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00:00 uh they don't make enough sand stones be of any interest. So,

00:09 what I want to do is continue lecture on composition and look at the

00:15 that control the composition mainly of sand a little bit about shoes. Uh

00:30 , we're looking at source area transportation, deposition environment and die

00:36 So we'll go through each of those let's begin with the source area in

00:41 role of tectonics and controlling the santa. Bill Dickinson did some really

00:50 work on looking at sandstone. Patrol in the context of plate tectonics.

00:58 what he did is he distract three tectonic settings. One is a continental

01:03 province that would be basically deeply Getting into older basement material, a

01:10 origin uh shown here like foreland basin form sediments, volcanic I relieve coming

01:18 and then um lastly a magmatic art you're looking at the volcanic plutonic drops

01:25 get high relief. And what he with that is that you could define

01:32 Q FL diagrams uh fields in which from these various tectonic provinces have been

01:43 . And you can further look say in a uh our area and see

01:51 the composition would vary from, let's uh very uh sports four under dissected

02:00 changing into that sector is you move that field. So there are sub

02:06 within it. The other thing you'll is that he's got different uh in

02:12 . Uh So depending on the purpose your interpretation. Uh huh. You

02:19 fuck total course on on one the mono crystalline courts another. So

02:26 it says is that when your point , you need to have a lot

02:30 different categories so that you can mix match depending on the QF. L

02:36 that you interest to them now. , this particular model has has really

02:42 the norm in the last 50 years . And uh, the immediately people

02:49 to find exceptions and so like any model is began to be modified.

02:54 , for example, the question was , there are more tectonic sources settings

02:59 these three. Uh, there are and and mixing of sources.

03:05 what if anything is the role of , uh, deposition environment and also

03:12 ignores areas in which there carbonate grains . So people began to make

03:20 This is just an example of one they began to look at different tectonic

03:26 to see how that might uh affect uh, where they fall. People

03:35 to use other provenance criteria, looking zircons but we and I should add

03:43 this the use of circus. Now paleo geographic reconstruction source is pretty much

03:51 norm. This is getting more and to be what you do. The

03:57 of course is this is restricted to laps doctor Lappin here in our department

04:04 that. But unless you send yourself , it's a somewhat a technologically

04:14 So we still rely on flint county in other techniques. So here's another

04:22 reconstruction showing how the paleo geography has uh reconstructed using the market. And

04:31 reason that point this out is it to give us a broader way of

04:38 at the source area with respect to . Okay, now, going back

04:45 Dickinson a second criticism was climate? it a factor? So people began

04:52 look at uh different uh huh areas had similar tectonic settings with different

05:00 And so what we found is that just for example, within this

05:07 wow, I read in the Samsung they vary from given to culinary,

05:16 they all fell within the same technomic . So what you're looking at is

05:22 gradient and it's on addict you over playing off to a tectonic lee

05:31 clusters. And there's been several works work done on that Texan is um

05:39 the broad strokes of the sandstone mineralogical . Climate provides a super indeed superimposed

05:45 . Fundamental differences in tectonic settings are erased even over periods of long tropical

05:54 . So we see climate does have factor. Absolutely. But the tectonic

06:01 is still there. Now let's look little more why and how climate leaves

06:06 impact print. And that is by . And when we talk about

06:11 that is of course distinct from mass , which is the removal by gravity

06:18 erosion, which is the removal by agents. And when we talk about

06:24 , we can subdivide weathering into mechanical , which is the physical breakdown of

06:32 uh and chemical weapons, which is decomposition. The key here, of

06:37 , is that mechanical weathering? You change the composition. You just change

06:41 songs with chemical weathering. You change composition as well. And so as

06:47 look back home, we talked about , you can envision different climatic settings

06:52 which different types of weathering and weathering will dominate when you look at the

06:59 weathering, they're just different ways of things up. And I'm not going

07:04 get into that except to remind, know, change in composition. And

07:09 going to be dominated in areas Mechanical weathering occurs everyone. And he

07:16 that uh it is often over printed chemical one. So, where we

07:22 about areas that are dominated by chemical whether by mechanical weather and like

07:28 What we're really saying is there's an that's the void of chemicals. So

07:33 stripped away that chemical weathering over print left behind that underlying mechanic.

