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00:13 okay, yesterday we ended up I'm talking about the west of Shetland

00:22 , ex frontier exploration effort, how it took to get it under development

00:26 of course we have that this uh good slide showing both when the discovery

00:36 was was drilled and also um when first came under production so really Is

00:45 is a really well documented, a example of how long it can

00:48 two taxi. Mhm Jill is described well and then also um get it

00:56 production. But before that even there's rounds and there's licensing rounds require a

01:03 of geotechnical work and just playing hard gathering on the part of the people

01:12 the exploration department to assemble a really bid to put in for evaluation.

01:21 most of the bidding rounds in most have very stringent and well defined rules

01:30 how the bids um need to be . They list a lot of the

01:36 questions they want answered. And and many years ago it seems uh even

01:48 I started doing this, some of things were done by leaders of

01:54 like a king of one particular awarded all the offshore acreage to one

02:01 oil company and just excluded everybody um 11 can never know, but

02:08 would assume that that when something like happens there was there was some money

02:13 under the table and in my workings with oil companies, I don't know

02:21 I was high enough to know how that was done behind the scenes at

02:26 of the companies that I work for guess is they tried not to do

02:30 and they worked very hard not to that in some countries. Um,

02:35 for forbade that you do something like . So by and large, the

02:42 it should be now. And for the most part I would guess

02:45 very well controlled and so acquisition of is a really, it's a

02:54 uh, it can be a can worms. Uh, but at

03:00 or I guess at best it's a of work and a lot of good

03:05 work and it also stimulates the use geoscience technology, which is good for

03:14 that's, that's studying as a petroleum or engineer or geophysics. So,

03:24 the best example I can give you the one that I worked with in

03:30 licensing rounds in offshore Norway and I partially involved with ones in the UK

03:37 they were certainly rigorous and, and laid out. One of the things

03:47 , you know, when you're acquiring , it helps that you get there

03:51 people realize anything is there. And reason for that is if you're sort

03:57 the first one in an area and kind of hard to find areas,

04:00 there are still areas, believe it not that are there untouched and wide

04:05 . If you're the first one that some kind of inkling of an idea

04:11 there might be hi prospectively and everybody is missing that fact. And typically

04:17 can get in early and get get pretty good acreage in a relatively cheaper

04:23 than you would have expect. You , uh, some of the licensing

04:28 I worked on in the gulf of , mhm, Many years ago were

04:35 , very expensive. There were $120 dollars Blocks back with $120 million.

04:44 would have been worth probably $500 million now. It was, it was

04:50 least equivalent to the sum of $1 , I would guess. And

04:56 and the price of wells were a cheaper to back then, but you

05:00 want to get in there ahead of . When I was working with Amoco

05:04 Colombia. They, They managed to 99.9 Million acres. And whenever I

05:13 in committee meetings, I would always 100 million because I can't see any

05:17 in saying 99.9, but everybody was , very sensitive about that.

05:23 my guess is that other 10th of million acres of, I belong to

05:33 that didn't want anybody to know about . I don't know. It

05:35 it was, it was just really how people reacted when I said 100

05:39 all the time. And uh, , in that case, a Mako

05:43 in really, really early, nobody a clue what was there, except

05:49 BP and for some reason Amoco the they put on this particular area,

05:58 was very frustrating for some of us the technical groups because we knew they

06:02 , they were drilling in the wrong because we could look at a map

06:05 figure it out ourselves. They drilled an area that was pretty much no

06:11 at all, looking for cretaceous and they drilled into it, it was

06:17 paleozoic and in many places, even it's sedimentary rocks, we consider that

06:24 in this area in most cases, terms of petroleum, it is.

06:32 , but anyway, we were unsuccessful and we had to back out

06:36 the horrible thing is, is the land men and women did a

06:41 job of getting a huge chunk of acreage for a really good deal.

06:49 uh, and the people, we on that botched it. So one

06:53 the most critical things, I think is having land folks that know how

06:58 get acreage with a strategy that kind um helps you be successful. And

07:06 used to get the biggest spread of at any point in time. They

07:11 , because they always knew that if they missed the target with a

07:17 of acreage, there must be another on there somewhere. And uh,

07:21 a little, a few dry holes a lot of technical effort, you

07:26 normally find it before most people realize a, there's a gold mine

07:31 But as it turns out, there a gold mine, they're in,

07:35 , Amico uh, sold the acreage farmed out the acreage to two BP

07:43 BP drilled a billion barrel field, would say within less than six months

07:48 they knew where it was, we where it was. But the people

07:52 got put in charge didn't know where was. And it was a

07:56 that was a real shame and it , it was a really eyesore for

08:03 company when that happened. And probably reason why our ceo thought that we

08:09 to merge with BP. Um, they didn't talk to the people I

08:15 directly with and, and the people I knew that I knew that there

08:20 a problem with what we were So it's really critical again, to

08:24 big acreages. There's places in the , especially in the, in

08:30 in the Rockies, in around Denver . Uh, that America got a

08:36 of acreage early on in this same and places where no one had been

08:40 in the, in a lot of uh, legacy and uh, bread

08:46 butter wells were producing oil and gas of there for a long time and

08:50 still are for whoever owns that Now the least bonuses and royalties of

08:57 are going to be cheaper where no is producing. Um, you often

09:04 asked to build and own at least of the infrastructure that goes in

09:08 There's all sorts of different types of , most of course will have some

09:17 of upfront bonus you have to pay then you have to pay a certain

09:21 of royalty on everything that you And that normally is straightforward. I

09:29 I mentioned earlier that in china, we started producing the luau field,

09:35 time we figured out a way to more oil out of the ground,

09:38 increase the lifting taxes. So it for Amoco, it became a no

09:45 , which is why we farmed it and, and got a pretty good

09:48 for for that, but we just make a penny. And even though

09:56 found probably the biggest oil field out ever. And so, you

10:03 that kind of thing happens, but , it's pretty rare. Normally.

10:07 people have fixed rates and stick to once they're signed and you don't have

10:12 worry about that kind of now. , and the same goes for china

10:18 , uh, usually there's good deals and, and uh, and the

10:23 , but I haven't drilled anything offshore these days. So I don't

10:27 and the same is true for all other countries that I worked and things

10:32 could have improved or gotten worse than , any one of them anyway.

10:38 , a lot of the things that ask you to do. Yes.

10:43 Okay two commit to a lot of and of course there's a lot of

10:51 in the department to do. So you have to you really have to

10:56 an evaluation as fast as you can sometimes people will start working on they'll

11:03 years in advance, maybe 23 that licensing round is coming up and they

11:09 a team together to start working on right away. And eventually though you

11:13 to come up with countries that are picky about it really expect this financial

11:21 in terms of that bonus, they a technical bid which you basically show

11:29 them, you show the countries ah geology groups, sort of what your

11:39 knowledge and skill is of the area then uh and then there's also a

11:44 of, how many wells are you to drill? So for example in

11:50 places it's it's focused on a financial and uh the dollar amount is is

11:55 wins it. That's the way it in the US but in other countries

12:01 and I think to there it really kind of displays their insight in this

12:11 sort of things, some of them are worried about your technical bit.

12:16 other words if you come in and say you're gonna drop a bunch of

12:23 on the table, that's great but somebody else comes in drops a fair

12:28 of money on that table, even little bit less and the technical uh

12:36 of what you think is going to . There sounds really good. The

12:41 in Norway would consider that a very advantage because if they're gonna of basically

12:50 there there um their country's property to , if they know that you're going

12:56 do a really good job trying to that particular acreage, then they're more

13:03 to give you the bid than somebody . That's put a big lump of

13:08 on the table because in their all companies and it's not wrong,

13:13 oil companies, they're putting these bids lots of money and they have lenders

13:20 and they also, you know, can put money on the table,

13:23 what they would look for is a that could show that they were going

13:28 um develop and produce that acreage in more technically inclined and obviously better way

13:39 getting more and more oil and more more money under the ground for another

13:44 that's very important is a drilling And that that normally is you have

13:49 drill one, well, two three wells, whatever. Um some

13:57 you have to drill one well to given formation, that's what I had

14:00 do in the, the Caspian they had a target formation and they

14:08 to prove that they had drilled below and that's why I sat the wells

14:11 make sure that we drill through the before they they start traveling. And

14:17 drilling bid ah has an impact on local economy because you usually have to

14:24 local people to work on the There's, there's an awful lot

14:28 depending on the country and depending on kind of folks they have trained on

14:33 or in that country, there may more outside consultants working on the rigs

14:41 the Caspian sea. A lot of people operating all the drilling equipment and

14:51 by and large, some of the jobs that you would do on the

14:54 were being done by Azeris and things mud loggers. We had a team

14:59 the UK and a team from Italy would switch on and off. And

15:05 there there probably uh moderately trained geologist you know, maybe with a,

15:15 a bachelor's degree in geology and maybe science rather than that and, and

15:24 that it, that part of the bid kind of brings in a little

15:29 of money to the local economy and on the, the skill sets of

15:33 people there, it would bring in also to, to those folks as

15:39 . And, and of course there's in the country and all that sort

15:43 thing. So it could bring a of money to countries, depending on

15:46 many wells you have to drill and , in the United States and a

15:50 of the offshore gulf of Mexico, lot of places you had to drill

15:57 at least one well within a certain of time and if you found something

16:01 you had a little bit of time you had to drill a second

16:04 So it's all very well timed it changes from year to year and

16:08 to bid. So, so I tell you exactly what one is right

16:11 because I haven't done a licensing thank goodness in a long time.

16:15 uh, and it is a lot work when, when I was in

16:20 working on, I think it was 13th or the 14th licensing round.

16:27 had, We worked literally worked 22 a day during the summer because they

16:36 always have the bid near the end the summer because they knew everybody could

16:41 working because the sun would be out the whole day and you go

16:47 eat, shower, sleep an hour come back and that was pretty trying

16:56 , and off and oftentimes, you , these are gonna be, these

16:59 almost always sealed bids and uh except the exception where where people are doing

17:05 kind of procedure, but most of are that way and then of course

17:09 have to commit a lot of you have to commit a lot of

17:13 skills, you have to actually put assemble teams together to do this and

17:19 teams will request technical support from either or or technical groups within a larger

17:28 . And so it's it's a it's huge effort and it's done less and

17:33 these days just because of the way demand situation is right now. But

17:40 do still think it's going to it's to turn around and we're gonna be

17:43 not too long from now looking at lot of acreage in the industry.

17:49 not because we want to burn hydrocarbons because we have to until we get

17:54 and more alternate capacity not only capacity actual real production going on. And

18:05 as a note um the wind died in texas and so I think the

18:12 got to the point where it's been a big load and overnight the son

18:16 off as well. And so we through the evening with gas fired generation

18:25 you get that bid the team that's on it and the companies are pressured

18:29 perform and and get actually make make successful exploration effort and drill a discovery

18:43 one of the things that they used lats and the launch launches to divide

18:50 grids up and the U. In many cases will subdivide it.

18:55 just a real quick thing when I a young man and in elementary school

19:01 remember there was an article in my Reader, we used to have I

19:06 know if they have anything like that in elementary school but it gave us

19:13 little kids um, some international news one of the things they talked about

19:19 back in the would have been in , In the late 50s I guess

19:26 I'm as you know, I'm almost years old. Anyway they talked about

19:32 boundaries and these boundaries were put together some pretty critical math and of course

19:41 then we didn't have computers. So were doing this all with a team

19:45 mathematicians sitting in an office somewhere. but a lot of how far you

19:51 out had to do with with the of shore line that you had relative

19:56 the country across here. You can that Belgian, I can't even see

20:01 boundary for Belgian. I don't even if there is when France kind of

20:04 way up in here. This may drawn wrong but but my guess is

20:11 have, I can't even see where acreage is. It just seems like

20:14 all France and wide open and and may not be anything perspective down here

20:21 because most of the stuff we looked , you get the paleozoic down here

20:24 it kind of runs out of things but nevertheless up here and in the

20:31 and gas rich north sea and viking up here. Uh these boundaries were

20:40 on the amount of shore line you and and it actually ah considered all

20:49 little bays and whatnot as as like like this might have been counted.

20:55 not sure what the cut off And it's probably hard to find out

21:00 happened way back then. But they ways of giving you more offshore acreage

21:07 you had more coastline. And uh so you can see here in Germany

21:16 a lot of little ins and outs bays and stuff around here, but

21:20 can see they really got hammered. has a lot more bays and some

21:25 and they got a really good uh in here. And the Netherlands of

21:30 got a really good wedge. And time I look at this, I

21:34 that's a little bit of punishment that handed to Germany for World War

21:39 And I guess that makes sense as . And uh let's hope we don't

21:45 anything like this again. But it was very uh difficult to sort

21:51 out mathematically. But one of the interesting things is if this line had

21:57 moved over a matter of 10 miles would would have missed a lot of

22:04 in terms of oil and gas And uh the UK would have practically

22:10 what they were able to get. this where these lines were drawn were

22:13 to every one of the countries around North Sea. And one of the

22:20 that I think is important is it you, the company's always want to

22:25 bigger acreage. But if you're, you're a landowner of this much

22:30 the smaller bits of acreage you divvy , the more, the more likely

22:40 gonna have like a tiny little. example, if you were to give

22:44 this whole block in Norway and say only have to drill one,

22:49 that's not going to bring you as activity as if you subdivide these things

22:53 a bunch of little blocks And have bunch of companies committing to drill

22:58 Well, uh you're gonna have, going to have more dry holes,

23:02 you're probably going to have more discovery , especially in this area. That

23:06 so petroliferos to begin with with the clay, one of the best source

23:12 on the planet. Okay, and you can see kind of what it

23:17 like now. Um it would have nice to see what's out here by

23:28 of Shetland. But nevertheless we have you can see here there's very,

23:36 small blocks in here that were drilled developed and and when you zoom in

23:43 something like this on a real map uh not just an image, you

23:48 be able to see some of these squares are actually subdivided into even

23:53 blocks. And here is basically, is going up into the Norwegian sea

24:04 here. But this is the central through here, the south viking

24:09 And then the north viking robin and this one goes up and These lat

24:16 to find things were subdivided into 12 Norway. So they were they were

24:21 than the subdivisions in um in the . And at some, some points

24:29 time, they actually were, we're out blocks this size like number seven

24:34 number eight, but eventually they started them back and making them smaller.

