at the base of the paleozoic largely uninformed sedimentary rocks shown. Business

112:34 Centenary section shown here in yellow, dipping to form two vertical dips and

112:42 by the trash or deformation in front the fault as it propagates up.

112:52 , so here's here's a restored section that um to the top of the

112:58 . We can restore just using the length and sliding this fault block back

113:04 the beds here because of the vertical have to be restored by area balancing

113:11 polygon represents the area balance in a state. So that represents the area

113:17 this set of beds in the deformed . In the under formed state.

113:24 represented by this triangle in the area in the area here are the

113:31 So we can do a long length of this part of the blog in

113:36 part of the block. And the here has to be formed by an

113:41 restoration because of the thinning of the in here. There's some sergeant lines

113:51 the Hambleton dome. You can see each case the hanging wall blocks

113:54 Football blocks here for them and fault in here in this section. Hang

114:02 here. Football block here. 4 High Angle, reverse fall somewhere about

114:10 . Lastly this seismic line. Annual here as you can see part of

114:14 roll over football box here and the basement court falls steeply dipping through

114:28 So this This blog diagram shows how structure changes along, strike a long

114:36 here. We've got the basement faults where the Trish here folds in front

114:42 the block here with the fault tipping within the lower peelings, opens the

114:48 of across here here we have we less displacement, less folding of the

114:55 of the crocs here with the higher fall extending here with the same dip

115:01 we see here here in this last , we have increased displacement. There's

115:07 bench man fault hanging wall block football . And then here is where,

115:13 this increased displacement, we get thinning these beds as their deformed by Trish

115:20 in in front of the tip of fall. Okay, the amount is

115:29 down into colorado and Utah. We'll at three structures mitten park will creak

115:36 Ramsey an incline um representing different structural is in front of the main.

115:43 went to uplift. These have monoclonal with no appreciable dip on the

115:52 The basement falls with, shall we cover in the covering units and false

116:00 displacement of section dying out in the mango shells. So here's the main

116:11 went to the basement court uplift here what we're going to look at our

116:16 creek structure here in the Rangeley and client here. So again. Um

116:27 are forming at roughly 90° to the regional shortening direction. Okay, the

116:38 part structure. The southwest verging structure to high angle reverse fault juxtaposing the

116:45 campion with the upper Mississippi and classics the football. The structural relief at

116:51 mental level is about 3000 ft. near horizontal beds are rotated to a

116:58 vertical in front of the fault. that's going to trust your defamation that

117:04 the structure has a rounded hinged on the deformation of the front line can

117:08 observed an outcrop. So here we , it is what it looks like

117:15 outcrop. You can see the hanging beds here rolling over into the

117:20 And structural deformation coming out into the football here in both meetings hanging wall

117:28 the football have the same sub horizontal . And that tells you that the

117:33 underlying. This has to be The lack of tilt between these two

117:40 tells you that you have a player , reverse phone, here's a restore

117:48 section of that. Here's the hanging for the football block cover rocks here

117:55 over being folded by the trash for in front of this fault tip default

118:01 upward into the Triassic shales here and out in the shells in the default

118:09 is plainer as required by the lack rotation of the hang long relative to

118:15 football. So focusing now on that foreman deformation that within this, the

118:30 sub horizontal beds here in here, there's no there's little or no internal

118:39 . It's only within about 500 ft the same coin. All actual surface

118:45 , do you start to see betting deformation bands? And as you get

118:50 to the fault, those betting colonel bands become better developed and more and

118:57 intense, more closely spaced. And start to get small displacement faults and

119:02 zones cutting through the sediments. When get into the overturned limb here,

119:12 the same criminal axis, you get significant increase in the deformation bands,

119:18 , closely spaced, and with minor displacement faults and fault zones performing the

119:25 in his truck. Sure zone. , so here's a restoring section showing

119:36 football here, hang walked here, faults here, basement cover interface here

