VideoPoints

• ••• • •• • ••••• • •
BIOL 2302 Human Anatomy & Physiology II - 2302_lecture19_0411
Help Tour
© Distribution of this video is restricted by its owner
Transcript ×
Auto highlight
Font-size
00:03 All right. I think we can ahead and get started. We got
00:05 lot of stuff to do. I reviewing over the weekend where we're going
00:12 the good news is like, the lecture is like small, but it's
00:15 I know that all the lectures before are big. So, um,
00:19 , what we're gonna do is we're continue on with, uh, the
00:22 system. Uh, and what we're do is we're gonna finish up what
00:25 talked about on Thursday. I can't what day it is. Um,
00:30 then what we're going to do is just going to run through some of
00:33 major hormones that you guys should probably . And when I say no,
00:38 , we're going to probably talk more the actual effort of learning this stuff
00:42 , it's just by its very All you've got to do literally is
00:46 make a chart, put the name the hormone, where is it
00:49 What does it do? How is regulated that sort of thing? And
00:52 probably have like a list of like hormones. And if you know that
00:56 pretty much good to go. And is what I was saying on
01:00 I said, you know, I've students who take the endocrine class and
01:03 just like, you know, the who've taken a MP or human just
01:07 of scare skate through it because it's they already know there's these generic
01:12 uh, to learn, which we've talked about, we're going to see
01:15 little bit more today that there are you're regulating through a signal transduction cascade
01:21 you're regulating as a transcription factor. so once you know what type of
01:25 you're dealing with, you pretty much all the stages that you have to
01:31 with. And so when we were on, on Thursday, one of
01:35 last things we were talking about, were talking about these signaling cascades and
01:39 showed you like that horrible map, ? And it was like, here's
01:42 example of all these different things and all these arrows pointing at all these
01:46 dots and you probably turn your brain by them because when I was already
01:49 minutes over and, and two, , there's just a lot of stuff
01:53 . But what I want to point here is part of the reason we
01:57 signaling cascades is for an effect like , it's what's called a cascade,
02:02 ? And so what this picture is to demonstrate to you is like,
02:04 right, look, if I activate receptor, you'll activate, um for
02:10 , many, many G proteins. when you take one of those G
02:14 , it will activate one identity No, it actually, it actually
02:19 and activates multiple ident or Aden And each of those iden A cycles
02:25 responsible for converting a molecule of ATP one cyclic amp P. But it
02:31 just do it once, it does hundreds of times. And so if
02:35 can imagine, I have hundreds of molecules, I basically keep growing the
02:42 downstream. And that's what it's trying demonstrate with this picture, which is
02:46 the best picture in the world, it kind of shows you how the
02:51 can take one little thing and it create this massive effect downstream because of
02:58 the different parts that are amplifying the along the way. The second thing
03:05 it does is that we looked at picture, we said, all
03:09 in this picture, you don't have remember anything but you see all the
03:13 going everywhere. And because they kind use the same systems, you may
03:19 an activation of a receptor that goes a G protein that produces that ay
03:25 that then activates an effector downstream like kine AA. And then protein kinase
03:31 has hundreds of different things that it do downstream. So you're not just
03:37 , oh, well, I got one hormone and then I'm activating this
03:40 pathway. I'm activating with one hundreds of different pathways. And so
03:47 things are getting turned on and some are getting turned off. And so
03:51 is why you get a massive And when we talk about,
03:54 we're not sure what things do in body. It's because of this right
03:58 is downstream. There are so many things. We don't know which things
04:02 being turned on and off. And of the job of biologists today is
04:06 to figure out what all these little are downstream, the things that we've
04:10 so far, the big ones, easy ones to find. It's like
04:14 into the desert and going. look, um, there's cactus,
04:18 know, but there's tons and tons life in the desert. You just
04:22 to, it's gonna be harder to , right? I was gonna try
04:25 go over for elephants and, but couldn't remember Savannah. So sorry.
04:30 right. So if this is the is that every time I take a
04:35 it binds, I mean, we're about a signaling cascade, not the
04:38 that's binding to the transcription factor, ? Not the nuclear receptor. But
04:44 you can imagine if I have this where a hormone binds to a receptor
04:50 activates through these cascades, I need turn off everything in order to kill
04:57 response. Right. So, right , if you want to turn off
05:01 light in the room what do you to do? You have to go
05:02 just hit the switch and it kills . But because each step amplifies the
05:08 and each step is turning something on off. But that means I've got
05:14 reverse whatever it is I did at step of the way. So part
05:18 the reason these processes last for a long period of time is because of
05:23 multiple steps. So if you think the very simple model, right,
05:29 binds a receptor receptor activates through a protein, G protein activates some sort
05:33 enzyme which creates a second messenger, then activates some sort of effector,
05:41 the hormone from the receptor. That be the first step of step of
05:45 , right? If I bound then that's the first thing, but
05:50 still have the G protein, the , the second messenger and the
05:55 So each one of those has to reversed. So the G protein when
06:01 gets turned on is activating that whatever it happens to be. And
06:06 likely for it as an example, proteins are enzymes themselves. And so
06:13 self terminate, right. So what do is they take that G T
06:19 and they release the energy and when release the energy that turns them
06:22 and so they have to have a T P or something to turn them
06:26 in order from the work again. they're self terminating. But ADL cycles
06:32 activated for a while. So once eliminated the signal and G proteins aren't
06:37 , then it gets turned off. ADL cycles is active for a
06:41 So it's pumping out tons and tons cyclic A and P. And if
06:45 doing that, you have to wait a no cyclo to turn off.
06:48 then when you have cyclic K it's binding up to protein K A
06:52 as an example. OK. I have to terminate the amount of
06:57 K MP. I'm being made. each step of the way I'm turning
06:59 off and then because protein kine A a K A, what it's
07:03 it's activating molecules downstream, it's adding to them. So you need to
07:08 something that comes along and takes away energy. So for every kine ace
07:12 have, you have a phosphatase as example. Now I'm describing a whole
07:17 of different things and you're sitting there well, what do I have to
07:19 about all this? The thing is that for every pathway that has
07:24 steps, I have to turn off each step. Does that make
07:32 Does that make sense? Teaching my how to drive a car yesterday?
07:38 know, it's always fun trying to someone how to drive a car,
07:41 ? So the other day we drove to the driveway and he stopped the
07:44 , turned off. Key and started to take off the key out and
07:47 couldn't figure out why I'm just sitting going. Why do you think he
07:50 ? What, what do you think missed? What do you think you
07:52 to do? What was the step you left out? And he kind
07:57 thought about it for a while and down and, oh, I forgot
07:59 put it in park. Right. a step in order to leave the
08:05 , you have to do that And this is sort of the same
08:09 . You have to turn off everything turned on last little bit has to
08:16 with how fast these pathways are, ? When you're dealing with signaling
08:21 everything is already there. So if want to activate something, right?
08:26 if, if we have a receptor there and we have an effect over
08:30 , getting that signal down to that is, is not hard because everything
08:34 already there. That's already, everything's built, right? So, like
08:39 you're passing a note, you guys passing notes? Did you guys ever
08:42 to do that or did you just on your phones and just see,
08:45 we had to pass notes, which like its own little gauntlet,
08:50 And so if you're passing a everybody is already in place to kind
08:54 pass that down. And that's really a signaling cascade is. It's,
08:57 an amplifying a signal by passing a from one molecule to the next.
