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00:08 problems. Oh, mm hmm. okay. Yeah. Mhm.

00:25 Yeah. Yeah. They're trying have big family camp. Why have

00:53 Yeah, I actually wanted, that would be always fine. It

01:03 weird, tape recorder. Yeah. on. I was supposed to be

01:26 now. Okay. Yeah, Yeah. Yeah. Non wet.

01:43 about done? But john was originally the schedule with you for the slats

01:49 company. We're coaching you with this . No, I he has nothing

01:58 do with geochemistry. Okay. So went through this right? Yeah.

02:13 . So I say Merce you can each of two or more compounds with

02:18 same formula but different arrangements of atoms the molecule and therefore different properties Would

02:27 called Ice 1st. So and maintain is five carbon atoms in a straight

02:36 I su contain would be an ice Different structure because whereas there is five

02:45 atoms but there is four in a and then a branch. Yeah,

02:50 be new 17 meaning three carbon atoms a chain. And then one of

02:57 carbon atoms has uh necessarily this three would have to metal groups connected to

03:05 . All these would be called decimals each other. And uh isolated a

03:11 painting. All right, mm We have been done this right.

03:19 haven't seen this before. Every all did. Okay, so you're more

03:28 than I. Okay, so this shows how as the carbon number

03:39 the names change and the properties change boiling points. Uh dermatitis here In

03:48 sense that when you go from normal normal hasten to normal 15 you go

03:53 36 C as a boiling 360.70 degrees the boiling 0.100 degrees as the boiling

04:02 and so on. So as the structure becomes bigger and bigger, the

04:06 point becomes higher and higher obviously because the backing of these compounds. In

04:14 , the idea of packing is what the boiling point in terms of the

04:21 . So for normal, maintain The point maybe 38° or 36° as you

04:30 to maintain the boiling point becomes lower so on. So uh, this

04:42 expressed in this slide very nicely. think uh when you have five carbon

04:50 in the molecules, the boiling point 36 degrees plus or minus. And

04:56 are three ice alors, can you visualize what these ice swimmers would look

05:03 ? Everybody? You have thrown it the board but try to draw it

05:08 the board. Yeah. Okay, Uh five carbon atoms boiling point about

05:18 degrees three I summers seven carbon atoms , I summers eight carbon atoms

05:27 I summers 20 carbon atoms in the you have into the fight. Ice

05:43 . And when you have 40 carbon in the molecule uh whereas the boiling

05:51 would be roughly the same. But , the number of customers multiplies to

05:59 numbers, 30 carbon atoms, you have up to 10 billion ice

06:11 Obviously no one can remember the names these ice summers, but but you

06:18 name compound based on its structure. . And we used very simple examples

06:29 the board. Okay, so let's an example in the gulf of Mexico

06:40 let's say we have an oil with compounds with seven carbon atoms. So

06:53 many compounds that have seven carbon How many hydrocarbon compounds would have?

07:00 carbon atoms. There is 16 al . Nice. 1st you visualize that

07:08 Normal Kane, NC seven right? is eight Isil case seven carbon

07:22 I don't need to through these. can imagine how you can draw

07:27 Right There is seven cy click al . So you have one all came

07:39 six carbon atoms. And branch you uh variances of that. You also

07:52 one aromatic compound. That aromatic compound called. Told you, we told

08:00 did you hear on the board Yeah, we did. Okay.

08:14 . So mhm um let's take a at the abundances of He's seven hydrocarbons

08:27 this particular oil from the Gulf You have one normal 15th street

08:38 You have uh eight ISIS Simplest to two Missile Heck Sale. Everybody can

08:56 what missile vaccine would look like. Carbon Atoms. And the branch.

09:05 . Okay. That branch can be position to carbon carbon carbon carbon carbon

09:13 carbon atom will have a missile group that muscle group can be on the

09:19 carbon atoms. That missile group can substituted for with an exile group But

09:31 you end up with eight carbon In that case you have three Assign

09:39 Tane. In other words there is ethyl group But if five carbon atoms

09:47 change and It's in position three to to to die. Missile maintain,

09:58 with two metal groups in position to clear 22 diamonds help maintain. So

10:08 it's maintained five carbon atoms with two groups in position two. Yeah.

