| 00:00 | corn on this computer. All So there's some very interesting things that |
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| 00:06 | will remind ourselves about and we will about today that we also touched |
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| 00:13 | And now you understand a lot more compared to when you saw these slides |
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| 00:17 | your first lecture for example, you certain things about the olfactory system but |
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| 00:24 | didn't know when you first entered this . Yeah. What we're going to |
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| 00:32 | about today is some of the aspects the olfactory system that contributes to the |
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| 00:38 | for COVID-19 virus too enter and infect brain. So the path of physiology |
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| 00:47 | neural infections in the cns From COVID-19 a phenomenon that is still being characteristic |
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| 00:56 | surprise because the virus keeps mutating and we have the um the crone version |
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| 01:02 | seems to be even more aggressive and dating south africa other african countries entering |
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| 01:10 | europe and North America as well. we're trying to understand basically all of |
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| 01:18 | mechanisms and all of the damage that virus and different variants of that virus |
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| 01:24 | causing to the body and the viral entry into the central nervous system |
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| 01:32 | happen through Vira mia. With virus the blood it's present in the blood |
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| 01:39 | you have a respiratory infection, you that infection in your lungs, you |
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| 01:44 | the virus and infect your lungs And understand even more by binding to Ace |
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| 01:51 | receptors. Okay, these are angiotensin enzyme two receptors and they are present |
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| 02:01 | multiple organs and multiple cells throughout the and the brain on multiple cells. |
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| 02:10 | once there is enough virus in the it has this thing called the blood |
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| 02:16 | barrier that you've learned about. So hoping that that will stop the infection |
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| 02:22 | the brain from the systemic infection that present in the blood. But it |
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| 02:29 | always happen. You also know that can enter into the nasal cavity and |
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| 02:37 | can enter through the crib reform play the olfactory at the psyllium that surrounds |
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| 02:47 | olfactory receptor cells. These are the ending cells that we talked about to |
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| 02:56 | the utterance bind and this soda rinse enter. And we talked about the |
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| 03:04 | circuit of activation of the factor receptor activation of the secondary order olfactory neurons |
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| 03:14 | the plumeria lie in a factory bomb projection of this into the high water |
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| 03:24 | centers, the prefrontal cortex and a traveling to the columnists in other areas |
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| 03:30 | well. So this is a second in which we can enter. But |
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| 03:36 | understand it in greater detail how hypoxia . What happens when you have respiratory |
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| 03:46 | problems, you cannot breathe? What to covid 19 patients that have acute |
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| 03:53 | syndrome? They get placed on the . There's not enough oxygen supply. |
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| 04:00 | neurons needs to normally operate oxygen need , they need glucose, They need |
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| 04:12 | blood flow and that is not being . So in the absence of oxygen |
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| 04:17 | , the heartbeat is also decreased the is not pumping properly. And so |
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| 04:23 | you have hypoxia damage the lack of that can cause other secondary breaches through |
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| 04:31 | blood brain barrier or other tissues in brain. So these ace two receptors |
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| 04:39 | the first kind of a point of for that virus to hang on. |
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| 04:43 | so I have updated the slides with of the recent information that talks |
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| 04:52 | For example the symptomatic condition that is the periphery, not in the cns |
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| 05:00 | anosmia loss of sense of smell and you know many and maybe some of |
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| 05:06 | that have members or the family or have lost sense of smell if you |
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| 05:12 | covid and for some it lasts for day or two for others it can |
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| 05:18 | for weeks just like with other symptoms other problems that this virus causes in |
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| 05:25 | individuals. So let's have a closer we understand how you have these odorant |
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| 05:34 | that bind to the to the So remember you have these olfactory receptor |
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| 05:40 | and these are these foreign cells all and it turns out olfactory receptor neurons |
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| 05:50 | not express Ace do. But there other cells in the olfactory epithelium |
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| 06:02 | In that structure and those other cells tacular sellin particularly as one of them |
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| 06:08 | of a supporting role playing cell and cell. Another some type of cell |
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| 06:15 | is found in the olfactory epithelium. do Express Ace two Receptors. So |
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| 06:24 | defenestration is in the skull, in crib reform formation here essentially like a |
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| 06:34 | entry points along which the virus can crawl along these nerve endings and cannot |
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| 06:44 | infect these cells but can in fact other 1000 olfactory epithelium and so included |
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| 06:53 | the figure legend that you can read whole process. I'm not expecting you |