09:02 so what that means is is that signal can go very, very quickly
09:06 a bunch of dominoes falling. So we're talking about response times here,
09:10 , very fast seconds to minutes. right. So when you think signaling
09:16 , hydrophilic water loving the ones that those pathways are going to have
09:21 very fast responses. The converse is for lipophilic. Remember, lipophilic,
09:26 are the ones that are binding to receptors. So they have to find
09:31 way into the cell, they bind the receptor, that receptor has to
09:35 to the nucleus. And then what doing is you're making molecules all
09:40 And so it's going to take a for you to make the molecules that
09:44 now going to be doing the new that you've created through that signal.
09:49 these take anywhere between hours and But because with a hydrophilic, you
09:55 everything already in place, you can it off pretty quickly as well.
10:00 if you're dealing with lipophilic and you're everything, those things are going to
10:04 around for a long time. So signal doesn't go away for a long
10:09 , right? So, hydrophilic signaling fast and quick, lipophilic signaling,
10:16 but enduring. All right. the other thing I have here is
10:24 a little note at the very bottom to remind myself and to remind you
10:27 look, it doesn't matter if you're through finally died, it doesn't matter
10:32 you're going through a second messenger system if you're doing a, a nuclear
10:36 and making what is called DeNovo protein . When you see DeNovo of
10:41 right? D E is, is novo means new, so new protein
10:47 , that's what you're doing with the riffs or the nuclear receptors. Uh
10:52 you do that, when you get , that, that kind of
10:56 even after you've decoupled, because there multiple steps downstream, regardless of which
11:02 you're doing, it's going to take while before the process is finished.
11:09 right, so far, does that sense? That's what we're trying to
11:12 up with at the end of of the day? Um Last
11:19 you ready for the easy stuff that like the hard stuff you're sitting there
11:24 . I don't know, man, is, there we go. All
11:30 , where we all start is we're start in the hypothalamus. And what
11:35 gonna do is we're going to describe is called the hypo hypothalamic,
11:38 hypothalamic hypo hypothesis axis. All And really what we're saying is the
11:44 and the anterior pituitary is really kind where we're going to go. The
11:48 is like the big boy, this the structure in the brain that is
11:54 for producing a whole bunch of different . And in fact, if you
11:56 at the hypothalamus, it has, see pictures like this with all these
12:00 jelly beans in them, the jelly represent nuclei and these nuclei have different
12:06 . Some of them measure temperature and deal with other issues, but some
12:10 them are responsible for producing hormones. so I have here, like here
12:14 the posterior pituitary, it's regulated through paraventricular nucleus and the super optic
12:22 And I throw those two names out partially to remind you that we have
12:27 of things that are named for where are. So like here, super
12:32 , what does super mean above It's gonna be the optic nerve.
12:38 it's above the optic nerve. It's rocket science. You see these big
12:42 don't freak out, just kind of a step and say, oh,
12:45 telling me where it's located, That's all it's doing. All
12:49 So we have these different nucleons. the anterior pituitary, it's gonna get
12:54 from the arcuate nucleus and it's going get it from the preoptic nucleus
12:58 just a position within the hypothalamus. , what they do these hormones do
13:04 the hypothalamus is one of two If you're a hormone that is going
13:09 be affecting the anterior pituitary, what hypothalamus is doing that's producing these hormones
13:15 those two nuclei and it's releasing them the blood and it's traveling in this
13:20 portal system and then going to the pituitary to regulate what the anterior pituitary
13:26 doing. If you are a hormone is going to be part of the
13:32 portion, you come from those two nuclei. And then what you're gonna
13:36 is you travel down neurons down into post air pituitary where you're stored and
13:42 released when the sign, the proper comes along. So we have two
13:48 parts of the pituitary gland. We a part of the pituitary gland that
13:52 glandular in nature. That would be anterior pituitary. And then we have
13:57 part of the pituitary that is neural nature. In other words, you
14:02 think of it like it's part of hypothalamus that has oozed out and dripped
14:06 and formed the back side of the gland. All right. So this
14:12 glandular and you can see they're trying show you, oh, look,
14:15 still just an extension. This is neural tissue, all right. But
14:19 hang down together. And so that's it's, it's, it's recognized as
14:23 own thing, right? This little right here is called the indium.
14:29 means stock. So if you turn brain upside down and look at
14:33 it looks like a mushroom, So it's like the stock of the
14:37 and then the head of the Now the hypothalamus has no blood brain
14:41 . And the reason it has no brain barer is it needs to get
14:44 from the blood, it samples the to understand what the environment of the
14:49 is so that it can respond by the proper hormones. So, what
14:56 gonna use is a term for these , we're gonna call them regulating
15:02 Now, we're going to see a term a little bit later, it's
15:04 trophic trophic means something that regulates. so these are trophic hormones. But
15:11 I call them trophic hormones and then talking about these other trophic hormones,
15:15 brain is gonna kind of explode. so the general consensus this has been
15:19 we're just going to refer to the that come from the hypothalamus as regulating
15:24 . And surprisingly enough, the molecules we're talking about here, the signaling
15:29 , they all have similar names. right, there's something, something releasing
15:35 . So it even tells you that are a regulator. And then there
15:40 a couple of them that are called hormones. They're, they're, they're
15:43 fewer in number. But so generally , when we're talking about this,
15:47 producing hormones in the hypothalamus that are for regulating other hormones. Now,
15:56 is primarily through the hypothalamic hypothesis We're going to talk about in just
15:59 moment. The other types of hormones we're going to see are the ones
16:04 are going to be moved through the through those neurons and they are gonna
16:10 , be stored and released by the ear pituitary, they're hypothalamic, but
16:14 just refer to them as the post pituitary hormones because of where they're being
16:20 . All right. Now, most the hormones we're gonna look at.
16:26 this is kind of the, one those big star things. If I
16:28 this fact, then I know a bunch of other things. Most of
16:33 hormones we're gonna look at are basically only by releasing hormones. Two of
16:40 hormones. The exception to the the thing that screws everything up,
16:45 of the hormones have a releasing hormone an inhibiting hormone. So the way
16:50 you can think about those is that regulated by a gas and a break
16:54 coming from the hypothalamus. The other , the normal ones, the ones
16:59 have been characterized first are the ones you just have a gas pedal and
17:02 you got to do is press on gas. You make more hormone,
17:05 your foot off the gas, you less hormone. Ok. So that's
17:10 easy way to kind of think about things. So, below the hypothalamus
17:15 that pituitary gland, right? It's the hypothesis. Hence the term hypothalamic
17:21 hypothesis axis. All right. It's has that little tiny Infan, that
17:27 stock and typically what we say there's lobes. But if you go and
17:31 your textbook, it talks about three . I'd never heard about the three
17:35 before reading your textbook. So I'm kind of going along. All
17:38 And so what we have is we that anterior in the post here.
17:40 we've already talked about the glandular versus . But I want to just again
17:47 that the glandular portion, the anterior is connected to the hypothalamus, not
17:53 nervous tissue, but through a blood . That there is a small capillary
17:59 , a portal system that the hypothalamus releasing its hormones into that travel this
18:05 , very short distance through this vascular to get to the anterior pituitary.
18:13 when we talk about the posterior it is neural because it's literally the
18:18 from the hypothalamus going right down and and terminating in the posterior pituitary.
