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BIOL 4315/6315 Neuroscience Mon Wed - NEURO Lecture 1 History fo Neuroscience
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00:02 welcome. This is neuroscience lecture And today we're gonna talk a little
00:07 about the history of neuroscience if we time when we may and we may
00:12 . We'll talk a little bit about 19. But I used to talk
00:17 covid 19 during the first lecture in last year because it was so highly
00:22 . We were just going through this think is somewhat adapted to Covid
00:26 We understand more about it. I want to talk about the impact it
00:30 on the brain but I may not to that kind of a sick wailua
00:34 this very first lecture and I always to start this class. I tell
00:41 that I want you to look at slide and think what you understand is
00:48 the slide because I'm gonna show you same slide about halfway through this course
00:54 I'm gonna show you the same slide the end of this course and I'm
00:57 ask you, what do you think understand now? Is on the
01:02 What are all of the things you ? What are all of the things
01:07 can imagine? What are all of things you can now fantasize based on
01:12 you've learned that you're seeing the You see neurons to see these neurons
01:20 have so much bodies have dendrites. have these arms that look like they
01:29 out to each other and contact. is an axon coming onto dendrite or
01:35 from another neuron. These are neuronal . These are the networks of individual
01:42 form between each other And a single can be receiving information from 100,000 other
01:50 . That means it has 100,000 of very specialized synopses that is contacting one
01:58 independent functional unit neuron that is doing computation on those tens of thousands of
02:07 and making integrative decision whether it's going get excited by all of these simple
02:14 some of them are excited or whether going to get dampened activity because the
02:20 are coming or inhibitory and if it's to be excited, is it going
02:24 be excited enough to produce an action and communicate that information down into the
02:31 neuronal networks these neurons and entangle nous that you see really complex communications really
02:41 structures and networks that are formed there by glial cells which are not shown
02:49 this particular image. And glial cells very actively involved in inflammation and synaptic
02:59 in the outgrowth of news, an and regulating production of neurotransmitters such as
03:08 . So these glial cells that surround neuronal laptops, these neuronal networks in
03:14 brain, they form larger parts of brain that we call the lobes.
03:21 you have the frontal lobe, the lobe, the temporal lobe, the
03:26 lobe cerebellum, often referred to as little brain brain stem here going into
03:33 final cord which starts here with your in the back of your neck,
03:39 here. You can see right underneath stall. And so these different lobes
03:45 responsible for different functions And these different will house billions of neurons and thousands
03:56 different networks, complex networks. And all of this complexity new neuronal networks
04:07 neuronal communication will have certain rules that follows when it communicates between neurons with
04:16 other and so on. Now obviously brain and the and the spinal cord
04:24 what comprise the central nervous system and you're seeing here in this very elegant
04:33 here are the different fibers and These are the different axonal connections that
04:39 formed between different parts of the brain depicted in different colors. So there
04:46 patterns by which these neurons communicate to other. And they established these geometrical
04:51 within the networks within the structures. these geometrical patterns are enabled to use
05:00 physiological rules to produce physiological activity to sensor information processing your vision, motor
05:10 , speaking emotions, memories. All it is through these intertwined and interconnected
05:23 networks and it's very rarely that one will be responsible and one network will
05:28 responsible for something like vision. And why when we talk about vision and
05:33 talk about visual system and it's a because it's comprised of multiple different
05:40 Let's start from the sensor information processing the retina and I to you forming
05:46 visual world and then incorporating that visual with other senses. What are you
05:52 Now when you're looking at me, are you smiling when you're looking
05:55 what are you touching? What are thinking? What was texting union?
06:01 all of these are transpiring here. have the ability to have external
06:07 sensors stimulated, activate all of these in the brain. But then we
06:11 the ability to not have external Come up with unique combinations and thought
06:17 and expressions. Of course it's influenced then trained by the outside world but
06:25 we're individuals of course there are certain that apply to the brain structures in
06:30 networks. Yet we're all individuals. see things differently. We perceive things
06:36 . We sense things differently too because slightly different between us and jeans and
06:44 and connectivity and so on and so . And that's what makes us all
06:49 and that's what makes us all thinking . And sometimes there is no somebody
06:54 better than another person. It's it's people didn't think black holes existed
07:03 They thought Einstein was out there. turn on the news now and look
07:09 the telescope pictures, what are you seeing black holes? So was was
07:16 considered to be right or that scientists argued there are black holes, we
07:19 get absorbed the event horizon is coming there's gonna be a complete collapse of
07:24 , time space. That's just that's you know in the math, your
07:31 whatever But now there are pictures of . So the patterns and what we
07:39 changes and the beautiful thing about the and the connections of the brain.
