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00:15 Oh bye, bye. Alright let's go ahead and get started.

00:41 You may remember from uh about and was a few minutes later this

00:48 last lecture, I dropped an f not recorded though thankfully. So everything's

00:54 today, so that's good. Um , so we are nearing the end

01:02 this first unit. Okay. And really annoying. And um but the

01:14 is not for another week yet, you've got kind of a weekend between

01:18 kind of if you haven't already been this material, you've got another two

01:23 . Well not quite, but um got time to put it that

01:27 Okay? So if you are having , you need help, you know

01:32 I'm at. Okay. So uh also remember of course to sign up

01:40 a time slot. Okay, So you're not familiar with casa, all

01:43 more reason to get that going just follow the instructions in the

01:48 All right, it's all spelled out there, so you have to register

01:52 if you've already done all that stuff , you don't need to do it

01:55 . But obviously if you're new, need to do that process. So

02:00 wait until the last minute. Uh week's quiz on blackboard is different only

02:06 a sense, it's a little more , so it's kind of meant to

02:10 somewhat of a warm up for the because it has questions that cover the

02:17 , all the all this stuff and know one. Okay, so chuck

02:20 131145 and six. So you'll see probably not on every single topic,

02:29 give me a good sampling of all chapters on that quiz. So it

02:32 like I think there's like 20 24 5 questions or something like

02:40 Of course you have more time, like 45 minutes. Um So

02:44 so just you'll have that coming up through monday and then the mastering the

02:51 one there is due on monday. chapter six, which is what we're

02:54 today. Okay, so today is of the what we refer to as

03:00 flip mode, which basically just means kind of using quicker questions to kind

03:05 build the discussion around. Um and throw some slides in from the lecture

03:10 in there as well to kind of some things. Um but so do

03:17 you know your questions certainly let me the so this chapter, so we're

03:22 of um Chapter one We kind of on certainly touched on on aspects of

03:30 a historical perspective medical microbiology because everyone here is assuming the majority are going

03:36 be in healthcare as a nurse. and you go, okay, what

03:41 doing now you may not metabolism and . How is that directly going to

03:46 me as a nurse? Okay, probably not. Okay, you're not

03:52 go into the hospital start growing bacteria anything. Okay. But you

03:58 you have to think in terms of know how we figure out how to

04:04 the effects of a pathogen. How we figure out what they do and

04:09 we can fight them of course is on growing them and growing things are

04:13 on knowing how they metabolize. And so stuff in five and what we're

04:19 talk about six go hand in hand each other from that aspect. So

04:23 yeah directly will it you know you're be having your hands in this in

04:28 nursing school. Yeah you're gonna take nursing school, you will be taking

04:33 but so you probably see a lot stuff again. Alright so think of

04:36 from that standpoint to okay so but try to uh no one grows certainly

04:42 iron is one of those. Um you have macronutrients and micronutrients. Iron

04:46 actually one of those that's really important for you but also for pathogens that

04:53 may be infected with. Iron is nutrient that you kind of both are

04:56 for. So they needed needed for and they have molecules that try to

05:00 it away from your body uh because needed for their growth and so we

05:04 course for many functions. So um yeah so they're growing in your body

05:10 using your stuff as nutrients. Okay uh anyway so we'll start so six

05:16 kind of Kind of I'd say it three different parts to it. So

05:21 one is kind of the here are might look at as here are the

05:27 influences. So things like ph and and solid concentrations. Right? How

05:36 can affect growth and and types that very well adapted to living in extremes

05:42 these conditions. Okay then um we at then kind of what's required nutrient

05:50 . So how do we construct? think actually as I'm talking about

05:53 I've got a flow chart kind of it. Right? So basically what

05:58 doing here is seeing looking so This is one way to look at

06:02 . Right? So you have a of course multiplying very rapidly, which

06:05 what bacterial cells can do. But that this obviously looks like a lot

06:10 change going on. And it is it also represents um uh food intake

06:18 things like like all system respiration we about and other processes in metabolism to

06:26 the process. Because this takes lots energy to do this. So you

06:28 energy if you're gonna make new cells need lots of protein synthesis. So

06:33 that kind of goes together and of understanding whatever this thing is, what

06:38 needs to grow. Okay, so kind of these kind of things we'll

06:41 on in this uh chapter and we've two days to cover this. So

06:45 got plenty of time to finish this up. So I'm probably gonna get

06:49 to uh around somewhere in here. . And leave that for thursday.

06:56 so um so let's start with the question. No not yet. So

07:02 is kind of the road map here little bit. Right? So requirements

07:06 microbe, you know what those maybe on what nutritional type is. It

07:11 a head a trophy. This is a trophy for something else. It's

07:16 photosynthetic. Okay um so we have and chemical factors. Uh So things

07:23 10 ph salt concentrations. Okay so the osmolarity relates to the hyper tonic

07:30 tonic that that thing osmosis diffusion of um Chemical factors. So essential nutrients

07:38 those that you must supply can't make . Okay macro micro nutrients growth factors

07:45 well expand on these as we go . Um oxygen tolerance is another

07:51 So we'll look at um how bacteria have if you put them in front

08:01 oxygen depending on the species, they varied responses. There's like a spectrum

08:07 responses um depending on whether they can it, whether they cannot use

08:12 whether it's toxic to them. So we'll look at that. So that's

08:16 a important consideration. So you know humans like to think that the way

08:23 do things and how we operate metabolic and so forth is that's how everybody

08:29 do it right in the natural world that's not the case in fact certainly

08:33 precarious. Um The not using oxygen actually more common uh being being a

08:41 that doesn't use it or has other of metabolizing without action tends to be

08:45 common than those that use it. And so we have the division the

08:52 types of names for these what we a row, tolerance types.