18:27 , what we're gonna do is we're talk about the posterior first because it's
18:30 two hormones. We can get them of the way and we don't have
18:32 worry about them anymore. All So remember they're made in the
18:37 All right. So we have our up here in the paraventricular and the
18:42 , you can see the little yellow representing the neurons and what these neurons
18:48 up there in their cell bodies is make two different hormones. Now,
18:53 neuron makes one hormone. So for , if you're looking at a
18:58 you dig it out and you pull out and you say, what is
18:59 making? It makes just one of hormones, but they're not assigned to
19:05 place or the other. So for , a hormone or a neuron in
19:09 paraventricular isn't just going to make, , for example, vas suppressant,
19:14 might have neurons that make vasopressin, might have neurons that make Oxytocin.
19:18 the single neuron itself only makes one . Ok. So it doesn't matter
19:24 you are, you're just, you're making the one thing, but they
19:28 and they produce one of these two . In fact, humans are unique
19:32 that we do make these two The difference between vasopressin and Oxytocin is
19:36 single amino acid change. When you on up into the upper levels,
19:43 might see a different word for It might be a V P which
19:48 arginine vasopressin. And what that arginine means is that it's Oxytocin where that
19:56 substitution took place and they put an there, all other organisms basically have
20:01 type and that hormone, that one does the job of both of
20:07 So we're kind of interesting, we're the only species. There are a
20:11 of others that do that right from those two nuclei in the
20:17 the neurons are gonna travel down through infant bum and they're going to terminate
20:22 the post here, pituitary. So making that hormone, the hormone is
20:26 through vesicles and then stored in vesicles the terminal ends of those neurons in
20:30 posterior pituitary. And when that hypothalamus signaled. So remember the cell body
20:35 up in the hypothalamus and it's signaled time to release this particular hormone.
20:40 that hormone is released from the posterior where that terminal end of that neuron
20:45 located right now. What do these do? This is what I
20:50 Remember where is it made? What it do? What is it gonna
20:54 on Oxytocin is the fun hormone? right, it is the love
21:01 All right across all species. It the same thing with what we're concerned
21:07 . It is responsible for smooth muscle in very specific locations. So,
21:15 regard to lactation, it's responsible for myocyte in the in the breast tissue
21:20 cause contraction so that you can release in the process of lactation. With
21:26 to labor and delivery. It's responsible uterine contractions to cause the uterus to
21:33 , to expel the baby at the of birth. It also plays a
21:40 in sexual intercourse. Now, I up here for the most part,
21:45 just talking about uh the process of helping to propel or pull sperm up
21:53 , through the uterus and out through o ducts. When we get to
21:56 um the reproductive systems, this will a little bit more sense. And
22:00 I'm trying to suggest here, if not hearing this is ladies, you're
22:04 passive players in reproduction. All it's not just mince deposit sperm and
22:13 we go on our merry way, bodies are actively trying to bring the
22:18 to where the egg is located. Oxytocin plays that role. Interestingly,
22:24 , Oxytocin also plays a role in and bonding is really the thing.
22:30 when you give birth, Oxytocin is massive amount of Oxytocin is being
22:34 And so it's that hormone that causes mother to bond with a child at
22:42 . And also because it plays a in sexual activity and smooth muscle contraction
22:48 , it's what causes bonding with a and a man after copulation.
22:54 the effect of Oxytocin in men is . It doesn't create that same sort
22:58 bond. What it does is after , it causes men to fall
23:04 which actually works out, right? guys are like, I'm out of
23:08 , you know, that's kind of guy thing and what it does is
23:13 . And so now you get that effect and that's where we kind of
23:18 as a way to couple couples. right. So that's Oxytocin in a
23:25 . Smooth muscle contraction is the, the key thing in some very specific
23:29 . So it's not all smooth muscle . It's specifically vas suppressant. We've
23:34 learned about it, anti diuretic It plays an important role in reabsorption
23:39 water so that we can maintain salt balance and blood pressure. All
23:45 . So those are the two hormones there's this is just trying to show
23:49 the differences between the two and there's arginine right there. Not that you
23:57 care about the biochemistry, but all , those two easy Oxytocin kind of
24:03 . Now you're like, hm, hormones are kind of interesting.
24:07 maybe not at all. Yeah. . Anterior pituitary is where all the
24:14 stuff is. All right. So I said, poster pituitary, we
24:16 got these two hormones, anterior we have a whole bunch of different
24:21 of cells. These cells are named what they produce. And so when
24:24 see these names, I'm not sitting asking you to memorize these things,
24:27 if you ever come across them, should be able to look at that
24:30 and go. OK. I know it does because it's basically named for
24:33 it's producing, right? Just using as an example, a lacto trope
24:39 prolactin. See, it's in the . All right. And so we
24:44 thys um we have uh tropes, , yada, yada, all sorts
24:50 fun stuff. So when we're dealing the anterior pituitary regulation comes from two
24:56 . All right. And we're this is one of those things that
24:59 take with you and like this is thing I see in your brain or
25:02 sear in your brain and you hold there. So if I'm dealing with
25:05 anterior pituitary, I'm being regulated from hypothalamus downward. But I'm also going
25:12 be regulated by the thing that I'm . In other words, this is
25:17 we're going to see the negative feedback that we described on Thursday.
25:25 the hormones produced by the anterior pituitary uh like one exception are what are
25:31 to as the trophic hormones. the hypothalamus is, what type of
25:35 , what do we call them reg ? All right. So we're calling
25:45 the hormones in the anterior pituitary trophic nature, right? You might see
25:50 word sometimes tropic T R O P , that's not tropic, but it
25:55 the same thing. So, hypothalamus regulatory, anterior pituitary is trophic.
26:01 words mean the same thing. They something else. All right. So
26:06 end result of stimulation of the anterior is not to stimulate the anterior
26:11 it's to regulate some other hormone downstream . And so the hormones that it's
26:18 are regulating other hormones. So, trophic hormones that are being produced are
26:23 here. We have follicle stimulating hormone luis hormone. We'll get to learn
26:27 that. Plenty in the next 34 , right? They are the hormones
26:32 the gonads. They're the gonadotropins are they are referred to collectively. And
26:36 even tells you in the name Gonad gona deals with gonads and then it
26:42 the other half of the word is . So, regulating the gonads.
26:47 it's regulating the hormones of the F S a follicle stimulating and Luton
26:52 . We have thyroid stimulating hormone. what these have in their names.