07:44 The chemical processes solution, hydration, analysis, speculation. These are all

07:51 on which we change the composition. not going to look at all

07:56 And I just briefly visited couple dissolution easy enough. Uh Somebody said,

08:02 does the calcite cement come from? , basically it comes from the dissolution

08:07 calcite into calcium carbonate water. And re precipitation the question here might

08:15 where does the asset come from that that limestone or that calcite and when

08:20 comes from carbonic acid carbonic acid, turns out is a result of respiratory

08:29 of bacteria in the soil for us the co two content of the soil

08:37 . And therefore the carbonic acid potential be up to 1000 times greater in

08:44 soil than in the atmosphere. So little buggers that are turning things up

08:50 soldiers are also creating a lot of for assets. So a lot of

08:56 assets that we see for both dissolution hide analysis are coming from this soil

09:04 . I need to say in areas there's not a lot of bio litter

09:08 not a lot of biomass going You're not gonna get those asses

09:15 Again, a common process. We look at our basic minerals particularly are

09:21 basic minerals when they're oxidized and leave in iron oxide like oh,

09:28 And again that's where our iron cement from. Uh When we oxidize this

09:35 basically put a ferrous iron into And 52 plus That empty two plus

09:43 mobile so it is dissolvable in water it's going to move with the water

09:49 from the weather source in the grill until first time as it comes oxidized

09:55 forms ferric acid which is F. . Three plus at that point it

10:00 and then we have iron oxide So what we look at there is

10:06 dissolution under reducing conditions and the oxidation re precipitation under oxidizing conditions.

10:15 Uh so the although the may think will provide us with our arms,

10:22 or not, that's a man. really the hydraulic Asus of belt

10:29 That is the dominant process for decomposing sandstone. So basically we go

10:39 that's it. And especially potassium fells and we break it down. We

10:46 the potassium by hydraulic system and we behind the cable tonight. Yeah.

10:53 if we do that enough, that if we have enough chemical weathering going

10:59 uh it's the intensity of the chemical , whether it's not we that pale

11:06 I will buy a hydrologist become hip push. And so basically that's going

11:13 be a box. So we see this transition and if you recall the

11:20 products in the temperate versus the equatorial regions when weathering products were shown as

11:28 enough. So that's about as far potassium feldspar is going to go in

11:33 climate like ours. Okay. Um the other hand, head down to

11:38 amazon and forget it tonight. Uh might be some deep down but the

11:44 that's most intensely weather has gone to hydroxide. And so get going back

11:50 this notice below, there is modern line or snake type. So what

12:00 looking at is we move up this of weather is increasing degree of operation

12:08 also. So we go from non to whether Yeah, snack type table

12:17 I Your iron aluminum hydroxide tax. of the things to remind yourself is

12:25 plays are not formed by the precipitation . They are typically the result of

12:32 . So when we talk about plays play formation, they are typically the

12:37 of some type of chemical weathering We have several groups. We've got

12:42 snake types. All right. You're uh some are chlorides are major bridge

12:53 types, calcium, sodium lights or . Uh You begin to see how

13:00 might vary depending on the extent to those items have been stripped. And

13:05 could look at the source by looking a little bit of silver.

13:12 you're only going to get a play chemical operations like this and that is

13:19 to be microclimate. Micro's glad to later. Uh Irritate attempt. So

13:28 , you want to start you or or you might go to hide snap

13:36 . Uh that in turn select types okay. This particular one line in

13:46 ox, that's what I should But you can go and take different

13:51 to have in all cases we're looking is that change in clay composition with

14:01 intensive alterations. So for example, can look at this micro fine so

14:10 in the micro fine is relatively and the goes far. Uh huh Really

14:20 pretty bad. A lot of beginning alter sea to land. I genesis

14:27 uh the uh one of the clays this point maybe smack title for.

14:34 . And now the point here is to plastic places same die genetic history

14:41 different degrees of alteration. Not all spars are created equal and they don't

14:48 weather or alter equally. The potassium parts are your chemically most stable.