24:39 kind of happened pretty quickly, which helps activity. But in the

24:43 the blocks are even smaller than And and consequently you can see this

24:51 line of where discoveries were you just a few miles in this direction

24:57 that border and you can see it much encapsulates a huge Good 80% of

25:04 production is really close to that The UK is as well, but

25:09 it's over here, it's almost as the people that were trying to figure

25:14 out actually knew where the oil and was already and they were trying to

25:19 in half with Norway in the but that would have been what anybody

25:27 . But but it ended up being way. And when you get to

25:32 gulf of Mexico are blocks are really into Little three square mile blocks.

25:40 that in itself uh has created, think a lot of activity on our

25:46 shelf. Just because we have these bits of acreage that we at least

25:54 at a time. And having said some of the fields South Marsh Island

25:58 28, for example, which I upon for examples many times already,

26:04 , is, I'm pretty sure it's , it was and I'm pretty sure

26:09 still is the single most productive single field, three sq mi across.

26:16 of the offshore blocks are bigger. I think that was to the deeper

26:21 blocks down into the, on the stuff are bigger just because the price

26:29 operating out there is bigger. And they were trying to entice people to

26:33 up these bigger lots now in many in, I was in charge of

26:41 in charge of the development of another , Eugene Island and uh, 3

26:47 I think, or 3 30. uh, that field was, You

26:52 , probably six or 7 different blocks it wasn't producing much more than South

27:01 Island all by its South Marcel and 28 all by itself. Okay.

27:09 , something that happens a lot of and farm outs and they talked about

27:16 a little bit in your book And um, this is kind of

27:22 interesting activity. And uh, if , for example, picks up one

27:28 these blocks in, they really think can't get any more out of

27:33 but they think they can make it lucrative to somebody else. They try

27:36 farm it out to them and the that would put a bid on that

27:43 win it would would be the farming . So sometimes as long as these

27:48 least is are still active, people farm them out and form them

27:51 And this can be pretty exciting. of activity to if for example,

27:59 was came up with some bright spots stuff and they saw some seismic data

28:05 I could see could image the seismic such a way that nobody else could

28:09 it. Uh They might want to farm in as bad as they could

28:13 the other companies having trouble finding anything they didn't know what to do.

28:18 uh I did work on a field like that. S so at the

28:23 Had South Tim earlier 53, they to dry dry wells there and we

28:30 in with the mobile, had some good at the time imaging that was

28:37 better than most in terms of what call bright spots back then. And

28:42 could actually see where the structure And it turns out S.

28:45 Actually drilled in the saddle of the With two antique lines, one coming

28:51 from the west and one coming in the east. And when I got

28:56 of that, I drilled two, wells on the two noses of the

29:02 line. We had two noses of antique line, one coming from the

29:06 , one coming from the west. esos, two wells were in the

29:12 of that. But we saw production , were able to tie the production

29:15 the sand stones in there. And first two wells we drilled,

29:18 which I proposed were mm hmm. guess the number three and 4 in

29:28 we, we actually hit reservoirs there , it was a gas field and

29:33 actually hit the gas. Guess Our contact Within five ft. And

29:38 was pretty unheard of using seismic back . Now. Now you can do

29:43 sort of thing in this kind of a little bit more frequently. But

29:46 in the, in the late it was a rare thing to be

29:50 to Pick a gas water contact within ft. But that's what we

29:56 And again, these, you technological advantages or what Make one company

30:02 value and another one can't see And that's why it was a real

30:06 with the Columbia acreage. A lot folks at american knew that was good

30:12 , but the team, they put it just did a horrible job.

30:19 tell anybody. I said that. . Another thing is sometimes when companies

30:26 stressed, stressed, stressed for cash stuff like that, they may

30:31 they don't have enough people to work a block that they got and they

30:35 basically farm it out or they have lot of infrastructure somewhere else and they

30:41 to farm into acreage around where they infrastructure and farm out bakeries where they

30:47 , where they don't have as much in the game and that kind of

30:51 and but again this being a little smarter about something is what would make

30:57 want to farm in. And normally you really think you have something good

31:03 , you're not going to farm it and then of course there's always going

31:10 be a team put on, they these sessions where you get to go

31:13 at data and based on a lot the training I had at mobile when

31:19 was doing uh farming's which, you , someone was farming it out and

31:27 would go and act as though we going to farm in because of what

31:33 learned as a developmental geologist. I a lot of ways to, to

31:38 on my feet and data that I had less than an hour to

31:43 at. I was able to evaluate quickly and also being a scientist and

31:52 sort of in academia at the I also was able to communicate with

31:59 of the technical groups and get a more information. Then a regular exploration

32:05 would be able to get and I I had a boss, one thing

32:11 the government of Germany had done a of work in Myanmar and we had

32:17 team of expirationist go over there and they barely got to see anything but

32:26 German Geological Survey had one volume and one copy of it, of a

32:32 year study on the oil and gas offshore an onshore Myanmar. And they

32:41 us borrow it because my boss was friend of of one of the most

32:48 german paleontologist at the time. His was Willie Ziegler and he was the

32:54 of the sinking Bergh Museum. Uh so which was a really famous,

33:00 still a famous museum around the And so we were able to get

33:03 lot of data that a lot of companies couldn't get just because of relationships

33:09 that. And they actually let us the book and and mail it back

33:15 him when we got done with So it was, it was

33:19 it blew the minds out of our of our exploration team that we were

33:24 to do that. We did something to that in Australia. In Western

33:28 . The technical groups sometimes have more an academic relationship with some of these

33:34 agencies and, and we're able to our hands on data that's sort of

33:43 , but not easily acquire a ble it's not like it's top secret stuff

33:47 anything because the governments usually will allow to purchase data and that sort of

33:53 . But in this case they were were allowing us to to see things

34:00 just because they could trust us to things and not and not lose

34:07 They trusted us to look at it share information with him when we found

34:11 something that would be valuable to Okay, so when when when you

34:18 in there you get that acreage, know, before you do it,

34:23 already, you've already started looking for kinds of things. And so in

34:27 exploration, a lot of these things are helping us find, you

34:35 geophysicist thinks that direct hydrocarbon indicator is , you know, like a flat

34:43 or or a bird's eye or or high, very high amplitude event.

34:49 like that. Things with Avio are useful um in a lot of

34:56 but onshore texas and the Iowa, it's the king. And of course

35:02 the gulf of Mexico a when I exploring that area, they didn't euzebio

35:10 . But now they do. And and they're finding a lot of foiling

35:13 that people have missed, which is good thing. But other things are

35:18 and mud volcanoes. These things we gas hydrate mounds and uh also bottom

35:25 reflectors, which is another seismic then chimneys of course you see in

35:32 but normally if you have a gas somewhere above there, you've got a

35:36 seat and and so there's there's a of geological and geophysical things that help

35:43 get an idea that there's going to hydrocarbons there. And of course the

35:48 we look for these things is because , if these things exist then from

35:53 surface, we know there must be source rock that has been generating oil

35:59 gas or these things wouldn't be And this is just a a

36:07 a little diagram about seeps and how work. And this is just showing

36:12 that sometimes uh, faults can be or were directors of the direction in

36:18 it goes. For example, this kind of shielding it and maybe the

36:22 coming around here. And so the can be barriers. But there

36:26 there are faults that have been known to dilate and move and allow the

36:32 of fluids from time to time and you see. And we'll talk about

36:37 and more detail and up in the section, but a lot of oil

36:45 gas fields leak. A lot more people back when I started out then

36:50 realized now a lot of people are aware of this and and more

36:57 more people are being converted to understanding these impermeable things sometimes will leak

37:06 And a lot of it has to with the height of this hydrocarbon column

37:10 the buoyancy, the force of buoyancy this surface increases, has this hydrocarbon

37:18 increases. So, uh, these will fill to a point in the

37:23 of buoyancy force of buoyancy overcomes some the capillary pressures that you see in

37:32 seals and they were able to escape in a gas or liquid form.

37:43 uh this is just showing you some the things you look look for.

37:48 this is just an example of of thin pinch out of sand trap trap

37:54 , but very fast seepage because obviously may be some ah lack of a

38:04 seal here just because of the way is tilted and and you've got other

38:12 with here. Again, the highly structure, it's a, it's usually

38:18 small area. This one happens to a good seal over top of

38:22 and this one has a pretty good over top of it. But

38:26 as this fills in and gets charged that that hydrocarbon column gets vertically higher

38:35 pressure. The buoyancy of that hydrocarbon increases increases until it pops like a

38:41 and you have a fracture or some the, a lot of the seals

38:46 we know are fairly tight actually Okay, here's another example, this

38:55 a mud volcano from Azerbaijan. In , there's a lot of them all

38:59 there and the, the famous burning come from one locality. Mhm.

39:06 you have mud bubbling up in these and with the mud comes natural gas

39:13 I think some places you even will uh significant amount of oil coming

39:18 But most of the mud volcanoes I've and know about our predominantly natural gas

39:22 up and these things occur on the Delta. In a lot of places

39:31 Pro delta shales and whatnot get covered the sand stones they get buried

39:39 and you have biogenic gas generated and starts coming up like this. And

39:44 of these things get lit and they for a while and these marsh areas

39:49 have have a little methane burning volcanoes last for a couple of days a

40:00 . It depends on how consistent it in terms of leaking this stuff up

40:04 the subsurface. Here's a, a large one that you can see from

40:09 helicopter that's a helicopter wheel there and can see the trees around it.

40:15 think I mentioned to you there are types of dye appearance structures that are

40:21 to find. But in one particular in one of the Indonesian islands,

40:27 would fly at tree level and see higher. Mm hmm. Then all

40:32 trees around and they'd fly over there see either a di appearance structure from

40:38 or something like a large mud volcano kind of indicate where there might be

40:44 significant reserves in the subsurface. And such in the, in the gulf

40:52 Mexico here in the they they have limps that pop up in these

41:00 It's showing you where they are. other words, the sands building out

41:03 top of it, it varies the and the mud is fluid and less

41:08 and so it tries to get up the sandstone. So you have these

41:11 die appears. And I remember when I was in college reading about

41:16 lumps, I thought they were something size of my thumb and they're not

41:21 lumps of mud on the beach rolling on the beach. There are these

41:25 things that pop up out of the and out of the water in some

41:30 . And here here's one such feature uh uh I've had a nice helicopter

41:41 trip over the Mississippi and, and a there are mud lumps that actually

41:49 up the distributor very mouth bar and sub aerial exposure and that sub aerial

41:58 . Um actually as it pops wave energy works on it and it

42:07 up a little bit more, you another terrace and it pops up a

42:10 bit more and there's another terrace and I have a 35 millimeter slide with

42:16 lot of those pictures, but I have it to show you uh in

42:21 class, but it looks something like . But instead of, you

42:25 one bench like that, you might multiple benches as these things pop up

42:31 of the ground. Ah they actually little islands off of South Pass and

42:39 they're they're not just little lumps They're like mud islands. But the

42:45 of the day, they're mud volcanoes up. Then of course, if

42:50 have seepage from underneath from a gas or a gas deposit and it's in

43:00 water and we have high pressure cold , you can get um class rates

43:11 form and, and all sorts of . And these gas hydrates mounds are

43:18 of, of subsurface sources that are and bleeding into the, into the

43:30 . And then sometimes you see these simulating reflectors which are sort of a

43:39 , but you're going through some of layers that, that have the guests

43:43 it causes these things to happen. uh, in as such, you

43:53 , we don't actually have a structure this, but we, we can

43:57 there's class rates in the sedimentary rocks of this kind of imaging that we

44:02 . So it's called A Bs are bottom simulating reflector. I mentioned some

44:10 this before and I think I might shown this to you. But but

44:15 key is the gas chimney and here can see the formation is sort of

44:23 , you know, you get the events on top of the, on

44:27 of some of these things here, energy return energy is being pretty much

44:33 . So you see this thing that like a chimney here, you you're

44:36 a good reflector out of the here's a good reflector out of the

44:39 , but inside where the gas is up, it's very difficult to image

44:45 that. And the North Sea, a there's a number of gas

44:51 especially over the chalk deposits because they're almost always leaking natural gas. So

44:58 why O. B. S. bottom sensors were used to share waves

45:04 be able to see through it an some of these formations. And of

45:09 , that unit right there is this . And you can, excuse

45:15 this unit right here, and you see that it's it's a it's suppressed

45:20 of the the unit up here suppressed well because of the Mhm. The

45:29 gas reduces the density, the two travel time slows down and two way

45:34 time is less than it images as in the rock record. And so

45:40 was corrected for that. But with where you could see it directly and

45:45 would be able to see this formation up like this and you and all

45:53 other formations in here. And with RBS, you'd also be able with

45:57 waves, you'd be able to see through this and see the formation.