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| 06:59 | understand the entire process but this is a way that through the sex cells |
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| 07:08 | through the other cells the sask of passes. Now there is an infection |
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| 07:17 | to cell infection. Now you can an infection of the or factory receptors |
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| 07:26 | . And when you have the infection the olfactory receptor cells you lose the |
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| 07:30 | of smell that causes as the possibility infection progenitor cells requires examination. The |
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| 07:40 | is to earn close contact with such . So some patients again talk about |
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| 07:49 | term effects that there's different ways in can affect even this particular circuit here |
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| 07:55 | we're talking about the longevity and the of that effect. But in any |
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| 08:03 | what happens is that you lose a of these cilia, a lot of |
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| 08:09 | nerve endings that are responsible for the perception and you lose it because of |
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| 08:15 | infection of the olfactory epithelium because of infections in the system calculus house as |
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| 08:22 | as infections in the in fact there receptor neurons. So now we understand |
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| 08:32 | it can hope enter into the through nose. We know the structure of |
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| 08:38 | blood brain barrier. We know that is indeed a feely ourselves and and |
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| 08:46 | the real cells uh huh. And ethereal cells express ace two receptors and |
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| 08:58 | neurons and glia express ace two So you have to get to neurons |
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| 09:06 | glia. But you can reach that brain barrier now by infecting in the |
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| 09:12 | cells. That's one way that you do it again. Where are the |
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| 09:17 | two receptors? So we understand this into the olfactory bulb and into the |
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| 09:26 | . Because once you have this trans infection due to the immune responses from |
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| 09:34 | substantive Oculus south into the olfactory receptor into the transmission until factor bulb secondary |
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| 09:41 | cells in the blood. You can trans cellular migration through the endothelial cells |
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| 09:50 | form the blood brain barrier migration into brain. You can have terra cellular |
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| 09:58 | , you can have a breach of junctions. So there are inflammatory processes |
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| 10:05 | again in the following slide included the . So if you have a |
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| 10:11 | so this is an infection that is direct through the nose. But if |
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| 10:16 | have a respiratory tract infection already you activation of the immune system and it |
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| 10:26 | disseminate in the whole blood and the circulatory system. Now it can invade |
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| 10:34 | these three different mechanisms trans cellular Para cellular migration or fake acidosis by |
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| 10:43 | cells that is referred to as trojan is a third way in which the |
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| 10:50 | , the violence can enter into the . Now the cells that are infected |
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| 10:57 | both pathways, cells infected with SARS type one interference. We haven't talked |
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| 11:04 | what happens when the cells get infected the brain. What happens then, |
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| 11:11 | when the cells are infected in the they release interferon, amongst other things |
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| 11:17 | they should be killed and removed, should be cleaned up like it killed |
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| 11:25 | debris essentially. Mhm. So infected are eliminated by host immune cells to |
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| 11:34 | further replication of the spread of SARS two. That's the immune response and |
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| 11:39 | have that immune response in the brain the immune response is to kill the |
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| 11:45 | because otherwise the virus is gonna keep , keep going through this trans cellular |
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| 11:51 | until it will eat you up So this is what happens if you |
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| 11:58 | normal immune response. If you don't you have compromised immune system, if |
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| 12:05 | have an immunodeficiency, if you have autoimmune disorder of some sort anything to |
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| 12:11 | with your immune system not functioning you will now not be able to |
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| 12:18 | the cells and to fight the virus the spread of the virus and that's |
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| 12:23 | it's so important that those people that immune compromised immune response systems, you |
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| 12:32 | immune deficiencies and such actually undergo vaccinations protect themselves carefully. Now there's another |
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| 12:45 | that talks about neurological involvement in And potential mechanisms you can have overproduction |
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| 12:55 | cytokine. So what happens when you a blood brain barrier inflammation and when |
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| 13:02 | have inflammation of glial cells, especially glial cells. Micro glial cells are |
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| 13:11 | for controlling the pro inflammatory cytokines. so these cytokines, these molecules such |
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| 13:18 | interleukin is inflammatory molecules and basically this a significant damage. You can now |
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| 13:26 | inflammation in the brain and in the what it does, it has co |
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| 13:34 | open these and Trumbo's formation. So another complication. What happens if it |