07:43 there plastic? So we learn and going through one of the best plastic
07:48 in your life. Uh teenage years the thirties or so where your brains
07:56 very, very plastic. That means environment in the brain and the communication
08:01 the south are built up for you learn a lot. It doesn't mean
08:04 you stop learning afterwards. But if were to learn a foreign language at
08:08 years old, you will be fluent 16 years old, maybe you would
08:12 fluent. But you have a strong at 40 years old, it's like
08:17 torture. And you'll have an accent . So why? And it's not
08:22 you're gonna spend less time, it's brains are plastic and they're more susceptible
08:28 learning especially during the early development and humans intellectual maturity from teenage years into
08:39 adulthood. So, these are the , Mark Bear. Uh Gary
08:46 Michael of your book, All great and neuroscience, all great inventors and
08:56 . Let's talk about how it all . It started from prehistoric times.
09:00 if you look at the excavations from times, about 10,000 to 30,000
09:06 Around different parts of the world from Mesopotamia all the way to the territory
09:13 Parka indians in peru you're finding these and these artifacts of skulls that have
09:21 in them. And these openings later dubbed the chappell Nations. But what
09:28 interesting is when these skulls were discovered that these openings were very symmetrical.
09:35 these openings were found in multiple places the skull. And sometimes there was
09:42 indication that that opening in the the window and the skull was reopened
09:49 times. So of course the well, well what's going on
09:56 Why Why is that? Of course the injury from a hammer. But
10:01 not because there's a discovery of these attack tools and they look like nice
10:08 to cut the bone. And if look on top of this tool,
10:13 have three figurines. The one in middle is being worked on with this
10:20 and the other person is holding that . So maybe some sort of a
10:27 down anesthesia. Older person still maybe herbal concoctions given to keep them less
10:36 or something. Now why was this then? The of course the old
10:44 would be this is spiritual world. the person must have been obsessed by
10:48 spirits. And where do the spirits ? They don't typically go to the
10:56 . So that was the interpretation that releasing spirits. Somebody's obsessed. It
11:04 out that this uh shaman medicine man . They would be probably MD Anderson
11:15 not at this hospital. This was most advanced treatment at the time.
11:21 were doing this to treat individuals potentially internal bleeding in the brain, from
11:29 formation of the hematomas, from headaches formation of pressure from the build up
11:34 the fluids. There's a real reason believe that Parka indians and others and
11:44 East and Mesopotamia where the early neurosurgeons we're trying to alleviate the pain and
11:51 suffering of the people that have that connected to the brain and this color
12:02 Egypt you have tab he's working he's the court physician becomes a daily
12:11 and he's featured in Edwin Smith surgical . Edwin smith was the excavator from
12:19 that discovered this papyrus and then that Imhotep describes 48 injury cases. 27
12:27 them are had traumas. He is distant effects of C. N.
12:33 . Injury. That means that he's that when somebody gets hit on the
12:39 side of the head, they cannot or control the other side of the
12:46 or feel the same side of the . So it's a distal relationship with
12:52 arm somehow with the brain. Why you got hurt here, why can't
12:57 move your right arm right. So is being recognized in hotel devises a
13:07 specification which is ailments to be treated be treated not to be treated at
13:14 time, that was the classification I don't have that. It's called
13:19 Now. So if you have a or something, you said for a
13:22 hours and if you have a you bleeding stomach to go to surgery icu
13:28 immediately we have these kind of triage . But I want to think to
13:33 to to for you to think about . Do you remember when Covid just
13:39 especially in Italy and new york? happened to two people that had chronic
13:49 that needed needed to be treated. couldn't be seen. The health care
13:57 was straight to the maximum. You only trying to keep people alive on
14:01 respirators and use the hospital system for . And hopefully nobody else that's in
14:06 hospital gets infected with that. So go to the I. C.