46:04 . And uh here's a an amplitude here. Uh This sort of in

46:13 middle of of lesser amplitudes. And turns out that wood was a it's

46:20 the primo Triassic and that was a indicator of natural gas and in different

46:28 these responses are going to be Um so, experience in an area

46:33 geophysics and various geophysical tools become really and uh and also that that has

46:43 lot to do with um these kinds things are going to be, are

46:51 to image a little bit different and different processing and different tools in different

46:55 , depending on the types of mythologies type of liquids. Making these contrasts

47:02 allow you to see a high amplitude . Okay, sedimentary basins.

47:09 we looked at this real quick earlier and of course we talked about extension

47:17 collision or compression allows and strike slip . I'm just going to show some

47:22 examples of extension basins because I've worked them and just kind of show you

47:31 of the types of us reservoir types distributions and false patterns that that kind

47:41 Yes, excited as exploration is, in the frontier system. And of

47:46 , we've already looked at these, , I won't go through that when

47:50 get to basins formed by extension, plate motions. Uh, we have

47:56 things that we often call rift basins have if they grow of a rift

48:02 . So successfully develops an ocean system on either side of it, you're

48:09 to have passive margins and oftentimes the tonic sags are based on some older

48:16 system underneath, that part of the . And certainly a lot of them

48:22 like that. There are basins all the east coast that failed rifts of

48:27 Triassic and ones in the, the southeast Georgia and Damon. And

48:35 there's also one offshore south Carolina, not offshore offshore and onshore in south

48:41 , which actually created some of the displacement that they created. One of

48:46 most powerful earthquakes in the United States charleston. So they're all kind of

48:54 to, to a rifting situation. the rift basins per se are ones

49:01 are still very much dominated by that uh, topography that would have existed

49:12 , from the beginning of the rifting less of what happens as you as

49:17 rift spreads in the, and the starts to thermally contract and, and

49:23 in. But of course in a basin like the North Sea. You

49:26 see the steps of this process, it's not as expansive as, as

49:30 the the east coast of the United or the east coast of brazil versus

49:36 west coast of Africa. And this is just showing you, and

49:43 example, the Mississippi River is related one of these failed riffs. And

49:50 , there's a bunch of them up New England and of course there's some

49:54 here which aren't even on the map these are often called the locations because

50:02 failed rifts, they become drainage points draining basins, a lot of the

50:08 rivers are related to them. And can see that there and uh,

50:15 savannah river being one of them. probably the cooper River to a certain

50:23 south Carolina. But the, the key is, is that many

50:28 these things are much older and there's on top of them and they

50:34 mm hmm, will become Protonix And then of course up towards

50:40 there's, there's some more from, a different rifting event. Okay.

50:47 so one of the key places, came from, some research and I

50:55 to some extent, yeah, there's Rosenthal's name there. To some

51:00 this was funded by Amoco and in , I actually sent Bruce Rosendahl big

51:10 one time and he yelled at me said it wasn't enough money. They

51:14 twice as much. Um, his skills were not very, uh

51:21 We're not very good, but I to tell the vice president that they

51:25 happy with with big chunk of We just gave him that was at

51:32 University. He moved to uh, in florida after that. Anyway,

51:38 I was trying to tell you earlier , we have as these riffs start

51:45 this is like Tanganyika, but we some stuff we funded in lake turkana

51:50 , which kind of showed the same where, where you get the rifts

51:54 to, to be offset like this kind of like alternating ramps and as

52:00 starts to spread, it becomes more defined with, with the rift tilted

52:07 blocks on one side, and rift on the other side separated by uh

52:13 part of the mantle that's it's essentially quite, but almost coming to the

52:19 at that point. And this is one of those ramps looked like.

52:26 the reason I bring this up is this is sort of the rift phase

52:30 this looks like a chunk in the the North sea, the scales a

52:35 bit smaller uh and some features but than others. But you can see

52:41 you have a growth fault actually where occurs. And these are going to

52:46 obviously pre rift sediments here. But here you're getting drifting drifting sediments.

52:54 is part of the repeating sequences and sequences where you see these wedge shaped

53:01 popping up. And you should recall the North sea examples, I was

53:06 you look exactly like this and when get things like this, uh this

53:14 just kind of showing you uh with half Robbins uh look like in the

53:22 of sand bodies that can be And you can have these uh sort

53:26 shallow deltas over here on on this has turned around a little bit,

53:35 on this side you're going to have shallower delta's forming out here. Over

53:40 , You're going to have because of break here. Not only you're going

53:44 be getting more accommodation space, but gonna have um this is gonna be

53:49 many cases uplifted and there are pretty ranges on either side of many of

53:55 rift valleys. And so when it up, that's the block, the

54:03 , the foot wall block that that's up and this has dropped down becomes

54:08 huge source of sediment. And this these little coarsening upward sequence here,

54:16 fan deltas and barriers coming coming out into into that ancient lake. And

54:23 that lake fills in or dries up little bit, you'll get flu viel

54:28 on here, so you can get lakes and deltas and over here you

54:34 fan deltas coming in in the brace in the North sea are very much

54:39 these. So, uh one of reasons why I'm showing you this is

54:44 the actual type of basin and the the basin develops and it starts out

54:49 these half Robbins, creates these growth that create accommodation space at the same

54:59 . They are creating a source of that's close by. Mhm. Consequently

55:04 may get immature sediments unless the okay rifting uh rocks that pop up or

55:16 down are comprised of sedimentary rocks themselves they may be a little bit more

55:21 to begin with before they start bleeding into the reservoir area where the reservoir

55:27 going to be uh form right here of course in here, you're going

55:31 , it's going to be inoculated with when it's dry, it's going to

55:37 flood plains and lakes and ponds in meandering streams, which this shows

55:46 And but it could also be these deltas coming into the side and it

55:51 be rich lancastrian shales at some point it's when it's a large lake like

55:55 Tanganyika now and Lake turkana here is passive margin post rift in West

56:05 And of course, that ocean was . So, so you're going to

56:08 more features than you would see. sort of the confined example of the

56:14 Sea, which would be clearly considered rift basin, as opposed to just

56:20 a it's it's it's confined, it spread out enough, so it doesn't

56:27 the level of being passive margin. of course, here you can see

56:31 there's some features that suggest thermal cooling subsidence. And this is a here

56:40 it's kind of hard to see But this stippled area in here is

56:47 the assault was the new book. 2021 book has a different section to

56:55 you. But I thought this one a little bit more detail, which

56:58 why I've left this one in. you have salt. So you've got

57:02 got fault blocks, but here's the blocks here. But this is the

57:08 margin. And you've got things kind sliding like in the gulf of Mexico

57:13 towards the ocean. You've got rotational blocks and some of these would create

57:18 at times of of submergence in lime would grow on those peaks and would

57:26 of keep up with the rise in level. So there's a lot of

57:32 buildups on these peaks like here and and here and here. But these

57:39 rotated fault blocks that were post rift and you can see they're kind of

57:46 and and gravity driven. And of this rift edge too, to the

57:53 there is going to be subsiding through , which is kind of adding to

57:58 and of course it's vertically exaggerated. the the angles are much greater than

58:03 are in reality. But ah but , you get the idea that um

58:09 know, we're looking at the North , we're looking at stuff kind of

58:12 this with a smaller set of sediments across here through time. Whereas

58:20 you had an ocean for him and up and there was a lot of

58:25 on that margin and sediments have filled and you had a well developed continental

58:32 and here more thermal cooling obviously is this, this tilt, which is

58:39 than some reality, but it's creating fault blocks and extension down into the

58:46 where you're getting more riff like which is post rift, it kind

58:52 looks like this type of faulty, these are relatively competent blocks that are

58:57 sliding. These are uh these are competent blocks rather than aren't sliding.

59:02 are relatively competent blocks that are faulting sliding on on top of this salt

59:08 . It was formed when the lake up enough for ocean water to get

59:13 and it's sealed off and evaporated, opened up again. So you can

59:17 multiple salt events in some of these of of systems. And of course

59:22 gulf of Mexico had a phase like as well. Okay, so the

59:29 of all of this, the, subsidence uplift sediment supply barrel history and

59:34 history have a lot to do So not only the sediments and strategic

59:40 , but also the sequence photography and . Um and you can have a

59:50 of these different types of forces going creating different types of subsidence and uplift

59:59 in the North Sea which is which rift basin ah had some see if

60:07 have a slide here too. You this, I'll get to this.

60:10 here you're looking at the rocks A lot of what we drill for

60:15 and gas and some some of the in the lower Jurassic and Triassic permian

60:22 . But in the middle of this this was like a dumbbell structure back

60:32 in the uh Jurassic and there was there was a dome here and Robin

60:39 the middle and because there was a and in the middle, you're getting

60:43 here. But lower Jurassic sediments were deposited inside. They're so there's normally

60:52 the way, you know, it's dumb is because there was Triassic and

60:55 there was all this lower cretaceous uh me, lower Jurassic deposited on it

61:00 middle Jurassic further out. So the get this kind of uplift like this

61:07 there's an exposure, but there was little bit of a drop in in

61:10 middle that got some lower Jurassic in . So you have ring ring Triassic

61:17 a little pocket of lower Jurassic in because of a fault block. And

61:21 you come out of here, the of of that dome uh with the

61:29 , you're seeing the younger sediments, sort of, we've been, you

61:34 , we're getting younger and younger rocks . So we're going to see that

61:37 it gets peanut planed off because it eroded. You're gonna see the Triassic

61:43 the middle of the lower Jurassic and the middle Jurassic. But like I

61:47 , there was a Robin in the of where the Triassic sub crop and

61:54 and got eroded and it was able preserve some ah lower Jurassic in the

62:03 and that of course, always due the thermal dome ng of when the

62:09 itself was actually active in the So you had all these sediments on

62:16 of it, it got uplifted, got eroded. There was a little

62:19 in the middle and some mint lower was preserved. And so at the

62:25 of these things send rift, you a high um high elevation happened due

62:34 the thermal eat an expansion and the that comes up to create this rip

62:43 then it starts to it stops, starts to cool and it falls down

62:48 this. Of course if it was and stayed active, it wouldn't drop

62:51 quite this fast and and then post . The thermal cooling takes a

62:57 But a lot of this has to with with the with the uplift stretching

63:03 intentional features that are formed where the drop down because you're stretching the

63:10 And so this is what the rift or c looks like. And

63:15 we're seeing things kind of like the grob and thing that we saw in

63:20 Lake Tanganyika here. But you start with faulted pre rift sediments like

63:27 these are part of the rift blocks that are forming. But here again

63:32 can see what would have been a Robin right there at the middle of

63:36 rift where where the rifting is starting in Lake Tanganyika and Lake turkana.

63:46 this is uh thermal Domingo pre rift here and there'd be erosion there.

63:53 um you had in the central round had these Jurassic, lower Jurassic rocks

64:01 whatnot up here and they got eroded . You know, you can see

64:04 gone. You know, they're all along here. Mhm. So they

64:09 they're all up in that area and was a little drop in the middle

64:13 you got that lower Jurassic up in . But pre rift, there's thermal

64:18 them during the rift. You had extension in this direction, in this

64:24 , in the braking and this and kind of falling down into into that

64:30 the uh magma movement ceased and then on, uh it drops down and

64:41 you get you get this, you these deposits over here uh and further

64:49 in here. It's not shown in diagram, but I've shown you one

64:53 . Whereas as the, the dome here, thermal dome starts to cool

64:58 contract, You start to see more a wedge shape sedimentary environment in here

65:08 the end of the basins history. . And here again is this is

65:16 seismic strata graphic mile. So it into everything. Mm hmm. Uh

65:22 , this is like in the in center of that rift where you have

65:26 half Robin. And here's a place an example of the brace sands coming

65:32 which I showed you in our model you the development of actual rivers and

65:40 like that. And also these fan deltas over here on the steep side

65:47 you've got the pre rift stuff being aggressively into here and then over here

65:56 you have retro grading shelf coastal on . But you would have had also

66:03 some point in time you would have deltas, low profile deltas rather than

66:09 higher profile fan deltas depositing on the of the of the of the football

66:17 the, excuse me on the hanging block and on the football block over

66:22 you have the brace hands. And I guess it's unfortunate that the first

66:29 I showed you looked like this in Tanganyika and then I showed you Sort

66:34 a three D rendition of of something to this when it was reversed the

66:41 way. So it's uh again these come across here, the apron

66:48 fan deltas will occur on the foot block. And this is the hanging

66:54 block because there it is right If I walked through there in a

66:57 that would be the hanging wall and are shallower um relief over here and

67:04 get the big bigger lake deltas or this point in time it would have

67:10 oceanic deltas or a marine coastal deltas . Okay, and here is looking

67:23 one of those confined riffs that the robin has has spread a lot farther

67:29 the north sea. And uh and it's kind of considered passive margin.