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| 13:42 | up your little blood vessels in the ? You can have a rupture of |
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| 13:48 | blood vessel. So you can have stroke, you can have an ischemic |
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| 13:55 | , you can have basically lack of and supply of oxygen to certain part |
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| 14:00 | the brain where the coagulants have formed then binding to ace two receptors. |
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| 14:07 | have a the immune system activation with possible neuronal necrosis and also neuronal |
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| 14:14 | So there's both there's programmed cell death is apoptosis and then the crisis which |
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| 14:21 | basically killing of the cells through through other mechanisms that we're discussing. So |
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| 14:29 | included the figure legend here, cytokine can damage an intact blood brain barrier |
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| 14:36 | disrupt normal functioning in cns without the crossing the broadway and barrier from the |
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| 14:42 | circulation but once it does or if do have it in the cns and |
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| 14:48 | have the infection and the real cells the microscope you'll have even exacerbated pathology |
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| 14:57 | these cytokine storms. So it's important here. Cns overview of covid 19 |
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| 15:11 | P. N. S. Overview Covid 19. How is it transferred |
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| 15:15 | cns now? You know directly respiratory . Direct contact with infected individual inhalation |
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| 15:23 | the nose indirectly for might surfaces, things and touching your yourself mouth and |
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| 15:31 | on path of physiology theories, viral into the brain, adverse immune |
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| 15:38 | We'll talk about these theories and respiratory histological significance. Found hyper dense areas |
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| 15:46 | ct with ct Computer tomography. Now guys know imaging of the brain scans |
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| 15:55 | positive testing for COVID-19, headache and is the main symptom. CNN's doesn't |
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| 16:04 | too bad but they're worse things. stroke. Meningitis. Meningitis is essentially |
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| 16:11 | of the brain followed by inflammation or condition that is called A. |
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| 16:16 | E. Any acute necrotizing encephalopathy. is basically an inflammation and immune response |
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| 16:24 | the brain following an infection. It's a rare type of brain |
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| 16:31 | It's a philosophy that occurs Sparling of infection. It can occur from some |
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| 16:37 | the viruses that cause flu It can from some of the viruses that uh |
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| 16:45 | by insects. Uh huh. Encephalitis ticks it's a politic ticks, you |
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| 16:56 | about that in certain countries in certain of this country when the breeding season |
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| 17:02 | really high, people are aware of uh places where ticks highly present. |
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| 17:11 | ridge is. Okay, so how this is the coagulation. The bleeding |
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| 17:18 | blood vessels, bleeding of the coagulation of that blood formation of hammer |
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| 17:25 | inside the brain tissue. Yes. huh. Yeah. Yes. |
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| 17:33 | So Join us with one. All , meningitis vaccine also a Yes. |
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| 17:43 | , it's a great question. So would say that the symptomatic SARS stimulate |
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| 17:49 | meningitis but it's not really the same variants. Meningitis actually can be caused |
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| 17:55 | both bacteria and viruses and for viruses again a good question. If you |
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| 18:03 | in those shots that you're referring to , You'll have 13, 16 variants |
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| 18:09 | year. You look there's probably maybe variants. And so they constantly add |
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| 18:15 | constantly add up and I guess some them maybe rotate out of fashion because |
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| 18:20 | there may be no longer around or as humans have conquered our systems are |
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| 18:25 | , you know, becoming nonresponsive to . Very much foreign faction. |
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| 18:31 | So it's more on the symptoms Now, treatments. No conclusive |
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| 18:36 | Of course, there is treatments that more conclusive now, this is an |
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| 18:40 | from 2020, there's more conclusive treatments , but there is no unified standardized |
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| 18:48 | for neurological conditions because it's varied effects . It depends which part of the |
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| 18:54 | which structure, you know, how parts of the brain responsible for different |
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| 18:58 | now. So obviously you will treat differently. It may affect certain neurotransmitter |
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| 19:06 | in certain parts of the brain. you would look at a different way |
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| 19:12 | management. So painkiller is anything that anti inflammatories, anything that reduces inflammation |
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| 19:22 | typically just management and recovery uh to headaches and vertigo. Um that's a |
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| 19:31 | if you don't have worsening of COVID-19 . So in the periphery you have |
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| 19:38 | respiratory droplets and you have, the of physiology is a chemo sensor |
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| 19:45 | Um there's falling out of hair like on olfactory tissue. You guys know |
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| 19:53 | about that, right? These are olfactory receptor nerve and that's the cilia |
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| 19:58 | we're talking about. And you basically saying you lose that. This is |
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| 20:02 | pathology histology of that, the symptomatic negotiation. So smell blindness or loss |