14:10 . It became someone ailments to be and treated later based on the urgency
14:19 or the severity of of a particular or condition. So why is Imhotep
14:28 involved in this and why there isn't detailed descriptions of the anatomy of the
14:34 Because it's not really accepted to take human body and dissected and cut it
14:41 and open the brain and see It's not that's just not really acceptable
14:47 do. If you were a high person. If you were an emperor
14:53 would get modified the body would get . That was the ultimate is to
15:00 preserve your body not to take it and put it up during the preservation
15:06 . Egyptians didn't think much of the is a very important organ. And
15:10 they would scoop up the brain through nose with the stool after the person
15:18 . And they would call it the of the skull over the soft tissue
15:23 the skull. And they didn't attribute importance that they thought that the heart
15:28 the most important in the central controlling of the body. And the brain
15:35 literally scooped out with the schools through nasal cavities while you were preserving the
15:43 level individuals. So where Imhotep learned different cases and different head trauma cases
15:51 written descriptions and tried to explain it the heartless. Here on the right
15:58 there's a lot of building of the . There are a lot of
16:03 There's enslavement going on in ancient Egypt . Their bodies that are torn heads
16:11 are broken. That gives em to a glimpse into human body into human
16:17 in particular into the human brain. is the description of the brain on
16:22 here, I don't know, smart an Eagle has two Ears feather?
16:30 don't know, convulsions, convolutions. the surface of the brain is not
16:38 . Uh membrane like an umbrella? maybe membrane, is it membrane over
16:46 skull? Is it membrane over the in the skull. What is he
16:51 at the time when he's putting his gloves down 5000 years ago. Um
16:59 cerebrospinal fluid. He says there's there's . So he discovers that the brain
17:05 surrounded by fluid. There's something So this is the initial explanations of
17:10 first hand written accounts, written accounts , of neuroscience, neural anatomy that
17:17 see from from we jump jump through history and in Greece. It's interesting
17:26 in Greece you have the development of what becomes the sort of the pathway
17:31 modern medicine through Hippocrates. So when graduate from medical school, you have
17:36 take the Hippocrates of which is to serve and and and heal those that
17:42 in need. And Hippocrates thinks that is a major controlling organ, center
17:49 the body. That's a shift from . Brain is the seat of
17:54 Most important seat of intelligence. Medicine still practiced as a craft, meaning
18:02 we don't have microscopes, We don't a cat scans, we don't
18:09 we don't know what gene is. there are these preparations herbs, you
18:18 , things like that that are being at the time. Aristotle, one
18:23 the most famous philosophers disagrees, and says, the heart is the center
18:29 intellect brain is an air conditioner of blood and body very convenient when the
18:35 heat up and heat rises. So not just air conditioned through there.
18:40 know how dogs swept through their So that was sort of a
18:44 you just condition and sweat through your air conditioner uh in renaissance. This
18:53 Andreas vesalius and renaissance. What happens renaissance. And we skip over a
18:59 period of history in human history. the renaissance is the time, at
19:04 in the Western world where there is rebirth. The rebirth of arts,
19:11 , celebration of culture, openness and for the first time for science and
19:20 even anatomical sciences of the human So you see that represented throughout.
19:26 you go through the art museum, see renaissance. It's very different from
19:32 , from the Middle Ages. You'll in the health museum renaissance is very
19:37 from the prehistoric times. The Middle is really an eruption uh of science
19:45 arts address the values uh describes it here, question gallons anatomical descriptions,
19:53 won't go into that that much. Andreas vesalius starts describing the anatomy of
19:58 brain and he cuts the brain and sees these ventricles here that are filled
20:03 fluid in the center of the And so he thinks that there's something
20:08 important about these ventricles and this And because we already are thinking that
20:15 some sort of a distant control of or after the injury. You can't
20:20 the arm if you're injured, injured . He starts thinking that there's something
20:25 about these fluids in the ventricle. these fluids are the ones that flow
20:29 there into here and the fact that digital functions of the body. He
20:35 recognizes the difference cuts the brain and sees that the brain is comprised of
20:41 gray matter and white matter. And actually pushes his finger on the gray
20:48 and gray matter is softer than white . So the cell you says that
20:56 know what gray matter is like a . And this is where we learn
21:01 in gray matter. That's what he . What we know is great matter
21:08 neuron. Oh, so Mazz den and Selma's and the white matter are
21:16 axonal connections. So these are the that are insulated fibers. Myelin ated
21:24 that are running between in between different of the brain. That's quite
21:30 right? That he thought that it's , it's a sponge, it
21:34 This is where learning takes place in right actual cortical networks, distributed anatomy
21:41 the cortical networks is what allows us account for all of these sensory motor
21:47 metaphorical intellectual abilities that we have. is important here. Western origin,
21:57 there's also origin african as a pa . It's frenetic art. The french
22:04 that initiates this mind body distinction. he thinks that there is a some
22:14 of a soul out there and that has to connect with the mind and
22:23 body. So he proposes a theory whatever is out there, like the
22:29 that's related to you to your thinking into your eyes somehow. Maybe you
22:36 see it in your eyes, goes this pineal gland that's in the middle
22:41 the brain. He doesn't have the or right, It's just one pineal
22:45 in the middle of the brain. he thought that pineal gland is responsible
22:50 localization of the soul's contact with the . So what does that mean?