67:38 again you can see pre rift sediments that get faulted and rotate during the

67:46 rip and then you have a cretaceous group infill and then you have this

67:52 post rift in fill up here which is getting broader and more developed and

67:59 course you can see there's there's more in this area through time because this

68:06 still high and over here there's another and that thermal cooling ah allows it

68:13 spread out. Now when you when get a really large ocean, it's

68:16 quite that way because you start getting development of a lot of sands like

68:22 that you can see right here that pro grading out into this part of

68:27 basin and you'd see the same thing the other side. And as

68:34 ah early on in the rift these highs become essentially mountain ranges

68:42 And and of course as they start get buried, there's still high features

68:47 could could support some carbonate deposition and deposits in the marine setting. The

68:57 of Mexico is a whole different can worms. And this was the view

69:02 the gulf of Mexico for many big basin that starts to to sag

69:09 this. There was the salt when rift first opened up, salt was

69:16 in there and then you have this load and sag and so a lot

69:22 it's based on just loading and of some of that did happen but the

69:28 modern thing, this is by Barbara who co authored a paper with myself

69:36 another student that worked on a capstone some of this data and here you

69:42 see uh the original salt mass at bottom and uh, it's, it's

69:48 different from this simple picture down but this is a passive margin and

69:54 can see a lot of what you uh in the west african when it's

69:59 from over here. But here you see a similar kind of thing where

70:03 have a lot of these wrist blocks rifting rift faults, rifting and syn

70:12 features down here. And then on of that, in the passive margin

70:20 , you start to have further dip, rotation sliding on some of

70:25 jalapenos salt beds that are up at level. You know, we used

70:30 think all the salt was here and was all tied to a dome like

70:36 . But later on we realized a of this escape uh, and actually

70:44 to a certain level. And and course the load has been squeezing it

70:48 pushing it out, causing it to up and and the salt disappears.

70:52 then you have suture in places, a lot a lot of salt wells

70:58 the salt was and it's, it's the strategic afi is actually welding back

71:05 without the salt in it. And it's a lot more complicated than then

71:13 , this model here where the assaults to the the original salt and

71:23 one of the things that is really is this burial history analysis and,

71:35 one of the reasons this is important history of this. You can imagine

71:40 we look at something here to try figure out how long it took sediments

71:45 these layers, two to be deposited buried. And with the geothermal history

71:55 of these layers in the pressures. the temperatures and the pressures, the

72:02 of cooking of anything that could be source rock in here as it gets

72:07 . Uh, you know, how we figure out a way to determine

72:12 the sections that we're looking at like have been buried deep enough and long

72:17 to generate oil and gas. And , and so, uh, what

72:25 I did was quickly go through, , just some examples of rift

72:32 all basins and passive margins. Just kind of give you an idea of

72:37 couple of things when you can see the structure in here. Uh,

72:43 a lot of potential fault cult surfaces could be parts of traps,

72:50 could help seal certain traps, but could help develop structures that would form

72:55 that might have a seal on top it on one side and with the

72:58 way closure instead of just four way . So the faulting is really significant

73:03 terms of prospectively and and trapped Ah, uh, the fact that

73:19 are separate types of sand and shale uh provide the opportunity for reservoir rocks

73:28 ceiling rocks to be formed. And course this all fits sequence photography because

73:33 can see here these are this is composite sequence of the sin rip And

73:39 are sequences within it. 1, , 3, 4. And

73:46 you know, this, this faulting structural traps and defaulting the uplift on

73:55 flanks. The uplift on the flanks these sources of sand stones. And

74:06 is the nature of this growth fault here allows the accumulation of a lot

74:12 inter collated reservoirs and source rocks and rocks. So the basin and the

74:19 of the basin itself is creating uh petroleum systems. And so one of

74:25 keys again is it's going to you know, the source rock.

74:31 if we have sales and whatnot and they're organic rich enough and they have

74:36 right carriages, are we going to able to generate oil from them or

74:39 oil have been generated over the burial of this thick sequence we see here

74:45 in the other places where we drill oil and gas. And so that's

74:50 the burial history is all about. it's kind of a back stripping

74:55 Ah it doesn't assume compaction or but some of what we do now

75:01 modeling can actually add that into And uh after that initial back stripping

75:09 uh, and a lot of that done. And the key is you

75:13 to determine where the oil window is um the critical elements of course are

75:19 to be the timing of maturation or the residents within the oil window,

75:27 depth of burial where the thermal levels high enough to two to actually cook

75:36 oil and altered into alter the carriages a solid to an oil but not

75:43 them down and turn them all into . And so the type of origins

75:56 actually to the quality of the source . But also you need to know

75:59 the total amount of it. You have great quality intelligence, but if

76:03 don't have enough docs, then it's you don't always know how much you're

76:09 to get out of it. And a lot of ways to get these

76:12 and generate them. If you have exhumed on the surface that hasn't been

76:16 deep enough And get some of the elements like the S one S,

76:20 , s. three numbers to figure what type of generation you're going to

76:25 . But here's a burial model. don't know if Andre basada showed you

76:31 like this, but I suspect he . And this is just showing you

76:40 the type of display back in I guess in the early 80s companies

76:46 around the world. Ah we're putting a basin map various basin maps all

76:54 the world. I don't see them often. And, and of course

77:01 , when a couple of fellas from PG, we're trying to do super

77:04 . I mentioned this thing and they totally unaware of it uh that that

77:09 had happened. But most of the oil companies built these global maps of

77:14 the bases in the world to try catalog of montage of the types of

77:21 deposits and structures and traps and uh rocks and reservoirs and seals All around

77:32 world. And they had like 220 on some of these maps. And

77:39 one of the things that they also is a subsidence curve. So people

77:44 understand uh in what parts of the , you might have source rocks from

77:50 things if you looked at a burial and tied it to a well.

77:55 uh and so that's what, that's they did all over the globe.

78:02 what this is showing us is the way it's modeled the Aisa Therms

78:08 show us that here, we've got , you know, up around

78:14 It doesn't say it on here, somewhere around 100 uh degrees centigrade even

78:19 that in this, in the clay and heather formation is not quite

78:25 good as as the Cambridge, which way up here. But somewhere here

78:32 the window, you can see that kIM ridges is in that window,

78:36 in there. So it could have generating Close to generating some oil here

78:41 110. See areas. So you some somewhere around boiling the solid carriage

78:51 start to start to generate little bit and in a little bit of So

78:57 have this soil window kind of over and you can see ah through

79:05 This isn't a cross section, This this point right here was all the

79:10 up here at the surface at some in time. And this was at

79:14 surface at some point in time. uh and so as it's buried,

79:21 goes through this and this is the through time is getting very deeper and

79:27 and deeper and deeper. And so , it's getting buried into these ice

79:32 therapy. Okay, so here's the therm up here, it was cool

79:38 here, That formation is hot and , this is another, you

79:44 it's, it's a two dimensional But you're adding a third dimension in

79:49 of the temperature profile. Ah This have been the temperature profile back in

79:55 Jurassic. This is a temperature uh present day in that area.

80:03 that's basically what you're seeing. let me ask you a question um

80:09 huh If I was to tell you oil window was and it's different for

80:14 type of courage to say. I you it was 80 degrees centigrade to

80:20 C. Um what would the heather , which is a, which is

80:27 minor source rock. They're a relative the Cambridge clay. But is this

80:32 to be mature now or not? even better question is, when did

80:39 enter the oil window? What, , how many millions of years ago

80:44 the heather enter the oil with? say, let's just make an even

80:49 off of 100 is the number we're for And you come across here and

80:58 this and it comes all the way to here. But you can see

81:03 heather at the top of the heathers . The heather entered the oil window

81:12 Around 150 million years ago because this where the top of the heather is

81:18 we go through time, which it's just a big drop at the

81:26 come over here right now. it's getting to being overcooked right

81:36 uh the key is, is the of, of maturation was 150 million

81:41 ago and sometime after that. So that sense we're going to be looking

81:49 reservoirs and traps to have been charged this, that we're somewhere ah around

81:58 upper Jurassic and uh and middle And so that's how that helps us

82:09 . But now we look at the clay in this area. When did

82:14 Cambridge play the top of the Cambridge get there. It would have been

82:23 down like this Say the onset is 80, but really good. About

82:29 million years. That would have been would be about here. So generation

82:35 started around 50 million years ago. we're going to be looking for traps

82:40 the past. There were we're um available to catch oil and gas.

82:46 other words, if the traps not at that time, it's not going

82:49 catch the oil and gas. Ah there's no trap while all this generation

82:55 going on, uh maybe up to million years ago, then there was

83:02 reservoir to be charged. If the the reservoirs are formed in the

83:11 the oil and gas has probably already . If they were formed back here

83:18 the lower Jurassic uh uh Doyle would would have passed by them too.

83:29 the key of the sweet, sweet of oil generation for this Cambridge would

83:36 been somewhere around 50 million years old continue on to the recent. So

83:42 this case, there's no problem. the case of the heather, there

83:46 have been a problem ah In terms you're you're well past the oil window

83:53 you get down into here. So of these younger things might not uh

83:58 anything but gas coming from the heather ? If the traps are formed during

84:02 period of time? Does everybody see ? Mhm. Is anybody out

84:47 Yes, sir. Yeah, every losing, Huh. Okay. How

84:54 if we take a break since it's uh it's been an hour and a

84:59 almost. So we'll take um Maybe 15 minute break right now. So

85:11 Let's let's come back at 9:15. , Excuse Me. And can you

85:20 the recording? Can you see my ? Yes. Okay, so we

85:36 here and and of course, what going through now is some of the

85:41 that uh you know, x frontier geologists are paying a lot of attention

85:47 and uh because the burial history of basin, you know, I just

85:52 you real quickly again, some more of rifting in passive margins. Trying

86:01 show you how those petroleum system elements actually built in the process of the

86:06 of those particular basins. And of , the features of the basins themselves

86:13 very dependent upon the type of basin but also the development through time of

86:21 basin. And one of these critical is burial of sediments and burial of

86:26 rocks. And that's why uh these curves uh turned out to be pretty

86:36 when, You know, when when tell you things happened back in the

86:41 , it's like before that, people unaware of this kind of technology.

86:46 , it was really a big deal it came out. And and almost

86:49 company put a lot a lot of into getting a rough idea of all

86:55 this. And one of the first that uh they wrote off their list

87:01 things to look at was the East because of the thin sedimentary wedge that

87:05 there. But we're going to be at some examples and explain why some

87:10 that's changed now as as we get this. And this is uh

87:16 just showing you the burial history and are the strata graphic units that will

87:22 in the next slide. And here's one and here's the other one.

87:29 it's kind of showing you where some these units, there could have been

87:34 source rocks were through time. And victor night reflect its profile with the

87:44 numbers plotted against it, against the profile in this area. So if

87:51 get cuttings and stuff, we can of validate what we see in our

87:56 . And I also use that to us understand uh what the profile is

88:02 one point in time. And then that, we can back strip that

88:07 section to figure out if I get of all of this section right

88:11 How deep was this, all the back then, you know, all

88:15 way back in time. Uh This up here and all the way back

88:19 time. This was up there and that's what it is, that's the

88:22 stripping part. Um because when these were deposited down here and in all

88:29 diagrams they were at the surface, now they're buried. And so we

88:35 the layers back on one at a to come up with these profiles.

88:43 . In another side of geochemistry of and two of you just had geochemistry

88:50 so your experts in this but and mentioned this before for pollen coloration,

88:57 also Dina flagpole, it's basically share same ah color code system just about

89:08 you see uh you see the Dina in the marine settings. And and

89:14 see uh spores and pollens also in lot of Deltek settings and the Caspian

89:19 . They come all the way across Caspian sea. Ah as as someone

89:24 training and bios photography, I always a hard time working with spores and

89:28 in terms of of anything. Uh real solid because because they float around

89:36 the air forever. And uh if rock gets eroded like a sedimentary rock

89:41 has so many gets eroded. These can be released and the wind can

89:46 them back up in the atmosphere and them for literally millions of years.

89:51 um the people that work with these have a really tough task of,

89:57 separating sometimes in situ from from stuff reworked and and and it's very difficult

90:05 to work with. So one of of the things that really works well

90:10 that was archaeological things or wherever animals eating things because oftentimes the fecal pellets

90:21 leave behind, we'll give you a clue as to what type of sport

90:27 pollen we're in their diet and even consumed so that it can be useful

90:34 , you know, uh you when this campfire was burned and they

90:38 eating here. This is this is , what they were eating and this

90:41 what the environment was like. But than that, it's very difficult.