10:19 23 dimensional maintained means there is one group in position to one missile group

10:25 position three. Do I need to any of these or you can visualize

10:30 ? Right, okay. So to them is self contained clear 3,

10:37 diamonds. I'll 15 Two missile groups position three. I can have seven

10:50 atoms in attached to In the form one root ST chain with three missile

11:04 in two in position to three in three. So the nomenclature whereas can

11:16 very unwieldy but it is easily the States And we have to name these

11:26 based on the arrangement of the carbon in the structure. Of course the

11:34 of the carbon atoms in the structure dictate the physical properties and the chemical

11:40 of the compound. When you have muscle groups attached to five to a

11:51 carbon atom chain, you can visualize diameter of that molecule, right?

12:03 be quite a huge molecule because the groups sticking on both ends gives it

12:12 volume. That is different from a volume. Okay, mm.

12:39 Okay. Okay then I've seen compounds the C seven range. Clearly are

12:50 missile cycle vaccine. Yeah, you have if I remember drink which would

12:56 be called cyclops maintain you can have exile group attached to that molecule to

13:02 called exile. Cyclo except maintain or can have a molecule with two metal

13:11 . So it's like a taxi in to maintain structure. In visualize what

13:16 cycle painting structure is With two methyl Attached to it in position one and

13:23 one. That would be 11 dimethyl painting. Um When you get to

13:30 12 diamonds, I'll cycle contains in words a missile group in position to

13:35 missile group in position uh One then can have a what we call assists

13:42 a trans cis will be where the branches are in the same plane trends

13:49 be where one of the methods branches be in one plane and the second

13:53 in another plane trans position. Uh 1, 2 diamonds I'll cycle contain

14:03 can be transformed to domicile 612 diamonds three diamondstein cycle contain. There's just

14:13 diamonds I encyclopedia, you see how structures look like. Right? Just

14:23 the names how they vary. Whereas system simply the trends are two different

14:33 , etcetera. Okay then we have aromatic structure. C seven seven carbon

14:43 in an aromatic structure. What would be? A molecule with a

14:51 Ring and MSL group. Seven carbon in an aromatic structure. That structure

15:01 told you me so. Okay. Among the volatile organic compounds would be

15:13 c. seven among them is the text Group B. Tax be tax

15:23 everybody as a mental image of what is. We just finished talking about

15:30 . six Carbon atoms in a ring some ancestral saturation. So you have

15:43 then you have told me six carbon in the ring and a branch.

15:48 oil busy. Can everybody visualize what Benzene looks like? Yeah means instruction

15:56 an exile group connected to it as lease. Yeah. Also Shailene metas

16:07 and parasailing. How are they different each other if they are you have

16:13 you mean? Yes. Well, then you have these aliens two muscle

16:22 adjacent. That will be Zilly Eileen. Mm But as I am

16:33 . Mhm. Big to do about . Yeah. Okay. I have

16:48 change gears here. Yeah. I I need the second picture.

17:08 Still seems. Mhm. I think finished this. Mhm. Six.

18:19 . So now let's look at the and you can constraints on petroleum generation

18:35 accumulation. All right. The model very, very simple. You have

19:00 organisms flourishing in the photo zone, . Somebody usually die. Hi for

19:13 plankton. Thank you. Has died settle to the sediment water interface we

19:22 it fighter plankton. Rain out preserved matter remains will undergo die genesis including

19:32 surface chemical and biochemical operation and complex . You end end up with a

19:40 complex structure called character carriage. In burial will undergo thermal alteration. We

19:50 that process maturation. Sometimes we refer it as katha genesis. Russian term

19:59 , catalysts. Kathie genesis we need petroleum generation. Okay, so for

20:13 quite plankton reno doctors, organic method with reluctance organic matter coming into the

20:20 of the position with rivers and streams what's not all these things under

20:25 Uh transformation complication, forming bio the carbohydrates, the proteins, the

20:33 , malignant, reworked organic matter. these become very complex forming these complex

20:43 . In the meantime, hydrogen sulfide being formed. Sometimes methane is being

20:50 . Uh We end up with Karajan, bitumen and hydrocarbons together with

20:56 word organic matter confirming maturation. Uh end up with this first oil and

21:04 which then can concentrate forming crudo The residual organic matter will be pyro

21:13 altered, but you didn't and dry guess. Where does the organic matter

21:24 from productivity productivity in the water Primary productivity in oceans and lakes,

21:35 organisms, marine lancastrian, vital algal and bacterial remains on land.

