| 00:18 | Okay. Uh huh. Right. think there we go. Well folks |
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| 00:35 | let's see. So reminders I sent out uh that the answer key for |
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| 00:44 | quiz previous is now available that always available on the Tuesday following the |
|
| 00:52 | So Take a look if you have , let me know. Um smart |
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| 00:58 | . There's nothing to do this so no assignments due until the 13th |
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| 01:03 | think so or something like that. Let's see this week, so we're |
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| 01:09 | finish up chapter three um if anything's over and maybe about motility at the |
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| 01:18 | end, but we'll see you can through it all. It's Thursday, |
|
| 01:21 | Thursday will be kind of chapter 4.1 that flip back and basically all the |
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| 01:28 | is on in that folder. Uh it's gonna be a bunch of clicker |
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| 01:35 | focused on obviously that content. So inter intermingled with slides of you know |
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| 01:43 | kind of summarize capped over the plains . So do you um prepare for |
|
| 01:53 | ? Um Let's see other things. schedule. Remember the scheduler for example |
|
| 02:04 | exams up for a few weeks so but the speculator opens friday. |
|
| 02:11 | , there will be multiple times you sign up for. Um It's spread |
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| 02:15 | over a couple of days so lots choices there but you do have to |
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| 02:20 | so make sure you're registered first. ? Um Turning point data so um |
|
| 02:29 | going to be what's posted at this will be erased because it doesn't count |
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| 02:35 | anything. Um And then we'll be by the points that will count towards |
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| 02:42 | quicker points. Uh africa section. so um So again the 10 o'clock |
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| 02:51 | starts today. Remember that the tenants not the super high bar you got |
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| 02:56 | days to do it as you Um So uh any questions about any |
|
| 03:03 | this kind of silver stuff. Okay let's just go ahead and recap a |
|
| 03:10 | bit. So kind of over to at this point. Chapter three. |
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| 03:16 | at appropriate sell the the future of democratic sell um kind of started from |
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| 03:24 | outside in really. So looking at cell envelope um we looked at the |
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| 03:30 | membrane and fossil lipids and some of adaptations that bacteria have. Uh just |
|
| 03:40 | temperature. Okay. Um and then little bit about transport as well. |
|
| 03:48 | of kind of like it was an for the most part was putting time |
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| 03:53 | cell envelope. Cell wall structure of negative. Gram positive. Okay so |
|
| 03:58 | should be able to compare and contrast positive gram negative but this one have |
|
| 04:04 | doesn't and vice versa similar how they're . Yeah. Um And you know |
|
| 04:11 | were a couple of questions on the the flat and the quiz one about |
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| 04:14 | so that's kind of kind of I know this stuff. Okay um Any |
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| 04:21 | about gram positive gram. Okay so look at a typical cell walls. |
|
| 04:30 | uh these are variations. So part the uh one of the most obvious |
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| 04:38 | is bacteria that didn't lack a cell . Okay. No pepper. Why |
|
| 04:43 | at all? Right, so it's plasma. These are a small general |
|
| 04:51 | few species. They're the only ones are like this among the bacteria and |
|
| 04:59 | particularly respiratory pathogens. Um and and , very small. There actually are |
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| 05:07 | type that can infect yourselves and stay yourselves. That's kind of how they |
|
| 05:13 | . Um Archaea can some lack of wall many like and so all of |
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| 05:19 | that do have cell walls is not the same similar but not quite the |
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| 05:25 | as pepper. Black. And hence term pseudo pseudo Mirian. Mirian is |
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| 05:31 | of an older term. It also Paula, peptic, light tan. |
|
| 05:39 | Sometimes with those countries interchangeably. Uh Miriam will be kind of a variation |
|
| 05:45 | people like him. We've we've been about. Okay, um now mycobacterium |
|
| 05:50 | don't confuse mycoplasma with micro bacteria. know they have the same four letters |
|
| 05:58 | begin their name. They are very . Okay and so michael bacteria. |
|
| 06:05 | tuberculosis, leprosy and cracks were all by not tuberculosis. Leprosy are caused |
|
| 06:11 | mycobacterium. Okay, if you're a you use mycobacterium. Okay. A |
|
| 06:19 | pathogen type but they all have similar in terms of how they look when |
|
| 06:24 | grow. Okay. And we can that from the liquid culture here on |
|
| 06:32 | right side. Okay this is a could be something like this curled like |
|
| 06:37 | how it would grow in liquid Just for a great cloud solution after |
|
| 06:43 | to 24 hours um Typically grows in bacteria in liquid. Uh michael bacteria |
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| 06:49 | like this so it has called a forming at the top. So basically |
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| 06:55 | the cells are clustered at the air interface. Okay on a plate again |
|
| 07:00 | body type of media you're growing You don't have this kind of appearance |
|
| 07:05 | a plate. If you stuck your wire loop in it it would have |
|
| 07:09 | a consistency of like candle wax or . It's very waxy kind of consistency |
|
| 07:16 | it. So and so it's all to the nature of its cell |
|
| 07:22 | So it does have types of So I pointed out first. All |
|
| 07:29 | so right there. Okay but it's the most prominent structure. Okay. |
|
| 07:36 | it has some of that. But it's the worst by the extent |
|
| 07:41 | all this material. Okay. And heavily with these micro folic acids which |
|
| 07:48 | gonna be very long hydrocarbon chains that the structure of the indigenous waxy consistency |
|
| 07:57 | with various fossil lipids as you see . Um Other kinds of delightful |
|
| 08:03 | Okay this this portion is stuck to attached to the solo through sugars here |
|
| 08:10 | than galactic and kind of connect all to the. Okay now the nature |
|
| 08:18 | the cell envelope it gives it some features. Okay, one of them |
|
| 08:22 | sustaining you can't stain but a typical thing if you try to you'll get |
|
| 08:28 | results. Okay some sort of purplish of the pinkish some mixture uh some |
|
| 08:36 | these things all so it's kind of so you can't use that as a |
|
| 08:39 | to consistently identified himself. Used what's which uses temperature ready to drive staining |