26:56 stimulating thyroid stimulating. All right. regulates the thyroid. See, not
27:04 . And then here's the, the hard one. Adrenocorticotropic hormone might as
27:09 just go ahead and stick with the soup. AC T H notice that
27:13 of them have their own abbreviations. see both of them on the
27:16 I'm not gonna leave this, uh your guessing. So I'm gonna leave
27:20 a little bit of space to store information here. But AC T H
27:24 corticotropic hormone. What is it regulating adrenal cortex? The tropic tells you
27:30 it's regulating. All right, it's to regulate the production of cortisol and
27:33 other corticosteroids. And then we have hormone. This one is the most
27:38 hormone because its name. Oh, , it does, it tells you
27:41 what it does. Growth now It's not just growth. And when
27:47 think of growth hormone, you're well, maybe it's causing,
27:49 it actually activates another hormone downstream that your metabolism, which results in
27:57 All right. The other name that goes by is somatotropin. Soma body
28:02 regulating body is what we've got All right. So the hormones,
28:10 are not the trophic hormones, there's of them. Um, prolactin is
28:14 big one. It even tells you name pro is four, right in
28:21 of and then lact lactation and then I N at the end just means
28:27 . So it favors the production of . All right. So you need
28:34 to actually be able to lactate. need Oxytocin to eject the lactate that
28:40 producing. The lactation that you're Both hormones are going to be
28:45 Now, this one, I don't why I put it on this
28:48 but it's a melanocyte stimulating hormone maybe it's not actually regulating another hormone
28:54 It probably turns out that it's going regulate some hormone downstream someday. But
28:57 we're saying is that MS H melanocyte hormone is responsible for stimulating melanocytes to
29:05 melanin where your melanocytes located, skin hair and all sorts of different
29:12 All right. So these are two that are not downstream. Don't,
29:18 don't have hormones that they're downstream regulating as far as we know right
29:24 And so when you think about these , not these two, but when
29:27 think about the anterior pituitary, you're thinking about those trophic hormones and those
29:34 hormones we said are downstream of the and they're upstream of some sort of
29:39 hormone that they're regulating. And so have this unique regulatory mechanism that looks
29:45 scary when you put it like but it's actually pretty simple. All
29:50 . So at the top, if look at this right over here,
29:53 where your hypothalamus is and it's releasing regulatory hormone, that regulatory hormone gets
30:00 into the bloodstream into that little tiny system, which is like this long
30:04 it goes to the anterior pituitary that the anterior pituitary to produce its trophic
30:11 . And the trophic hormone is released into the blood and travels through the
30:14 and goes to wherever it needs to and it stimulates that tissue to release
30:19 hormone. So here's the anterior there's the hormone it's releasing, it's
30:23 through the blood, it causes the of that third hormone, the downstream
30:29 . And then when we're talking about feedback loop, it's this hormone down
30:35 , plus the anterior pituitary hormone that a role in regulating the hormones above
30:41 . So the hormone down here is both the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus
30:47 a negative feedback loop. So, I up regulate the hypothalamic activity,
30:52 causes up regulation of the anterior which causes up regulation of whatever that
30:56 is and the production of that And now that I've made this
31:00 it feeds back to the middle and , stop making this hormone because we
31:04 enough of the hormone over here. then it also goes all the way
31:07 to the hypothalamus and says, stop this hormone because we have enough.
31:11 so you turn this down, which this down, which turns that
31:15 And then when you run out of hormone or you don't have enough of
31:19 , then it causes this one to up. Do you see the negative
31:23 loop? You? OK. At least it's not hot. All
31:32 . Now, having said that all got to do is we just need
31:36 think in terms of the hormones that being produced in the hypothalamus, the
31:41 that are being produced in the anterior and then the hormone downstream. And
31:46 over here is an example of So up here, we have the
31:50 corticotropic releasing hormone acts on the anterior to cause the production of AC T
31:56 . When AC T H is it causes the production of cortisol.
32:00 kills the production of AC T H feeds back on the hypothalamus to down
32:05 C R C R H corticotropic releasing . You can do the same thing
32:12 any of those anterior pituitary um trophic . So you learn it once right
32:23 , you've learned it six times. just have to substitute the different molecule
32:30 place. So, are we do , I kind of instilled that in
32:36 already? Now, you don't know names of all these hormones yet,
32:39 ? Have we talked about them other me just popping up a list?
32:44 . So, so we haven't learned yet. But do you think we're
32:47 to? Yeah, because that's just . Right. And that's,
32:52 it's, that's what we're gonna do the next couple days today. And
32:55 when we talk about the male and reproductive system, we're gonna deal with
32:59 stimulating hormone hormone. All right. , if you understand this concept,
33:05 understand the generic mechanism by which hormones regulated. All right. Hypothalamic,
33:15 pituitary downstream, target negative feedback loops the way up it. What is
33:21 a short loop and a long negative feedback. And there's also things
33:26 are called very short, but we're learning those. So, where is
33:32 endocrine system? Well, we don't have an endocrine system. What these
33:38 , are tissues that either play a in releasing a hormone solely or they
33:44 another job that they release the hormone something else. That's something we've already
33:50 . So, basically, any organ releases a signaling molecule is part of
33:54 endocrine system. And that's what this just trying to show is like,
33:58 , these are structures that stand out being endocrine in nature, but there's
34:04 thing like, oh, well, look at the ST let's look at
34:07 digestive system or the renal system that not how this works. So,
34:13 you just need to understand is where this being produced and where is it
34:18 ? And the first thing we need talk about is the easy one you
34:22 do. The easy one. let's do growth hormone. All
34:28 So growth hormone is made in the pituitary. All right. It's regulated
34:34 the hypothalamus. It has the weird . Right? It doesn't use that
34:39 axis. It, it, if parts of it that are like
34:42 But remember up at the top, said the growth hormone is one of
34:45 weird ones. It has growth or hormone releasing hormone. G hr
34:50 it's a really long name and then has a break. G H I
34:54 and they basically fight each other to at the level of the hypothalamus,
34:59 being produced. And the purpose of hormone is to regulate your metabolism and
35:05 result that results in cell proliferation. um excuse me, my voice is
35:13 to go here. Um Basically, a self proliferation and cell growth
35:18 So it's hyperplasia as well as Hypertrophy is getting bigger. Hyperplasia is
35:28 . So, regulation we have releasing , we have inhibiting hormone growth hormone
35:35 , actually has its own mechanism of . And then downstream, what we're
35:40 do is we're gonna act on the and specifically on hepatocytes. And we're
35:46 tell the hepatocytes to release another So not the growth hormone isn't telling
35:50 cells what to do. It's the hormone that is telling your cells what
35:55 do. And these hormones that it to be released are called the
36:02 They have a shorter name or an name called the insulin like growth
36:08 IGF one and there's I G F and it's these hormones that then act
36:12 all different types of cells and tell how to behave in response to uh
36:18 environment. All right. And generally , what we're gonna do is we're
36:23 promote protein synthesis. We're gonna promote and we're gonna promote cell differentiation.
36:32 , if I have one cell and give it I G F and all
36:34 nutrients are there, you're gonna get of cells. So that's part of
36:39 growth happens. Second thing that it's do is it's gonna promote the breakdown
36:45 glycogen. I'm gonna ask those guys remember what is glycogen in a,
36:51 a nutshell glucose stored. So I'm glucose. So I'm making fuel
36:59 If I'm making fuel available, I'm metabolic activity. So I'm promoting
37:05 I'm promoting gluconeogenesis. Glucose is that half neo New genesis is to make
37:14 . So making new glucose and I'm promoting lipolysis. Lipolysis is the breakdown
37:21 fats. All right. Now, guys are a lot closer to puberty
37:26 I wa I am. All puberty happened what, seven years
37:31 nine years ago, something like that some of y'all. I know you're
37:34 there going. Really? That, Yeah. All right. Do you
37:39 that, that prepubertal period when you kind of dumpier that you kind of
37:45 through this phase of like gaining a of fat. It's kind of like
37:49 cocooning now. Maybe not all of did this. But if you look
37:52 like prepubescent kids, kids that are about to hit puberty, what they
37:57 is they kind of plump up and what they do is then they,
38:02 best friend growing up was a All right, literally round. All
38:11 . And I don't know what he . It was, it was a
38:14 . And he went off to summer and he came back and I met
38:18 at the pool, you know, at a public pool and he
38:22 hey, Doctor Wayne, because that my name back then. Hey,
38:26 you doing? I looked up at . I was like, who are
38:29 ? Because he went through puberty, ? And so what the blueberry
38:35 came back thinner and muscular. It the strangest thing I'd ever seen in
38:40 life. But it's just an example that. That's what growth hormone
38:44 It mobilizes the fuel so it can the body into the adult state.