90:45 veteran, it reflect. Ints of you're looking um at the Karajan that's

90:52 structured and fully like in and it's its reflectivity shines. They have these

91:02 microscopes to measure this and uh and a very bright light to get the

91:09 values off of it. And of the more reflect, the more it's

91:14 cooked, the more it's been the more reflective it is. Um

91:18 don't know if you've ever seen coal your life. But if you if

91:23 get say a cretaceous cole that hasn't buried that hard versus a good

91:30 acidic call from say something from the part of the United States with an

91:35 from the Appalachians you can see. . The cretaceous ones more maddie in

91:44 , in the coal that comes from Appalachians can be polished and it shines

91:49 like a mirror. It's, it's incredible and by the way and throws

91:55 really burns. Well, my, wife's father was a coal inspector for

92:02 Department of Energy and he had given a cube of coal And that was

92:10 on all six sides and it must have gotten some moisture and it

92:17 to break up. So we we it in a fireplace one time and

92:21 thing burned for a long time. . And uh so when, when

92:27 see somebody in an engine throwing coal into the the fire chamber there for

92:37 boiler, uh you know, and just pouring it in there. You

92:42 that it's got to be really hot one block of coal kept kept our

92:46 warm for probably a couple of It was amazing how much heat came

92:50 that anthracite. And just another uh I had a wonderful vacation in

92:59 about, it was night would have 2018. And uh we, we

93:07 on museum trains that have actually been in a lot of films including the

93:16 Express, but they were, most them were steam powered, but we

93:21 do some, there's a lot of diesel engines now and everything, but

93:27 , we actually were able to ride the engine and and watch the fireman

93:31 one case, just pouring, just of basic, basically a big,

93:39 almost have to be there to believe , but there's a, there's a

93:43 and a and a shovel man and doorman opens the door heat comes pouring

93:47 of there, they throw in a of coal, he shuts the door

93:51 the door shut and then he turns and gets cold and and the door

93:56 open more than I think it's closed they're just constantly shoveling that coal in

94:02 . Anyway, uh again, the of course can be calculated total organic

94:10 , you can do that from, cuttings, but it's always best to

94:14 cores. And again, the best that a geochemist would like to do

94:20 uh let's get to an outcrop that's and as, as you've seen in

94:28 rift systems and these extension, all , there's a lot of fault block

94:32 and uplift. And quite often there's , a lot of what gets buried

94:37 becomes source rock off into the basin be exposed. A lot of

94:45 in West africa and also brazil, lot of what's down in the base

94:51 then under the salt, the lake are actually exposed in places as outcrops

94:58 and, and like the Point North for example, is one of them

95:04 the west coast and I never can Portuguese names because, because they're

95:14 they're often spelled exactly like they are , in spanish, but they're pronounced

95:20 if it was french and it's a tough tough language for me to get

95:25 hands around, but, but there formations in brazil that are were drilled

95:31 shallow wells along the coast. And also um some outcrops that actually are

95:38 underneath the shelf in some of the blocks that you get on those passive

95:45 and develop into huge sources for the on in the cretaceous traps above

95:54 Okay, so here we have another is fingerprinting of oils for reservoir

96:01 I mentioned this earlier and you've had course in this. But but

96:06 the the height of these spikes in spikes that you see have to do

96:12 the hydrocarbon chains. And the number the number of course is the number

96:19 Carbon atoms in the chain. And then there's different twist with branches and

96:24 kind of thing. So there will like a. 27 a.

96:26 and And here you have a 28 . And and usually the the more

96:35 they are, they pop up down and as you're cooking them through time

96:40 come out and that's how they're able do this gas chromatograph. And these

96:46 the stages of a kind of pointed out on the Van Kremlin chart.

96:56 early on it's dia genesis. And course you're also gonna get biogenic guests

97:01 out. Then you get to Cata . And this is this is where

97:08 , you know, somewhere in this is where your window is I like

97:11 think somewhere around 100 C, uh just an easy number the boiling

97:18 Uh, somewhere before boiling and somewhere boiling urine oil. And uh and

97:24 makes it real easy. So 212°F. a good number. And and then

97:30 you get too much higher temperatures, course you get meta genesis and it

97:35 breaking, breaking a lot of these down into into into gas. They

97:47 , they break the long longer chains compounds back down into more volatile type

97:52 and it ends up being guest. you're actually actually changing the the composition

97:57 the soil. And here's that Ben chart showing you the dia genesis cata

98:05 and meta genesis. And here is , this is victor night data plotted

98:13 an oil window and depth in the And here this 1 um I

98:23 I think I know exactly have it down and may be up here

98:26 but This one is generating pretty But if you recall somewhere around um

98:35 is in feet. So um somewhere this depth right here, ah 5000

98:44 6000 ft or 2.5 to 3 something like that. Um you'll start

98:53 see a lot of silica cement ation . So halfway into the oil

99:01 you're going to start seeing prostitutes So charging early on in this phase

99:09 is a good thing to have happened once the oil gets into that formation

99:13 the porosity, it pretty much arrests motion of the silica fluids and the

99:21 for silica segmentation and other types of destruction of ferocity through uh various pathogenic

99:34 and things that form inside the pore . And here's the type to chart

99:41 showing you um starts at about two on this one. But you know

99:47 right here is kind of the sweet of it. And and you can

99:53 here over 100 over boiling down to . Then this this is another one

100:02 showed you this earlier. I believe is this is 1 um for um

100:14 probably a type three Karajan and I have it marked on here. I

100:19 I'd put it on here. It's behind. Let's see. Yeah,

100:34 gas prototype. Yeah. I couldn't it because you're, the panel of

100:39 beautiful faces was right there. And um and again here shows a

100:46 of biogenic gas and I think there's significant amount of biogenic gas in

100:51 And there's even some ah glacial deposits in, I believe it's michigan somewhere

101:02 around there where there's biogenic gas in deposits that people actually have figured out

101:08 to produce with very, very shallow , you know, a few 100

101:12 into some into some marines and Mhm. And this again is where

101:30 onset of courts segmentation occurs. And don't know if I showed you this

101:36 , but this is where you're getting lot of sedimentation. One of the

101:42 you have to remember and the reason semente shin does occur up here is

101:47 the silicon doesn't get soluble and the has to get soluble to to be

101:51 around and then precipitate, get concentrated precipitate. So it has a lot

101:56 do also with dissolution of the silica the type of silica that's normally

102:03 And this would be the kind that would see in a dia Tamara radial

102:07 . Some biogenic silica tends to be more solid soluble than what you would

102:14 in courts for example. But courts can get altered as well, but

102:18 less likely and it takes a little longer for that to happen a little

102:24 hotter. And uh so this is temperature and depth of of major precipitation

102:32 on as an exploration of this is uh you know, for figuring out

102:38 your ferocity curve is gonna look like you get to hear might might start

102:43 problems again if if you get up here somewhere in here and early in

102:53 early phases of generation, You know you can see probably somewhere around 80

102:57 100 ah if you can get in or charging of the reservoir somewhere up

103:07 here before you get down here, won't lose that. The possibility of

103:15 cement ation is much reduced of course nothing if if you charge that poor

103:22 with hydrocarbon and here's here's just showing something again related to burial history.

103:33 it's not just the carriages that we about. But a lot of mechanical

103:40 goes on early on. I think probably depending on the rocket could be

103:46 . Certainly in some of the chalks are that are held up with grain

103:55 of these little mm hmm, very chocolate grains ah might not do this

104:04 on because it's been charged and it's fluid supported. And if the fluid

104:09 pushed out through pressure migration of migration the fluids out of it, you

104:15 get more compassion later. But in , a lot of this happens and

104:18 the continental shelves around the world that worked on, I've noticed that the

104:22 accumulation rate, mm hmm. Somewhere . If it's sort of a relatively

104:30 deposition somewhere around the lower Miocene, a big, big jump in

104:37 So, you get to a certain depth and compaction really takes hold.

104:42 everything below that point typically is much compacted, much denser and would actually

104:50 definitely higher velocities. And here is granular pressure solution going on. And

104:59 can see that kind of relates you know, we go back this

105:04 and meters and that's in temperature. Again, it's the oil window is

105:15 to be start out somewhere around here 6000 ft and if you go back

105:22 this one, here's kilometers on this , let's see temperature. Here's here's

105:35 . Yeah, So somewhere around three 4 km, somewhere in here is

105:45 a lot of stuff happens. Here's semente shin that kind of agrees with

105:49 that chart right there and all of cement and here, of course it

105:55 oil generation all above that, which not totally the case and here's gas

106:01 after that. So if you can this charge to come in before this

106:07 to happen, you have a better of preserving the porosity and the

106:15 Okay, so just to sum up quickly, uh, the question

106:23 Um, so in the carbonate are we going to have the same

106:26 with the court documents? No, not. But that's why um,

106:34 , if you have, if you to have spirituals and stuff like that

106:38 diatoms, you could ah, but carbonate settings you're gonna have less silica

106:46 worry about in general, which, is pretty obvious, but you don't

106:51 to worry about this dolomite segmentation and course, yeah, but, but

106:58 also in a cal cal civics that's Dolomites cement. They don't show

107:05 here is six um, calcite cement early on, uh, like yesterday

107:14 tomorrow. And, and then, , as well as it is,

107:19 moves through a system, it can a big impact on that. And

107:23 course, uh you have an issue dissolution for for for some of these

107:30 . But but once, once you enough calcium carbonate moving freely in the

107:37 , you can have a lot of cement. So that would be a

107:39 issue with carbonates, the dolomite and segmentation. Okay, so with source

107:52 these are sort of the key X exploration efforts. Remember you haven't drilled

107:58 well yet and you're not about to a well and you haven't gotten a

108:01 of seismic yet. You may be with stuff around the base and like

108:05 outcrops around the the perimeter of the rather than inside the basin. You

108:12 at the basin types to get an of the arrangement of the structures and

108:16 strategic graffiti where sediments are going to in to create ah the reservoir

108:27 the coarse grained reservoir rocks in the the fine grained sediments, it impacts

108:33 impacts and the development of that basic the composition of the sediments inside of

108:39 . And uh and so uh basin can have a big control over the

108:45 source for the reservoir rocks, this structural history, all the traps,

108:52 or not you're going to get Everything is tied into can be tied

108:57 to what basin type it is. um and of course, you can

109:04 you saw there was a sequence, to graphic model of the pre rift

109:09 the post rift and so we can looking at strata, graphic architecture in

109:14 sense of how it's controlled by the type and the evolution of that basin

109:20 . And uh and I showed you that might not have been clear while

109:24 was showing it to you, but was trying to follow you through all

109:29 steps of of the information we need evaluate to decide whether a basin or

109:35 is perspective and if it has a to generate hydrocarbons and trapped hydrocarbons.

109:45 so as we're going to start looking the case histories now and as we're

109:48 at these there, I'm not going go into great detail, but I'm

109:54 going to give you some of the elements of what was important or challenging

110:00 these particular uh frontier exploration areas and in some cases I have an update

110:08 there's several examples and, and you'll as I start to show.

110:58 Okay, your book has a lot good examples. So uh reading this

111:03 of the book would be useful for at a lot of examples around the

111:08 . These are some examples that that actually uh have have worked on in

111:14 capacities in different phases and stages of the frontier experience exploration effort and

111:23 going to try not to say much my role, but try to get

111:27 through the elements of this. And , so again, I just,

111:34 just went over that. So we're for here is the petroleum system and

111:38 is going to be the first thing we're going to be looking at.

111:41 so as we go through this, I just summed up after doing the

111:49 exploration, uh, overview of what on in that step. Uh,

111:56 are all the things again that we're to be looking for and I'm not

111:59 to read them out because you've seen , but again, uh, we're

112:04 for porous and permeable sands and The carbonates of their porous and

112:08 It's usually secondary. Quite often it's , but there are some reservoirs that

112:14 primary porosity. Um, we're looking that regional seals, the potential for

112:22 seals and quite often there are good and uh, the good,

112:31 the best ceiling shells might often be worst ones that you might want to

112:35 into on for unconventional is just because good seals are plastic in nature and

112:40 brutal. And um, I I don't know if this was in

112:48 old book, but there was one the email and it was very un

112:54 , but it was the first one the, in the chapter on

112:58 but you might want to look at , but the three that I'm going

113:00 go through over are south china sea structure, East coast of the US

113:07 deep water offshore Mexico, which is the gulf of Mexico. And there's

113:18 very important things about this for the example and I'll try to get this

113:27 for the first example, one of most, one of the largest

113:33 there are multiple concerns, but one the largest concerns was they knew where

113:38 kitchens were. They thought they knew a reservoir was, when, when

113:43 first considered this structure. But there a long, long distance by which

113:54 would have to take place and migration long distances can cause problems. And

113:59 we start looking at exploration, I'll you some examples, but at the

114:04 of the day, things work out the east coast again, it has

114:09 do with um, the primary issue , his source rocks, but the

114:17 coast is such a thin veneer you imagine on the coastal plain on the

114:22 Coast, it's such a thin veneer of sediments that, you know,

114:27 nothing has been buried deep enough for enough to turn into a source

114:31 In a lot of the early east exploration, I was focused on land

114:39 , and they, they drilled some wells in the outer banks of north

114:43 to kind of get out into the a little bit and this is still

114:48 thin veneer. But when you get little bit farther off, it becomes

114:52 than a veneer because it's a passive . And some of the Cosby wells

114:59 were later drilled some of the, continental outer shelf test wells, we're

115:10 , we're actually drilled into sentiments just the age of the Cambridge clay,

115:15 and over in the North Sea and of the other deposits that have been

115:22 up to the north offshore Canada. so the possibility based on what we

115:30 now is, is fairly high that are some mature rocks in deep water

115:36 depths. We might not have considered in the, In the 60s and

115:43 as as worthwhile targets because we didn't the capability. And then in

115:48 this one, it's, it's sort deeper than what we know is deep

115:53 . And so the big issue here uh, we see all the systems

116:00 we can sort out the burial depth image these Laramie garage, any turbine

116:07 that are being produced closer to but some massive ones in areas farther

116:13 into the gulf of Mexico than where drilling right now and deeper.