|
| 08:48 | it doesn't refuse easily through this thick the right. I think all that |
|
| 08:54 | means that this uh these species of Bactrim. Oh They grow slow |
|
| 09:02 | Being for bacterium is you know get growth. The sea lice cells like |
|
| 09:08 | chest tube there probably about 48 hours see really decent growth. Okay, |
|
| 09:14 | things you get decent girls in 1824 . Most bacterial types but this guy |
|
| 09:18 | longer and through tunnels. It takes know it takes nutrients a little bit |
|
| 09:23 | to diffuse through that thick envelope. if they tend to grow slower also |
|
| 09:29 | that they can be those strains that pathogens can be problems because antibiotics have |
|
| 09:38 | we'll get it as fast as well go defuse quickly through the envelope. |
|
| 09:43 | that provides some some different characteristics. but two points is a they do |
|
| 09:51 | just not it's it's uh much more least my are present in this thick |
|
| 09:59 | around. Okay. Um Alright very about that. Yes, that's |
|
| 10:09 | The acid fast stain is it uses different dye. It kind of gives |
|
| 10:16 | a pinkish color actually that's as But it uses there's two methods you |
|
| 10:21 | use a super concentrated dye right? use that to kind of help |
|
| 10:28 | helping diffuse into the cell cell. more common is typically than using heat |
|
| 10:35 | drive that stage. So there's other that that use heat as well, |
|
| 10:40 | a sports thing. And those sports very resistant to they're having the size |
|
| 10:46 | . So you also need heat to it spain's into that. Well any |
|
| 10:52 | mission? You'll do dream lab, do the acid fast stain uh as |
|
| 10:57 | as the grand thing that's coming actually up in a couple of weeks. |
|
| 11:03 | Okay so uh external structures this this the last part of part one of |
|
| 11:10 | kind of. Once we're through this we'll kind of go to the design |
|
| 11:14 | and see what's going on inside their the capsule is um is a defined |
|
| 11:21 | . So capsule versus slam there. , and you can see the 33 |
|
| 11:28 | forms here. So capsule. A layer of biofilm biofilm is a collection |
|
| 11:34 | lots of cells. Obviously a capsule layer are surrounded a single cell. |
|
| 11:41 | , it's not biofilm is kind of a layer of forms around it. |
|
| 11:46 | why it looks like a film because produces the sugary substances that coat the |
|
| 11:50 | . The whole growth. Okay, to the capsule tightly adheres to the |
|
| 11:59 | surface. Okay. And a slime is a more of a loose |
|
| 12:04 | Typically slime layers are I consider those like byproducts of metabolism. So you |
|
| 12:10 | grow certain cell types that form capitals medium with lots of shooting for example |
|
| 12:16 | a food source and they'll take a of excess and it will just come |
|
| 12:21 | as a slime layer around it. so it's uh oftentimes it's kind of |
|
| 12:28 | metabolic byproducts thing that just surrounds you , you can probably see that many |
|
| 12:34 | cells have some of this around Okay. Depending again on what |
|
| 12:39 | what they're eating as their food source can cause it to vary the nature |
|
| 12:44 | it. But it's not something that jean slime layers aren't cool before by |
|
| 12:51 | gene. Okay. But capsules are . The council's already defined structure that |
|
| 13:00 | is a gene current product in And typically very often counsels associated with |
|
| 13:09 | . My Syrian meningitis, meningitis is very good caption, the ammonium |
|
| 13:14 | streptococcus and a very thin capital. you will see a number of pathogens |
|
| 13:19 | that happened as a variance factor. fact having a thick capsule. You |
|
| 13:24 | make it less able to be fatal by self. So you're you're you're |
|
| 13:30 | immune system cells like neutral films that and blood macro thinking these ourselves and |
|
| 13:35 | defenses. Too many happens and they a harder time living themselves have captions |
|
| 13:43 | Um biofilm again, we'll talk about and chapter four coming up. It's |
|
| 13:50 | uh of course represents a assembly of of centers ultimately in the biofilm. |
|
| 13:58 | . But kind of the glue that them all together is a policy |
|
| 14:04 | Right. In some cases protein right mixture that they secrete. So |
|
| 14:10 | too, is this material is gene ? Okay, They are programmed to |
|
| 14:16 | it. Uh And basically it's kind glue that holds everything together when you |
|
| 14:22 | a biofilm and it's kind of stick gooey. That's why because this material |
|
| 14:27 | secreted. Okay. But it's not that's it surrounds all of those things |
|
| 14:32 | that in that matrix Ok, capsules sign players are about what's around the |
|
| 14:39 | cells. Okay. Um Okay, questions? Okay, so uh so |
|
| 14:49 | is the question. Alright. We we had last time at the |
|
| 14:53 | So let's see, let's see what this time. So remember the position |
|
| 14:58 | . D. If you got the app there, Clickers will always be |
|
| 15:02 | handheld things. Always 41. Okay, okay, I'm gonna put |
|
| 15:41 | timer on. Mhm. Remember it's acceptable to have two or three heads |
|
| 15:52 | than one debate you wish? But talk about it versus rams coming up |
|
| 16:04 | I don't want to hear that that . Okay. Okay. What we |
|
| 16:19 | before? 37% f. Okay. Thank you. Mhm. That we |
|
| 16:33 | I had the stats from earlier, stats were like, it was like |
|
| 16:38 | I think. So this just goes . So Michael bacteria. Ah That's |
|
| 16:45 | . They do have just talking about right? They do have pepper like |
|
| 16:48 | . Okay. Not a lot, they do have something. Gram positive |
|
| 16:54 | . It's gram negatives that possess endo . Okay, this is false, |
|
| 17:03 | tai kok acids. Found only gram though it's only a gram positives. |
|
| 17:09 | , the gram negatives have liberal You don't find that in the gram |
|
| 17:15 | . Oh, pipe sacrifice. Only negatives. That's the oh play sack |
|
| 17:21 | in the lps. Okay, that grand positive caucus. No, because |
|
| 17:28 | layers, three layers is always the negative. Okay, gram positive wouldn't |
|
| 17:32 | that 3rd outer layer. Okay, uh industry. Yeah, what's this |
|
| 17:42 | that? Yes, correct. But blackmailer internet, Yeah. Any other |
|
| 17:55 | ? Alright, alright then we have question. Oh goodness yes we |
|
| 18:02 | Alright, this is we're going to today. So it's gonna be one |
|
| 18:06 | those. How are you doing I was mm hmm yep. Timer's |
|
| 19:03 | . Mhm mm hmm. Yeah. . 987 5421. Okay, we'll |
|
| 19:28 | what the answer is next time. that number back. Okay. |
|
| 19:34 | so let's go. So um you even know the parts of eukaryotic sort |
|
| 19:40 | skeleton. But I put it up to the comparison. So just to |
|
| 19:47 | you how complex it is and Alright extensive network of tubules that involved |
|
| 19:55 | uh intermediate filaments that can anchor Uh micro filaments that can also have |
|
| 20:03 | and movement. Okay. Things like as a micro filament. Um So |
|
| 20:09 | extensive But about 2016 years ago uh skeletal elements are also found in |
|
| 20:19 | Okay. Um Not the extensive network this of multiple types but nonetheless um |
|
| 20:28 | elements that are models to carry out counterparts uh in bacteria. These function |
|
| 20:37 | in um uh bring about expectation. when bacteria divine um They constricted the |
|
| 20:48 | performing a septum and then breaks apartment cells. And so several skeletal elements |