38:52 right, the things that it inhibits and lipogenesis. I'm gonna remind you
39:01 , do you remember, do you you could eat whatever you wanted whenever
39:04 wanted during puberty. Always hungry. where, that's where my eldest two
39:09 right now and my youngest two are to get like that. It's just
39:16 constant consumption of food and they don't on a pound. I look at
39:22 and I put on weight now there a lot of different things that affect
39:28 hormone. All right. Your as you get older, you produce
39:32 of it where it, it gets at very specific times of day.
39:37 while you are sleeping is when growth , uh, is up regulated.
39:42 I don't know if you recognize Did you notice those people that
39:45 or maybe it was for you, like, wake up and you're
39:48 these clothes don't fit. It's like day it fits the next day it
39:51 , it's like you shot up an or two. There's some guys,
39:55 mean, especially on the basketball right? They're the weird ones where
40:00 like they grow like three inches a , you know, I mean,
40:04 over a year, it's just insane fast they grow. All right.
40:10 What they do is uh other So if you have lots of amino
40:14 in circulation while you have growth that's gonna also promote growth hormone,
40:19 if you have less circulated glucose, gonna promote um growth hormone secretion.
40:26 then of course, stress itself also growth hormone. Now there's a point
40:32 too much stress actually inhibits it. I want you to put this in
40:36 , why would I want to secrete hormone while stress is going on
40:42 metabolic activity. In order for you overcome the stress, you need to
40:47 all your cells in high gear. part of the thing you can think
40:51 is why would it, why would be? All right, and most
40:55 the stuff is pretty intuitive. So in terms of, oh, when
40:59 am stressing, I need my cells be functioning. So growth hormone is
41:03 to be up regulated, so I deal with whatever that stressful activity
41:09 Next. Metabolic hormone is thyroid All right, thyroid hormone is produced
41:16 the thyroid gland. And if you've seen the thyroid, this is what
41:19 is. So you can see right , it kind of has this butterfly
41:23 and I don't know why, I I've told you this. Why do
41:25 call it a butterfly shape? I , it sits literally right here.
41:29 if it's sitting right here, why , why don't you just call it
41:31 bow tie? All right. It be one of those really gangly old
41:36 bowties, you know, like the ones, but that's what it looks
41:42 . And that's where it sits. you do a cut through it,
41:46 going to see that. Basically it's bunch of follicles. A follicle is
41:50 a ball in terms of its So you have on the outside of
41:54 ball, that is what are called follicular cells uh interspersed in between the
42:00 cells here and there. And even top of the follicles are, are
42:04 types of cells called per follicular So near the follicular cells is what
42:08 called or near the follicles. These called C cells in other cases.
42:12 what they do is they produce which plays a role in calcium
42:16 which we'll get to in just a , we're interested in the follicular cells
42:20 they produce the thyroid hormone and they so, not directly but indirectly.
42:25 inside the follicle you have this this goo is called colloid. That
42:30 is where the thyroid hormone is being . So your little thyroid is a
42:35 of little tiny bubbles filled with goo the thyroid hormone is. Now,
42:41 talk a lot about how to make hormone. If you look in any
42:45 MP textbook, it's like they, the only hormone they explain on how
42:49 being made. The only reason I they do this is because the first
42:54 discovered about how it was made. so it got into a textbook
42:58 oh, this is how hormone is . And then all these other different
43:01 were discovered and no one bothered taking out of textbooks. All right.
43:05 we're not going to walk through all steps. All right. But what
43:08 want you to understand is that what doing is you're taking an amino acid
43:14 and you're exporting it out of the , those little follicular cells and into
43:19 colloid. There's a protein in there binds up the tyrosine and then what
43:23 do is you take a bunch of and then you add the iodine to
43:27 tyros and then that's how you're gonna thyroid hormone. So, right down
43:35 on the bottom, this is an of thyroid hormone, there's actually two
43:40 , there's what is called T three there's T four and just refers to
43:44 number of iodines they have. So three has how many iodines? Three
43:48 how many does T four have? ? Right? And you can
43:51 there is 1234, right? So these two things are thyroid hormone.
43:56 so if you kind of wanted to through this, you can kind of
43:59 all the different stages it goes I, I used to have fun
44:03 you guys. It was like you take a mit and a dit and
44:05 get, but you can't take a and a mit, you know,
44:08 you're like, what? Don't worry it. I just wanted to say
44:12 words out loud because it's fun. kind of like a doctor Seuss.
44:16 ultimately, what you're doing is you're this thyroid hormone and it's stored up
44:21 this. And then when it's time release, when a signal comes along
44:25 the hypothalamus and it acts on this cell, it says we need you
44:29 harvest thyroid hormone and release it. so what it does is those or
44:33 follicular cells take a bunch of that and they release out the T three
44:38 the T four out of the bloodstream then it goes off and it is
44:42 for binding to cells that have thyroid . Now, thyroid receptor is inside
44:50 , right? Growth hormone acted on receptor on the surface because it is
44:54 protein. And so it's, it's thyroid hormone is one of those weird
45:01 where it is, acts like a , it goes into the cells and
45:05 binds to a nuclear receptor, but regulated just like all the other
45:11 Right. So we have a hypothalamic that sits up on top. It's
45:17 hormone release. No, it's it's T R H. So it's
45:22 releasing hormone is, is its So again, lung and then what
45:27 doing is acting on the anti pituitary cause the release of thyroid stimulating
45:33 Thyroid stimulating hormone acts on the follicular to tell it to gather up and
45:38 the thyroid hormone. And then the hormone acts back on the hypothalamus and
45:42 anterior pituitary to down regulate the So, nothing new there. All
45:49 . So that's what all this is there. But in terms of
45:53 this is the hormone that your friend that you hate. You have that
45:57 who can eat anything. They want never gains a pound. In
46:00 they lose weight. Do you know person? I had a friend who
46:05 a swimmer did not like him. would eat copious amounts of food.
46:17 just, we go out, he'd , like, we'd go to an
46:21 restaurant. He'd get like two dishes himself. He eat it all and
46:26 he'd be like, I'm still hungry he was thin as a rail.
46:31 know what, you know, the I'm talking about. Right. And
46:34 , I'm just like, well, gotta go someplace. So what this
46:40 it get a metabolic hormone? It responsible for your basic metabolic rate.
46:46 right, your basal metabolic rate. it's your idling speed. It's how
46:50 body processes. Things generally remember how said that that's where most of your
46:56 consumption goes, right? And so can actually up regulate your basal metabolic
47:03 and it actually starts burning down the that you have available to it,
47:07 is why people who have high thyroid tend to be uh thinner,
47:13 They use their fuel fuel quite And then what they do is a
47:17 of that is they actually produce a of heat because that's we're inefficient in
47:23 of our, our metabolism, we do it real well. So in
47:30 of how it acts, as I , it binds to an intracellular
47:34 And what we say is that it's sparing, meaning what we do is
47:39 make glucose available primarily for the But what we're gonna do is we're
47:43 to mobilize the other fuels for the . All right, we're going to
47:47 fats and that it promotes the activity the sympathetic system. So, it's
47:53 we refer to as being sympathomimetic. promotes their activity. So, a
48:00 hormone pretty simple, increases metabolic Just think of your skinny friend that
48:06 hate because they never gain weight. if you're that skinny friend just know
48:11 we all hate you because, parathyroid hormone, what do you think
48:21 parathyroid is? It's, it's on back. It's next to the
48:26 right? In fact, if you your little butterfly or bow tie and
48:29 it around and look on the back , there's four little dots, those
48:33 little dots are little tiny pair of glands. There's one in each wing
48:38 the butterfly. All right. And you can see um here there's um
48:45 . All right. Now, its is to play a role in regulating
48:51 plasma calcium levels. We've already mentioned hormone that or not. We didn't
48:55 the hormone. We mentioned a We said we had c cells or
49:00 cells in the thyroid that also play role in calcium regulation. All
49:05 So we have two different hormones that gonna be dealing with right now.