14:56 , sodium slices sucks calcium plays it well. So what you find is

15:05 if you look at the rock potassium feldspar should be more abundant and

15:13 weather. And glad you putz basically looking at the difference in chemical stability

15:20 in sense, you're looking at the weathering stability goldsmiths weathering series, uh

15:30 is the inverse of Bowen's precipitation. . So we've got the first to

15:38 all these calcium as you go Guillotine body type I like as in

15:49 sports. Uh We see these are least stable. These are the most

15:56 . Now, it's a common assumption the reason they are least stable is

16:02 they formed under the highest temperature. , the temperature differential between formation and

16:08 present is greatest. It turns That has nothing to do with why

16:13 were the real reason has to do the number of silicon oxygen tetra hydro

16:19 are bound together. These are largely , separate, very easy to break

16:25 isolates. And he they're not even . But tell me get down the

16:31 , every single still a content to is so valiantly bound with every

16:37 So it's very difficult to chemically break off. So we're looking at is

16:42 the stability of the silicates. Heat be broken up by chemical weather.

16:48 we can extend that and look at only basically hydraulic Asus of silica,

16:57 silicates, but look at some other as well. For example, anybody

17:03 even less stable because they're the weathering dissolution. Let's go all we have

17:12 , aluminum and iron out there. are the end product of the alteration

17:19 , place stay here. The more than the films we say.

17:27 the place are less stable than the am an aluminum hydroxide that they were

17:36 in. So yes, a little of all questions. So if you

17:43 at uh settlements on mars red, ? So that's all the iron oxide

17:50 the regulators. So whether uh yes uh there certainly was Contra Gin in

17:59 actor at one they are not Well, there is oxygen in the

18:08 the silica event too. And there was both chemical, there clearly was

18:14 weapons and wow. But the process are just uh this crazy. It

18:22 like that would be super mature sediment well the thing is uh mars is

18:31 by mechanical. Oh yeah, okay. So what we've done

18:37 we have taken the Philippines and with spurs other minerals of different origins and

18:51 . Can you go oh this solution operation place containing our losses, all

19:02 down to they are not set So when we see this these are

19:09 things we're looking at. Uh this Dominic chemical one because that's the only

19:15 that changes composition. Uh huh. trains are going to generate silica.

19:22 we'll fell far goals and all these weathering of any silicon minimal is going

19:28 generate themselves in addition fell far to so part and uh calcium. Uh

19:39 potassium for all of these things. council, you can see how the

19:48 the dissolved ions in solution or being from the composition of soda and non

19:59 minutes. Very uh Chemical weapons. can subdivide climate based on temperature

20:09 Uh We tend to live in some eric in the different selva is the

20:18 they use here uh or um Uh Hi temperature high precipitation. Uh

20:31 could also look at how the different of weathering processes are tied to the

20:41 . You can look at this at leisure. But the point is that

20:46 clearly have a strong relationship and weathering weathering products and climate. Now one

20:53 we also need to remind ourselves that begins in the sort and so is

21:00 some here with the organic letter uh overruns where that carbonic acid is

21:09 It is used or dissolved altered by that that would arise where we have

21:22 approval of those sites and then we re precipitation of some of those sci

21:28 horizon and then finally all operations. song here is basically the source area

21:36 the total dissolved lights. So some it is re precipitated to the

21:43 Much of it is removed via groundwater eventually to be re precipitated some

21:52 Okay, so that's basically the story that we've been talking about now.

22:02 a reminder that in the unit temper right up here you pretty much destroy

22:13 whether pretending that it's not, I it down loaded with uh, you're

22:21 minerals, you're trying to they are gone too. They all, it's

22:35 visuals like uh blue blue place. Yeah, sports. Come on.

22:51 , unfortunate place. Uh, now they're all new leader, basically the

23:01 density greek system uh, mainly box don't have any of your racial here

23:12 got everything laugh and you got re Reese precipitation. I love your calcified

23:22 quality from Calgary. Uh, so that never really, you know,

23:32 all kinds, the few dissolved are dominated by mechanical weather. Never really

23:40 leached out of the sort. So pretty much gonna uh, ever a

23:48 of the calcified especially because it's highly . Uh, it's basically sort of

23:58 in solution is flushed out in in region. So one thing we see

24:05 that the depth to the quality layer with precipitation. So as it rains

24:14 the depth it's lesson lower and lower , higher concentration until finally is flushed

24:22 with increasing precipitation. Remember that that's the Edwards and blood rose. There

24:34 a glitch, you had to be to make the roads and there were

24:37 ton of fossils in that coming. why would there be fossils in a

24:41 now that I'm thinking about It is . Well, one of the things

24:45 happened, I don't want to answer specific question but if you look at

24:51 lime stones and again, now I'm into Davies this morning. Uh

24:56 The fossils are often re crystallized. have a different composition. So for