|
| 20:55 | involved in that aspect in helping facilitate wall synthesis in some cases facilitating the |
|
| 21:03 | and division process that's kind of really their role. Okay. And the |
|
| 21:10 | these were found in mutant strains, in we saw the M. |
|
| 21:15 | E. Protein before in the context sellable synthesis synthesis. So uh and |
|
| 21:25 | see it you see that particular M. R. E. |
|
| 21:29 | I. And the other variations in shaped cells like and the mutant obviously |
|
| 21:36 | not a rock shape because it has rod that the protein helps um the |
|
| 21:49 | of the rush of the south. and so is lacking that or defective |
|
| 21:54 | not produce the usual form morphology. so the so I mentioned besides from |
|
| 22:03 | like being involved in cell division. They can certainly provide some protection. |
|
| 22:10 | they facilitate in some cases so Okay. And so what you'll see |
|
| 22:17 | in a round comma shape sell this Z. Is common to all |
|
| 22:26 | Right, defines the center of the . Okay. Um It is what |
|
| 22:32 | about the segmentation of the cell as , also called the Z. |
|
| 22:39 | And so if you look at the shaped cell, you see still see |
|
| 22:45 | disease in the middle. Okay. where many rod shaped cells will provide |
|
| 22:51 | right symmetrically in the middle. And ftse kind of facilitates that citation process |
|
| 22:58 | call it. Okay. But in the rod shaped cells have the |
|
| 23:03 | R. E. So it travels parks along the bringing out several |
|
| 23:14 | Okay. And then these segments will up making one continuous Pepsico black can |
|
| 23:21 | layer around the south. Right? And then in the common shaped cells |
|
| 23:27 | see This sculpture involvement only on one . Right here, placenta. |
|
| 23:36 | on this side and that serves to of produce a bend in the |
|
| 23:41 | Okay. Um The uh common So with vibrio vibrio cholera cholera, |
|
| 23:49 | a type of crescent shaped cell. you see being a rod that has |
|
| 23:54 | rod elements of having the M. . E. B. Right? |
|
| 23:58 | because it's common shape that has the type of element but then it also |
|
| 24:03 | an F. Tsz because it will symmetrically in the middle of the |
|
| 24:08 | So this ftse component is again in middle of the cell. It's uh |
|
| 24:16 | found in all three things and as see will bring about the division, |
|
| 24:23 | have to sell and sell the Okay? Um so remember that in |
|
| 24:28 | of soul self form and shape these . But so to remember the cell |
|
| 24:35 | . Alright. And the osmotic right? Water moving into the |
|
| 24:40 | pressing against that sell walled in. and and then the contribution of the |
|
| 24:46 | skeleton. So all that together kind helps bring about shape form of the |
|
| 24:51 | and maintaining that in fact, um speaking of self vision expectation. So |
|
| 25:00 | can see in this spirit around spherical to sell the caucus that we have |
|
| 25:11 | initiating here. Right? So it at the sides of the cell and |
|
| 25:16 | anywhere. Okay. And so what's on? You can see in the |
|
| 25:21 | here segmentation is almost complete that we're . So on the material on both |
|
| 25:28 | . Okay. And that's that divides that we see here this thing. |
|
| 25:34 | ? It's kind of the complex. ? That is bringing that about. |
|
| 25:41 | here you see the F Tsz that's to be present, remembering all cell |
|
| 25:46 | . It's in the middle and that's bringing about the citation process. |
|
| 25:51 | So as the that complex will then synthesizing um envelope material on both sides |
|
| 26:00 | through the middle of the south. . And the conclusion of that, |
|
| 26:04 | course, is to have the F ring itself also? What kind of |
|
| 26:11 | ? Okay. And then that constriction about the formation of two cells. |
|
| 26:17 | course. Okay. So it's a effort with uh applications. So, |
|
| 26:25 | replication uh sell actually self will actually someone as they grow and the replication |
|
| 26:35 | . And then at a certain self dissertation isn't Okay. It's all kind |
|
| 26:42 | happens in fashion uh during the of course, as we'll see next |
|
| 26:48 | . Very rapid growth. Right? um and so we looked at the |
|
| 26:54 | morphology. These right, you're just get you can have a a single |
|
| 27:01 | . That depends on the plain of , Right? That if they all |
|
| 27:07 | in the same plane, we'll get arrangement of the chains, structure profits |
|
| 27:12 | ? If they divide perpendicular early. this way or that way, you |
|
| 27:18 | what's called a tech trad uh Not you need. Not that you don't |
|
| 27:23 | know this, but Micro caucus um have that test track arrangement. Um |
|
| 27:32 | then several planes, right? They on multiple planes then you see clusters |
|
| 27:36 | . That's staff. Okay, so different morphology Czar brought about by whether |
|
| 27:44 | have been buying multitude each other. . And that can bear now the |
|
| 27:52 | questions? Mhm. Yes, Yes. Substation is. It's as |
|
| 28:02 | as that. but as simple as . But remember that's how complicated it |
|
| 28:06 | . And trying to replicate the envelope on each half of the cells. |
|
| 28:12 | . But citation ultimately is the splitting form the two selves. Yeah. |
|
| 28:21 | similar. But they don't have they have to deal with the with the |
|
| 28:28 | of that complex envelope material. Little center. But they do have |
|
| 28:34 | uh acting acting circles and sell that of construction as well. So it's |
|
| 28:39 | of simple. So I mean plants cells up more a and actually process |
|
| 28:47 | expectation and which is really what similar to what that period because is gonna |
|
| 28:52 | a little bit more complex envelope than than you've been completely carry out the |
|
| 29:00 | , that accepted. Alright, I didn't get back to my intro |
|
| 29:06 | days. Remember that uh that Um Anyway, so nuclear. So |
|
| 29:14 | nuclear oid the burial chromosome. It not surrounded by a membrane bound constructed |
|
| 29:24 | . Okay, nuclear Boyd remember He means he's like, right, |
|
| 29:30 | an asteroid, right? I guess planet like Okay. Um so a |
|
| 29:36 | nuclear order is nucleus like but I even want you to say that because |
|
| 29:41 | gonna get nuclear stuff in your So just think of it. It's |
|
| 29:45 | area occupied by the crows. So was it proper chromosome is just existing |
|
| 29:52 | the cytoplasm, you know, because its size and there's parts of that |
|
| 29:57 | that are here on the road and together. Parts are more relaxed. |
|
| 30:02 | will look a have a kind of appearance. So it is distinction. |
|
| 30:09 | just looking at it for occupies space sanitizer compared to it's not occupying. |
|
| 30:15 | is a visual difference there. It doesn't it's not the memory. |
|
| 30:21 | just the way that. Okay so you can see that it's put that |
|
| 30:26 | the kind of areas in there are area occupied by the chromosome. |
|
| 30:33 | Remember that bacteria are essentially an archaea Pepperoni. Right. One chromosome, |
|
| 30:42 | circular chromosome. Um There are some that have variations of that but Um |
|
| 30:50 | have that double stranded circular DNA. . 1 of those. Okay. |
|
| 30:55 | story is important as we'll see because where replication will initiate. Okay so |
|
| 31:02 | and that's and that's the story Universal. It's not just currently we |
|
| 31:07 | multiple priorities in our chromosomes. But verification where existence initiated. |
|