21:45 productivity leads to creation of fireplace which leaf cuticles, sports parlance presence and

21:57 plant parties. Um The living organisms die. They're deposited in the sediment

22:06 in the guns and whatnot for So shock carriages. Karen.

22:19 In this slide I'm showing that the of the organic matter uh that is

22:28 sized is is destroyed by a This process is called biogenesis under Quite

22:40 anoxic conditions. Organic preservation is reaching maybe up to 4%. Um

22:48 regulation mm can sit in and it after burial at much lower rates first

22:56 self reducing bacteria taking taking up oxygen off H two S and by carbon

23:05 producing bacteria taking up oxygen giving out . This process is called misano genesis

23:14 of bacteria. Methane in the Sometimes that bacterial methane in the segments

23:22 be very valuable resource accumulation of this gas can give rise to commercial accumulations

23:36 jenny guess offshore Colombia has huge accumulations biogenic gas. Commercial accumulations of biogenic

23:48 dominantly of methane. Keep of course that that that that methane hydrate becomes

24:01 imperious layer and in fact it's what believe to be kind of the transient

24:09 formation for entrapment. So we have young sediments generating methane was the methane

24:18 these methane hydrates that becomes a seal a lot of methane can accurate underneath

24:23 . Steel giving rise to economic biogenic accumulations. Okay, so I want

24:46 to remember this. Very simple slide controlling hydrocarbon generation expulsion. The first

24:54 is the formation of organically sediments. . Information of organic rich sediments which

25:08 preservation of the hydrogen rich organic matter had a rich organic matter,

25:19 Well degreed via thermal maturation, that gives rise to hydrocarbon information. Um

25:35 yeah, generation of critical amount is to overcome the retention capacity of the

25:43 trucks. The requirements will not leave source rock until a specific quantity has

25:49 formed to overcome the retention capacity of minerals and organic matter themselves. That

25:58 rise to excessive pore pressures and uses and you end up with fractures.

26:06 shock which then can allow the hydrocarbons escape from the source shock into a

26:14 system and eventually into there is a or a track. Um continuing continuing

26:23 of the source beds allows for release hydrocarbons in countries exceed the retention capacity

26:29 the carrier system. Remember we had capacity of the organic matter retention capacity

26:36 the mineral material in the source Now we have to contend with retention

26:42 of the carrier system. You got have adequate countries of hydrocarbons generated and

26:51 in order for these hydrocarbons to end in an accumulation. So this has

27:00 be accompanied by presence of course experimental bets adjacent to the source trucks and

27:09 there has to be stressed, geographic structure into relationships that provide barriers to

27:15 this migration. Those are what ends being traps. Yeah. So let's

27:25 this section. Petroleum generation is a of burial diet, genesis organic

27:35 ceramics. Oil expulsion is a consequence oil generation also shocks health boy even

27:51 the minute of the position. But oil is not concentrated enough to allow

27:57 migration. Only when you have formed hydrocarbons in quantities that exceed the finishing

28:06 of the organic matter in the social the minerals in the social does the

28:11 expands to. Okay, so oil is a consequence of oil generation.