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| 20:11 | smell and loss of taste. You happen both. You can lose both |
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| 20:18 | lot of what your taste is actually of the smell. And you can |
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| 20:22 | test test yourself if you're in that . The last tests should be sweet |
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| 20:31 | then spicy, you can taste spicy real trouble. So uh now there's |
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| 20:41 | major symptoms going on. Barr syndrome Miller fisher syndrome that has to do |
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| 20:47 | vertigo with balance with, with pressure too. There is no conclusive treatment |
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| 20:57 | how do you recover the sense of ? Yeah, it's really interesting. |
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| 21:02 | know, they're gonna be whole special , You know, do you want |
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| 21:05 | recover your sounds of smile in three or in three days? Can we |
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| 21:12 | we have these nerve endings that That's the blessing you're saying like wait |
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| 21:16 | second, you told us you lost the silliest. So they're gone forever |
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| 21:20 | . But they regenerate. So that's special situation where the hair cell, |
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| 21:26 | inside the middle air, inner They do not regenerate. But here |
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| 21:34 | will actually regenerate the stereo Sylvia nerve . So can we regenerate them faster |
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| 21:42 | you'll subject people to programs of I don't know. No. Again |
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| 21:49 | when you pick up fishing equipment, don't smell anything, You pick up |
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| 21:53 | beans, you don't smell anything you the sense of now and the world |
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| 21:58 | very uh monochrome and boring. When people get infected with COVID-19 do |
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| 22:06 | always have No, No. That's great question. They don't always have |
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| 22:15 | PNS and cns. They don't always the cns. It's more common to |
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| 22:21 | PMS. It's more common to The most common is to have symptoms |
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| 22:26 | you would consider as your common cold flu symptoms, you know, |
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| 22:30 | but that cough is a combination of cough with, with, with, |
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| 22:37 | flagging inside your arms. You you know, some things that you |
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| 22:42 | have like pneumonia, this is this more common now. It gets to |
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| 22:47 | cNS infections. It's a real problem infections are more common. Lots of |
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| 22:54 | smell, lots of case C. . S. Are less common. |
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| 23:00 | don't think I have a slide on prevalence. You know, just have |
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| 23:04 | slide of how many with the damage . But so path of physiology of |
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| 23:11 | nervous system manifestation from chemo sensor dysfunction reaches globality. Conciliate id cells in |
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| 23:17 | nose virus reaches olfactory mucosa. You inflammatory response you have chemo sensory dysfunction |
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| 23:25 | to manifest and Austria usually symptoms So that's pretty cool because the reason |
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| 23:32 | I'm showing you this because this is of a clinical description of what |
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| 23:37 | But for you, you understand actually cellular and the chemical basis of what |
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| 23:46 | happening, the circuit of petroleum and on. Top of physiology of cns |
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| 23:52 | entering to the brain very mia lee the virus to cerebral circulation, virus |
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| 24:00 | the brain and the olfactory bulb, nasal passage. So that's possible. |
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| 24:04 | two receptors are recognized by the virus then the filial lining of the |
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| 24:10 | Breakage of the blood brain barrier causing oedema leakage, essentially abnormal entry on |
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| 24:18 | the off the blood abnormal entry off things in the blood into the |
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| 24:23 | possibly apoptosis on cell and brain cells to intracranial pressure and cerebral oedema. |
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| 24:30 | now you're talking about inflammation swelling potentially pressure and you have now damage and |
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| 24:43 | that's even worse, cerebral oedema compresses brain stem in alters respiration. So |
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| 24:50 | you have swelling again, we learned different parts of the brain responsible for |
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| 24:55 | functions, brainstem is responsible for the functions, respiration, heartbeat. If |
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| 25:00 | have inflammation here now if you have inflammation of the tissue it starts pressing |
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| 25:07 | physically on the neuronal circuits are responsible respiration or heart that can start physically |
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| 25:15 | their impacting the control of the heart and control of the respiration, adverse |
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| 25:22 | response. Viral invasion could trigger cytokine abundance and this is what we call |
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| 25:29 | side of keen on inflammatory storms. khan storm potential acute the chronic and |
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| 25:38 | Philip with the necrotic meaning the cells dying potential a Neil and hemorrhages. |
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| 25:47 | whenever you have A. D. . A. Whenever you have changes |
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| 25:51 | the blood spilling in the blood it can lead to these horrible things |
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| 25:59 | stress loss of oxygen in the So if you have respiratory stress, |
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| 26:06 | system organ failure, oxygen of course brain is exquisitely and neurons are exquisitely |