| 31:15 | In the bacteria it um the kind you can see it here this is |
|
| 31:23 | somewhat relates to where that remember the . Tsz? Is that right? |
|
| 31:31 | they all kind of coordinate with each when replication starts. And so that |
|
| 31:39 | . Okay. And so um so origin so the D. N. |
|
| 31:44 | . Is actually attached in the here of that in the membrane to kind |
|
| 31:53 | hold it in place. Okay. there are other kinds of attachment points |
|
| 31:58 | the cell to kind of anchor But you see there are things or |
|
| 32:03 | so parts of the D. A. Is actively being transcribed and |
|
| 32:07 | . Other parts are not. There'll probably more coiled up inaccessible but it |
|
| 32:14 | depends on which you know what the is doing. Is that what genes |
|
| 32:18 | being expressed and which aren't? And are gonna be the parts of the |
|
| 32:21 | , the chromosome that are exposed or exposed. Okay. Um and so |
|
| 32:27 | the the coiling opera calling down if will is brought about by quoted uh |
|
| 32:37 | more. Okay. Um There are DNA binding proteins. Somebody green bead |
|
| 32:44 | are binding through it. Okay to it. Um You know and many |
|
| 32:50 | binding proteins, proteins can be involved controlling expression to um really just stabilizing |
|
| 32:58 | molecule uh can have different types of . Okay now uh we're gonna look |
|
| 33:04 | replication but not not the any gritty . Right? You had that before |
|
| 33:10 | I just want to kind of point something specific to bacteria. Okay. |
|
| 33:15 | so you know the size range of that relates to you know what's the |
|
| 33:20 | range of bacteria? 1 to 10 typically. And so that kind of |
|
| 33:25 | chromosome sizes. You see their biggest five billion uh bigger than that. |
|
| 33:34 | million. Sorry? Uh Perhaps a bigger than that. But we're talking |
|
| 33:39 | 3 to 4000 genes at most on upper end. Okay. E coli |
|
| 33:44 | like I think like 4.5 times 10 the six chromosome size. Um Remember |
|
| 33:52 | can also have um extra chromosome um . It's okay. We'll focus more |
|
| 33:59 | plasmas in the third unit. But they can't have uh these elements |
|
| 34:05 | they're on the order of um maybe to 10,000. It's kind of the |
|
| 34:13 | size 5 15,000 base pairs compared to - five million. Okay. So |
|
| 34:19 | smaller. 3 to 5 genes. one gene. And that brings, |
|
| 34:26 | there are elements that can be transferred cells as we'll see. Okay um |
|
| 34:33 | those cells that do have them as of their genome genome is the totality |
|
| 34:38 | D. N. A. In south. So and looking at transcription |
|
| 34:45 | . Okay. Um you see a you don't see in eukaryotic cells and |
|
| 34:52 | this what we call pop policies own . Okay or policy riders don't need |
|
| 34:58 | say something and what you see there don't focus so much on on this |
|
| 35:08 | here. Okay, focus on this here. Okay um the yellow blob |
|
| 35:17 | circling what's called a polish zone. so just to show you what's going |
|
| 35:23 | there. So we have D. . A. So D. |
|
| 35:25 | A. Is of course the dark right label here. Alright. Blues |
|
| 35:34 | the M. RNA. Okay a blue squiggly lines are M. |
|
| 35:39 | Okay the yellow is protein. Okay I'm gonna help to give me a |
|
| 35:48 | picture here on the left. So our D. N. A. |
|
| 35:52 | of DNA containing a gene. And uh the process of expression right? |
|
| 35:58 | polymerase is gonna make an RNA copy a gene transcription. Right? And |
|
| 36:04 | the M. R. N. . Can then be translated. |
|
| 36:08 | And so a policy zone means what see here. Okay multiple Wibisono attached |
|
| 36:17 | attract script. Okay. Um so you would consider this a a |
|
| 36:26 | Okay. All right. That's the because multiple ribosomes on the transfer |
|
| 36:33 | So of course the writers interviewing about along with the R. And |
|
| 36:38 | And other components. So then you the formation of policy peptide chains. |
|
| 36:42 | you see that back up a sec . Right? So we'll learn in |
|
| 36:50 | When we get to unit three the you focus more on bacterial genetics will |
|
| 36:55 | that the M. RNA. Has called a ribosome binding site. |
|
| 36:59 | RBS don't worry about it now but help clarify this and RBS is a |
|
| 37:06 | binding site. Okay? And of as soon as the transcripts made when |
|
| 37:10 | becomes visible. Right then arrival zone plop down on it. Right? |
|
| 37:15 | as it moves right then it goes now that rivals and binding site is |
|
| 37:21 | . So another drives them combined. so and on it goes right moves |
|
| 37:26 | . It's not unoccupied one comes in So you keep going Right so multiple |
|
| 37:30 | zones going along I think probably peptide you can see that you know from |
|
| 37:37 | length of the plate peptide here that is much longer than here to here |
|
| 37:45 | it's almost done. Synthesize encouraging. of course it's gonna be almost fully |
|
| 37:50 | . So um so you're going so who cares about this? Right. |
|
| 37:58 | this is about the question. I'll back to that in a second. |
|
| 38:01 | the question is what's the implication of type of method? So we can't |
|
| 38:07 | abuse right, transcription translation is coupled we don't operate that don't operate that |
|
| 38:17 | . They have a nuclear member that the process and the nucleus is transcription |
|
| 38:25 | the outside of it. This is . Alright. Two rival zones on |
|
| 38:30 | window. Plastic particular um or not occurs outside the nucleus. So you |
|
| 38:36 | separation of the process prepare as you as soon as the transcript is available |
|
| 38:43 | themselves buying translation starts right? And rises. But you can see the |
|
| 38:48 | of this cell right? This is just focusing this just focusing on one |
|
| 38:56 | right? Like like say that but can see they're occurring. It can |
|
| 39:00 | everywhere. Any genes being expressed on protocol. Okay, so in fact |
|
| 39:11 | but first interpretation. Oh that hey already. That's a significant. That's |
|
| 39:25 | we're transcribing just take an example there one gene. What's the significance of |
|
| 39:35 | being able to use? Yeah, expression for sure. Yeah, you |
|
| 39:41 | you can you control these things uh efficiently. But there's something else that's |
|
| 39:50 | but there's something else to be compared a gene being expressed as you carry |
|
| 39:57 | and a junior expressed here in terms speed. An amount the amount of |
|
| 40:07 | being synthesized is a lot we can can express a lot of protein very |
|
| 40:13 | . Right? Because everything is running primal takes right. Transcribe translate and |
|
| 40:21 | translation sites. Right? Lots of zones on one strand. Uh that |
|
| 40:27 | there's a lot of protein very Okay, Why is this stuff? |
|
| 40:31 | you use very quickly And like he , can you shut down right away |
|
| 40:36 | well. Okay, so we'll talk that in three. But it goes |
|
| 40:42 | this concept goes with another concept. about to talk about it. Just |
|
| 40:45 | of put that back your head for . But this right here. |
|
| 40:51 | so this this right here. Um of course, in any style, |
|
| 40:59 | they're synthesized, can those proteins will in different locations obviously or can work |
|
| 41:06 | different locations. So for in the cytoplasmic membrane or outside maybe completely outside |
|
| 41:16 | cell. Okay, they have to funneled a different way to be able |
|
| 41:22 | get there. Okay, and that's this is all about. So recognition |
|