49:09 right now, to understand calcium you need to understand you got tons
49:15 calcium in your body, right? we ground you down in a
49:18 we could pull out tons and tons calcium. But the actual act of
49:23 in your body is actually very Most of the calcium in your body
49:27 found where bones. All right. then you also have calcium that's in
49:33 cells that are used as part of mechanisms. And then you have calcium
49:38 also bound up. And so all of those groups of calcium make up
49:44 majority of the calcium and it's unavailable it's not regulated. It's the calcium
49:51 in circulation, that's regulat. And what the system that we're about to
49:56 is responsible for regulating. And so terms of an actual number, it's
50:01 uh 0.5% of the total calcium in body. So it's very, very
50:08 . But that means if it's so , very little small changes result in
50:12 results, big effects. All So what we're gonna do is we're
50:18 to regulate how much calcium we have circulation. Now, remember calcium is
50:25 ion. So that means it's attracted other ions. All right, the
50:29 that it's most attracted to is And that's where we get the calcium
50:32 crystals, which is what makes our nice and strong. So when calcium
50:38 in circulation, you also have phosphate circulation. And one of the things
50:41 it's done in the blood is that kidney goes. Hm. Um I'm
50:46 , if we have too much I'll let it go. And if
50:48 don't have enough calcium, I want hold on to it. That kind
50:51 makes sense. Right. So, kidney plays a role in how,
50:56 or not we're going to keep calcium our bodies because it's a filtering
51:00 All right, where we get calcium we consume it. So our intestines
51:04 a role in calcium, but sometimes don't eat calcium, but we are
51:09 getting rid of calcium. And, we have these massive stores of
51:13 So the third place that needs to regulated is whether or not your bones
51:17 going to release calcium for use, going to hold on to calcium for
51:21 use. I mean, it's also strengthening and stuff, but you can
51:24 of your bones as being a calcium for your body. So those are
51:28 three areas. And so what these hormones do we have parathyroid hormone,
51:34 is made in the parathyroid. And have calcitonin, which is made in
51:42 c cells that are found in the gland and they have an opposing effect
51:47 the amount of calcium that's in the . So we want to maintain this
51:53 . And so if I go out that range one way or the
51:56 then I'm gonna have one hormone or other hormone act. So what I
52:00 do is I want to just start parathyroid hormone as I said, we've
52:03 these three tissues, we have our , which we're gonna act on,
52:06 have our kidney which we're going to on and we have the intestine which
52:09 going to act on. All So, parathyroid hormone is released when
52:16 calcium levels get low. Right? the amount of calcium in your blood
52:21 below its normal level. Then parathyroid is up regulated. And what it's
52:26 do is it's going to act first the bone. And it says,
52:29 , um you know, we have there. Why don't we just go
52:32 and start borrowing some calcium from our . So the osteoclasts, you guys
52:37 that from A P one, they down bone and so by doing so
52:42 release calcium that can be used to by your body and other means.
52:47 your platinum calcium levels go up. right. Now, this is not
52:51 long term solution. But you can this is one place where I can
52:54 calcium, right? It acts on kidney and what it does, it
52:58 um kidney, we want you to ahead and release the phosphate that normally
53:04 up with calcium, but don't let calcium go. We want you to
53:07 up the calci calcium and put it in the body. And so the
53:11 does that as well. The other that it does, it enhances the
53:16 of vitamin D, which has a name called calcitriol. All right.
53:21 thing that it does act on a intestine and that calcitriol that you up
53:27 in the kidney, what it's gonna is it increases the rate at which
53:30 absorb calcium in your diet. All . Do you guys know where you
53:35 your calcium from, from all the that you eat, don't eat buns
53:42 fine. All right, spinach, guys eat spinach, here's some calcium
53:47 spinach. You guys eat meat, more spinach. Um then it's,
53:55 calcium in the cells that we So there's, there's calcium in almost
54:00 that we consume. All right. so what you're doing is you're up
54:05 how we absorb that calcium from our . If you don't need calcium,
54:09 don't absorb the stuff. And so just stays in the digestive tract and
54:13 it goes with all the other waste you don't need. So, parathyroid
54:19 is causing calcium to come into the . Now, if you activate all
54:24 systems, calcium is gonna rise and and rise and then it's gonna go
54:29 the normal range. So what do do in that case? Uh
54:37 I want to get rid of I, I don't want that.
54:39 I'm gonna act on those three tissues in different ways. The first
54:44 I don't act on the intestine because just say stop absorbing. So I'm
54:48 like push it back out no, just I stop absorbing when it comes
54:53 the kidney. I'm like, don't reabsorb just let it go out
54:57 the urine. And so that's the thing that, that, that calcitonin
55:01 . But the big one and this the way I remember it. Calcitonin
55:05 bone. So it puts calcium back the bone. So instead of breaking
55:09 bone, what it does is it the building of bone. And so
55:13 calcitonin is helping you take that extra and moving it to the bone so
55:18 you can store it up for another . It blocks osteoclastic activity and allows
55:24 osteoblast to do their job. what we're doing is we're balancing around
55:30 two areas, right? It's OK, I'm either gonna push calcium
55:34 the blood or I'm gonna pull calcium of the blood and put it away
55:41 , or excrete it from the Now, just to mention what is
55:47 ? It's vitamin D. Vitamin D a pre, it starts off as
55:51 , we modify the skin. So you ever wonder why everyone keeps telling
55:55 go play outside, play outside, outside. It's because the first step
55:59 making vitamin D is going out to sun and allowing U V light to
56:04 these this molecule so that it can be transported to the liver. And
56:09 ultimately, the kidney can be a vitamin D. All right. And
56:14 that allows you to absorb calcium and stronger bones and because we're so terrible
56:21 going outside, what do we We fortify our milk, right?
56:27 drink milk. What does it Fortified with vitamin A and vitamin D
56:35 we need those things. So, trial is just vitamin D and allows
56:42 us to, it promotes absorption of so far. So good. I
56:47 , is this pretty straightforward stuff, I tell you it was gonna take
56:50 longer to talk about it than to write it down renal glands? Your
56:56 are interesting. All right, when think about puberty, you think about
57:00 gonads dropping or you think, or for the males or ladies, you
57:03 about a achy and uh monarchy and achy and all these other things.
57:08 other words, the things that make start looking like a woman when you're
57:11 puberty. But the truth is is the adrenal glands is the starting point
57:17 all of that stuff. And you start puberty around the age of eight
57:22 before you even look like you're beginning go through puberty. And I know
57:26 of you are like, well, started when I was young.
57:27 but then it started even earlier than . See, the adrenal glands are
57:31 , is the structure that gives rise a whole bunch of different hormones.