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| 26:12 | to oxygen but other organs also need and you can have respiratory failure essentially |
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| 26:18 | system organ failure, possible neural injury the brain because if you cut off |
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| 26:24 | brain from oxygen supply you're starting to neurons and if you have less of |
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| 26:31 | , less of oxygen. They're not properly. But if you cut it |
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| 26:37 | it's really bad. So this is sequence and the sequel, which is |
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| 26:44 | horrible neurological abnormalities have been described in 30% of patients who required hospitalization for |
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| 26:53 | . So that sort of gets a bit at you answer in a different |
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| 26:57 | . If you get hospitalized 30% there's possibility there's gonna be a breach of |
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| 27:03 | . E. N. S. . N. S. 45 of |
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| 27:06 | with severe Respiratory illness pulsars and 685 those cards acute respiratory disease syndrome. |
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| 27:19 | essentially the worst you are by the you get to the hospital the higher |
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| 27:27 | there is that you will form these sick wailua. That's yeah I'm not |
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| 27:39 | to get serious. Not everyone gets get to CNN no not everyone. |
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| 27:48 | . One week to, well I again what's the viral load in the |
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| 27:55 | ? How it entered? A lot the severity of the symptoms seems to |
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| 28:01 | related to how big was a viral were you interacting with individual or environment |
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| 28:10 | surface for you know two hours full virus or five minutes. And that |
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| 28:16 | result in different uh way how it into the system. Food, ingesting |
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| 28:25 | through your mouth and hailing if it's we're not really talking about swallowing |
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| 28:31 | So it's interesting. It's not a discussion. It doesn't seem to transfer |
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| 28:36 | food. It just transfers the uh airborne but it's through the surfaces that |
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| 28:44 | seem that you should be able to as a surface to me. You |
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| 28:57 | , it's both, it's the load the state of your immune system and |
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| 29:03 | immune response and potentially other complications that may be having or inflammation or diabetes |
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| 29:11 | any condition that will will will impact . Some people get a lot more |
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| 29:17 | room in common cold virus and So yes, it's both. It's |
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| 29:23 | variant type. We can see some them are more aggressive than others |
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| 29:31 | Like what's going on with variants is ? You know, if somebody would |
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| 29:37 | , okay, it's lab produced virus escaped the variants are what they produced |
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| 29:48 | of these variants, all of the escaped. This is just a part |
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| 29:52 | the human interaction with the virus. a part of the evolution virus is |
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| 29:57 | to kill us. We're trying to a way to kill him back. |
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| 30:00 | found this way Moderna Pfizer. What ? J and J. They said |
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| 30:06 | we don't want that. We don't it. We'll make another variant to |
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| 30:09 | to kill you and take over the say, oh you don't try to |
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| 30:14 | another RNA vaccine. It's these these . It's like how we humans become |
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| 30:22 | to the virus. Part of it through immune response such as natural. |
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| 30:28 | sick with the virus and not dying than this through immunization. I'm part |
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| 30:34 | it through the collective universal extermination of virus by our immune systems. You |
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| 30:44 | , just just not, not not sick. A lot of people are |
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| 30:48 | asymptomatic in the carry a virus. how does that happen? No, |
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| 30:54 | patients with mild covid, 19 neurological are mostly confined to non specific abnormalities |
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| 31:01 | as malice, dizziness, headache, of smell taste routinely observed in respiratory |
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| 31:07 | infections such as influenza. What does mean? That means that flu viruses |
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| 31:16 | also cause some of these things that talking about loss of smell, loss |
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| 31:25 | taste. I had twice lost my of smell and once a taste of |
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| 31:32 | of taste In the last five years a lot of the first time was |
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| 31:39 | five years ago and this time was three weeks ago and I tested |
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| 31:43 | proven 19, I don't know, did I have a common flu |
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| 31:53 | This is what exactly it is. that there are some some of these |
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| 31:58 | inflammation infection and the epithelium, the that the helium that will lead to |
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| 32:04 | lots of lots of smile. It's , it's not just just that |
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| 32:08 | but it's a kind of a distinct that at the beginning when we were |
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| 32:14 | about Covid, you know, people telling each other get the oxygen monitor |
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| 32:20 | your finger and then we found oh, the sense of smell. |
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| 32:24 | everybody's like start smelling things, you , just keep smiling as soon as |
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| 32:28 | feel like you're not smelling something, know, measure oxygen, get a |