| 41:29 | recognition particle. So proteins that work the cytoplasmic membrane or work outside to |
|
| 41:37 | their recognized because the beginnings of their sequence have the signal sequences that are |
|
| 41:46 | by proteins that direct them to be outside. Okay. That's what you |
|
| 41:53 | here. Right. You see a recognition particle, Right? That's bringing |
|
| 41:59 | to the cell surface. Okay. then there's where translation is completed and |
|
| 42:07 | the protein will typically exit the cell be embedded in the membrane. |
|
| 42:12 | that's that's really all that refers to together and doing it through one of |
|
| 42:20 | signal sequences that signals it to be a protein. Hey, I'm working |
|
| 42:27 | here or in the membrane. This my signal to tell you to bring |
|
| 42:31 | there, so to speak. Um Okay. Any questions about |
|
| 42:37 | All right. So, I'm gonna this up again as we go into |
|
| 42:42 | . Okay, so again, now goes through. I remember that focus |
|
| 42:49 | the tractors and meeting the lagging Okay, Because I assume you all |
|
| 42:54 | that. All right. Um about to talk more generalities about certain things |
|
| 43:01 | to bacteria. Okay, so, cell division you're all familiar with |
|
| 43:08 | Right. So, visually end product mitosis and vision can appear to be |
|
| 43:16 | same. Okay, because we start the settle and we end with |
|
| 43:22 | Right, we end with uh daughter in our head. Right. And |
|
| 43:29 | what's happening in between is completely Okay, So when you carry which |
|
| 43:34 | have. And of course for both chromosome segregation and partition for preparing. |
|
| 43:40 | relatively simple process. Because we're just with one chromosome that that's copy you're |
|
| 43:46 | with two copies. That can be more complicated in eukaryotic cells. So |
|
| 43:54 | your P P matt. Right. 80 pro fes meta phase interface. |
|
| 44:01 | the old sister. Chroma tides and and chrome it did not have chroma |
|
| 44:06 | . Used to torture students with those and pull their hair out. |
|
| 44:12 | but you have to worry about that . That's why I went into study |
|
| 44:16 | here. I didn't want to mess it. All that stuff. So |
|
| 44:21 | anyway, my topic faces. So that's all about uh segregating the |
|
| 44:26 | . Um making sure that uh sets chromosomes go to the daughter cells, |
|
| 44:32 | ? Because you're dealing with linear chromosomes can be multiple. Right? We |
|
| 44:37 | course have 23 pairs. Right? I want to make it all work |
|
| 44:43 | . He goes through these different Okay. And then finally nuclear reform |
|
| 44:49 | then write to genetically identical cells. in precarious vision is not mitosis. |
|
| 44:57 | just is not. Okay. So equate the two things like that china |
|
| 45:02 | processes that way. Um It was . You do have obviously the carpet |
|
| 45:08 | the chromosome. Um And then there a bit of segregation here. If |
|
| 45:15 | will because the cell does have attachment here and here. Right. So |
|
| 45:21 | this is the glorious sequence. So we have actually hold on to |
|
| 45:28 | here. That's the story in the . Right? And when that chromosome |
|
| 45:34 | then of course you've replicated the ori in there. And that's what that |
|
| 45:40 | uses. So that when cell All right, that each half of |
|
| 45:49 | cell we'll have that cronyism. So, so again, it doesn't |
|
| 45:57 | a my tonic Sprinkle or anything like . It's kind of just the glory |
|
| 46:01 | . Conscious is attached to the inside the membrane and that's kind of how |
|
| 46:05 | and segregate them. Okay. Um course because there's not a lot of |
|
| 46:12 | know, phases and and all this of stuff going on. Right. |
|
| 46:18 | but this fishing can happen relatively Okay. Of course. The most |
|
| 46:23 | consuming part for you period in terms this process, the most time consuming |
|
| 46:29 | is going to be what? It's not this part. It's not actually |
|
| 46:35 | type of human in the cell But what what precedes it is the |
|
| 46:41 | time consuming part? Well, not growing we're not growing now. We're |
|
| 46:48 | ready to go through the phases. happens initially? Yeah, it's |
|
| 46:56 | right that space and you care about . So synthesis. So reputation of |
|
| 47:00 | the pros that takes of honest. ? When it gets into the and |
|
| 47:06 | the pro fes blah blah blah. actually goes to be quick. Okay |
|
| 47:13 | for pro Karyo it all goes rather because chromosome is small, copy drastically |
|
| 47:20 | . There's not a lot to do my kind of spindle that occurs in |
|
| 47:24 | phases. So copy copy DNA. of in the arteries and then boom |
|
| 47:29 | we go. Okay so um average 10 - 24 hours. Those cells |
|
| 47:37 | are faster growing. Of course things a fetus growing in the in the |
|
| 47:44 | womb. Those cells initially are going fast. So likely uh doubling times |
|
| 47:51 | maybe eight hours 6 to 8 That's fast for eukaryotic cell. But |
|
| 47:55 | carry outs of course can be as as 20 minutes. Maybe even less |
|
| 47:59 | that two hours apart. About the there somewhere longer than that. But |
|
| 48:05 | the point is they can replicate further . Um Okay so in terms of |
|
| 48:14 | , so your story is not unique bacteria cause we have multiple stories in |
|
| 48:19 | chromosomes. Um But it's where replica of new D. N. |
|
| 48:25 | Begins. Okay so um the story where the strands separated. Okay and |
|
| 48:34 | we see strand separation already occurring Okay and what happens is replication forks |
|
| 48:42 | mm hmm. So at those forks be ready to represent one representing each |
|
| 48:49 | and representatives a copy apparatus. Okay we have um DNA polymerase. Remember |
|
| 49:00 | memorizes. What does to copy census new DNA. And so each of |
|
| 49:04 | obs here is A. D. . A summarize P. O. |
|
| 49:10 | . For short. There's one there's here so each rebels home has two |
|
| 49:17 | these. Right? Because you're copying strengths. All right, D. |
|
| 49:23 | . A. Primaries. Right? you're coming there there there and there |
|
| 49:30 | you and these are going of course directions. Right? So new DNA |
|
| 49:36 | , you see there in red bi , right? They're going away from |
|
| 49:41 | other right in this direction. And they do that bubble um The uh |
|
| 49:55 | so when we look at this eventually to a sequence called terminator body where |
|
| 49:59 | complexes fall off. Right? But that point you've got to two fully |
|
| 50:06 | DNA molecules. Okay. So if look over here, this is where |
|
| 50:11 | gets a little interesting. Um So can see and I'll show you an |
|
| 50:16 | of this as well. So here have the chromosome at the top here |
|
| 50:22 | then the strands separate and as soon the stories are copied and they |
|
| 50:30 | And so here's one story. There's . Alright, so we've copied now |
|
| 50:36 | we begin to copy the D. . A. At the already started |
|
| 50:40 | soon as before he gets duplicated, it'll fix it will attach to the |
|
| 50:48 | of that cell membrane right there. two little green things are so you |
|
| 50:52 | see him attached here. Right. . Corey or kept. And that's |
|
| 51:00 | how it holds on. So as gets copied then the cell because the |
|
| 51:04 | is going to split in the right there. And so then it |
|
| 51:09 | that each each half of that will a copy of the chromosome and the |
|
| 51:12 | divides each each one has copy. , so um then you see F |
|
| 51:20 | sido scalable components aren't fully formed yet they do and they form in the |