22:55 means some sort of intellectual spiritual ability higher than sensory input and motor
23:04 But when he's thinking about motor he thinks about the fluid mechanic model
23:11 the human body and the brain. because there is this interesting thing about
23:20 ventricles that have the fluids and the effects, he says, you know
23:25 ? It's a it's a fluid mechanical . Body is like a machine and
23:30 fluids flow through the nerves and nerves like pipes that allow these fluids from
23:37 brain to flow and contract the muscle do things with talking to the soul
23:43 your brain, inside your body. are still considered as pipes.
23:51 the card also initiates the reflex So he also starts explaining the certain
23:57 that reflects it like I said, there are certain things that are
24:02 metaphorical, spiritual. And he has beautiful drawing of a child putting his
24:08 to the fire and says, this doesn't know anything. This child doesn't
24:13 , he hasn't learned, but as as the child touches the fire.
24:18 does the child do with drawers? a reflex. It doesn't take tuning
24:25 an intellectual processing to, to do task. Uh renada cart also comes
24:32 with one of the most famous poquito ergo soon, which is I
24:41 therefore I am. Because if you think you're not, where are you
24:55 night, you ever wonder what happens them? What are you disappear some
25:02 for like six or 8 hours, . So what happens to you when
25:12 general on this vision, you lose conscious perception of the world. We
25:22 from the sensor stimuli. You also the motor commands so your body is
25:30 moving, you're sleeping or you're under , which is likened to sleep.
25:37 I think therefore I am. Then wake up and you're like,
25:40 it's me, I'm here, Good , monday. First class neuroscience,
25:46 ? That's what happens. So Giovanni 17 80 in Italy discovers bio electricity
25:54 working in University of bologna. He's this called laden jar, rotating static
26:00 generator, like almost like a plate you rotate really quickly, inscriptions scrubs
26:05 the produces electricity. Little sparks of . And so he takes the frog
26:11 the lab and he does sex out frog's leg and he places that little
26:17 stimulus from the laden jar, little onto the nerve that goes into the
26:22 leg. And as he stimulates the , the frog leg contracts and then
26:29 stimulates the actual muscle and the muscle also. And so he now derives
26:39 nerves are not water pipes. They're tools, they are electrical wires there
26:51 conductors, nerves can generate electricity. to this day the too excitable tissues
26:58 our bodies are muscle, nervous weather tissues, connective tissue is not
27:11 . So uh that's a significant So I can send these nerves two
27:19 and there is a discussion now whether wires are insulated and nerves can generate
27:28 electricity. So we do have wires throughout our bodies. Here is a
27:34 of a funny overlap image that I of the wires from and I.
27:41 . Picture superimposed on the human And you can think of these wires
27:45 nerves running through your body from the cord into the peripheral uh and also
27:54 the brain stem into your head and regions, nerves can generate electricity.
28:01 these are the basic parts of the nervous system and it has the
28:06 cerebellum, brainstem spinal cord and peripheral system. This is where all of
28:10 nurses you're running throughout. And these again the repetition of the major loads
28:16 you have in the cerebrum At the cord level, in between each
28:24 You have a spinal nerve. And you have 31 pairs of spinal
28:29 the dorsal side which is the back . The dorsal side is all the
28:35 information. So somebody touches you. information goes into the dorsal side,
28:41 the sensory nerve goes through the dorsal . It calls dorsal root ganglion enters
28:47 the spinal cord and the spinal cord contacts motor neurons on the ventral side
28:54 is the front side. The spinal and the motor neurons from the ventral
29:02 innovate the muscles and allow for the to get to the muscles and cause
29:09 contractions to censor stimulus dorsal motor, . We'll get into more details.