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| 32:32 | , you know, do something because could be one way in which it |
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| 32:38 | enters into the system. One way which you could potentially detect it as |
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| 32:41 | symptom yourself while serious neurological complications have reported in patients with otherwise small |
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| 32:50 | maintain the most severe complications occurring critically patients and associated with significantly higher |
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| 32:57 | So, if you have severe neurological , inflammation and emerging than you're in |
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| 33:04 | , there's a high chance of I think for ventilator in general, |
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| 33:08 | about 20-25% mortality, right? Meaning one and 41 and five come back |
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| 33:16 | the ventilator. Um, so and Philip with encephalitis. We talked about |
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| 33:23 | already infection of the brain again, , inflammation. Sadiq Khan storms You |
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| 33:31 | me two stroke. See me a of oxygen strokes. Coagulation also can |
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| 33:39 | to strokes busting up the blood vessel the brain. There are post infectious |
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| 33:46 | complications. And as you also learning some individuals are also long haulers, |
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| 33:54 | not even talking about the psychological We're talking about the path of |
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| 33:59 | neuronal Aspect of COVID 19. But a whole, if you do a |
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| 34:06 | on bob MMA, there's a whole that talks about the psychological damage from |
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| 34:15 | 19 and especially for the long there's such a thing as intensive care |
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| 34:22 | neurological manifestations. And part of these real physiological things. You're on a |
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| 34:31 | . You're potentially in a coma. induced coma. That's a very complicated |
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| 34:41 | to it's everyday people get into medical coma to save their brains to put |
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| 34:47 | on ventilator to revive them. But don't always come out of that. |
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| 34:55 | just by being in the intensive care subjected to all of these things that |
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| 35:00 | being done to save your life on own will also have a neurological sequel |
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| 35:05 | follows. And so this concludes our lecture and it is not to scare |
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| 35:14 | but actually to tell you the facts tell you the mechanisms of action of |
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| 35:20 | diseases and also to put it within context of things that you've learned nasal |
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| 35:27 | blood brain barrier. We own your ourselves and the theory ourselves. |
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| 35:36 | So the last thing that I would to show you today is if you |
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| 35:47 | are in need really good information as age students you can go to |
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| 35:59 | H. Libraries and you can go my accounts. You go to your |
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| 36:08 | log in with your cougar gnats. glad a lot of you know how |
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| 36:13 | do this. Put your ID. not a secret. Everybody has the |
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| 36:19 | earliest log in and guess what it . It now allows you to access |
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| 36:32 | of these different things in the libraries means you can search the library in |
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| 36:38 | . You can search the greater library were linked to in the medical center |
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| 36:45 | you can go to databases which are databases under online databases. You can |
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| 36:52 | things like academic search complete J store man and that's my favorite. So |
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| 36:58 | can click on Pop Mad and now can search for any topic that you |
|
| 37:03 | like to. Yeah so let's say really interested to follow up on Covid |
|
| 37:11 | and C. N. S. you type it in? Uh |
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| 37:17 | In research And there is about how returns 76 articles? Not that many |
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| 37:30 | believe in 76 years, 76 760 articles. Yes but if you |
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| 37:38 | something like Gaba and cns 3500. it's a rapidly developing field given that |
|
| 37:50 | being around two years as disease. what can we find out here? |
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| 38:03 | there's 760 articles and you'll say wow did this start actually When did it |
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| 38:11 | ? 2019. That's when it So this this graph shows you one |
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| 38:16 | started if you go to Gabba and , When did that start, |
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| 38:26 | That's a kind of a cool way know. When did we really discover |
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| 38:29 | molecule and start doing research on How about THC and CNN's 1974. |
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| 38:39 | was discovered last late 1964. The articles or from 74. So we |
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| 38:49 | back to Covid again And now. so 760 results and then you say |
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| 38:58 | wow Professor, do I have to all of these are the questions of |
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| 39:04 | exam? Well first of all I give you the articles that you need |
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| 39:08 | you need to know some things that for example, already laid out |
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| 39:14 | you guys shop on amazon or someplace . So you know how to filter |
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| 39:18 | tap things, this is just that know and filter by price by brand |
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| 39:23 | them and this is what you you filter by years. I just |
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| 39:27 | everything new. Everything new. Just the last how what is new |
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| 39:33 | 40, Okay. Still alive. I want everything that is available for |