08:57 Faculty of aerobic anaerobic. All again on their their usage or toxicity in

09:04 cases to oxygen. Okay growth So you take you take this group

09:10 nutrients, both macro micro maybe growth and you kind of put them

09:15 Mix it up kind of like a and it can be of course in

09:21 forms and different types depending on what doing. We call complex and defined

09:27 . And then there can be you might say functions for the media

09:30 depending on what you're doing is just a general purpose. You likely have

09:35 of nutrient nutrient broth, that's kind a general purpose media to grow different

09:40 of hetero troughs typically. Um Enrichment might need to if you're looking for

09:47 particular type of organism in the You may need to grow it in

09:51 special way that favors their growth. you're looking for some kind of a

09:58 process they do and you can grow in a way to enhance that uh

10:03 and differential media. Um Those are again to kind of weed out things

10:09 don't want favor those things you want grow uh and so forth. So

10:14 , we'll expand on each of these as we go along. And of

10:18 the other thing is the the consistency the form you want liquid you want

10:24 and that too can vary because you have a consistency that's in the middle

10:29 solid, we call it and each its particular purpose. Okay. And

10:36 certainly one thing before we go so last thing is cell numbers,

10:40 rate growth curves. And so you a particular type on some sort of

10:47 formulation and then you maybe you want see well how well kind of grow

10:52 that. Okay, so that's where get into how how a there's a

10:57 profile that that microbes will do and will vary depending on what is going

11:04 in these kind of things. So explore that a little bit here.

11:07 not gonna be any kind of calculations do. You're not gonna have to

11:10 any kind of growth calculations, but may see a couple of equations,

11:16 you're not gonna have to calculate Okay, but we will go through

11:20 of that stuff. Okay, so all right, So let's look at

11:26 question 1st. So this is kind addresses the first part of I put

11:32 like in three parts. So the part here is um kind of environmental

11:37 if you will that affect growth and you'll have procreate types that can we

11:46 live on the fringes extreme conditions um we have names for that. And

11:52 these names pertain to a particular So we have three types. What

12:02 the three types try below all have common with respect to the given

12:07 So here's for that part of the . Sorry. Uh Here's the second

12:12 . Here's your option. So A E. Okay So type one,

12:16 2. Type three. So B. C. D. True

12:24 are none of them true? Mhm. You're not sure would you

12:58 best guess? So we actually have questions in a row coming up.

13:21 . Including this one. Right Positive seconds for any stragglers. Okay,

13:36 we go. 321. Okay. there's another reason putting this question up

13:48 um one of those test taking things don't be afraid to pick the answer

13:58 that says none of the above for the above. Okay. There are

14:01 people students that are adamant about not picking them because I'm trying to trick

14:05 . Okay. No right process of . You go through each one and

14:11 decide based on that. So the the answer here is none of the

14:15 . That's true. Okay So um right. All capable of growing in

14:22 presence of 02. No this one not be able to do that.

14:27 do that. Okay. People growing above 50. No this guy is

14:33 psych profile fridge. You can go the fridge but he can't grow in

14:37 temps and high salt only this one halo file. I'll roll a cph

14:47 this one instead of file. Okay again, the point here is that

14:55 have types that uh So for temperature and um um ph temperature osmolarity.

15:05 those three characteristics most if you take life, it's always gonna be this

15:12 of for all three of these It's gonna be typically this kind of

15:16 curve right where everybody falls in kind around the average values L curve.

15:23 living things are in the in that that middle range. Okay. Whether

15:27 temperature we call Meso files right And depending on what book you use

15:34 will be slightly different borders. But files 15 C. Two 39 40

15:44 . At the upper end. Music , your own profile. Okay.

15:49 The new travel file, that's the right, right in the middle,

15:53 ph seven. So about 6 to range, that's where most living things

15:57 uh temperature temperature osmolarity. Uh Normally oh I can't remember like 80.1% .9%

16:08 think salt concentrations or so in freshwater saltwater environments have freshwater terrestrial. About

16:16 . Don't need to know this value marine value in marine waters like 3%

16:20 think. But anyway, that's where life is. But you're always gonna

16:25 types. They're out here on the , right? Upper. Upper or

16:30 right. And that's where things like alcohol file above ph eight a video

16:39 below about ph six um temperature. ? Museum files. Most of most

16:46 is a music file. But you your hyper thermal files, thermal files

16:50 50 hyper thermal files above 80 C sacrifices are kind of below 15

16:58 C. So cold loving. Um so uh and uh in terms of

17:06 , so that's kind of its own thing. It's not really most.