116:20 and there are features that look like would be a multi billion barrel oilfields

116:26 these, if, if we had technology to drill. So as I

116:36 , the major concern for the luau is this one, the distance of

116:43 . Another one was, there was structural Massey and they were concerned as

116:50 whether or not it was all Was it sedimentary or was it igneous

116:56 a sedimentary cover and uh I guess was igneous with a sedimentary cover a

117:03 . Some of the massive that they fault blocks from a failed riff out

117:08 have have popped up and and but top of them are or sediments and

117:16 they did some gravity magnetic works to that out this one. Uh I

117:24 a little bit of involvement in And then and then the other question

117:30 what was the reservoir? And they have some wells nearby that were very

117:37 . It was drilled primarily on the that it was a large structure.

117:41 looks like a really large structure. could they could grab analogs from nearby

117:47 that weren't very successful on smaller structures had the same sort of sequence that

117:53 thought they saw there. But when started out the seismic was not all

117:58 good. And two fellas, Willis Andheri christian. Uh Dallas Tyrell was

118:06 geologist and harry christian was a geophysicist he was kind of a really good

118:15 interpreting two D. Seismic when imaging that great. He could see in

118:22 in a two d. seismic What most of us today would need

118:27 good three d. volume to be to interpret but he could interpret it

118:33 Even in the poorly image two stuff that was available at the

118:37 And Willis Cheryl was a very, was a brilliant geologist and he was

118:46 , you could just name a country he would tell you what the petroliferos

118:50 were in that country and he knew , he knew the subsidence profile and

118:56 in those basins and that's what a of the classic frontier exploration was

119:05 You had people that have been done everything and had a lot of

119:08 figured out. But here was the area that an Amoco had. That's

119:13 the discovery well was here is Hung kong and Guangzhou. And mm hmm

119:25 think it's funny that the transliteration for was Canton. But uh when the

119:30 made up names for china, they do a very good job in terms

119:36 how to pronounce it in english, and Peking is a little bit closer

119:43 still uh I think we could have up with a transliteration that that sounded

119:49 Beijing. Anyway, that aside um this is the area where it

119:58 Uh and when the committee meeting, time I mentioned that china was very

120:04 and people laughed at me because of it's very big. But it's the

120:10 rocks that are down here actually follow the coast all the way up here

120:17 the Bohai base and of course there's uplifted blocks in here. But But

120:21 a thing called the 3rd Suha Taji that's one of the best local restaurant

120:28 source rocks in this part of the . That's the custom source rock with

120:35 high T. O. C. . And and properties similar to

120:41 And of course if you go up little bit farther somewhere around in here

120:45 taking and there's cretaceous lake basins in that are very prolific too. So

120:52 really wasn't speaking of this, I speaking of this enormous coastline with a

120:59 of a failed rift features along it these big lake basins which are very

121:09 in terms of oil reserves for Anyway here it is you can see

121:14 was some little smaller things found around area of the Amoco Well and this

121:21 the The Luau 11 1 a Well right on the top of the

121:29 here you can see is the The m, we got a foundation core

121:35 here and it was In about 300 of water. The people like to

121:42 this line because this is usually the of the continental shelf and the

121:46 But in the south china sea that is a little bit farther offshore and

121:51 a little deeper. And uh so foundation course that we got of of

121:57 sediments which the Oil company wasn't that in. It was a 66 in

122:05 incredible core. I think it went went it went into down to the

122:12 Miocene and almost into the lower But all the, all that part

122:19 the Miocene, the Pleistocene and the to see micro fossil recovery in there

122:24 just absolutely amazing because it was relatively then all of this area up here

122:30 the time and deeper than most continental around the world. So you had

122:36 deeper water, a more stable, water setting for these sediments to

122:44 It still seemed to have a lot energy and food resources for the animals

122:50 plants that bloomed and grew out Okay, so the, so that's

122:58 of the situation uh nearby, you've a well there and some of these

123:03 over here, uh quite a few away, mm hmm. And um

123:17 , mm hmm. We've had I guess this is important to two

123:23 barrels in place. And the initial on that well was ah 2800 barrels

123:33 oil per day from one will. , so we had previous wells in

123:42 area above the source. They were anti clients. And uh, these

123:47 all anti clients, but the kitchen's here. So all of these had

123:53 long um migration issues. So it overlay the kitchen area. Ah one

124:04 the things that worked out here there was limited degradation of the viscous

124:09 oils ah ah when you have limited , but in this case it's long

124:18 migration, it tends to degrade the , making the oil a lot

124:23 And so this was, this was the real problem here, we didn't

124:29 this situation where we had that situation that's what we had to worry

124:34 And I said I wasn't gonna do , but my role is into explaining

124:41 important this source rock was and how shouldn't ignore it even if it has

124:49 go through long migration. Ah But problem is there's a lot of times

124:53 this happens it does get thicker if gets thicker, you know, remember

124:57 in deeper water here, Not 200 or 60 m, but we're in

125:01 m. And so it would require jacket ng to pull thicker oil up

125:07 maybe some heating to be able to this oil from the subsurface and just

125:14 part from uh you know, down the ground it's going to be much

125:18 . But as we pull it up had to keep it, keep it

125:21 all the way to to not stop in the pipes. This is

125:27 And here is uh something the here's fourth member of Suha Taji formation.

125:36 had a good, it had a good marine like source rock Uh somewhere

125:41 the order of 2-3 percent T. . C. But when you get

125:46 the third Suha Taji member, you into. Uh huh. Something

125:54 that's like the Uintah basin or the more In West Africa is really

126:00 Lancastrian 20 20-plus 2 26% to And extremely type one, Karajan's very

126:08 rich and and then they're called lip . And and one of the things

126:15 that I did contribute to this was lake group that I was in.

126:19 determined that the transition from this so transitional, they thought this was marine

126:27 into brackish, which made the fourth Saha gee something because it was brackish

126:33 then it went into freshwater. But was actually uh a saline enriched lake

126:46 because the runoff in that area ah prone to providing an over abundance of

126:53 and by carbonates to pull out the from the system and keep the phosphorus

127:00 the system as a large gigantic lake when it was being deposited. And

127:06 and the productivity was real high. we see in eastern brazil, western

127:13 , the U. N. To in the Green River basin. And

127:18 up in the cretaceous stuff in the basin which is also this same rock

127:26 all around the world. It's that lakes that formed them had this type

127:33 uh preponderance in the hydro chemistry of saline solutions since it was a saline

127:39 . Mm hmm. Yes, probably , if not always was Meramec

127:44 So it wasn't overturning annually, like lot of lakes tooth with thermal overturn

127:50 and so whenever the ah buy photo to the bottom, they would be

127:56 for a long time. So you , you're not losing phosphorus to appetite

128:01 you were only losing the phosphorus that in the living material that created the

128:05 in the first place. And here have the actual massive here, the

128:14 massif. And and these are the points, but but here is ah

128:24 one. But here is the the kitchen's are all here,

128:29 there's you three, there's you two there's you won and this of course

128:33 the one we were hoping hoping to some oil from. So a lot

128:37 times I may, I haven't shown to you yet, but a lot

128:44 times the oil concentration is not very away from the kitchen, like you

128:49 have reservoirs above this this feature and right around the perimeter but not a

128:56 away from it. And these colors not very obvious. But I put

129:06 Hs on on the highs and so you could see them. And this

129:14 , here's a high, here's a , here's a high and this is

129:17 hello and alone and yeah, that's little too, sorry, low,

129:26 and okay, here's kind of what looked like in one of the kitchens

129:34 uh, they had the religion and , this was the, the Sahara

129:46 and it included the source rock in on top of it, MS Aji

129:51 was in here but also the Sahara four And other things that could generate

129:57 . But the Sahara Aji three was one that was near the top and

130:00 real big generator. And there was a legacy mean sandstone that went across

130:05 top and here is the, the veneer or the limestone where we could

130:13 had reservoir porosity formed during several exposure buggy ferocity and so that's kind of

130:23 the system was. But to get here all the way over to there

130:27 a long distance and here's what was in some of the other, some

130:35 the other highs, this one was dry hole and dry hole but they

130:39 drilled into the mass seat here. got through the legacy. Mean they

130:44 some shows in the conduit, this mean conglomerate, which is what this

130:50 , which is out washed from the of the Himalayan mountains, incredible amount

130:57 outpouring from far away into the southeast south china sea and up here you

131:07 get some paleo gene. So they able to see source rock in here

131:12 but it was very limited and there some shows in the kitchen but but

131:18 very small features and they didn't get production and it's important to note there's

131:26 limestone on top of the source So here is where the, the

131:34 is, this is the massive, is looking to the southeast and the

131:39 . So it's kind of looking this . So you're kind of looking across

131:46 structure and here it is. And is that show Joe one Basin and

132:00 oil is basically had to migrate out here and find that conduit and travel

132:05 dip all the way over to here it's more than 50 km of transport

132:12 here to get to here. And there could have been, this is

132:17 is the axis of the structure but there could have been some off

132:22 this direction that could have fed to too. But we figured that this

132:25 basically where it was coming from. the H Z 33-11 and I don't

132:33 I have that show. And let's if it's on here now, but

132:40 can see that's halfway between between the rock and and the reservoir and it

132:47 have a lot in it, which really kind of a scary thing.

132:52 here's a projection of it into the and basically what we figured was

132:57 And of course they're just showing the paleo gene. But I can tell

133:01 again that the so how is she member of the CIA Haji formation is

133:08 near the top. And so it's into this conduit which is bringing uh

133:14 oil migrating oil up in this direction to what we were hoping was they

133:22 build up that had buggy ferocity from reoccurring exposures to the surface and meteoric

133:33 to create buggy parasol. Okay, is the, well in general,

133:43 gamma log, the resistive. you can see there's some resistive Itty

133:47 , not much anywhere else in the world stands out and uh uh,

133:55 is 1200 m to almost 1300 So it's so it's close to Probably

134:02 m of pay. And down here that well, you go through the

134:08 down here, is that conduit, going to be feeding it not from

134:17 base but from the sides laterally coming . And you've got the top of

134:27 carbonate of course had some aerial exposure buggy ferocity developed and here's what it

134:34 like. All that brown stuff is , ah, very viscous With Custer

134:40 oil from the third member of this formation. Here's what the ferocity looks

134:49 . There's a lot of buggy and skeletal ferocity. And so you've got

134:57 these big bugs going on in And so obviously there was some burial

135:03 here and this is sort of a hmm, b Bird's eye view of

135:10 it might have looked like at the where you might have been getting carbonates

135:15 here and and they'd cement up and they'd be buried for a while and

135:21 they raise up and get some subdural and buggy porosity in the very top

135:26 it. And it happened to be . Which was another lucky thing.

135:33 here is this this is the they made the bid on this song

135:40 this was in the mid mid 19 . And the thing is is,

135:50 know, a lot of times we these large structures and we don't think

135:53 of them. And I showed you older, an older seismic line from

136:00 that that had a big structure like , that was flat when they corrected

136:06 for mhm velocities. It became a obvious structure that it is in this

136:15 D seismic line here. But but see that a lot and when you

136:18 these big things, uh you you're hoping there's going to be something

136:24 it. But you don't know. here you can see it's two

136:27 So this thing is Is over two across. And you can also see

136:37 ah this isn't that clear? But can can see pro gradation of this

136:43 out into the basin in this And when you get better stuff,

136:47 can also see there's some on lapping on, not just down, lapping

136:52 also on land and that's supplying sequence afi principles by the way. And

137:00 significance of lap out. Okay. so from that entire feature um here

137:10 , the thing that we saw ah one km. So again, it's

137:16 almost, it's more than two that whole reservoir that we got

137:23 the oil on the top of the is in green here. And that's

137:26 part that cut the buggy ferocity. this is the conduit coming from way

137:31 into the kitchen, coming all the up here, coming up to this

137:35 and charging this way and this ends being the carbonate build up with the

137:45 and, and ice APAC map of . This is a structure map,

137:49 , here's the ice APAC map of and showing you how big it

137:58 And here you can see the structure a little bit different uh, from

138:02 big, long, flat thing, you, when you get some better

138:05 and stuff. But here with three seismic. Eventually we were able to

138:12 out uh, the high porosity zones the low porosity zones, so that

138:17 could better perfect perforate this thing when produced it. And uh,

138:23 um, after 20 for development that model got a little bit

138:27 There's something about more data, you from a few reservoirs to a lot

138:31 reservoirs, especially in carbonates because it's to see without real data.

138:40 and so here's, here's a little in here that has forced this is

138:45 very complicated in here, the way interconnected, but you end up with

138:50 lot of different zones to produce. again, here's 1250 Almost looks like

138:57 prophecies in this case is even thicker 100 m. And but the net

139:04 probably Less than 100 m. But can see it's very big area,

139:11 thick oil deposit. And one of things that worked out for this is

139:26 while this uh oil was migrating. . Normally what happens is there's a

139:33 of density separation of these oils so starts to the volatiles might get out

139:41 . And but we knew there was was bacteria in here uh even if

139:46 temperatures at close to three, 3000 three kilometers. But it turns out

139:55 bacteria is bio bio degradation of this at a point in time before it

140:04 buried this deep. Now as usual migrating here and charging this. The

140:11 bacteria actually um broke down some of larger hydrocarbon chains and made it less

140:20 was a P. I. 19 , which is pretty discus, but

140:24 was less viscous than typical oils of density because of the bio degradation.