25:03 , you've seen the real war me weathered limestone. What you're doing

25:09 You're weathering out dissolving out the barrel but not the original material so that

25:15 is differential chemical weathering of different components the limestone. And so one of

25:22 things you do see is that the fossils depending on what they are stein

25:29 hormones or whatever uh can be just enough so that they're not as all

25:38 our is the matrix. Okay. huh, humid tropical like us but

25:47 settlement Neil Clayton, you're playing there be resolve word, we're gonna be

25:56 in whatever your sources are, sources are peter's, Excuse me? You're

26:04 get courts here in temperate uh this be like amazon. Uh here we

26:15 have courts in the amazon even. , we have micah someplace again,

26:26 we have here is the more soluble of the So good. Now here

26:36 where you started so far, ultimately our post is etcetera or and maybe

26:45 definition of place, but basically uh a lot of total dissolved solids.

26:54 we look at this something here, is all talking about earlier and increased

27:01 going from semiarid grasslands. Uh temperate , forest received the first of all

27:11 organic layers increases. It gets to calcium. Carbonate is a reasonable beach

27:21 . Is the fingers of the housing naked. Now, finally you begin

27:28 flush out. So this is what call a closed system or in an

27:33 system with respect to grant groundwater never it into just time. Infiltrates here

27:49 flushed. So we automate completely removed you basically place yep. Uh and

28:01 an old classifications, uh we still about alcohol, soils and the closest

28:09 soils, acid soil health system. you can envision that transition with increasing

28:17 as we go from well, quite south texas to E sexist, we

28:28 think of course air knives is something has gone through multiple cycles. Reworking

28:34 that you've been progressively removing everything. the most stable courts. Well,

28:40 turns out though in areas of really weather like up here. Uh you

28:49 actually have in this area here, may have chemically weather everything but the

28:58 are not. But it turns out happens a little differently than you might

29:04 . Uh This is a study looking progressively older sentence within a system.

29:13 so you look at the the actress , this was the youngest of the

29:18 aggressively over to. Uh huh. that finally, this is the second

29:27 in paris. Now, now this all a man. During the last

29:35 years, the drainage area has changed between san timonium press there and and

29:42 weather changes but they said that during policy, what what changed and so

29:50 you're looking at is the effect of , the younger set up and then

29:59 these tariffs ends whether most and so can assume they started out as the

30:06 composition. Yes, this pretty What you see and you know the

30:17 , let's see young gets, he it, the youngest Saturdays down here

30:22 reports as you go progressively older going all the world Hendrix bars, you

30:33 dressed in your sports performance support because you're doing is moving about far and

30:42 realistic and you're removing them by NC it literally it just sat there long

30:51 they're weathering not only in the source but in France is created this first

31:00 or it's Aaron uh Okay now transportation definitional environment are also factors in both

31:09 texture. The operations side starting tradition or extraction sediments made by

31:20 Uh Chemical Corporation um abrasion basically decreased size with distance, selective transport.

31:33 the course material is left behind final sentiment, addition and extraction. Um

31:43 deposition and our edition of tributaries coming will mix composition. This is in

31:51 sediment mixing like this on the beach do see a downstream decrease and the

32:01 and also around this of material in lab in in the field.

32:11 well if you look at the Rhine , Mississippi kenji's uh you look at

32:17 two to a 40% reduction and the right sir signs production now up to

32:32 . So this is certainly one of things. But what difference does it

32:36 if you're just reducing sites? well it turns out that composition varies

32:44 and we'll see how that is a . The other thing we do see

32:49 an increase of sorting associated with a in great. So this is just

32:54 more than a system. A logical to the transportation of sand down

33:02 Yeah, now one of the big though is not socks surround this.

33:08 the super mature sentiment is rounded, turns out that there is virtually no

33:18 of sand in route almost. Um and the reason for that is that

33:27 is a water buffer where if you around the same, eliminate that buffalo

33:37 more grain degree in contact the way do that is put it in the

33:43 . So it turns out here here around tracking the sand time. Uh

33:50 a river. Yeah, yes, material transport along the beach, no

34:02 in around us. Now we're beginning see an increase in around this when

34:08 pick up the only interest. So would suggest that if you had something

34:14 delta like the Mississippi river that's shooting sand and then getting positive rapidly.