17:11 , I can't say most life on is obligate anaerobic. Were obligate.

17:16 robes, Right? We must have . I'm not so sure that most

17:20 things, that's what they fit Okay. I and certainly not in

17:24 microbial world. But nevertheless. So so let's look at I'll touch back

17:30 this here in a second. But look at this concept here is the

17:32 I want to get to. So look at let's see how we do

17:35 this one. The growth profiles of bacterial strains with respect to temperature show

17:42 , Y and Z. Which one the widest range of thermo tolerance.

17:49 tolerance. Oops, there we go . And that's as the concept there

17:56 basically the issue of tolerance versus optimal . Okay, but don't worry about

18:03 . And answering the question. Okay me put the timer on. Okay

18:38 Okay let's see. Okay b yeah course it's it's it's it's why it

18:48 a range range right? Which can grow. Okay. And so compared

18:57 X. And Z. Very narrow um and that's that's not atypical.

19:04 . Um E coli actually has a range of ph it can tolerate okay

19:11 four to near eight. So that's that's four phds which is a

19:16 And so e coli can remain viable the whole spectrum. So it gets

19:22 this concept of tolerance versus optimal Okay so if you wanted to grow

19:28 . And you want to grow at temperature at which it functions optimally.

19:33 of course grow at this temperature Okay. For why you want to

19:37 it at this temperature that's going to it's optimal temperature for Z.

19:40 Right there. Okay. But there's there's ranges around that that can be

19:46 or it can be narrow depending on type, everyone has its own

19:50 Okay so if they're not here if grow it at this temperature for why

19:56 here in this range? Okay. not really gonna be growing, it's

20:02 to remain viable viable means is not still functioning but not really growing fast

20:07 at all. Okay now how long can remain viable at the temperature will

20:13 . Okay may not be for a time but it can be for a

20:17 of time. Okay. And these are all varies from species to

20:22 what they can do? Um Some the adaptations That allowed them to thrive

20:29 here at 50 something degrees. That's if you want to grow Z

20:34 grow it at 50°, that's optimal Right? You wouldn't want to grow

20:39 at 40. Okay. Um Similar y if you wanted to grow y

20:46 want to grow it at 35 or that is. Okay. Not at

20:52 . Okay because it's only tolerating It's not it's optimal growth.

20:56 Okay so there's tolerance versus it's not temperature. It can be ph it

21:00 be osmolarity. Right so all these conditions can there's there's particular values for

21:09 three that will allow best growth for strain. And there's other values values

21:15 above and below the above and below where it may be able to tolerate

21:20 but it's not really growing well. so tolerance versus optimum optimum. Okay

21:29 so any questions about that tolerance versus growth. Okay so um and some

21:39 don't have very little tolerance at If you don't have them at the

21:42 temperature then they fall apart basically. but some have some some range.

21:48 here so this goes kind of the I guess halo Philip bacterium would likely

21:55 living in an external environment around That is blank with respect to its

22:04 . Sailor environment. Okay, so a file. Okay. So what

22:12 the outside be versus what's going on of it? Okay. Okay 54

23:09 22 21. All right, here go. 321. Okay, so

23:19 see. Okay, so we've got bacterium. Let's wait for that

23:29 Okay. And so it's a halo . Right? So it's in a

23:33 salt environment, right? It loves in high salt environments. So it's

23:37 of salt out here. Okay. molecules, whatever type. Right?

23:44 of them compared to a few Okay. That of course is screaming

23:49 an external environment like you said. hyper tonic, right? It's hyper

23:53 here every time. So for um there's natural bodies of water that

24:01 like this great salt lake in Utah lake. Forget where it's at um

24:09 red seat very salty. Uh And can these things can live in salt

24:16 2025% salt super high. Right? they are facing, What issue are

24:24 gaining or losing water to their surroundings ? Right. Water is going to

24:31 hyper tonic side. Okay. So but they have adaptations that they've evolved

24:37 to counteract it. So they have special pumps that will keep solute concentrations

24:43 inside. So they don't lose so water. So they can pump things

24:47 salutes uh in to increase the level concentration. So they have ways to

24:54 in this environment obviously you have if you're gonna live in an environment

24:56 this, they can do that. they are that that's what they face

25:00 losing water to the surroundings. So, um, the header files

25:06 any type of extreme of file, guess. Sorry. Okay, um

25:13 , uh, let's um okay, again, just to recap. So

25:17 are kind of the three parameters. looking at 10 ph similarity uh and

25:22 see there and we've talked about the hypersonic before, um, either losing

25:28 or gaining water to surroundings depending on the tenacity of of inside the

25:37 Okay. The terms you should be with the terms, I'm not gonna

25:42 you to know the absolute temperature but if you see me as a

25:46 , you know that you're amazing right? These live at ambient

25:51 um pathogens or music files, They at 37 C, which is your

25:55 temp, right? Psych profiles. worry about the trophy wife.

26:01 But psych profiles, cold loving heat loving. So, um,

26:08 terms that should be pretty um, know, alcohol file basic right?