57:38 learned a little bit about it in P one we talked about the adrenal
57:41 . The adrenal modulo is responsible for C coins that go out into
57:45 Mela members remain center. But we're now about moving to the outer
57:51 the cortex. And that's what this is trying to demonstrate here. So
57:55 adrenal gland is a dop of whipped that sits right up on top of
57:58 kidneys. If you take a you can see it has a center
58:02 , there is a mela and then outer region of the cortex. And
58:04 you look at the cortex, you see that there's different layers and each
58:08 those different layers are responsible for producing types of steroids. All right,
58:15 different types of steroids on the we have the glomerulosa. So zona
58:20 tells you the zone. So the produces the mineral corticoid. We learned
58:25 the mineral cortic cords. We learned aldosterone. That's the primary one.
58:29 the one we care about, but a couple of others that it
58:32 All right, what do they Well, they help us to hold
58:35 to water and regulate water salt All right. That's easy. Then
58:40 go down to the middle region, middle region is the fata, the
58:43 produces the glucocorticoids. Glucocorticoids are responsible regulating stress. All right, this
58:50 Cortisol, cortizone or Corti Cortisone is you buy at the store. All
58:58 . So again, what does cortisol it regulates your response to stress.
59:02 gonna be a metabolic hormone. Third is the reticularis, that's that inner
59:07 . So it's the one that's nearest me. The reticularis produces sex
59:12 This is the thing that gets activated in puberty. Basically, your brain
59:18 your adrenal glands to start pumping out steroid and then the sex steroids begin
59:23 on other parts of your body. the part that gets everything jumping and
59:28 . So that puberty can start. specifically, it produces a testosterone,
59:33 androgen and the androgen that it produces continues to produce throughout the majority of
59:38 life is this hormone called DEA. , the alphabet soup is easier here
59:44 it's not fun or easy to say hydro epi end Doster. It's very
59:49 to get confused with that word. D hea, so what I wanna
59:55 is just kind of walk through these steroids. Now, remember what are
59:58 steroids? They start off as cholesterol we make these little tiny, small
60:02 depending upon which enzyme is present in particular tissue. So, what we're
60:07 is we're, if you think about chart that I told you not to
60:10 . If you go up, we over here and then we kind of
60:13 up and we stay up in that corner. So we talked about Aldo
60:18 is uh produced in response to angiotensin . So we've already talked about this
60:25 it plays a role in uh reabsorption sodium which results in the reabsorption of
60:32 . So, water salt balance On the other hand, mhm is
60:41 through the hypothalamic hypothesis axis. in the hypothalamus, we have corticotropic
60:47 hormone which acts on the anterior pituitary produces adrenal corticotropic hormone ac T
60:52 So C R H results in the of AC T H AC T H
60:56 on the adrenal glands. It even the name adrenal coral Cortico or adrenal
61:02 and it results in the production of glucocorticoids, cortisol and then cortisol acts
61:11 on the anterior pituitary, acts backwards the hypothalamus, ac T H backwards
61:15 the hypothalamus. So what is it ? Well, this is a steroid
61:21 means it binds to a nuclear receptor gets translocated into the cell. It
61:26 as a transcription factor and what it's do it's gonna cause the nova protein
61:31 . It's going to make new proteins regulate the processes. And so here's
61:36 effects. These are just different structures the pato sites. I'm gonna uh
61:41 uh glucose available, glycogenolysis. I'm promote gluconeogenesis, making glucose available.
61:48 I'm producing this in response to make the fuel available, overcome the
61:57 adipocyte, break down fat. So can make fuel available, other
62:02 what I'm gonna do and this is . This is why we don't want
62:05 lot of this is I'm gonna start down proteins, right breaking down proteins
62:12 bad for the body, right? I start tearing my muscle down,
62:17 not going to be as functional, ? So what we're doing is we're
62:21 amino acids available for gluconeogenesis. And the other thing that it does is
62:27 protects glucose in the sense that it , hey, I want the glucose
62:32 go to the brain to be the regulator of all the uh the processes
62:39 we're dealing with the stress, I'm the fat available for the rest of
62:44 . So that's why we're mobilizing the . Now, when we produce
62:50 well, depending on the type of , it's actually our regular pattern is
62:56 and down over the course of the . All right, it's primarily released
63:00 sleep. And the idea is, over the course of the day.
63:03 I experience more and more stress, body is responding to the stress of
63:06 more cortisol. And so when I'm , when I have these high
63:09 my body is actually repairing and fixing issues that it's trying to overcome.
63:20 , as you say here, what we trying to accomplish here? We're
63:23 trying to overcome the problems that it's we're dealing with. Now, when
63:28 say stress, stress is not an in an hour and a half,
63:33 making fun of Jolie because she has take an exam in an hour and
63:38 half. Sorry, what happens when take two of my classes. All
63:44 . That's not stress. Stress is homeless. I'm not getting food.
63:50 taking these classes. Oh, my . I might be pregnant and it's
63:55 outside all at the same time. stress. You see the difference.
64:01 can be in stressful situations. That's the day to day, up
64:05 down of cortisol. But when you these high levels of cortisol, that
64:11 when your body is just like, just trying to stay alive the way
64:16 study this in rats and mice 24 light cycles. You guys like to
64:22 when it's dark. Yes. For most part, maybe I know you
64:27 a little bit but we sleep when dark, we play when it's live
64:30 do the opposite. So what you is you put them in 100% light
64:34 that never gives them an opportunity to . It's a stressful situation. The
64:37 thing you do is you can put cages in refrigerators, not an actual
64:41 , but a cold room where it's cold. So imagine being cold all
64:45 time, like, like buffalo, without jackets. Ok. That would
64:51 an example of. And another this is the worst one. This
64:54 the one I couldn't, I, , I, I couldn't do this
64:57 . They put water in the cages they're like swimming pools. The,
65:01 rats can't touch the bottom. So they have to do is they have
65:04 float the entire time right now. can do that because their bodies are
65:09 to float. But imagine not being to touch the ground that you had
65:13 swim 24 7 and even going up the side, you couldn't hold
65:18 You have to actually literally tread water 7. That's how we do stress
65:26 , fun stuff up to the sex and we're getting down to the last
65:32 bit here. I want to just this, this particular hormone up D
65:36 . All right. And it's interesting again, it's like I said,
65:40 produced in the adrenal gland in that . And what it is is that
65:45 an androgen. And again, if think about that pathway, you start
65:48 as, as a cholesterol, you down to progestin or the progestins,
65:53 go down to the androgens and then androgens can become estrogens and uh or
65:58 can stay in the androgen field. right. And so what I want
66:02 first point out is because of that pathway, there's no such thing as
66:07 a male or a female sex Now saying that what that means is
66:14 as a male, I still produce , but my progestins immediately go on
66:19 become the androgens, right? And never become the estrogens. Well,
66:23 not true. They, some of do, but that's not my predominant
66:28 for you. Ladies you do produce progestins and you will stay in that
66:32 zone. You'll produce androgens, this one of them, but they don't
66:37 as androgens, they go on and to the estrogens, right? So
66:42 things are all interconnected with each but it has to do with the
66:46 that are present. The sex steroids are not particularly powerful from the adrenal
66:57 . DH A is not a strong , right? In the relative scheme
67:01 things, DH A, if it a power of one or 100% testosterone
67:06 be like 10,000% relative to the d . All right. So even though
67:13 have DH DH A in my it is significantly overpowered by the amount
67:17 testosterone that I have and then testosterone even the most powerful androgen. There's
67:22 called five DH T dihydrate testosterone, is 100 times more powerful than
67:29 And that is the, that is big boy, that's the,
67:32 the androgen in males that make males , I guess, right? It's
67:39 stuff that does the big work. so you can imagine your DH A
67:45 are relatively itsy bitsy, but in , it actually has an effect because
67:50 androgens basically go over to um And so DH A can have a
67:56 profound effect in women. It can an effect if it's mis expressed,
68:00 typically you have a lot of So it overcomes the amount of DH
68:04 that's in your body. All What it is responsible for, for
68:11 , is axillary and pubic hair axillary hair. What's that pit
68:16 Just making sure you remember pubic, know you guys know Axler is sometimes
68:21 , what's that? Ok. Um , it plays a major role in
68:25 pubertal growth spurt. So it's you're getting that uh that androgenic effect
68:31 that hormone to help start the pubertal . And it also plays an important
68:36 in the female sex drive. All , men have testosterone, estrogen plays
68:41 role too, but DH A needs be present for that sex drive to
68:47 . Now, the reason I kind point this all this out and why
68:50 get kind of fascinated by it is of how it's regulated. All
68:54 So C R H hypothalamic ac T pituitary, there's DH down at the
69:03 . So you can see it's regulated the pathway that's responsible for regulating the
69:10 glands, same thing as cortisol, ? That's what this did. It
69:14 . Hey, I, I'm regulating cortex. So I'm making d hea
69:19 . On the other hand, are through a different pathway through the gonadotropin
69:23 hormone off to shh down to As an example. The thing is
69:28 that this is an androgen and so you produce more and more of
69:33 it doesn't feed back in the same instead because it's an androgen, it
69:38 back into this pathway, the pathway responsible for regulating androgens. So
69:46 if you have a tumor, for , in the reticularis, that results
69:50 an up regulation of D hea, pathway that regulates testosterone is also the
69:56 pathway that regulates the production of estrogen females. And so you can see
70:02 I produce too much of this, would kill this pathway. The levels
70:06 estrogen in a woman would go the levels of DH A would go
70:10 and then you'd start seeing the mas of this particular androgen in females.