140:32 unusual bio degradation that made it flow little bit better through here. And

140:36 pour point, if I remember was around 55°F. So for all the

140:42 in oil, that's a pretty low point and it needed to be jacketed

140:49 a little bit without too much And they were able to produce what

140:55 normally be uh heavy oil that was to produce was a lot easier to

141:02 than it would have been. And course they did. A lot

141:06 once, once I got to the , a lot of technologies started flying

141:09 this direction ah when when they presented data and their rationale for drilling

141:19 uh didn't it didn't win any, big people jumping up and down saying

141:25 is a great idea. But once were able to get better seismic and

141:32 then later on three D seismic. just like what happened with the chalk

141:37 where we figured out there's more oil than what you have in this

141:42 Then they started throwing a lot of and they were able to get a

141:45 of, so make a long story , the worst fear was abated because

141:55 early on in the migration and the of that field, which was well

142:00 the present day would have actually made very viscous oil less viscous and made

142:09 flow a lot better and it made fill in charge. All that buggy

142:13 at the top of that limestone? . Any questions on that one.

142:19 , Sir. one question. um, what's the potential for unconventional

142:24 the result? 10123 sacks. So they currently looking for unconventional in

142:31 The source rocks? The sources Um let me go back here all

142:44 way back um, to this map here That the Sahara Aji three

142:51 is all through basins and here in in here. And you know,

142:56 don't know what the technological challenges to and um uh fracking in the,

143:07 the marine setting, but certainly I you can do long reach and horizontal

143:12 in it, but I don't, don't think they've started doing that

143:16 The Bohai basin, especially right up here, but it's right here behind

143:22 , right in here. This they've a lot of production coming out of

143:27 . There's production around around some on offshore and there's places in this area

143:36 their pinnacle reefs of permian, not erosion, all remnants of, of

143:45 limestone sticking up in the air all here during a period of time.

143:51 they were buried in here and then with Lucas, marine shales and they're

143:55 out of those things and they're very reservoirs and again, the source rock

144:01 this case is all around those It's unusual that you get an ear

144:05 oil charging of Haley seen rock, you know the beautiful pictures in different

144:11 of china where they have the erosion remnants of these big paleozoic limestone sticking

144:18 in the air ah like something a made almost with trees covering it.

144:24 of those things were drowned and buried this base and and covered up with

144:28 clustering shales and so make a long short, There's a lot of conventional

144:35 still going on in that, but question is a really good one and

144:39 don't know the answer to it. don't know if they've started looking,

144:42 at some point in time they certainly probably produce an awful lot out of

144:49 . There may also be challenges again the customer in oils, highly viscous

144:56 in oils, in uh, in from the lateral. But, but

145:01 normally, uh, you know the things go, I would think that

145:06 there could be a way if we to produce hydrocarbons, ah, say

145:11 at the rate or half the rate what we're doing right now, we're

145:13 eventually going to need, need to that. And, and hopefully at

145:17 point in time we'll still be able take advantage of hydrocarbons when we start

145:24 the C. 02 that were burning it's still a very efficient fuel to

145:30 and use. Yeah. And Mcdonald's , the thing that I always think

145:49 is places exactly like that. Exactly what you brought up. They're all

145:53 the world and nobody's doing anything So there's a lot of frontier,

145:56 think still still out there in a of these places where we haven't,

146:03 haven't even considered it yet in many and there, this one would probably

146:09 technological challenges, but I don't think would be challenges that couldn't be overcome

146:15 clever engineering. Okay, the next is the Atlantico CS and and I

146:24 a little bit involved in this because my dissertation was on the strategic afi

146:32 this part of the world ah Including the cretaceous tertiary boundary 20 miles in

146:38 little place. But a consulting company G. M. I.

146:44 O. Which no longer exists, popped up because this license sale was

146:54 was created and there were some areas were open for sale or drilling has

147:05 done with five discoveries and all that of thing from From 76 to 83

147:12 the past that a lot of people even know about but but you know

147:20 don't they weren't really that successful mostly in this this sector. And one

147:26 the things about producing hydrocarbons from what would you think would be good

147:32 producing hydrocarbons along here? You know lot of our hydrocarbons in the

147:51 S. Were produced over here in , lion's share of it. And

147:55 course there's some stuff now up in Appalachians related to horizontal drilling and fracking

148:06 some over in this direction but way to the Dakotas but there's other little

148:12 of things in here but why would be good to discover oil and gas

148:17 this coastline. It's easier access to overseas. That's one that's one possibility

148:29 the point I was getting trying to that. It is is um this

148:34 where the population is and this is a large amount of Mhm hydrocarbon fuel

148:39 used and you know anytime you don't to transport the raw material farther,

148:47 also don't have to transport the Produced things. You know, a

148:53 of the gasoline and stuff that arrives gets shipped and not just through

148:59 but you know, you do have trucking, but all the refineries are

149:04 here, but a lot of the that are made from what comes out

149:08 those refineries is in a whole series different types of pipelines that come up

149:13 and and supply this. And and um a lot of the based fuels

149:19 that's the sort of thing. Uh get transported through pipelines and again,

149:25 are some refineries in this area that very small and I don't know if

149:31 they even do much hydrocarbon, but there are places here where their hydro

149:36 plants, they could develop some small large refineries within their grounds to help

149:45 some of this. So that infrastructure , this is a really good place

149:50 separates instead of having to ship it the way from texas or from Saudi

149:55 , you've got it right here with market is for now. Uh and

150:00 question is how long that's gonna But it is for anyway, this

150:04 the first license that brought up was up and the nominations were going to

150:12 uh Dubai Naruing lease would be no than 2011 nominations came up by

150:21 This is one of the things that was nominated. This little block offshore

150:27 . I grew up as a, a kid in Virginia beach Virginia and

150:32 was a lifeguard here and I thought would be really good if this opened

150:36 and I could get a consulting job there and I know all the strategic

150:40 ah, but it didn't happen. a 2.9 million acres. Pretty good

150:48 . The mm s estimated 130 million of oil. And uh, even

150:55 this area. And what we're thinking these days at 1.14 TCF of natural

151:01 would be a pretty good thing there keep to do that fuel that we

151:08 sort of the mid fuel or the holdover fuel, the methane, which

151:13 , which is has a lower carbon than any of our other energy sources

151:18 are made out of hydrocarbons. And so that would have been a good

151:27 . And here's some more of the that I'll let you go ahead and

151:31 . But which administration do you think this happen? Was it Bush?

151:44 , the Obama administration is actually what is who approved. They were thinking

151:50 it before then. But the Obama actually approved that this would go

151:56 And uh, so in spite of folks say about the oil industry

152:01 and uh, that particular party at point at that point in time,

152:09 was no need for additional hydrocarbons and was approved. And um, but

152:18 really bothers me is that what's remembered that when the BP blowout happened,

152:28 was an industry mistake. And, of course the, no matter who

152:34 in power at the time, I they would have done the same thing

152:38 11 critical safety things were overridden. so I think it would have,

152:46 a prompted any administration, whether it democratic or republican to review it.

152:53 the real fault in the shutdown. a lot of the activity offshore really

153:01 through the actions of, of one . And, and that's very unfortunate

153:07 that company. And, and the industry, sometimes I think it's important

153:12 understand that we have difficult politics, sometimes the, the people that we

153:18 are holding it up aren't holding it and it's likewise, uh, when

153:23 opens up a little bit of oil couple of 100,000 barrels a day when

153:29 adding millions of barrels a day to output in texas. Saudi Arabia is

153:38 for flooding the market while we're flooding on a much grander scale back in

153:43 and the rest of the areas. I think, you know, those

153:49 of perspectives are important to remember um, the government can work with

153:54 or they can work against you. if you if you try to work

153:57 the government, no matter whether it's United States or any other part of

154:01 world, uh, you know, trying to be good citizens as as

154:06 explorers is really important. And some the, the political animosity that we're

154:14 with right now was generated by that out and not something that was already

154:20 to happen. Okay, so here have, ah, look at this

154:28 , here is the Carolina platform Mm hmm. And you've got the

154:33 plateau down here, Here's south north Carolina Virginia. You can see

154:39 outline of north Carolina very faintly in in the outer banks. So they

154:45 kind of getting out off onto the the edge of the, the continental

154:52 there, which, which puts some wells test wells in. But you

154:56 see here there's a number of test up here and in this area and

155:04 were test wells all through here. few in there. And I'm going

155:09 look at this, I'm pretty sure is continental outer shelf test will.

155:16 , so here's sort of the shelf out here. Then there's a

155:20 the blake plateau. And then this is the real, the real

155:24 break way out here. But normally pick it it At 200 m and

155:31 , and this would be sort of start of the slope going down into

155:36 the abyssal plain way out here and here though, you've got sort of

155:41 shelf sitting on top of the blake , which is an unusual structural feature

155:46 a continental shelf. And lots of in this area of course. And

155:54 the water is not too terribly deep uh but lots of good sediments underneath

156:00 . And here's some of the wells , along the coasts that were

156:08 north Carolina is up here. I see there's another that's charleston there,

156:14 there's some wells that were drilled along as well. And I worked on

156:19 test, well that was drilled just of savannah here, which is what

156:24 dot is okay. And anyway, this particular cost G went well.

156:32 right here, you can see that actually gets into Devonian basement. And

156:37 you've got Valon genie in and the indians near the base of the

156:44 And and so if you come over and look look at this, doesn't

156:53 everything that the GG one got This is down to Tyrone E.

156:56 , which is just this section right . Uh they've got these, but

157:02 have other wells that got down to center main. Ian as well.

157:06 cost G well though actually got deeper that. So that's that was a

157:12 , this is a really important And and then if you look at

157:18 cost be too this one's this one's because that one gets all the way

157:25 to the Tiffany in and what sits the telephone. Ian anybody know the

157:37 underneath the Tiffany in. I don't people shuffling through their books or anything

157:53 try to find an answer. You were quiet as a mouse. Of

157:58 , you probably had your microphones turned while you were taking the test.

158:03 . You probably didn't because I might said something. Nobody has any idea

158:10 underneath the telephone. Ian it's a an exciting answer. If you know

158:16 answer, I want to take a . How about if I give you

158:27 clue, would you guess if I you a clue what's the most significant

158:34 Rock in the North Sea? The clay? Yeah. And make that

158:47 like a stage or an age. know, excuse me now let's start

159:04 a k the kim the kim The kim Origen is underneath the Tiffany

159:17 and some people don't get as excited it as I do because I've worked

159:22 in the east coast and and over europe and I've looked at strata,

159:27 sections in the Technion realm and also boreal realm, which is the North

159:32 . And we're talking about environmental But in the boreal realm um you

159:41 a thing at the top here instead calling it to phone in which is

159:44 tv in name. The Volga region Russia is about down to here.

159:51 the kim Origen and Cambridge clay actually earlier in some of the cooler

159:58 And uh this is at least This wouldn't be boreal here and I'm

160:05 it was probably temperate. I'd have look at plate reconstructions but I I

160:12 think this was tough in. So is a good chance that some of

160:17 shells are seeing in here might be or tipping the top of the Cambridge

160:24 . This isn't the whole Tiffany in if you were to look at the

160:29 phony in in France half of that in the lower half of that Tiffany

160:34 an age would be Cambridge clay in North sea. And so the Tim

160:42 actually the top of the Cambridge inn a boundary related to the Vulcan and

160:46 top related to the telephone Ian. it's um I'm not sure why,

160:55 very few people understand the significance of strata, graphic boundary in terms of

161:02 geography and also source rocks. And it's really important because ah of

161:09 you know, I couldn't publish a working for an oil company but I

161:12 it the kim, you guys aren't to sell this, but the Cambridge

161:15 one would be below the Volga and Cambridge in two would be below the

161:19 ian and there was a lot of oil producing oil, shale, oil

161:25 TSC rich shale in the Cambridge Cambridge unit and likewise in the Cambridge

161:33 But again, it's at the top it, it's younger than you would

161:36 it to be. And uh and that's uh that makes this fact that

161:42 penetrated the Tiffany in really exciting to . Uh and uh look at what

161:48 depth is, it's over, it's 4.5 kilometers deep. So we've definitely

161:54 enough heat flow going on down there uh and pressure to help generate oil

162:00 gas. Now, one of the they didn't have this company, I

162:07 looking at, You know, for one of these things that I go

162:11 , I have probably another 50 slides the end of this that I never

162:15 , you, but but there's um a lot more ah wells and the

162:26 I'm going to show you in this quick overview as it as it

162:31 And here are some of the marker that are going to be on this

162:37 thing. And there's, I don't if I have the slide with all

162:41 wells or not because it looks like going to jump right into the fence

162:44 , but there's a lot of wells here and there's a lot of uh

162:48 D. Seismic out here that was . And Even though we don't have

162:53 three d. volume. We do the ability now to plot Defense Diagrams

163:01 two d. Seismic, especially when crosses left, right and center.

163:05 not the same thing as a three . Volume. But you can create

163:08 three D. Model and that's what me did. Uh G.

163:13 I. G. O. Did some special software that they developed.

163:18 anyway here you can see some seismic uh you got two D. Data

163:25 you're trying to turn it into three . Data and it's not a

163:30 Uh you know, with receivers picking signals from this way and this way

163:37 or as Mitchell where they're getting it , you know, like pointing at

163:42 over here might pick it up from there there there. So you're getting

163:45 different angles, you know that kind thing. But Anyway, they came

163:50 with this model using two D. and uh here are some of the

163:55 the faults that they've modeled in three . And these are the tops.

164:01 I showed you on this, we we don't get so much into the

164:08 but here we've got the green, red and the brown and the the

164:15 of the drastic where that Tiffany in would be here. I don't show

164:20 the mid Jurassic but the Cambridge clay going to be right in here.