119:44 here, no rotation of that I'm telling you that this fault has

119:50 be plainer As we get up here the four lamp, we get these

119:57 rolled over as a result of the defamation formed by the propagation of this

120:02 as it cuts up here in this . And then the fault itself propagates

120:07 and dies out in the makeup shale here. And then um here here

120:15 the football is where you get the deformation of these ah, of these

120:22 . Once you get on the structures in this direction and in this direction

120:27 virtually no deformation. Oh, he the hanging wall beds for the football

120:34 . All right, so, the creek structure is analogous to that plainer

120:43 cover in perfect interface in both the on the football telling you that that

120:48 has to be plainer um fault propagates into the man cochetel here and dies

120:55 here within this zone. You get related to the Trish here, defamation

121:04 the beds out here and here in hanging wall are only they're they're basically

121:13 . You see slight deformation in the here and here in the football and

121:19 only in close proximity to the actual that you get a lot of deformation

121:24 and shear bands and minor faults. , mm hmm, mm hmm.

121:36 . So this is this is Mm hmm. What I just talked

121:45 . Alright, so here's the We can slide this hanging wall block

121:52 along this plane or fault restored to sub horizontal datum of keeping essentially the

121:59 line lengths in all the overlying beds , right? The range of

122:11 another antique line out in front of mountains. It's an asymmetric doubly plunging

122:18 , but it's pretty much more than million barrels from the Pennsylvanian Permian Weber

122:24 since the field discovery in 1902. geometry of the hanging wall is tightly

122:30 by violent seismic data. And it's It's a lower displacement analog of the

122:36 creek structure that we just looked at fault shallows upwards, producing some south

122:46 hanging wall panels and the mango shell considerable thickness variations my birthday, you

122:55 where the fault tips are into the shell. So here's a cross section

123:03 the rain Stanley klein, Here's the reservoir sandstone here. This weber sandstone

123:09 wall here, football here, plainer cover interface here, planer basement cover

123:15 facing interface here, no rotation of context telling me that this fault has

123:21 be essentially planer default propagates up into form of fold, dying out in

123:28 bank of shale here with the page here, um, deformed by Tricia

123:36 giving you this roll over and decline the same client. There's a size

123:49 through the range of the anne Here's the main U. N.

123:53 here. Here's the range of the klein here and you can see this

123:57 back mm hmm. And here is as a kind of a Listrik

124:05 Listrik up shaped fault. Listrik fault a cup shape. But in

124:10 because of the lack rotation of the wall relative to the football, this

124:15 has to come back and be the through here with a slightly steeper over

124:28 . So here are a pair of of the Willow Creek Yannick client in

124:32 range of the decline showing their exactly . Um no rotation in either case

124:39 the hanging role relative to the telling you that the fault has to

124:43 plainer trust your defamation here forming the of the fold and in the restored

124:51 . You slide back along this plane fault. All right, restoring everything

124:57 sub horizontal data with the same wine . How? So this sequence of

125:12 shows the a sequential restoration or in bottom to top the increasing deformation,

125:23 evolution of the structure. So as go up in this direction, mm

125:29 . As I'm going down in this , I'm increasing the displacement on the

125:36 . You know, I've got a displacement with Patricia zone here with a

125:41 step in the forum here with increased here, default propagates further up section

125:49 I get more rotation and more deformation the beds and its treasures. And

125:55 , President Day ST paul propagates up surface in Flamenco shale up through the

126:01 . And I get these steeply dipping in the form of the fold.

126:11 , so I mentioned in most of structures, we get this overturned flap

126:17 beds in the football of the structure this is a restoration of one of

126:23 flats showing how they evolve. So the present day balance section. And

126:30 going to assume here's the Arbuckle uplift , The main Arbuckle thrust here and

126:36 flat overturned flap in the football of Arbuckle thrust here. So we're going

126:42 zoom in and look at the restoration this part of the section that's shown

126:48 , here's the President a state. the main Arbuckle thrust coming up through

126:54 and here's where we have this flagpole sentiments in the football of the Arbuckle

127:00 here and there are wells in the here that constrain what's in the face

127:09 the growing. So here in this I have without Ben folds. It's

127:17 up basically into a triangle zone with back thrust here. That's right.