34:20 that seems immature. Yeah, I ? T um sure. Well it

34:26 implies has got more than 5% Okay, so we're going to be

34:33 , but there'll be anger even on beach now I'm gonna be well sorted

34:40 one of the things that beach action is to winnow deposits and give you

34:45 better sorted. But because of that buffer it doesn't make it any better

34:51 it. Yeah. So what you to know is if you want to

34:55 around us uh with a river it a saturday place environment, anything finder

35:05 about one millimeter one millimeter is the between force and very closing, you

35:12 can't wrap okay on the beach, get a little bit because there is

35:17 back to back that will go down about me kid, but if you

35:23 to really round all the sand, audience process. So how do you

35:30 river sounds that are all around the stones because there are big.

35:36 if you set stones, I'm sending than half a meter. Oh

35:44 what this says is effective up to one. It's ineffective below.

35:50 Yeah, large stones. Yeah. we get well rounded, uh,

35:59 , even coarse sand, but you're going to get well rounded medium to

36:04 . Okay, so where do you that record? This is typical of

36:08 of the protests from some of the or what's maronites his it's been rounded

36:15 a healing process then mean it was last in an aeolian setting. Could

36:22 been reworked but its rounding records and . Okay, so if you

36:31 you have rubble that comes from a , especially weather and then you end

36:36 getting these river stones that are well that the process is going from a

36:42 stone to a river stone. Is producing sand that's poorly grounded the whole

36:49 ? Yeah, Well it depends. mean eventually to the when you,

36:55 you take a large block that's made through mass wasting and then you begin

37:01 erode. Buy a mobile process, assume that process walk. Okay,

37:07 you're chipping off pieces of stone. you've got angular fragments coming off of

37:12 . That process is beginning to change shape of the larger kabul and in

37:18 creating angular smaller fragments. Those fragments now also in transit. And so

37:27 being rounded and decreased in size as by abrasion. But at some point

37:35 get so small and the same river about a millimeter that they can no

37:42 be rounded because their size relative to viscosity and the water between us prevents

37:49 whole lot of abrasion because it's abrasion causing not only direction size but the

37:56 this as well. And so at point the part of gets too small

38:02 be abraded for degree upgraded effectively. that's where the transition to a very

38:09 viscosity fluid air allows you to continue rounding two Very fine great son.

38:18 , okay. Now another change in that occurs. They should go downstream

38:23 change in the ratio of certain types minerals. For example, the present

38:29 to decrease. That's because tragically is mechanically durable when the non play education

38:43 in poly crystalline course, that's because crystalline ports is mechanically less durable than

38:49 crystal reports. Foley. It'd lyrics because Foley, it'd lipsticks are less

38:56 durable than non foliate lipsticks. So see a change in composition because of

39:02 differential mechanical durability of different members. also chemical durability. Although uh the

39:14 in transit is uh less of an except in very human settings like the

39:23 . So here we see that, three decrease in the amazon river Uh

39:29 in 3%, of course from Yeah. Now there's two factors,

39:36 more, maybe three, 21 years you speak to whether you can

39:45 well, we're getting these sediments as go down the system and exposed to

39:52 weather longer and longer periods and therefore more portrait. The other problem find

40:01 other issue is uh alteration of composition tributaries. A lot of the change

40:13 composition amazon as we know from. , train is increasing contribution of the

40:29 areas where the court is preferentially being . So you've got the Andes coming

40:36 on seven but the tributaries are coming from the shield area which is dominated

40:43 very thick with. Okay, so got tributaries coming in adding ports and

40:52 got institute weathering increasing the preferential preservation . So both of these things are

41:02 , it's right. The road of amazon into a chemically and mechanically more

41:12 . Uh Is it safe to say most courts and courts brains that you

41:17 encounter reassure our primary meaning that they from the weathering of an igneous or

41:24 rock and not a previous handsome. . No, you can't say that

41:31 they are more likely to be driving previous and some than fell as far

41:35 brothers because they're so durable. They're to be recycled. We get we

41:40 a lot of recycled courts. The is how do you know that with

41:46 . It's easier because you can trace back to its original composition or other

41:51 age and source. But we see that was derived someplace deposited in a

42:05 setting and then re eroded and re . So this is a common announced

42:11 that's one of the complications of trying interpret composition and source area is