164:25 so really important point ah This area written off because the veneer of sediments

164:32 the coastal plain and on the shallow uh was probably this age or

164:43 But now we know we have sediments water depths that we can drill that

164:49 uh the Cambridge. And now if is the source rock, the key

164:56 if there's no deposits of source rock , you don't have it. But

164:59 you have deposits of source rock here this interval between the top of the

165:05 and the mid Jurassic, then you have traps in between that could collect

165:12 that's generated from this. And of there are fault pathways for that oil

165:17 migrate. In addition, probably to deposition, all pathways like we saw

165:24 the luau structure. And um so they've kind of written it in the

165:32 clay from the cost be too well remember the cost be too well right

165:42 sitting in the Tiffany in and my feeling is if they drill just a

165:49 bit deeper and I don't know why stopped. But if they were able

165:52 drill a little bit deeper, they have hit Cambridge play the equivalent to

165:56 Cambridge play in the North Sea. so here's kind of um summary of

166:09 . Um April 20th 2010, the well blowout occurred and May 7th the

166:18 was suspended. And and then there a moratorium on drilling until 2012.

166:25 then of course we had the similar but what's happening recently is more concern

166:31 climate change and and global warming, I think is is an important thing

166:36 evaluate. And anyway, that's the of that. And then this is

166:45 3rd 1. Any any questions over particular thing. I think it's uh

166:54 know, in terms of a frontier , this is this is pretty much

166:57 open and there's potential reservoir rocks out and traps that could be producing oil

167:05 generated down in this section right That has not been penetrated yet.

167:12 one more test well, could do . So would the cost to drill

167:17 be similar to the cost in gulf Mexico with having to do the huge

167:23 and all of that or would it a little bit cheaper? Well,

167:29 you would do in the first place you would you would use drill ships

167:33 the Glomar. Uh they're not it's the glomar, well ships anymore but

167:39 have drill ships that are actually, think there's still one at uh texas

167:47 texas A and M they don't look these kind of targets. But but

167:51 industry has drill ships like that that go to places and drill these these

167:57 water wells in terms of the test without setting a platform or anything.

168:03 if you if you get out there you find production then you're going to

168:07 to get platforms, I don't think are, I don't think the water

168:10 here is quite as deep as the of the gulf of Mexico. Once

168:15 , you're going to have to figure what type of reservoir the flow

168:20 how many, how many straws you you need in terms of how big

168:24 is going to be. I could that they might want to build some

168:32 good sized platforms that would, would the hydrocarbons a little bit before shipping

168:38 onshore. But that's kind of out the realm of what I do.

168:43 again, that's a very important And as geologists, we should always

168:47 thinking about that. But to one of the biggest environmental threats

168:53 is if you ever had a spill there, you would, you would

168:56 a lot of negative publicity for And there are hurricanes out there.

169:05 , it's not quite as dramatic as gulf of Mexico is sometimes, but

169:10 the recent past, some of the big hurricanes have run up the hurricane

169:15 run up up the eastern seaboard Uh Oftentimes missing Bermuda and definitely would

169:23 this area in terms of a major . But but there is the possibility

169:30 you could get some major hurricanes up and that would be of some

169:38 But again, these platforms are not proof as we've seen. But the

169:46 engineer they are and the better balance are when they get hit, the

169:50 likely they're gonna survive and not topple anything like that. And I'm not

169:57 . But I believe one of the of the platforms that were built over

170:03 field that America had discovered by BP um I forget the name of it

170:10 was on was not balanced properly when hurricane hit and they had trouble with

170:15 one. So those those are some the concerns. Mhm. But right

170:25 before doing something like that I would about the demand that that's going to

170:32 . That would require us to do like this. Ah But you know

170:38 you if you get one of these reservoirs and it's easy to produce the

170:43 rates would be really high and could the production of 2030 40 50 horizontal

170:51 if not more. So there could an economical and an efficiency benefit from

171:00 tapping into something like this. Okay here is another one in um just

171:09 show you that people look in places world. Um Andrew Hartwig at

171:16 It's Hartwig. Uh I don't remember I was the 2nd, 3rd or

171:22 think I was the 4th Arthur actually Jim Pendleton whose plate tectonics guy we

171:29 him on the committee. And Barbara who's popped up in a couple of

171:35 things who's a professor at U. . A. Research professor there in

171:41 I think in their B. G. Part of the B.

171:43 . G. Or geophysics research Institute . And this is this is the

171:53 that you t had for for a time and they didn't have time to

171:59 on it. And Andrew Hartwig who his Bachelor's at U. T.

172:03 . Was able to get ahold of and work with it with also with

172:07 Geophysical where he had a job and was able to uh reprocess it.

172:15 Let me just check here. But could be saying something wrong, but

172:20 pretty sure he tried a number of re processing in the reverse time migration

172:29 turned out to be one that made easiest to image and therefore interprets.

172:33 you went from something that looked like to something that looks like that and

172:39 and of course Jim Pindell got involved it because you could see these these

172:45 fault blocks over here in the rift of the base. And then of

172:50 some of these and this is pre . And there's this is kind of

172:55 completely different continental margin. I don't to go into the details but this

172:59 a different type of continental margin from continental margin anywhere else in the

173:03 So Jim Pindell was really excited about particularly this feature right here. And

173:10 things that are looks like they're pre rift and and so here you have

173:22 the basement and uh and then a of strata, graphic layers here and

173:28 some kind of funky looking features in that will kind of focus on.

173:35 uh here we have the Karlovy in middle Jurassic salt and uh and then

173:48 have, you can't see it, here is sort of where the kim

173:52 age stuff is out there and of you're going to get source rocks and

173:57 sort of stuff. And here's the top of the Tiffany in. And

174:02 that that cost me too well, actually right about here, where where

174:09 got something we're interested in, this a much thicker section, it's much

174:13 and much thicker. And uh here's top of the cretaceous. We assume

174:21 lot of this is tied back to up on this shelf because of course

174:29 had this line that came, you , all the way some of these

174:32 will let me go back to Yeah. Right here he has this

174:37 that we're looking at. But then has other had other lines from this

174:42 database that were in his capstone project he used to actually tie into

174:49 A typical capstone student wouldn't be able do this, but but Andrew was

174:55 to do it because his company was on it and providing technical support.

175:01 the University of texas Geophysical Institute was able to provide some support, technical

175:09 in it as well. And so here we have the full strata graphic

175:16 here and here's coming back up on sure what he was doing was looking

175:22 things that might be um, different that people weren't aware of. And

175:29 is probably deeper than anyone's drilled. in deeper water but deeper section.

175:37 because a lot of our targets are here, these carbonates down here in

175:41 cretaceous underneath ah this is that gelatinous here and underneath that salt wing,

175:53 a lot of traps under here and noticed that there might be carbon and

175:58 all traps in here. And of there's a lot of drilling going on

176:03 around, right in front of this around the edge of of this unlocked

176:07 this salt mass here come farther He was seeing things here on

176:13 on the lyra meid related deposits. from the burger space in and

176:21 logos based rather and um, in wilcox age stuff and, and then

176:31 seeing um, all these other potential along here. And so all of

176:37 are trying to identify some what got excited was the mm hmm, the

176:46 along here because there's, there's some things to this age sand unit

176:52 that are huge turbinate deposit, look huge turbine turbine deposits from the signature

176:59 here you can see them here a bit further out and uh,

177:04 here's the, the stuff that was here, we've got some smaller

177:09 but a little bit deeper into ah you know, this, the

177:15 fee here is not um has been really well, but here's the Eocene

177:21 this line is supposed to be the liest scene, but but there is

177:27 part of the Wilcox which used to considered all the essence is in the

177:31 seen here. So these are police turbo, right. A parent millicent

177:37 which are, have some definitely high events going on through here, which

177:45 uh in my mind something that would worthwhile looking at, except that the

177:49 depth is over Well over 5000 ft . Okay. Um so um in

178:02 area we know there's going to be rock. We know there's all sorts

178:06 traps. But most of these he's identifying are deeper than the drill

178:11 are going right now. He did on the first one, identify some

178:19 relate to production that's coming out underneath salt overhang near the um near the

178:29 coast closer anyway and in the edge that hangover of salt. And uh

178:37 those things have all been reached. a lot of these things like

178:40 this right now is unreachable with current and there's definitely things down here that

178:48 like they could be hydrocarbon deposits and different places further in this direction,

178:55 that direction. But again, the that really gets me excited is this

179:00 . And one of the reasons is there's a right where that's happening.

179:07 a chicano beck basin, which I've in. It's like a huge incised

179:13 , the dump sediment out here, about the same time as the age

179:19 these sediments are thought to be. , we know that there is a

179:23 of sand, There's a seismic signature looks like turbinate deposits and we're getting

179:29 amplitude that indicate that there could be . So here, here are like

179:41 main concerns that we've talked about. uh, what's one of the things

179:48 I want you to remember? Because often make this a test question.

179:53 was it about the luau structure that made it, that made it

180:01 challenge from the beginning, there's a of things. The long migration routes

180:09 the source to the limestone um Okay, that's, that's definitely one

180:15 the most significant ones. Would would you also say the technology early

180:22 was pretty limited, definitely. And yet skilled geologists and geophysicists like

180:31 figured it out. To me it miraculous. And I remember when the

180:39 first came in. I'm like, , you're kidding this. And,

180:47 then, uh, what else about luau structure was a little bit

180:55 The viscosity of the oil and getting up out of the ground. And

181:03 , and that's, that's exactly it the teeny, I don't know if

181:08 it pushed him over the edge or . But the teeny contribution that that

181:12 team made was that we pointed out that the TRC's of that lipid rich

181:21 Aji three source rock is so The chances of something good happening were

181:28 high. And you can imagine if have three toc s it's a crappy

181:36 and you're trying to get it to that far. That's a whole different

181:40 from something that's practically um well 26% uh you know, has a has

181:51 much greater chance of just by chance some charge out of that particular source

181:59 . And that was a very small I played. And I you never

182:04 in these, I wasn't in the decision meeting, but after I left

182:09 , somebody that worked on it said that had a big impact, but

182:12 have no idea if that's true or . Anyway. Uh the Virginia lease

182:17 , what was the big challenge But um due to the BP oil

182:25 , um the Obama administration had to the listen the sylvus. So

182:32 so I think the best way to it is there was a political political

182:37 . And but prior to that political , the thing that brought it all

182:44 was the fact that the veneer of on the atlantic coastal plain passive margin

182:51 that the sedimentary wedge is relatively thin we all know that we have to

182:56 a significant thickness of sediments and depth sediments to get that heat flow in

183:02 in the for temperatures up so that can actually mhm. Cause that Karajan

183:12 turn into liquid hydrocarbons. And and that was one of the biggest challenges

183:20 . And not knowing not knowing that was a good probability of Cambridge age

183:27 which by the way, even in Caspian sea, there's rocks that are

183:32 a that are good source rocks. in an offshore western Australia there are

183:38 aged sediments that are good source So it's a it's a it's a

183:43 highly productive ah period of time in history. So almost anywhere you drill

183:50 , you can get something that's underneath Tiffany in aged strata or the

183:57 you're gonna run into stuff. There's production in Russia that obviously has kim

184:05 . Okay, so so the thickness the sedimentary wedge was one of the

184:11 concerns technology. The lack of good data. If if they were to

184:18 a survey off their environmental licenses would pretty uh hefty and well thought

184:25 And but it would it would it take some grand scale seismic surveys to

184:34 develop this area because very little has done. You can see they did

184:38 lot of two D seismic to go there with three d. seismic rigs

184:43 would be a big upfront cost. something everybody has been trying to reduce

184:49 by going into ah producing unconventional and what the the deepwater gulf of

184:58 the biggest risk there, what would be? And and and for this

185:10 kind of focused on what I think the most perspective thing to me is

185:13 those, it says Wilcox turbine I showed you the the huge,

185:20 a huge uh turbo tight fan there um why why is why, what

185:32 was the one risk factor that I out there? The folks of sediments

185:41 a lot of sediments on reducing diluting toc context in the show.

185:47 now the, I get where you're from, but there was um but

185:53 source rock is below that and the , the source rock would would be

185:58 that. Like it is in a of places in the gulf of Mexico

186:02 everywhere. Um So you've got you've got this prominent and prevalent source

186:10 . You have, you have an , huge incised valley draining into

186:18 which rather than diluting the source it would be over top of the

186:22 rock, creating a reservoir rock in form of massive turbo night deposits.

186:28 another hydrocarbon indicator that those higher I'm not going to tell you for

186:34 that we figured out it was a an official D. H.

186:39 But I can tell you that it like its hydrocarbon bearing. So a

186:46 of a lot of everything's checked you can see that there was structure

186:49 it. And so the biggest risk actually almost the only risk right now

186:57 the technology to be able to drill water that's as deep as that and

187:02 a deep well in there and it be possible to actually calculate what the

187:10 weights would have to be. And may be outside of our ability to

187:14 even even our in our best case right now just from the amounts of

187:21 that we have to deal with getting at that depth. But I haven't

187:26 that calculation. So technology and being to reach it with a were they

187:33 well not only a production but an will even to survive the the depth

187:39 what our depth in the in the of the section that would have to

187:42 penetrated. Okay with that we'll take lunch break and uh since we're at

187:52 Can we all be back at about ? Yes. Yes sir. Any

188:00 to that? Because I think if object, you've already been out voted

188:08

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