|
| 51:26 | . Okay. And so here you the beginnings of the Ziering forming. |
|
| 51:33 | . And it will occupy the center that cell. But you notice that |
|
| 51:39 | is here are the the DNA is copied right here and here. |
|
| 51:47 | But before that's even finished Alright, started the next round here, shown |
|
| 51:55 | the two rectangles here and here you you've already started copying again. |
|
| 52:02 | so this that that cell will lead of course two cells each with a |
|
| 52:10 | of DNA. But before that even we're already on Or the soul becomes |
|
| 52:16 | becomes 4, right? And kind going through your head and it's like |
|
| 52:20 | like the the cell is seeing oh , okay, we're gonna see that |
|
| 52:25 | ? Make two cells are already finding before. Alright, exponential growth. |
|
| 52:30 | so you know like I said you the two copies being formed here but |
|
| 52:35 | not even done right because this is the terminate here. We've already started |
|
| 52:40 | the next round but we're still in set. Right? So it's like |
|
| 52:46 | one cell but I'm looking ahead to I'm for. Okay. And so |
|
| 52:49 | can imagine how exponentially that continues Right? So, so here you |
|
| 52:56 | the complete Ziering is formed and that's going to carry out the I dislocated |
|
| 53:05 | envelope material on both both halves of self. Okay. And uh and |
|
| 53:11 | you see that we have two copies then they were already on the way |
|
| 53:15 | making the the copies for the next . Okay, So, um so |
|
| 53:21 | real quick. You can see it . Okay, and again, these |
|
| 53:28 | available to you as well on the . And if you go to the |
|
| 53:32 | materials tab, it's in there. let's take a look. Um |
|
| 53:44 | I'm just gonna speed this up a bit. So there's our cell chromosome |
|
| 53:51 | our story Rebecca I'm sorry. So our do it this way. |
|
| 53:58 | Rory chromosome replication for forms is a to rebel zones. Right, |
|
| 54:07 | And there's the two forks. as soon as the already gets |
|
| 54:13 | So you see how it attaches to inside of the membrane. Yeah. |
|
| 54:18 | here come the repo zones. And we go. Okay. All |
|
| 54:33 | okay, come on. Kind of here. Okay, so here we |
|
| 54:37 | . So one helix to progeny Right. Okay. And the |
|
| 54:48 | is that terminator sequence that they're heading that bidirectional replication. Okay. And |
|
| 54:55 | you see that where this is not complete. So here's one copy. |
|
| 55:02 | the other copy. But then we've started on the next one. Right |
|
| 55:06 | when there will be four cells. so um there we go terminator sequence |
|
| 55:17 | the F T F T. Z rings. Now you see that |
|
| 55:20 | have two copies. But even those copies now are each being copied |
|
| 55:26 | Right. Here comes the septum and . Okay, so um this goes |
|
| 55:36 | to the concept I mentioned um you why? Way back when uh that |
|
| 55:43 | back a couple weeks ago um why can be so successful. Right, |
|
| 55:49 | adapt so quickly that we talked Um there are small size, |
|
| 55:53 | Small chromosome uh how having divided so write exponential growth. Um the then |
|
| 56:05 | the the public arrival zone formation. ? And there was lots of protein |
|
| 56:10 | quickly. But we're growing very Right? And lots of cells that |
|
| 56:15 | a tremendous amount of protein synthesis. new biomass. Right? So this |
|
| 56:22 | these are life forms that can do because there equipped to do it right |
|
| 56:27 | size more promises that quickly divide Lots of protein. Made anything control |
|
| 56:37 | might take an approach to turn on off as needed. And we haven't |
|
| 56:42 | really much about a little bit. in the next year we'll talk more |
|
| 56:45 | metabolism. Our diverse their metabolism is all of that right? Goes into |
|
| 56:52 | they can be so successful. And And then stuff we'll talk about |
|
| 57:01 | rotation reputation ratings ability to transfer DNA cells. So all that goes to |
|
| 57:10 | they can be very there. So been so successful. Any questions at |
|
| 57:16 | point? Okay. Um Alright. polar aging. Okay. So I |
|
| 57:26 | um they that the soul pulled will all the same. Okay, so |
|
| 57:33 | the solder the ends of the Okay. So but even supposed to |
|
| 57:40 | symmetrical, symmetrical selves, there is asymmetry to that. Okay. So |
|
| 57:45 | you look at the polar aging, ? So here's a cell, |
|
| 57:52 | That just came out of a prior division. Okay. And because they |
|
| 58:00 | process occurs at one end or the . Right? When that separation |
|
| 58:05 | you basically created a new poll, ? Because you just in that septum |
|
| 58:11 | process, you synthesize new material. of course there's gonna be a new |
|
| 58:16 | new end for, right? This end is just out here and it's |
|
| 58:20 | can say it's aged hasn't gotten any material, but it has on this |
|
| 58:24 | . Right. And that's really what crux of this is about, |
|
| 58:28 | So this is showing the old poles the red red color on one |
|
| 58:35 | The new polls with the blue. . So for each successive division, |
|
| 58:41 | you generate an old report. And so it turns out that um |
|
| 58:50 | this represents a kind of differences in . Okay. That they've seen that |
|
| 58:57 | proteins eventually don't work, right? they accumulate, they don't fold properly |
|
| 59:05 | they don't function properly. And they tend to accumulate. So these bad |
|
| 59:09 | can tend to aggregate. And they've that this happens at the old |
|
| 59:15 | that these proteins are kind of not alone anymore, deteriorating and you tend |
|
| 59:21 | collect at the old poles. Now, of course, can contribute |
|
| 59:25 | the light of the set. Um and so it can be so |
|
| 59:31 | population if it's on the older end the range, you don't have a |
|
| 59:35 | of these old pools, so to . Okay. And so the point |
|
| 59:39 | , well, what's the point of ? What's the significance of that? |
|
| 59:43 | , the significance in terms of the of that one. Another one is |
|
| 59:47 | terms we've seen that in terms of , that's antibiotics can have have varying |
|
| 59:56 | uh depending on the polar age population those were over polar ages tend to |
|
| 60:03 | more resistant. Maybe in some cases something about. Okay, and so |
|
| 60:10 | doesn't mean necessarily that it will be . Okay, we're talking about a |
|
| 60:17 | of the cell dividing and then just old poles in the population. |
|
| 60:22 | That that may not be a heritable that can test our existence, but |
|
| 60:28 | for that population that's in that body that time, of course can be |
|
| 60:32 | significant for that person. Mr that's what they're saying, that they're |
|
| 60:41 | they're the antibiotics don't work as well the older populations. Uh A more |
|
| 60:49 | to it. But it's not really that's a terrible trip. Okay. |
|
| 60:54 | something it's just a function of that and its own polls, so to |
|
| 60:58 | . That's what we're saying that. But they've seen things like just we |
|
| 61:05 | in the context of a cell Okay. Uh Not not in every |
|
| 61:11 | but in certain ones it's been This is certainly something that's still being |
|
| 61:16 | and figured out. But when you at uh quickly rod shaped cells um |
|
| 61:24 | do see phenomenon where things happen at end compared to the other. And |
|
| 61:28 | prime example that is in those four which we'll talk about later. But |
|
| 61:35 | the english sport can certainly form every end or the other. Okay. |