29:18 spinal, of course, you understand lot more about the spinal anatomy in
29:22 second section, when we talk about parts of the brain and you really
29:27 understand the cranial nerves in the brain as well and their functions. So
29:34 that we're kind of understanding that so I guess neurons are nerves and
29:44 renada cart starts talking about pineal gland important. So where is this discussion
29:50 through this discussion is going to, are different parts of the brain are
29:54 for or localization of the brain Where different functions localized in the
30:00 Is it that all of the neurons responsible in the little part for all
30:05 the functions? Or is it the gland that talks to the soul?
30:10 is not correct by the way It's wonderful explanation. Or what does
30:17 temporal lobe do? What does the lobe do? Do they all do
30:20 exact same thing And that's not the . Different parts of the brain are
30:25 for different functions. And so there's need now in the 18th century where
30:30 know about electricity, 17 50 there's need to start understanding these different structures
30:36 the brain and what they may be for. And so there is a
30:41 of phrenology that pops up and for came from the theories of franz,
30:49 gall and the basic tenants of God's , where the brain is the organ
30:55 the mind. So there's no more heart versus the brain. The mind
31:01 composed of multiple, distinct innate So he's saying that if you take
31:06 mind, it's not all of it for all of it. There are
31:10 distinct faculties because they're distinct. Each may have a separate seat or location
31:18 organ in the brain. And they there's at least 35 organs or seats
31:25 the brain. Different parts of the , the size of an organ,
31:29 things being equal is a measure of power. Where is that coming
31:35 Well, if you go to the and you pump the biceps, your
31:38 are gonna grow, they're going to stronger. And so he's saying that
31:46 , there's some basically correlation between the and the size, okay, all
31:55 organs and certain aptitudes that you may . Yeah, so proposed that the
32:03 of the brain that controls, for , the will grow if you
32:08 Well, so he's he's trying to very good questions. So what he's
32:16 is that you have these organs But he takes it further, he
32:20 that if you have an organ that's for, let's say creativity in the
32:26 . And if you're highly creative that part of the brain is gonna
32:32 so big or little bigger than others you will actually be able to see
32:39 bump on the skull. So as skull takes its shape from the
32:50 the surface of the skull can be as an accurate index. Why?
32:54 when you were born, your skull soft and if you have newborns around
33:00 pretty scary because you can put your in between the skull plates here and
33:05 a soft spot here and there's another here and then they fuse. But
33:09 if you put your finger here, can still see where the fusion on
33:13 plates have taken place. Okay, that soft spot and the skull bone
33:20 soft and it can grow. So you're highly creative and you're growing as
33:26 highly creative individual, you're gonna have skull growing around that area and you're
33:30 have a bump there, that's what saw. So then what would they
33:38 to diagnose that they're highly creative? into the pulmonologist office, they would
33:47 your skull. You know, they these 35 areas that you would kind
33:52 outlined geometrically measurements. You measure the , shape of the brand. A
34:02 little bug here, You're a very person, very generous person indeed because
34:09 have this little bomb here and it's from other people and this is the
34:14 area that the brain is responsible So I guess one thing they overlooked
34:21 that if the size of the all things being equal, okay,
34:29 the measure of its power, then have the largest brains in the
34:37 By that virtue, elephants should be smartest, the most computational advanced animals
34:43 the world. They should be at top of the food chain. And
34:48 should go back to that old image elephants holding the whole world on their
34:53 . But that is not the There's other animals that have much larger
34:58 . There's other animals that also have parts of the brand that are way
35:03 advanced than what we can do with brains. But in general then you
35:09 say that people have big heads, own ph d s, the ones
35:12 are p heads. They should be , you know, just bachelor or
35:18 or or you know, high school . But that's that's not the
35:24 And why? Why they're wrong? wrong because of this incredible complexity and
35:33 that you have in the brain and computational power that can come not from
35:39 size but from the arrangements of the that can soul things differently that can
35:47 things differently as well. So they're cool. I mean they're technologists are
35:57 because they're sort of like, it's this borderline psychology into the real neuron
36:04 signs, but it's not really real they're making up this areas, they
36:08 don't know what parts of the skull have a bigger bump or last and
36:12 that person is really generous or creative so on. But they're pushing this
36:20 . They're pushing this idea of different of the brain are responsible for different
36:25 . And that's a very important idea they're pushing And you have this American
36:30 journal 1848. It's like nature in middle of the 19th century. Everybody's
36:38 this because it's so interesting what are parts of the brain and how can
36:42 measure it? You know, they're . Thing is they're measuring it on
36:45 surface. That's how they're wrong. not wrong. The different parts of
36:49 brain are responsible for different functions. is not how you look at
36:52 You look at it by looking at actual functional uh imaging of the brain
37:00 before you start looking at the functional in the brain, a lot of
37:05 understanding of what different parts of the are responsible for, come from trauma