42:20 Um The other thing I want to out if you took the stand of

42:24 individual point bar for example. So know everything is the same environmental

42:33 climate tectonics and then you said it at the composition that as a function

42:42 great size and a lot of these the Ufl diagram. It looked like

42:47 settings. The coarse grains said great portion has a lot of rock

42:56 I have a medium range stand, mostly ports and cell phone. These

43:04 two very different positions. That's one the reasons why is you have a

43:10 in brain downstream, You have a of composition. You're like more towards

43:18 same. But that's also if you're a point count, your plotting your

43:26 . Fl diagram and you want to it with Dick consent or somebody else

43:33 want to use Sanchez on this Yes those parts were based on medium

43:40 sanity. The reason they were based for example is that the conversation varies

43:48 at the same city with course Green very finally it's the effect of grain

43:59 . Uh And this is again just show that, hang on. The

44:02 size, you get a different percent practice courts and fell spars. And

44:09 the importance of keeping a uh constant size for your comparisons. Yeah.

44:20 let's assume for checking. We started here in the Andes and further soon

44:31 really area exists temperate but especially sitting uh as we go down the system

44:42 mechanical weather is dominant. Yeah, not going to change it that much

44:52 transit, assuming that the effects of isn't too great. On the other

44:57 , hot music that in the 3rd will come out as a sports

45:03 And that's what we saw as we at amazon Q. F.

45:07 Diagram progressive against ST So the chemical is dominated here. So let's look

45:18 the end. He specifically with rapid and transportation and get some therapy with

45:28 Yeah. On a ship, which the lower weapon route capitation. You

45:35 some marcOS reason there is a shield more uh fell static frenetic and metamorphic

45:45 . The Andes has more make her headache. Okay? But again,

45:53 little operation because of the rapid That's in 2030. On the other

46:01 , assault with that study in seat lessen the burden temporary storage. A

46:07 more weather time question you're semi with slower motion transportation city in the soil

46:21 percent. So if you look at amazon basin. Just as an

46:29 you see how you might start to might end up with three different products

46:41 on the relative mixing in those So there's the sediment source from the

46:49 shield are likely to be more mature . Well, they're going to be

46:58 states. Yeah, the differences will more fantastic. I mean more fell

47:06 here. More rock friends here. . And the reason is this more

47:17 ? Are there implications for di Yeah, because again, if you

47:24 to bury these and we'll talk about , the subject, their nights will

47:30 differently and some are posters will all or Absolutely. Now, if you

47:40 to figure out what kind was, you assist if you wanted a climatic

47:49 that set preserved in your sense. first thing you like to have red

47:59 course. Brain walked. Yes, the easiest 1 to present. See

48:08 you'd like to have it transporting the the small disks because they don't meet

48:14 disks. We have a potential Mhm. That position about river.

48:22 huh nei genesis. Early segmentation to you. So what you're looking for

48:32 areas where mm transportation, deposition environment die genesis are not altering the health

48:43 . So we've gotten sets up. . Al with red, the sample

48:50 with we got a sense for how alters transportation and talk to you in

48:58 deposition environment. Not just but what's the climatic sink. So let's look

49:06 the last two factors deposition environment basically how much reworking of mechanically. Let's

49:15 sit complaints. So if you look one basin include your process and using

49:23 , what average you have 24% off are having in the delta mount bar

49:30 get into an area of 8%. you're looking at is the degree of

49:37 . When you think about a it really spends most of his time

49:42 around to be transported around 11% sits a point bar Maybe every few years

49:49 moves down to borrow two. And it. You think of the

49:54 it's constantly in motion. And so rock frightens which are mechanically less

50:01 tend to be preferentially removed. yes, you know, why is

50:08 shelf inboard barrier island? Uh, , it can be thought of as

50:15 a differential. The shelf here, really, we're looking at two different

50:20 settings. A delta going off into shelf and a barrier island. So

50:26 just rank that here. Uh, show running the change, I was

50:33 in Monterey Bay and I'm trying to out how to tell the source of

50:37 area. All right, the drop . The thing is the marine

50:45 there was a fair amount of There was some distinction, but what

50:51 found was that if I just look the there was plenty of self,

50:59 flu ville deposits are going to be depositions environments that best represent the source

51:10 . Once you get into the more of a coastal setting, you begin

51:17 lose that signature. So what So 15% decrease opera, 10% decrease

51:25 so far as one of the systems . So everything basically emerging towards what

51:34 can change that is the process by of senate changing in Mexico. Say

51:41 again. This is no, it's California. Uh huh. Yeah.