|
| 61:41 | The the there could be unequal So we saw last time that that |
|
| 61:50 | so while synthesis may may predominantly occurs just one poll versus the other. |
|
| 61:55 | what they need to consume weird growth features. Okay. Like what we |
|
| 62:02 | T um or fix. So branching . He's okay. Instead of a |
|
| 62:10 | bacterial type, there's one that's not . So you can look at a |
|
| 62:14 | every every rod, every cell is rocket. Okay. Mhm. You |
|
| 62:19 | . So mostly uniform in size and . Okay. A a staff to |
|
| 62:25 | . They're all circles right? Maybe groups, right. But the amorphous |
|
| 62:31 | is not uniform. It has this of weird branching forms and things like |
|
| 62:35 | . Because of the third division of cell wall synthesis, many occurring at |
|
| 62:39 | end of the cell versus the So just produced this kind of |
|
| 62:44 | Uh I'm going backward Has a stock one. Okay. Uh you can |
|
| 62:52 | lose that. And Formentera gentleman that you see some of these polar differences |
|
| 62:58 | these are typically species specific. And here shows uh kind of the |
|
| 63:06 | forms we call it. So they of have bent forms like this maybe |
|
| 63:11 | of swollen at one. And so the products of these kind of polar |
|
| 63:18 | in terms of growth. Okay. then you see collectively here all the |
|
| 63:22 | types variations in shape of bacterial types relates to, you know, poley |
|
| 63:31 | . How they divide kinds of division we've talked about. So uh the |
|
| 63:38 | differences that would provide really these Um Okay, so back to our |
|
| 63:47 | . Okay, so we've come full . So let's see how it comes |
|
| 63:54 | this time. Mm hmm mm Yeah. Yeah. Hey turn the |
|
| 64:56 | on. Mm hmm. 10 9 . Okay. Uh let's see definitely |
|
| 65:32 | from the first time. Alright, one of each replication for four |
|
| 65:38 | What? Oh um No. There dense tree. One of each |
|
| 65:47 | Alright, that's true. Um ftse expectation. Yes. I just said |
|
| 65:55 | . I said it about 10 times week. Polar aging relates to cell |
|
| 66:01 | split in half and we have one pole and one new poll. So |
|
| 66:07 | we need the inter application outpaces. runs ahead of its cell division |
|
| 66:14 | Yeah. Because we had it made hadn't quite completed making two copies and |
|
| 66:19 | it's already on the way to making next two copies. Right? So |
|
| 66:24 | . Okay. Mhm. So material and transcription. Vice versa, |
|
| 66:30 | The nuclear Lloyd translation outside the Yeah, that's false. Okay so |
|
| 66:39 | it's all together. It's a party zone. Okay. Um Any |
|
| 66:47 | Yes. Mhm. Yes. It's . D. N. A. |
|
| 66:59 | complex. Or reptile zone is a of two D. N. |
|
| 67:04 | Polymerase molecules and some other things that bring about DNA synthesis. But then |
|
| 67:10 | , you're right. That's what it . And each representing has to DNA |
|
| 67:14 | is and each one of each Okay. There's one rep Liz um |
|
| 67:24 | each for each rep is um contains to DNA polymerase is one sits down |
|
| 67:30 | each fork. Just got it. . Um. Alright let's look at |
|
| 67:41 | structures a little bit. Right? when we look at these, these |
|
| 67:49 | good of structures. Some relate to specific effects things somehow like food |
|
| 68:03 | Some are like involved in motility. so the variety. Okay. Uh |
|
| 68:11 | no one bacterium has all of these . Okay, but they can have |
|
| 68:15 | of these. Um if we look the first of these relates to |
|
| 68:22 | remember the auto trophy head or a that we talked about? Okay, |
|
| 68:27 | that oughta trophy carbon. Right. 100 trophy autotrophs is What's the |
|
| 68:33 | Alright, let's go to our Is it not So to something more |
|
| 68:40 | ? Glucose fats. What happened? , so on the trophy is in |
|
| 68:45 | realm of these types. Right. trophy and little tropes. Okay. |
|
| 68:50 | so they fixed the 02 and their structures that occur as a result. |
|
| 68:57 | , so Dylan Coy's so photosynthetic bacteria don't have do not have core |
|
| 69:06 | Okay, Okay. Okay. But McCoys are just membrane folding wings that |
|
| 69:15 | stuffed with the first synthetic pigments and . Okay, so it's not an |
|
| 69:21 | l just membrane folds containing photosynthetic Okay, so, certainly foot approach |
|
| 69:27 | have to have We'll see that other . We have some variations of |
|
| 69:32 | But again, bottom line is we're talking that they have chloroplasts. |
|
| 69:38 | but they can have dial accords. can also have car boxy zones. |
|
| 69:43 | , so car boxy zones are involved cinema to fixation. Okay, so |
|
| 69:49 | are kind of protein covered structures full this enzyme. Okay. Disco For |
|
| 70:00 | . The longer name is over You see the long name down |
|
| 70:03 | Okay. Uh No you don't. called ruby low's by phosphate car box |
|
| 70:08 | lace. Okay. But it's essentially enzyme that takes the C. 02 |
|
| 70:16 | hooks it onto another molecule. And the Calvin cycle starts that way. |
|
| 70:23 | and other crops that are very vigorously . So too can have these structures |
|
| 70:30 | moxie zones. Okay, so what's article? Well then Karbacher zones can |
|
| 70:37 | found in either the boutros for Okay. Um again, the metabolic |
|
| 70:47 | structure. Okay. Not not an L but because it's not bound with |
|
| 70:52 | membrane, it's bound with proteins in case. Okay, gas vacuums can |
|
| 70:57 | present. Okay. He's not uncommon certain aquatic aquatic bacteria have these particularly |
|
| 71:07 | that the other problem is fully Get them to the proper depth for |
|
| 71:18 | absorption. Right? Because the water coming to light coming through the |
|
| 71:21 | it's gonna refract and you're gonna have get to a level that's optimal for |
|
| 71:26 | the right energy absorption. So aghast can help with that. Okay, |
|
| 71:32 | up or down. Okay. Um everything on this slide you'll see is |
|
| 71:38 | about food storage energy storage. so your meta chromatic Granules um these |
|
| 71:48 | miscue phosphate stores. Okay. Corrina . You see they're staying purple with |
|
| 71:54 | blue with staining the the meta chromatic of phosphate columnar storage. Right? |
|
| 72:02 | how it works is it's a quick of energy by just simply phosphors letting |
|
| 72:06 | to make a teepee and boom, you go. Okay so again, |
|
| 72:11 | energy store for these types. Uh you're familiar with um starch in |
|
| 72:18 | Plants sell starch and uh envelope envelope I guess is the other one |
|
| 72:25 | Our own cells have glycogen as an storage muscle cells. And so it's |
|
| 72:31 | glucose polymers and bacteria have both types . Starch etcetera. Okay. Um |
|
| 72:39 | this is a metabolic byproducts of sulfur . The yellow yellow blobs in the |
|
| 72:46 | and the filament to cells are sulfur , elemental salt shows up as the |
|
| 72:56 | . Uh my part of sulfur metabolism sulfur. Remember little troughs, |
|
| 73:02 | Can use H. Two S. an energy source. And the end |
|
| 73:07 | is okay and it accumulates in the that way and this species at |
|
| 73:13 | Okay, lipid storage, Right? lip poly hydroxy reiterates. Okay. |
|
| 73:20 | this is the building block right? make the polymer. Okay, it's |
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| 73:26 | type of fat. It's a lipid that you see in bacillus. The |
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| 73:30 | blobs are ph b Okay, so can clip these things off, take |