28:19 hmm. Um I would like very for you guys to read the paper

28:33 the maison and more anoxic environments and . Why social hygienists. Uh and

28:42 and the paper by jones and organic fishes, cryptographic concepts and exploration

28:49 . I think I have those papers I'm going to send you those and

28:58 send them on to the class. there is a lot of repetition

29:08 So bear with me. Um Among conditions, field information of organic

29:16 abundant supply of hydrogen rich organic Fighter plankton remains protection from a biogenic

29:23 biogenic oxidation. This requires sedimentation, energy voters. Yeah. A rapid

29:35 of the organic matter through the water to the deposition surface stagnation and the

29:45 of the sediments enhanced by consumption of during Arabic oxidation or a portion of

29:50 organic matter and by low water There is an optimum rate of supplementation

30:01 we would like to see in Okay, so it has to be

30:06 enough to prevent disperses dilution but rapid to provide an oxidation barrier in the

30:19 environment. Controlling controlling factors are in shares of open oceans and still sees

30:27 rich fighter plankton information in deltas and and shelves of open oceans and still

30:35 have libertarian fighter plankton as well as share information. Continental environments painful allows

30:47 um P slump conditions end up with and carbonaceous shales in fresh waters.

30:58 can end up with lipid rich plankton the sediments becomes the clustering. So

31:06 , the custard sauce shocks may seem they're a trivial issue. A

31:13 major accumulations around the world are coming lancastrian sediments in central Sumatra in

31:25 Almost all the hydrocarbons in central Sumatra from preservation of organic matter, degradation

31:33 that organic matter upon burial of the matter too. Hi temperatures. So

31:57 is a a sample of Hey so . Um there's examples of it from

32:13 tampico recently basin in Mexico. They seen some atomic ground shields of central

32:18 and these are huge. The service organic reach lemony showing the position extreme

32:26 and a nice philanthropy texture parallel to bedding planes is fizzle. It's open

32:37 with random play orientation. Their particular well packed, overlapping stacked layers and

32:49 play orientation. Okay, so let's the process of organic productivity in the

33:10 of organic preservation. Yeah, but two processes are the key elements that

33:17 to accumulation of socials. Okay. What you need is forecasting of source

33:33 . By understanding and analyzing tonics in climate. Billy geography, sedimentation res

33:47 productivity and preservation. Primary productivity and needs to formation of socials.

33:57 primary productivity, it's controlled by willing that bring nutrients from the sediment water

34:14 up to the 40s zone. These help in generation of organic matter um

34:25 is controlled by by symmetry, bi position by atmospheric circulation. Another mode

34:38 circulation will be thermo highlighting circulation. other is temperature of the water column

34:45 uh salinity of the water column. continental runoff, his rise to deltas

34:56 estuaries. All these bring nutrient supply the consisted. So primary productivity is

35:07 a very large extent by nutrient Primary productivity also depends on light

35:16 since since it depends on photosynthesis like is dependent on latitude, tear ability

35:24 the water column and solar flux. salinity impacts primary productivity. It impacts

35:35 temperature, distinct precipitation and evaporation in water salinity in ocean um areas.

35:58 . Okay. Mhm nutrient supply in water column is impacted by external input

36:15 internal recycling. External input altitude, runoff, Spring discharge. All that

36:24 the nutrient supply. Um water column , affected by internal recycling is constrained

36:41 latitude and altitude that causes water column . Mm hmm. Mhm. It

36:52 a map of global maps shows the of fighter plankton productivity. The margins

37:03 country's more so than than not would the western margins of the major

37:13 So south America and this would be own of very high high try to

37:21 productivity. The western margin of Africa a very high zone productivity, very

37:29 zone productivity. That's basically showing the concept. You've got the western margins

37:46 the continents that are preferred zones of . This is a time sequence.

37:58 from the you've seen them a Triassic in showing all the stones that favor

38:08 social accumulation. And we can see are emphasizing the western margins of these

38:22 . Okay, organic productivity is obviously by Uh huh turbidity. His

38:36 Since sunlight is very critical for photosynthesis turbidity is very critical parameter and durability

38:44 course is influenced by the position of conference. So activity uh increases with

38:54 ability because of Yeah, yeah sunlight prevented from being influential. So input

39:10 and solar input higher the productivity. dioxide in the water color the higher

39:17 carbon dioxide higher the productivity. The lower latitudes meaning equatorial and tropical latitudes

39:36 have much higher productivity than northern And or attitudes productivity is influenced by

39:50 supply obviously. And since that is by sea level and sea level impact

40:01 extent of productivity. Read oxygen is on there. Free oxygen it's been

40:11 . Water oxygen does not impact productivity to impact no activity oxygen is anything

40:24 impact preservation prediction. The organic method oxidation. So you need oxygen depleted

40:36 rather than oxygen in rich jones we're about. I'm ready to put it

40:41 you. Primary productivity is strictly nutrient and sunlight but if you have an

40:49 environment, isn't that? Yes, , reservation protection from oxidation preservation.