26:13 not hard to remember. So, , so the one thing to kind

26:20 bring all this together here a little is in terms of the tolerance versus

26:25 and the three conditions here is this . Temp ph osmolarity all effect blank

26:35 in a cell. So think very just like basic word, very

26:44 what function and they sell. So these three conditions you're trying to keep

26:48 particular thing happy in the cell, . Happy in the cell, this

26:54 , these components. You're really trying keep happy by having these conditions.

26:58 right. What would that component It's not hard. We all have

27:06 . We can keep these guys happy the cells and during the cells

27:11 Yeah, I do. Thank you buying molecules. You keep this one

27:16 by molecule happy then everybody's happy, something at me. Yes, proteins

27:25 proteins happy. Everyone's happy because proteins all the functions in the cell.

27:30 ? You keep those happy in the functioning for the most part.

27:35 um and so Autumn Temp. So too high a temp the member

27:41 proteins have structure right there folded Right? And if you put too

27:46 heat on, they kind of unfold if it's too cold, they can't

27:49 because they have flexibility and they bind typically and so cold has has the

27:55 effect. So not good. So hot. Too cold can't function

27:59 too acidic to basic remember proteins fold based on different interactions. One of

28:07 being charged. Right, negative positive . Okay, you alter ph then

28:12 affects the charge. And then again up. They can come apart.

28:16 ? Um optimal results. Saw you around proteins affect charge and interactions.

28:24 you know it's really about you know optimum conditions of 10 P.

28:27 And austin area all about you know what's what what are those values keep

28:34 proteins functioning. That's really what it's . Okay. Is that okay?

28:40 um so when you fiddle with or change go away from optimal temperature optimal

28:48 optimal osmolarity essentially messing with the protein in the cell and that's what they

28:55 not like that. So that's that's they can or they may have a

28:59 tolerance for it. So that's that's of where that how that all fits

29:02 . Okay um Alright so here we into um nutrients so nutrients what do

29:11 need to grow? I mean we're on microbes obviously but it's a surprise

29:16 anyone. Anything. Okay so here an example of phosphate is a macro

29:25 requirement for life. Okay. It found in what? Mhm. Okay

30:20 anybody. Not sure. Okay counting 21. Okay it's found in some

30:35 like your phosphor lipids will happen but all uh some carbohydrates have phosphate.

30:41 all proteins um for you but not for sure. But yes on the

30:52 gasses. Okay part of that. goodness phosphate ester bond linkage.

30:59 The sugar phosphate backbone. So Um so nutrients. Right.

31:06 H. O. N. S. uh those make up 98%

31:14 the nutrients are biomolecules. So this here let me say this again for

31:22 bacteria increasing the amount of of this you increase this nutrient A through e

31:28 do that and you typically get a bump in growth. Okay. It

31:38 exerts the most influence in terms of how many if you're growing microbes up

31:45 want to get a bunch of bunch them at the end? This is

31:47 be the one thing you fiddle with enhance that. The others have an

31:54 but this one really has the major . Oops weird. There we

32:17 Sure there's likely some pretty good hints on the screen. Okay. All

32:35 counting down 210. Okay. Yeah guy. Right. Carbon okay carbon

32:50 carbon based life. Right. We about this I think back on day

32:53 already um The that's one of the influence next. I would say that

33:01 don't need to know this. But second on the list would be after

33:04 would be what anybody have a Yeah nitrogen is number two But it's

33:10 a close number two. It's a bit of ways but but certainly

33:15 So um it takes a long time get limited for carbon before you can

33:18 limited for nitrogen. But anyway so C. H. O.

33:22 P. S. Right so these think of this chemical or this carbon

33:29 I call it. Right that can almost any bio molecule, right?

33:33 . N. A. R. . A. Um proteins.

33:37 lipids, right? If we start other atoms to it. Right?

33:40 phosphate and an end. Right? s then we can basically build you

33:47 amino acids. We can build carbohydrates etcetera etcetera. Right? So that's

33:52 why it's the um has the biggest . And so the essential nutrients.

33:59 these basically these are all essential nutrients . Right? Because you have to

34:03 them. Right. So microbes can't these things, they have to get

34:08 from the environment um In different in ways. Okay, in different forms

34:12 should say. So nitrogen typically is not for most things is through something

34:19 ammonium ion or maybe something a nitrate . So it just depends.