70:18 it's this weird feedback loop that doesn't back the way it should. So
70:24 just wanted to kind of point that as kind of this weird thing.
70:31 can only have a couple of things , right. We talked about the
70:39 , pancreas is another metabolic regulator produces hormones of interest to us,
70:46 So now notice we've moved away from hypothalamus. We've moved away from the
70:50 gland. We're now in a different altogether. Kind of like it's not
70:54 regulated through this hypothalamus. Instead, we're doing is we're regulating how much
71:01 glucose, how much glucose is circulating our body at any given time.
71:08 again, this is like parathyroid calcitonin. There's a gas and a
71:13 . All right. So here our and break is insulin glucagon. All
71:18 . So there's two, the place the pancreas plays a role in endocrine
71:22 is here in the Isle of Lager , sometimes referred to as the pancreatic
71:26 now, but there's a bunch of cells. This is what we're interested
71:30 these two cells. But just know there's other types of cells. So
71:33 can see here there's G H I being produced in this. So it
71:38 things. All right. So we're in the alpha cells which produces glucagon
71:43 the beta cells which produce insulin. you remember one, this is this
71:47 the beauty of this. If you one and memorize one hint, learn
71:52 , then you already know Glucagon because does the exact opposite, right?
71:57 that's the other thing is don't waste in your brain trying to memorize two
72:01 , memorize one and just know the is the opposite. You learn that
72:05 , in Sesame Street, right? of these things is not like the
72:07 . Learn that and you're good to . So let's take a look and
72:11 what does insulin do. And then just make the statement. OK.
72:14 does the opposite. OK? right? Its job is to reduce
72:20 glucose levels. You have a you get your body full of all
72:23 of good goodies. Your body transports glucose and fats and amino acids and
72:28 trigger of the up regulation of glucose fats and amino acids tells your body
72:34 need to put this away for that causes the beta cells to produce
72:42 . And then that insulin then circulates all the cells in your body and
72:47 binds to receptors on those cells to , hey, you can bring in
72:54 . All right. So it basically the absorption of these nutrients. So
73:01 does it do? Well, with to carbohydrates, I am going to
73:07 on the pa sites. For I'm gonna absorb glucose and make glycogen
73:11 later storage. I'm gonna block glycogenolysis I don't need any glucose. I'm
73:15 block gluconeogenesis because I don't need any , any other cell that can store
73:21 glucose muscles, for example, I'm to do that. So glucose is
73:30 absorbed in the cells and turned into lipids. Where do I put my
73:39 ? That's right. Just look, look up at Doctor Wang go.
73:42 . Yeah, I see that there's lot of that storage going on.
73:47 right, what I'm gonna do is taking Adipost tissue and I'm moving those
73:53 into the adipose tissue for later That's a role of, of,
73:58 insulin. All right, I'm gonna fat for storage purposes and I'm gonna
74:04 the breakdown of fats and in terms amino acids and this is the weird
74:10 amino acids. I put amino acids the cells and I make proteins.
74:13 that should make sense. All So these are the three things that
74:17 does. It acts on carbohydrates, on fatty acids, acts on amino
74:21 acids for the purposes of storage and building building up protein. In
74:29 Glucagon does just the opposite blood glucose drop. Oh, no, we're
74:34 to starve to death. All these are desperate for their glucose. So
74:38 going to release glucose. So we're to promote gluconeogenesis. We're going to
74:42 glycogen analysis, make that glucose Oh, we need to get those
74:47 mobilized. We're gonna promote lipolysis. release the fat. But what we
74:53 do is we don't break down So that's the one thing that it
74:57 do, but it mobilizes those fuels the cells normally use. I guess
75:08 the same slide. Right. No, I guess not. Um
75:14 cell that I guess what I was to get on this one is so
75:17 , it's upregulated. Um when the levels drop last a little bit
75:24 This is an easy way to think it in terms of this, like
75:27 a gas and break. It's like happens when the blood glucose level goes
75:30 . It promotes insulin production, it glucagon production that drops blood glucose
75:36 Oh, blood glucose levels have Well, I'm going to activate the
75:39 cells up, regulates glucagon down regulates so that I can mobilize and get
75:44 out into the cells. Can you it? I am finishing on time
75:51 . They're like, wow, last , the pineal gland. All
76:01 Little red dot right there. You see it sits back there in the
76:05 part of the epithalamus. Its job to secrete melatonin. Melatonin is the
76:12 responsible for regulating your circadian rhythms. other words, it helps you to
76:19 out your sleep wake cycles. And now, we've gone through kind of
76:24 generic of basically, we are well, let's go ahead and we're
76:31 regulating well enough. The reason that are having a hard time sleeping,
76:34 know, have you noticed that people a hard time sleeping nowadays is because
76:37 phones, phones, phones emit blue . The way your brains work is
76:41 the more blue light is present, means it's daytime. So you're supposed
76:44 stay awake. So that's how your is responding. And so because you
76:49 so much blue light in your you think you need to stay awake
76:52 so many people are going, I need to take my Melatonin to
76:56 the clock and actually you're just screwing up even worse. Just get off
77:00 phones. But in essence, that's Melatonin does. It's responsible for sleep
77:04 cycles, helps you fall asleep. done when we come back, male
77:17 . It'll be a lot of
-
+