127:23 this back. I start to unfold flattens sentiments here. So, if

127:30 first pull it back to restore the off of this un conformity with this

127:35 conformity, I've now restored these to near vertical tip and let this back

127:43 by a relatively small amount here and to unfold the hang rule for this

127:49 out here. True. If I to slide this back, increasing the

128:00 displacement here. Mhm. This becomes upright structure verging to the south originally

128:10 is no longer overturned here or If I unfold this completely. So

128:17 bring the top of the or emission here to some horizontal datum that comes

128:25 to this restoration state. We're now close these beds all the way back

128:31 some horizontal and a lot of these to fall back down into a horizontal

128:38 and completely restored us overturned beds to original. So for his own

128:46 So this is overturned flats are just tribal zones form in the football of

128:55 overlying thrusts. All right. So of this section on thick skin basement

129:05 uplifts. These they occur in the rockies, the colorado plateau harmonic lines

129:12 ancestral rockies, including the Permian basin basin platform, but we also see

129:19 in western Argentina in the western Rakhine and other basins around the world.

129:27 verge in multiple directions relative to the shortening direction. The basement in the

129:34 wall blocks is essentially under formed overturned are common in the reversed footballs,

129:43 traps and those footballs are rare, , because you don't you just don't

129:48 the strike closure. The elevation and of the top of the basement and

129:54 hang wrong is a function of the of the underlying Master fault. So

130:00 that, where that top is some . There's no rotation of the hanging

130:06 relative to the foot wall is telling that the fault itself has to be

130:13 . The fault zone. Seismic imaging necessarily poor because of the steep dips

130:17 velocity inversions. The uplifted basement. thrust juxtaposition of fast basement over slow

130:27 produces these football uplifts. They're not and declines. What are just artifacts

130:33 the fast philosophies over the small the master faults are most commonly

130:41 Listrik falls with little or no strike around that overturned flap of sedimentary cover

130:50 commonly occurs along the foot wall of Master Falls and thats restore herbal and

130:58 there's a triangle zone feature in the up thrust and draped fold models of

131:06 basement card uplifts are largely an artifact the seismic data. They're impossible to

131:12 and so necessarily incorrect. I Okay, well, that's uh,

131:25 it for this section. Mhm. comments or questions on what we just

131:30 over with the basement court uplifts? , sir. Um what is the

131:37 between an octopus and normal trust Well, who chose folks?

131:45 good question Marie go back to Okay with the with a normal fault

132:31 fold interpretation that's shown here where I that high angle normal fault and the

132:38 are drake folded over that. And the problem with this is if I

132:45 this to here, the length of overlying beds is going to be a

132:50 longer than the length of the basement interface here with the up thrust interpretation

133:02 shown here where you have this concave shaped fault that's moderately dipping in the

133:09 section and then becomes vertical, deeper the section. And the problem with

133:16 again is that mm hmm. This basement cover interface can't be restored to

133:25 by a fault of this shape. end up either with rotation over beds

133:32 mine. The line lengths are unequal the cover rocks here in the top

133:39 the basement box here. So these the two two Basic things but the

133:44 for model in the up thrust Mm hmm. The trade full got

133:50 normal falls. The out thrust model this funny concave shape fault. It

133:57 vertical into the basement. And in cases, they're not restore a Ble

134:03 the line length of the cover beds longer than the line length of the

134:13 . Did that answer your question? ? Yes, sir. Okay.

134:27 . Any other comments or questions? , well, that's it for this

134:49 . Um we'll break here and take lunch, take a long lunch break

134:56 resume at

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