34:26 So the point is it's not you're providing. And as and in the

34:30 writing as ammonium sulfate or whatever. ? It's a form of these of

34:35 different elements. And so uh that cool macronutrients. So macro micro just

34:46 the amount you need them. I at this as these are typically grams

34:51 leader these are typically micrograms or less tiny amounts. Okay macronutrients are basically

34:59 you see there A B C. . E. Mike religions are things

35:04 like nickel um cobalt tungsten, these of typically metals that are that are

35:12 of enzymes that are needed in a tiny quantities. Growth factors is a

35:17 like um very common one trillion growing is blood, blood serum serum is

35:28 fraction of blood contains lots of Um Things like vitamins can be growth

35:35 . Okay. Uh oh, Okay. Um and so these typically

35:42 constituents that you have to add in for them to grow. So maybe

35:45 can't make an immediate low acid, have to add it. So that's

35:48 be a growth factor for it. we can't make us vitamins of some

35:52 and you have to add it to it grow. Blood is really has

35:56 number of different factors in it. often when you add blood, you

36:00 it because you know that enhances growth you may not necessarily know what's in

36:06 that's causing the growth spurt. Uh it may just be too much of

36:10 pain to kind of figure it out blood has a lot of stuff in

36:13 and trying to figure out which is one thing that's providing the magic growth

36:18 this. You don't really care. just know that blood will and just

36:21 it in. Okay, same with , but it's very common for pathogens

36:26 grow them with blood or on blood or and or add serum to it

36:32 well. Um Okay, so the ? Well why is because carbon is

36:43 is the central atom for many of biomolecules, carbon based life. That's

36:48 that what that means. And so you're made of molecules are made of

36:53 primarily, well you better supply yourself that stuff if you're gonna need to

36:57 more of it. Okay, so again same thing. Right. So

37:04 the the carbon is gonna be the abundant in terms of looking at cells

37:10 a percent basis, dry weight basis for the reason we just mentioned.

37:16 so the what? So DNA RNA course contains C H. O.

37:26 . P. Right, proteins contain all contain this core. Alright.

37:32 contain ch Oh okay. And then proteins of course have n lipids actually

37:41 vary somewhat. They can have some np carbs can have an addition,

37:48 have philosophy so variations. But you see that the what's common among all

37:52 them is the ch. Oh And you don't have to supply H

37:57 if you have organic compounds, the , hydrogen is always there with

38:02 Okay. And so anyway, so you know, that's what you need

38:08 supply in order to grow anything really you to grow. So um

38:16 to this point, any questions. , so now we're gonna take a

38:22 bit of a bit here to talk oxygen. So this is I call

38:27 topic your book does but it's called tolerance. Alright, so intolerance may

38:36 right phrase either because we certainly don't air, we need it.

38:43 it's it's we have to have that our optimal growth. Okay,

38:48 um but the Okay, so, thing about living in an oxygen

38:55 Okay, So, recall from right. Chapter five we just finished

39:06 uh oxygen and aerobic organism options at end. Right, turmoil. Except

39:12 So but it turns out that auction interact with other components in the

39:19 Okay. And it can think of as in chemistry, right? You

39:26 have reactions to make products, But you may have sometimes that those

39:32 will produce like unwanted side reactions. , But interacting with other components.

39:39 ? Maybe not a lot, but still does it. Right.

39:42 so your yield is not all going end product, but you have these

39:45 reactions going on that's kind of analogous what's going on here. Okay,

39:49 oxygen is a term except er in but it can also interact options completely

39:54 of a reactive molecule and interact with enzymes. And when that happens you

39:59 end up forming these what are called oxygen species. It's R.

40:05 S for short, Okay. Which basically these things. Okay. Including

40:14 peroxide. Okay, that too. are all kind of reactive molecules that

40:20 cause damage. They can interact with that can interact with nucleic acids and

40:25 cell components and damage them. that's the price you pay for living

40:31 an oxygen world. Okay. And you use oxygen or not.

40:38 So even they sell us a complete a rope. Just use auction in

40:43 metabolism at all auction can still get and interfere with, you know,

40:48 produce these what we call radicals. . And so whether you use auction

40:54 not, you are susceptible to damage this fashion. Okay. So what

41:00 you do? What do you have ? Ok. You have protection against

41:06 chemicals that are formed. Okay, your own cells have these this

41:12 Okay, so let's look at this first. Okay, so try this

41:19 . Okay, there's a way we measure. So this medium is fluid

41:27 medium is what you use to assess zero tolerance of a micro.

41:36 You want to figure out? Is it how's the hand? Can

41:41 use an auction? Can not use . And so you you make those

41:45 based on a growth pattern you see this medium? Okay. So this

41:50 asking uh which choice for which choice the zone zone 123 or four in

41:58 diagram correctly matched with the proper aero type or type of mode of how

42:06 handles oxygen. So, when we these terms of micro aero file faculty

42:10 , how we describe the different Right? There's five of them.

42:14 , so we're trying to see Which matched with the right one.

42:55 Oops, sorry, another question coming after this. Yeah. So we

43:07 this. another question then we'll kind stop for a second and recap.

43:11 going on here? Right Counting Down 8. I see. I think

43:28 that's that's correct. That's correct. if you're into one's own that means

43:35 grows throughout this medium. Okay. certainly gonna be faculty give okay uh

43:41 if you're growing in this zone up . Okay, that's definitely aerobic.

43:47 and MicroAire files are going to be some part of this three zone and

43:52 of course we're down here where there's oxygen you're an antelope. Right?