41:14 here we're focusing only on productivity. when you have the ability you're impairing

41:30 reduces productivity. Solar input in enhances . Carbon dioxide content enhances productive

41:44 latitude in position since that impacts the input that impacts productivity, nutrient

41:54 Very key nutrient supply impacts productivity. , organic preservation. I want you

42:28 remember these three component diagrams because there will be pushes in the exam.

42:36 well require you calling up these these . So organic preservation is obviously a

42:45 of oxygen content. Option content is function of oxygen supply, oxygen demand

43:01 content will dictate anoxia which will influence , settling distance, circling distance means

43:17 to oxygen in the water column. if the water column is very

43:22 the chances of Jack from any water will be hired. So settling

43:31 and sedimentation rate sedimentation rate well cover matter and sediment and enhance preservation.

43:44 of chemical oxidizer is in the water . High sulfate content, high nitrate

43:49 . These are oxidizer. They will to attack organic matter, destroy it

43:57 therefore impacting organic preservation. Oxygen supply one thing oxygen demand is another.

44:06 higher the oxygen demand means oxygen is up by organic matter. The higher

44:13 preservation is going to be, the the price the biological productivity. The

44:19 the they they hired the preservation it that enhances anoxia. So.

44:33 Uh photosynthesis is the magic zone. In Arabic respiration, anaerobic respiration can

45:06 very significant in terms of preservation. existence of some fate. Yeah,

45:13 carbon needs so on. Um Okay selling scalability. This is a relationship

45:40 the effective oxygen content and the effect salinity. The higher the salinity,

46:06 lower the oxygen scalability. They lower solemnity, the higher oxygen cell

46:14 Um Who just keeps the script reservation . Bye, environments. I'm showing

46:42 the different preservation factors from very low to very high levels in Baltimore to

46:51 zones expressed by the red line open semi isolated basis, oxygen minimum jones

47:03 anoxic basis. The um preservation factors from very low levels to very high

47:17 in anoxic sealed basis. Um Again is a very simple minded the diagram

47:34 the you take it off organic carbon on preservation. The higher the organic

47:41 content, the higher the preservation Hi iris dement stationary. The higher

47:47 free But you get to a point there is too much sediment and you're

47:52 the organic matter. So there is optimum level settling rate, settling time

48:01 the longer the organic matter remains in water column, the less the preserved

48:09 matter. Mhm. Where the the lower just observation factor, oxygen

48:18 . It negatively impacts preserved patient factors content negatively impact preservation factory.

48:29 Um This the slide is from the by the maison and more. Um

48:38 showing the four types of business and business. Uh Pear youtube traffic settings

48:47 this strategy, erratic distribution of anoxic within them and toxic leaks. Uh

48:53 geographic settings are usually equivalent. Warm early lift situations. Intermountain business.

49:03 have continuous uh position. Mhm. seen um and obviously exist um um

49:18 to warm, rainy interpret, tonic anoxic pockets on shelves Will give rise

49:26 an ox 16 basis. Um The solution of salt trucks in these basis

49:34 the evil that tends to be reached bottom of basis or in certain pockets

49:41 the ocean floor and knocks eclairs accompanying upwelling. So in terms of feeling

49:50 rise to organic enrichment in ocean shelves low latitudes and western sides of continents

50:00 shown me a map showing how the sides of continents are favored favorite sites

50:09 organic reservation anoxic open oceans. Yeah. Okay. Okay temperature

50:36 Um You can have a system like uh sink line that I'm showing

50:43 You've got warm, oxygen rich water the surface then there will be his

50:49 pillow which the oxygen content uh is low. You can have a permanent

50:57 call them to guidance temperature barrier with sediments or the water column below that