51:48 if you look at that transition studio , you see A tremendous decrease in

51:58 3rd floor. So composition is significantly . My deposition work that in turn

52:11 changes the potential for da genetic change routes a flu of Iraq in the

52:18 system is a barrier island rock. be da genetically altered different paths with

52:29 same burial history. Uh, I'm skip these acceptance out giving you these

52:37 the book. The general trend has to go either away from or beyond

52:44 graphic framework analysis and looking at other that we know is a major and

52:51 elements. The net result is that a serious doubt as point within point

53:02 is the best way. Um, what we also see when you deal

53:09 use statistical analysis this analysis, large elements. Uh, it says

53:17 you can discriminate bluegill friendship only because sources you can tell if Louisville from

53:26 only, but only because the flu source. The only method. So

53:33 says is alluvial sand preserves and then your source area in this case.

53:38 whether England was period well this study basically the first thing you need to

53:47 is to screen for variability, unrelated , including weathering and identities and brains

53:54 some sort. Mhm. So all things that can impact provenance, they're

54:03 take those into account books. Finally, it's unlikely I would argue

54:12 impossible that a globally applicable set of can identify sediment source. You know

54:21 you need to do. Work it for yourself. Well, when you're

54:27 with a source to sink story, the story you're focusing. That is

54:32 say no, everybody else's work. realized that what they found may not

54:36 able to yourself. Okay, so thing I'll get into this die

54:44 We basically look at processes that reduce and granular process every second year.

54:51 trump uh compassion three patients replacement. are the processes that tend to go

55:04 uh indigenous system. So the first you'll notice that pressure solution of

55:13 So that's going to be resulting. something else is doing in action.

55:21 have deformation. Uh, the more grains, the ones that are more

55:28 uh squeeze. So here's the Let's have that green and squeeze between

55:40 the two port struggles. That's what mean like certain he can't is basically

55:48 loss. I mean, it's basically plastic slow uh, this is dr

55:56 , right? It's decreasing the ferocity , well studio matrix, we looked

56:09 this a highly altered flash plays versus altered. Uh, this is basically

56:15 to so this is another type of . The alteration of a father.

56:26 got the precipitation of calcite cement, is that early The loss of primary

56:34 . What you would like to see with depth and time the dissolution this

56:41 the creation of 2nd image ferocity. will not happen of course, Is

56:48 1st Senate court cement will kill prostate . Yeah, by interestingly enough,

56:55 you want to do, prevent what performing. You can't do it,

57:03 nature can and nature can do it having to play Cody If you

57:10 I'm sorry if you cook ports was yellow, that clay prevents the silica

57:19 waters from precipitating the court because the cement grows an obstacle continuity with the

57:27 green so that clay forms a buffer we'll talk about situations in which that

57:37 is more likely. The four therefore ports, cement later on trip

57:46 Uh, total replacement section and all night. Okay. Uh, we're

57:53 to have this solution of fell So this is secondary philosophy in here

58:04 . We've got we Yes, he in. Okay. Uh, we

58:15 a lot of secondary ferocity that's occurring this zone here. Here's that play

58:25 that was completely round head. If plate coating has been around the completely

58:33 the courts might have prevented Samantha has here. So if we just like

58:43 practice lift the loss of thunder off . Look at the different lipsticks have

58:54 for the same death. Let's So 10% or honesty watch richard from

59:04 that's in part because self part especially X. Mechanically list. They just

59:14 Now I talked about the effects of coding. This is the only potential

59:23 of uh it's a regular. Oh see. Yeah, started by over

59:34 . They get about this point About m and then Mhm. If it's

59:45 cement it sports. Uh huh. uninhibited, continues to go there.

59:55 . That picture is so important to part time. But what these percentages

60:03 cysts, clay coating And 50% There's no logic. Yeah but look

60:14 happens when you got completely things pretty drops on and accept some up there

60:30 it doesn't take a lot of uncoated to allow the precipitation and growth.