43:57 that's like most everybody selected. That's . Okay, so let's get another

44:03 then. We'll kind of tie this together here. Okay, so three

44:10 were grown abc and fluid. So , the media we just saw before

44:16 you're not that it'll prove a certain of pattern and that's how you make

44:19 determinations. Okay, so we see patterns here. Abc so which one

44:24 the least amount of S. D. Cattle a's and or peroxide

44:29 . Okay, so that's those are three important things really that this test

44:37 boils down to. Okay, Um Yeah and you get yourselves have

44:52 three enzymes and you know that when do if you had a cut and

44:59 pour hydro peroxide. You see it . That's that's catalyst that's reacting with

45:04 oxygen or the peroxide rather to produce bubbles. That is super oxide.

45:14 these three are the protective enzymes protect cells from oxygen. You got

45:21 Anything that lives in 02 is gonna to have something some level of

45:33 It's called super oxide. Disney We'll see it on next slide,

45:43 hmm. Okay, counting down Okay, so let's see. We

46:04 the C. D. Okay, B. If you answered B.

46:13 be. So um the least So B. Is an anaerobic obligate

46:24 cannot have auction to grow. In , it's toxic to it.

46:29 so down here is no is no . 2. Okay. And so

46:37 where it can grow. It's the place it can grow because it lacks

46:40 three of these enzymes. Okay. the least amount would be be in

46:45 it probably has nothing. Okay, terms of protection thus it cannot withstand

46:51 level of oxygen. Uh see um one that's in the middle. That's

46:56 micro aero file. Okay. So can handle auction but just not at

47:03 levels. Right? Not at atmospheric . Uh It's just that's because she

47:09 the enzymes but maybe is lacking one them or just has a lesser concentration

47:14 them. So it doesn't have it protection just not the full blown protection

47:19 a does a has the max protection it's able to grow because A is

47:25 in a. Is it's growing the level of oxygen. So it has

47:29 have the max max protection against And so A would have probably would

47:34 the most amount of these enzymes. second and then be third.

47:41 so looking at these types described In of their protection 1st. Okay.

47:52 and so it's all about these Okay, so these are the protective

47:55 . So here is um the three super oxide Disney taste is what takes

48:03 is the free oxygen radical or super radicals they call it. So the

48:09 enzyme here, this is S. . D. This is the shorthand

48:12 of this is S. O. . Okay. And so that will

48:16 it down into hydrogen peroxide still But then we have cattle and or

48:22 to handle that and neutralize it forming which is harmless of course.

48:27 So um so the Catalan reactions where have oxygen formed as mentioned earlier,

48:32 blood cells you put hydro peroxide a to cut and bubbles and that's what's

48:37 on here. Okay. Because your obviously have this protection and so so

48:44 all about these three enzymes. So the microbe have all three doesn't have

48:53 some are not some of the others have had them all but just at

48:56 levels that will determine its where it grow this gross pattern in this

49:00 Okay. And so if it has of them then it has auction is

49:05 to be toxic to it'll kill Okay. Um and so if you

49:10 at the patterns here. Okay. uh in terms we can first just

49:17 it down in terms of Arab and faculty. Okay. So you're Arabs

49:22 have oxygen have to have it. . There's a difference. So some

49:26 tolerate atmospheric levels. Some cannot. so that's the distinction between Alberta and

49:34 and macro arrow files. Okay. so microphones have protection but just not

49:40 same level. Okay. And They actively use 0.2 in their metabolism.

49:48 aspire to inspire aerobically. So any uh do not use oxygen.

49:57 And there's a distinction. The arrow . And Arab can live in an

50:02 world. The obligate anaerobic cannot. so that's that's the difference. So

50:09 common in that they cannot they don't oxygen. They don't re spire

50:13 But they're different in terms of. can handle living in oxygen and the

50:18 can't. Okay. And so uh if they're not aspiring aerobically then what

50:24 they? They're either fermenters, they or they expire and aerobically.

50:32 And so again, without 0.2 is . They don't they don't have the

50:36 enzymes aero teller. And I do them. Okay. And they can

50:41 in the presence of auction. So . Two types are the either or

50:46 can grow with or without it. . They're they're fine either way.

50:51 . And so of course they can oxygen if it's present whatever. So

50:57 not toxic. They have to protect enzymes. E coli is a perfect

51:01 . It it can it can grow . It can inspire aerobically. It

51:08 respond and aerobically and it can So it has three options that can

51:12 utilize. Okay. Um And so one pattern that often can be confusing

51:19 distinguishing between the faculty and a robe the arrow tolerant. Okay. So

51:26 got to say both go throughout the . Okay. But you have to

51:31 on what's the difference in growth at top. Okay. So you see

51:35 a difference there with the faculty of arab compared to the zero tolerance.