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| 73:39 | polymer. Make monitors and metabolize the for energy check. Um So certainly |
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| 73:49 | the monochromatic Granules police sacha ride These are all ways to get |
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| 73:57 | The sulfur Granules is kind of just byproduct, right? That's a byproduct |
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| 74:01 | metabolism. Okay, the end product of accumulates in the cell. |
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| 74:07 | Um So mechanisms. Okay, so zones are used for orientation. Think |
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| 74:19 | of magnetism is the compass. It's a compass for the set that |
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| 74:24 | it's not not an energy source. not a food source. Okay. |
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| 74:30 | a way to orient itself in its . Okay. And so it's made |
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| 74:35 | magnetite. Right? So it's oriented in terms of magnetic north or south |
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| 74:42 | on what hemisphere it's in. It's the northern hemisphere North pole. So |
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| 74:46 | hemisphere or us towards south pole. . And there are species that live |
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| 74:51 | both hemispheres. Okay. And these aquatic bacteria that use. Okay. |
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| 74:58 | so the reason it's thought has to with the fact of what we call |
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| 75:05 | behavior in the presence of oxygen. ? We'll learn that bacteria have different |
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| 75:14 | they behave in the presence of Okay? Some loving some are killed |
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| 75:19 | it. Some makes no difference to to run the whole spectrum. Okay |
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| 75:25 | two types we call Microtel relic. the other type is called anaerobic. |
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| 75:31 | ? So anaerobic means without michael it you gotta have it But must be |
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| 75:37 | less than atmospheric concentrations of atmospheric concentration 2021%. Right? Gotta be much |
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| 75:44 | than it's too toxic for it. so their species can run both ways |
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| 75:49 | this group from anaerobic. Some are . The point is if you're an |
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| 75:55 | bacteria oxygen levels will vary what Okay auction levels go down as you |
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| 76:06 | deeper. Okay. Higher auction at top which makes sense. Right. |
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| 76:11 | air links is with the water at top. Right? So you think |
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| 76:15 | more hold two of the higher levels break lower. Okay. So for |
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| 76:19 | bacteria and then it uses its make zones to orient in terms of north |
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| 76:27 | , but it's also downward. Orients northward and bound or in the southern |
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| 76:34 | southward and down. Okay. And level of which should stops, |
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| 76:42 | is presumably where the optimal level of . Right? So let's option at |
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| 76:47 | bottom more of the tops of the . Use that magneto zone to kind |
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| 76:51 | guide it downward, you know, depth wise and toward north or |
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| 76:57 | depending on what happens all because of need for oxygen levels of sort of |
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| 77:04 | certain type. Ok. Or lack it. Okay. And so that's |
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| 77:08 | of what drives this? Okay, it's all about to think of it |
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| 77:11 | the defensively Not only doctors are going be late to motility to movement. |
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| 77:18 | right. And this is one you argue oriented related to luke orientation and |
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| 77:24 | . So to a gas vacuum All right. Uh Of course it's |
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| 77:29 | obvious you think of certain, but other variations. There's other movements that |
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| 77:35 | require. Ok, so keep Okay. Okay um you guys are |
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| 77:41 | laugh. You're gonna laugh. So let you I'll let you out of |
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| 77:44 | . Thanks folks. Yeah. Yeah can make um it can't the more |
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| 78:05 | more members of the population older poles Oh yes it's not in terms of |
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| 78:36 | it's gonna be mostly for those that what you're gonna get that balance. |
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| 78:45 | in certain species apartments they've seen this the way. Absolutely. I've never |
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| 79:24 | recorded lectures in 17 years way because the magnetite will oriented towards magnetic north |
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| 79:39 | south but it does so downward So this is north, it's not |
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| 79:44 | going this way, so it's going be typically not always consistent but auction |
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| 79:55 | will vary in terms of depth, higher at the top floor at the |
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| 79:59 | . So it'll the magnetite will kind orient them downward to get to their |
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| 80:03 | level of what they need. So an arab you want to get away |
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| 80:07 | it, you don't want to get away from them. And so if |
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| 80:09 | a micro profile, something will blow top and all the way at the |
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| 80:14 | and so that kind of helps them that. Yeah. Thank you. |
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| 80:17 | . Yes, I was wondering if could explain kind of a little bit |
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| 80:22 | history was kind of confused on basically part. Like I understand that microbes |
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| 80:29 | part of like the plants and animals then they divided into their own kingdom |
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| 80:34 | confusion to |
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