37:11 injury cases or loss of function Paul broker has an unusual patient that
37:20 what is called expressive occasion. That has difficulty in conveying thoughts through speech
37:26 writing, that patient understands the speech cannot write and cannot speak very
37:32 After the patient dies, doctor broker the postmortem operation, takes out the
37:41 and he sees as a whole in specific part of the brain. So
37:47 talking about 19th century, you what do you do? You write
37:54 , you write letters to all of neurologists that you heard of? London
38:03 ST Petersburg, you know, wherever we send the letters. You're asking
38:11 in those areas saying, have you anything like this? If you come
38:17 a patient that cannot speak right, understands the language and a little bit
38:23 he gets some responses saying yes, seen this actually. And then a
38:28 bit later if you got gets the to to get their brains and they
38:34 report looking at the brains that this is injured, was missing and the
38:41 of function is an ability to produce ride down speech properly. And this
38:47 expressive evasion. So this is the called Broca's area. And if you
38:52 damage to Broca's area will have expressive . Does that mean you will not
38:56 able to hear or understand language? it's a very specific function. It's
39:04 all of the language, it's not of the writing. I mean it's
39:09 all of the language, but it the writing with the ability to
39:13 but not to understand. So that that there's another part of the brain
39:18 understands what regional language and if you and read the language that part of
39:24 brain and have to communicate to this of the brain that speaks the
39:30 So there is a receptive aphasia and aphasia involves difficulty understanding spoken or written
39:39 patients hears the voice who sees the but cannot make sense of the
39:47 Okay, so expressive aphasia versus receptive expressive aphasia, the seat of the
39:58 of the language sits in the Broca's . The receptive, the ability to
40:04 spoken language sits close to the temporal in the vernick asse area Broca's areas
40:12 to the motor cortex which will be the speech and the speech patterns and
40:18 the speech patterns through motor commands. are also patients with a gnomic or
40:24 aphasia. So this is the third of aphasia. So expressive receptive aphasia
40:29 then you have a gnomic uh amnesia the least severe from aphasia, difficulty
40:35 using the correct names for particular people places or events. It can
40:41 transient, it can be chronic I think we may all have experienced
40:47 plant. Um It can be affected emotional state stress and things like
40:53 So you have where's the seat of ? Well it's it's throughout the language
40:59 involved. So it's broader than It doesn't have one specific location global
41:05 results from severe extensive damage to the areas of the brain. So if
41:10 damage much larger areas and broke maybe you've damaged large part of the
41:17 . It's traumatic brain injury um or injury or anything to do with penetrative
41:26 . Uh cancer growth that may basically out part of the brain and you
41:33 extensive damage and you almost no language , comprehension or expression cannot speak,
41:41 speech can agree. All right. to lose all of the language,
41:47 have to lose a lot of the parts of the mind. And now
41:54 also depends when that injury may have . For example if it is an
42:02 that happens in a baby, they recover and they may have perfect speech
42:09 if they had severe damage in the asse war in the Broca's area.
42:15 it happens in the grown adult that of function, there isn't going to
42:21 a full recovery. And the difference that in early development, childhood and
42:28 the adult years you have high levels plasticity and that neuronal plasticity is not
42:35 the ability to learn things and to new synopsis but also the ability to
42:41 and regenerate and reconnect. If you out a piece of the brain,
42:49 parts of the brain reconnect around that that has been damaged has been injured
42:56 repair or partially repair that loss of . So you have partial ability for
43:04 for speech and for the language areas so on. I have a very
43:08 case of my nephew at three weeks experiencing a massive stroke, having his
43:17 scans that showed black holes and broke area extending all the way to the
43:25 lobe. And at the time the was that he's likely not to have
43:31 speech ability. And my nephew is years old and he's trilingual and he's
43:41 the best writer or orator, but speaks three languages. He speaks them
43:46 . Uh, so Three weeks if happened to somebody at 30 years of
43:53 , you probably wouldn't see such a recovery. So Localization of specific
44:03 We continue with this story. Let's how much time we have. Maybe
44:07 actually gonna end with this story I don't wanna run over time
44:13 Uh it's probably the most famous the most famous individual and neuroscience
44:23 Phineas gauge and gauge is in charge the explosive devices in 1848. There
44:31 railroads that are being laid in New . So there's a lot of mountains
44:38 crevices, valleys that need to be basically to let this train cut through
44:44 mountain formations and Phineas gauge is pictured right here. That's Phineas gauge and
44:53 tool that he's holding was an explosive device used to pack explosives with,
45:02 a very famous case of your sins major accident happens as he's packing explosive
45:10 into the mountainside, they explode and send his metal dagger with which he's
45:18 the explosives from the bottom of the , enters here and exits out at
45:26 top frontal part of the skull and out basically. So he has this
45:33 , massive injury, he loses vision one eye and you would imagine that
45:39 should be dead. He's not You would imagine that he's just probably
45:47 walk or talk or maybe not even care of himself like vital functions.