51:40 the arrow tolerant. Arab was more less kind of homogeneous growth throughout the

51:44 tube. Okay. Not really any from top to bottom. Whereas there

51:49 a difference in the faculty of the in terms of the top growth

51:53 But there's more growth at the top at the top. Because of

52:00 Because oxygen provides more energy. So because the fact that you can

52:07 oxygen, it can get the advantage that oxygen metabolism that provides more more

52:13 TPS. Right fact tolerant and robe it can't doesn't use oxygen. So

52:19 doesn't get that boost in terms of more energy. So remember more energy

52:25 A TPS equates to more growth. . And the fact that it has

52:30 advantage if it's in the high level oxygen it can get more energy marty

52:36 more growth. Okay. Compared to area tolerant and a robe that can

52:42 in this 02 world. But it take advantage of utilizing it to get

52:47 growth. Okay. Um, any about that. Okay. So in

52:54 bacterial world, in the pro carry world, the majority are really your

53:01 aero files, your aero tolerant and and your faculty of types are more

53:07 among the precarious world than our you're Arabs. There are some of those

53:13 sure. But in terms of just , there's actually more of the micro

53:17 files. Um, there are tolerant and faculty types. Okay, so

53:24 kind of shift a little bit into into putting growth components together into a

53:31 . Okay, so now we do and we can distinguish between different types

53:36 medium. Okay, so this is , what kind of growth medium is

53:40 ? Okay, so now we're putting components together in a recipe and when

53:45 do that, you can actually formulate into different types. And this is

53:50 about one particular type. Okay. need to show that premature. Let's

54:28 . I actually couldn't think of Let's take a look at that.

54:29 see it in real time. Like the things go up and down.

54:35 how it's like polling it shifts as wind blows kind of thing Went over

54:42 on to a 1 - six who's win. So it depends on does

54:47 believe yellow the b people they believe yellow blue, yellow bees. Um

54:57 bees are correct. Um So in a medium. Okay. Really?

55:08 two basic types defining complex. Um So the easiest way to remember

55:17 is if I gave you a periodic and a calculator, you could figure

55:24 all the atoms and the amounts that in a defined medium. Okay.

55:33 you know exactly, you know all chemical formulas. Right? So you

55:36 this this this right? This this right? And that yeah, you

55:44 absolutely take a period chart, atomic blah blah and figure out whatever everything

55:49 in there and how much? that's the essence of a defined

55:52 Okay now we're close. Right? not quite because we've added these two

55:58 . Right? So in a pep or beef extract, you don't you

56:03 that supplies C. H. M. P. S.

56:05 So don't forget forget these C. . O. N. P.

56:11 . So you can you know these in there. Okay. But you

56:15 know the exact amounts. Okay, that's when you do that then it

56:21 a complex medium. So even if have all these that that are the

56:26 of a defined medium. If you add a pep tone a one of

56:31 complex nutrients then that trumps everything that of words. It um uh It's

56:39 overrides everything else. So if you like a beef kept on beef

56:43 a soy protein what have you then becomes a complex meeting. But if

56:48 leave them out right if we eliminate take them out then it would be

56:52 defined medium. Okay so so what these things? Right. Uh Let

56:58 just yeah I got it the next . So let's look here. So

57:03 is um different different media types. complex media sometimes called rich media.

57:11 if you look at complex versus defined on these. Okay one versus the

57:18 complex media has a lot of things there has like amino acids. It

57:23 vitamins, it has proteins. Um that has of course the C.

57:28 . O. M. P. . But has a lot of preformed

57:31 right on defined medium. So something this is M9 for example.

57:40 That is a medium or bacteria growing we have to make everything from

57:45 You're gonna have to make their vitamins their amino acids. Um Make different

57:51 right to grow right because they just the minimal elements to do this with

57:56 to put them together. If you on a complex medium. Like this

58:01 . Okay up here. OK the Tony East extract. So these are

58:08 of trip tone. It's really just rich protein source. Think of eating

58:13 , it's like eating getting bacteria meat , right? Meat can contain you

58:18 preformed nutrients gonna continue the medial it's gonna contain vitamins and things.

58:24 those are things that doesn't have to . If you have to make something

58:29 you can grow fast, right? remember to make stuff means what do

58:32 gotta do? You gotta turn genes , you have to turn pathways on

58:36 blah blah. Right? That takes . Okay to build stuff. Takes

58:40 . Right? If you don't have do that, that's energy you can

58:43 to grow. And so if you're on a complex media is generally in

58:50 beginning much faster because they don't have can get up and start growing,

58:53 have to make a bunch of It's already there. It's like being

58:56 a buffet line. Right? Put in and go okay. And so

59:02 the essence of a rich versus or which is defined, right? But

59:08 when would you use both one or other well defined medium? If you

59:13 want to figure out what are the requirements for something then you want to

59:18 the proportions of everything and what you you have in there exactly. So

59:22 can manipulate these things. Okay um you wanted to get lots of growth

59:28 fast, generally use a complex But in reality what you do and

59:36 complex medium I mean something like like back up one, something like

59:43 I mean erase this stuff up Right? So something like this is

59:50 you use. Okay where it's a they used to call it. So

59:56 don't want to confuse you two were to say just forget. Okay but

60:00 they used to call this was um semi semi defined medium. You don't

60:06 that term in the books anymore. it basically is a combination of both

60:10 and complex but we just call it just call it complex. Right?

60:13 is a complex media but that's the of medium we use because you'd like

60:17 have sources that provide preformed materials for growth but a carbon source, this

60:24 actually a better carbon source carbon energy than this stuff is Okay, pep

60:31 and beef extract. So you can can you can just make a lot

60:35 glucose and just keep feeding it to cells and they'll keep growing. But

60:40 is the stuff you know because I to this is why did an industry

60:44 cells. And so I that's why know and stuff but um and grow

60:48 quality. So the point is though medium for fast growth, lots of

60:56 defined medium, completely defined medium more like nutrient studies, things like

61:02 Okay um and so other constituents here see so uh this one here.