51:07 line is usually cooler. Uh Spencer the water is oxygen. Oh,

51:18 Tanganyika for example, in West like even in West Africa, the

51:23 sea in the Middle East. So um counterparts would be the using green

51:35 shale, green river ship. You know about the green river shell,

51:40 ? It's just so struck, it's a it's a black shale. Um

51:48 in Indonesia, the major source structure Indonesia, Arlie Ramadan brown shells in

51:54 Sumatra you've seen and will be seen um in china Angola, the bone

52:02 Southern Sudan, the equivalent modern counterpart be the dead sea. Here,

52:16 attempting to show the photography of these lakes in West Africa. Uh in

52:25 of their wits, their maximum motor stratification and primary productivity in Lake

52:36 That leak is about 30 miles It's about 180 ft deep. There

52:43 no mhm water column stratification but primary is quite high productivity like Edward

52:56 which in that basin water column is deep. There is a seasonal

53:05 Um Primary activity can be as high 1500 g of carbon per square meter

53:16 year. Point out they give him contrast to Albert and Edward.

53:24 See how deep the water columnists. is a prime minister ratification citizen and

53:31 productivity. Is that an average of g of carbon per square meter per

53:38 . Tanganyika is 50 miles wide, 4000 ft deep. There is permanent

53:46 there. And the primary productivity. , at 300 the 15 names of

53:53 per square meter per year. So uh huh leaks that you can use

53:59 anna logs to ancient counterparts. You clean from there. Uh huh.

54:12 what their productivity that you like and also what their certification level is and

54:22 their preservation level. Here. I'm the photography of these different leagues.

54:31 Albert is at the top Maximum maximum depth is about 280 ft. Uh

54:39 productivity is quite quite high. Um even is the one in uh again

54:55 Edward seasonally stratified. So Lake Albert not stratified at all leak. Edward

55:08 stratified. Like the book is permanently and Lake Tanganyika is permanently stratified.

55:20 is the activity is relatively low in to like Edward and nick Albert.

55:28 the stratification is a very key element enhancing the preservation and therefore the social

55:37 . So on this left panel, showing the social quality expressed in terms

55:44 organic carbon enrichment and generation potential with and veronica shown in this light blue

55:55 , leak uh given and then like . Yeah, yeah injured.

56:21 I want everybody to remember these There are three episodes of major source

56:32 devonian we all know about the devonian shales in north America. The british

56:41 like ships the opportunity very is an of major source of the position investment

56:52 sequences, sources developed principles during initial areas of vital plankton productivity are obviously

57:06 be high in hydrogen content since hydrogen is critical information of source rocks.

57:17 that's a critical factor. Terrestrial input delude both organic carbon content and the

57:26 content of the organic matter bringing interesting which is highly oxidized. So if

57:35 dealing with total hydrocarbon generation potential or total organic carbon content, you can

57:41 why tressilian made a root organic carbon and the hydrogen content. High productivity

57:58 be associated with my sea level productivity is maximized tropical settings. Tropical

58:07 are ideal for both preservation and Mhm in north south seas appealing requires

58:32 mature ocean is to assist appealing begins the onset of ocean information. My

58:42 , high preservation potential is maximized in tropics stagnation and leeks and open shelves

58:51 maximized in the tropics. The tropics remoteness from oxygen source sources and therefore

59:06 enhance the chances for preservation. Lancastrian trucks. Most of the source trucks

59:14 we have analyzed and characterized seem to developing in tectonic leaks. Pounds are

59:28 favorable sites for accumulation of organic So we're talking about tectonic legs.

59:40 water leaks form along continental margins and windward side of contentment. I think

60:06 need help, you know. Right. Okay. Yeah, mistake

60:28 me. Mhm. Service please. a trip. Yeah. Yes.

61:11 . Second section finished. Uh Do you finish this 1? I

61:23 at this point. What is He's still right. Yeah. Just

61:31 . Okay. Oh these are Okay. Listen, if you have

62:16 Yeah. Moments. So how's your ?

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