45:54 , he comes back to Oscar his back. They don't give it to
45:59 because he said you're too rude and and there's actually still a debate,
46:05 debate in the neuroscience community. Was really so rude and aggressive? There's
46:09 of him, you know, going to Mexico killing 23 people. Sailing
46:15 the gulf of Mexico probably landing some called La Vaca or something like
46:20 Going back to New England. there are accounts of other people or
46:27 with some medical knowledge saying that he that bad actually. He wasn't
46:32 so there is a discrepancy of what that really had, but the fact
46:36 this individual was walking talking, he's for his job back. It's pretty
46:43 given the amount of the injury he suffered. This is his skull.
46:47 is what it looked like after it . And now we realize that even
46:54 parts of the brain can be lost there's still going to be just partial
46:57 of function and in a way there certain important parts of the brain that
47:02 you to speak and hear things and are other important parts of the
47:06 but they're maybe not as important because make your aggressive route, but maybe
47:12 can be controlled. You still you still walk, you still understand
47:16 . I see. At least they . I most famous case of Phineas
47:25 that comes up and uh actually I'm to end with this slide instead of
47:34 previous slide because I want to talk little bit about Charles Darwin and the
47:38 that different environment determines some of our and some of our talents how we
47:44 . So Charles. Darwin is one the main people behind theory of
47:49 evolution of behavioral traits somewhere similar and distinct. He travels to Galapagos islands
47:56 he realizes that adjacent islands may have proximity to each other and as far
48:03 distance, but they have different geographical different climate environments. Microclimate environments And
48:13 notices by studying turtles by studying finches the finch that lives on that island
48:20 a slightly different looking beak in the that lives on that island, the
48:24 species with the beak, It's different with turtles and there's a different species
48:30 turtle that have adapted to that particular environment and it could be just 10
48:36 apart from each other. But they have developed over evolution, the trades
48:42 that allow them to adapt to that environment so they can survive and procreate
48:48 and the same as with humans and example, non human primates like
48:55 we have very well developed visual centers if you look in the anatomy of
49:02 visual cortex here, which is an of lobe, you'll understand. It's
49:06 very precise anatomy and it's very well anatomy and we'll talk about it when
49:11 talk about visual cortex. But if talking about rodents, rodents don't live
49:19 looking things at a distance, rodents around and whisk around. That's what
49:28 do. So which part of their is going to be developed more the
49:32 or this amount of sensory area that's for whisking around. Although factory air
49:37 responsible for slipping around precisely that proportionally these animals, like rodents will have
49:44 olfactory bulbs, bulbs or factory bulbs that process information. The olfactory
49:52 in a monkey versus olfactory bulb. a rodent, You know where this
49:59 spends their time on the survival and is not only reflected in their outside
50:05 , such as beaks or snouts, reflected on the inside anatomy. So
50:12 are adjustments to think about for they could have actually taken their ideas
50:17 different environments and different shapes of the of the brain rather than proposing this
50:24 structured division. And in romans you this anatomy here barrel cortex, each
50:32 and some matter sensory cortex has its network and it's very well developed.
50:39 and so so it depends because the has to survive in a different environment
50:45 over the generations over the evolution you refinement and you have also anatomical refinement
50:52 you have anatomical features that are different the species is very much influenced by
50:58 environment and their survivals. So we'll the first lecture here. Thank you
51:03 being here. Thank you for being zoom. And I will see everyone
51:07 here on
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