60:37 , what's the next So we'll look why is it that some brains are

60:45 coated with clay and somewhat This is place. 30% other types of grains

60:53 just he smokes it evidence with courts it does affect other brains as well

61:01 it's a little more complicated than that different types of planning are different in

61:09 ability to fit flow and permeability. the the impact is most evident with

61:24 description. Just ask questions. I maybe showing you the answer, although

61:32 question was, what's the most important cheer way philosophy already answered segmentation.

61:39 I guess the question now is why do you suppose imitation is the

61:43 important control on here? Way Because it controls the Virginia,

61:53 And in particular remember sure, shear , it's not just rigidity in

61:58 but it's the interstitial fluids. The fluid do you greater share waves

62:11 Less fluid fashions, how do you the fluid in a no. By

62:19 up the floors with semen. So you've done is you decrease of percent

62:29 . Quite easy. So the point that di genesis impacts the seismic profits

62:40 the petro physical properties. Watch to variety of ways. So for sheer

62:48 to match most important. But other like shape and sorting, that's

62:56 saturated sections least important. So let's by looking at my genesis. Uh

63:05 . Uh but of a pirate draw Murdoch and we go from something that

63:12 period I cold front philosophy Over 87%. Something very low porosity.

63:21 as we look at the ferocity Uh huh Hard, hard very

63:29 What is that? Glass to eight not two or less for the sandstone

63:39 more. Listen, let's exam soon prostate decreases with depth is about the

63:49 as mud rocks until at some point gets lower and that's the effective

63:57 One of the problems revealing blood rocks the size. Of course here is

64:04 50 my own this is support. take another area here. Let's blow

64:13 up and this is the micro porosity shit. Really, really cold.

64:23 . So size is huge. Discrepancy the size of the board. In

64:31 types of mud rocks Over 80% of your less than 10. Now,

64:38 this is of course the first problem may have certain percent porosity because very

64:45 horse. It's also hard to deny sam selling across here. Uh these

64:53 for members. Why uh microscope used get into tight sandstone. Yes.

65:07 . Begin to share. You're really at very different types of measured

65:15 Yes. The types of port we talk about opulence. Uh,

65:26 for opulent, that next rain. good play. Act like a grain

65:31 sand. Often all over the middle the here for awesome mechanics across the

65:40 pellets, uh fossil fragments etcetera. each of these is a different type

65:47 ferocity within a shape. Yeah. also mentioned that if I recall lasers

66:01 call asia classification, respect yourself more exclaims. We know that the shell

66:11 again I used term shale and quotes there's an art to drop. Uh

66:20 But it also could be just a bit, depending on politicians. If

66:27 predominantly play, I'm gonna speak up court, let's take out. So

66:40 can actually think of a partners. , what and what it says is

66:50 Shells with more than 6% for church are much more grip. Why is

66:55 important? They respond better to well . You want to be able to

67:02 the wrong, not bending and so want it to not be deducted,

67:08 is to say you want it not , which more holistically. Okay,

67:18 by that chart, the Woodford would the most perspective. 3rd the wood

67:23 would be the most perspective for artificial . Uh, there are other

67:28 playing that, what you're saying is these in here in this area would

67:36 all things. Yeah, exactly. projects. Where's the horn river?

67:52 , Marcellus, Lady Marcellus, we some areas that are too my in

68:01 . So going to get back they just expand. Yeah, So

68:06 one of the issues that we had our area. Uh huh.

68:13 And notice marcellus all violence and in , what would have shown its complications

68:22 that even within the same unit, is an example, you get a

68:27 variation conversation. And so what might practical here is not here based on

68:34 changes in the composition components, why changes are variants of the story.

68:41 you can tell me, but it , it certainly is important.

68:48 you can read this. Okay. , so anyway, these, this

68:54 a kind of a storyline of dodge processes, not of sand stones and

69:00 showed earlier, but mud rocks, particular ones, Wolf, Middle Permian

69:09 . Okay. Uh, so we still somewhat in the embassy of understanding

69:20 , how composition uh, mud rocks affected by origin and genetic processes.

69:30 still working on the deposition processes. mud rocks, realizing that in many

69:36 it's actually traction load is rippled bed . Uh, so, uh,

69:43 rocks are yet to be told store I'm going to be largely ignored in

69:52 of the need to understand. there's just not enough gray sounds lefty

69:58 spend the time. I need to ships. So we're gonna stop here

70:03 we're going to end the recording and , 950, we'll get back at

70:10 . There are doughnuts. Uh, you.

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