61:11 so things like be so literally they these things typically from the slaughterhouse

61:18 gross as that sounds right. They'll all the scraps and scrapes up and

61:22 either boil it or they'll just do enzymes that kind of stuff and that's

61:27 they use and they take that glop that's what becomes the growth medium or

61:33 complex medium and all this all this all these things are powders, powdered

61:39 you put on take off the shelf add it together and you mix it

61:42 okay. But then also you're likely with things like yeast extract. Okay

61:48 you can add complex nutrients that are rich in certain things. So east

61:53 is rich in B vitamins and B are a lot of the respiratory Pathways

61:58 talked about last time in Chapter So uh again they provide a quick

62:07 nutrients that allow for fast growth. um fastidious. So the only thing

62:13 had to say about that if something fastidious, okay it means they have

62:20 media list that's like a mile Okay, like a laundry list of

62:25 because they're deficient in so many So you have to supply Amino acids

62:32 vitamins and this and that and the . It's really dealing with fastidious bacteria

62:37 a pain in the butt because making media is you know you have like

62:41 different bottles of stuff that you have add and weigh out and put in

62:45 they have so many nutrient requirements. typically the fastidious bacteria is right?

62:51 that grows on this Like e coli easily a nutrient that's not fastidious.

62:57 ? But if you have to add other ingredients to supply its needs then

63:02 is. Okay. Um Yeah I it fastidious bacteria is being annoying bacteria

63:09 for the person having to grow Um Okay so let's kind of see

63:16 we can apply a little bit of learn the metabolism. So this isn't

63:21 clicker question anyway so um so in auger we just talked about okay what

63:28 the carbon source in there? You got three choices. Yes. Yeah

63:37 do see A B. C. . There but it's a forget it

63:43 me what do you think is a source here? You have one in

63:49 chance actually have a two and four but there is a chance of getting

63:53 right Beef extract is one anything It was it probably is this thing

64:05 . So both of these are actually carbon source. And what's the nitrogen

64:13 ? Remember nitrogen to end? We're within being that what did you

64:21 before Pepitone and beef extract that's your source. So um same for both

64:30 so think of it kept only beef as meek right. Full of

64:35 full of all kinds of stuff. . And certainly certainly carbon. Right

64:39 they're all gonna have that carbon Right? And you got the atoms

64:42 it. Right. So they're gonna full of that stuff. Okay.

64:46 Now technically auger could be a carbon , not a nitrogen source, it

64:54 be a carbon source, but there's very many bacteria that can actually eat

64:58 that way. There's a handful. not not not common. Okay.

65:05 Okay, now, so here's another . Okay, so this is one

65:10 you're gonna have to maybe a head . Right, mold this over.

65:16 so the first one is which medium they go back to Chapter five.

65:22 ? Chemo autotrophs. Right. What would that grow on? Okay,

65:28 the way to approach this is hopefully remember what an auto trophy is.

65:34 , that's step one. Step two What is the media a media

65:41 Media see what's the carbon source. , what's the carbon source in

65:47 And B. And N. And then C. Okay,

65:52 For definition of an auto trove match with one of those three media or

66:00 combination. So it's really just zeroing looking at the media recipe. What's

66:06 carbon source? Does that match up ? It being an autotrophs.

66:14 let me open that up. over here. I'm not sure.

66:42 okay. I will give you a and say there's only one medium pipe

66:57 will fit with this guy or Okay. Only one not. It's

67:03 a combination of A. And Or B. And C. It's

67:05 one. Okay Counting down from Okay. 5432. Okay here we

67:37 . B. And C. Alright. Um So let's just start

67:44 what is the what what what kind carbon source with the chemo autotrophs grow

67:53 ? That's really disheartening. What kind source would the autotrophs grow on?

68:02 medium C. Carbon source. What's carbon source in C. C.

68:12 . Autotrophs? U. C. . That's the only one carbon glucose

68:19 . New glucose. And what did tell you? I think at the

68:23 of semester the autotrophs autotrophs thing is that messes with people and I didn't

68:29 say that because if you didn't automatically so too. And I said what's

68:32 autotrophs too? That's why I said disheartened because at this point it's got

68:38 be automatic. You don't even have hesitate too. Just like that.

68:44 so when you go back you got know these people just got just like

68:50 that D. N. A. the model for inheritance. It's just

68:57 do what you gotta do repeat to autotrophs. Sio two sio two.

69:03 . Hetero trophy more complex forms of . Okay so what does the chemo

69:10 grow on? Does it grow on C. A. And be goodness

69:20 . And B. Carbon Carbon complex of carbon not c. 0.

69:31 repeat rinse lather repeat eight million times now. and next week. Next

69:38 , whenever the test is. So , these are about, do you

69:43 what this means? And then does match up with the carbon source of

69:49 media? Okay, That's it, for this. We'll finish up six

69:56

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