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| 39:40 | for me and if you enter into uhh library system you have a lot |
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| 39:47 | available for free for you then if don't use your cougar not logging in |
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| 39:52 | words, pot matt is a public and there's a lot of publicly accessible |
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| 39:58 | access articles but if you log in the cougar net, your access is |
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| 40:04 | much wider because through this log in and libraries has agreements with other libraries |
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| 40:12 | other systems and you can even borrow and find articles that are 100 years |
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| 40:19 | and you may need to fill out little form In the libraries that you |
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| 40:24 | get to it and they will email to you within typically 48 hours we |
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| 40:29 | almost find anything. I'm specifically talking research articles here of course. You |
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| 40:36 | , you can search for books and like that using the other engines in |
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| 40:41 | library searches. This is for research . But let's say I really wanna |
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| 40:47 | everything that's free full text, meaning want to have access to the full |
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| 40:51 | . Now, I have 358. still alive. What am I interested |
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| 40:56 | ? Look, it makes it easier you. Books and documents clinical |
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| 41:00 | not analysis, randomized controlled trials. you talk about clinical trials and randomized |
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| 41:08 | trials, you're looking for some of hottest newest things that are ongoing right |
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| 41:13 | . This drug is being tested and two clinical trial for this in this |
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| 41:19 | review systematic with me. So, articles that our primary research articles but |
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| 41:29 | clinical trial is a primary research I have this molecule in the lab |
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| 41:34 | using electrophysiology to study it in the model of a miles of this |
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| 41:40 | Blah Blah Blah from COVID-19. That's research charter. Call The review article |
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| 41:46 | in the last two years there's 20 that have been published on electrophysiology and |
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| 41:52 | infections in the brain. We're now look at what are the major areas |
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| 41:57 | these 20 articles have been published in last year. That's a review. |
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| 42:02 | systematic review. Usually something for longer for maybe more articles and in some |
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| 42:10 | it's comparative to. So it's maybe the concentrations of drugs that are being |
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| 42:17 | uh for different conditions. So let's you click on the review Now, |
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| 42:23 | have 114 results. Yeah. And you can click on these articles and |
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| 42:31 | have three full text articles. That to have the whole article. You |
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| 42:35 | to download pdf, you can download , you can look and read everything |
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| 42:43 | oh, guess what? Here's a I showed me. So the way |
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| 42:49 | I found this is I actually looked About 15, 20 different review articles |
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| 42:56 | updating this lecture and a speed right some of them. But This one |
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| 43:03 | like the graphic, you know, coagulation infection in the brain tissue immune |
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| 43:14 | . And it went along with what talked about two and I found this |
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| 43:19 | fairly digestible. So I was this is good for for my |
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| 43:24 | which are, which is you So if it was an advanced audience |
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| 43:30 | the biochemistry viruses that people probably laughed this review would have to find something |
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| 43:36 | lot more detail than. So there's lot of these things and this is |
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| 43:42 | These review articles are secondary uh secondary and you can have books also and |
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| 43:51 | can write about review articles too. you have books too. So this |
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| 43:57 | great resource to have and I encourage you saw some interesting information in the |
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| 44:04 | . If you want to learn something you didn't get enough of have my |
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| 44:10 | dolls, you can go direct plan still find all of the free |
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| 44:17 | You can go through your cougar nut and find a lot more free |
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| 44:22 | That's a great, great resource and lot of times finding your review And |
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| 44:29 | instead of getting scared about, Oh God, it's 27 pages long. |
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| 44:35 | and find that figure. Read the . Read the abstract. A lot |
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| 44:41 | abstracts are going to be parsed out a way that that that are |
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| 44:46 | So for example just randomly clicking introduction method results, conclusion. So parse |
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| 44:55 | out what I didn't like that. abstract. If you didn't like this |
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| 45:02 | previously because it was all one long , You can still parse it out |
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| 45:07 | find out one figure find out one that speaks to you. So this |
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| 45:14 | something familiar and now we leave the legend. So say, okay, |
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| 45:21 | want to Read the conclusions is a way to understand what they concluded. |
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| 45:27 | can read conclusions and abstract to you can read conclusions which is usually |
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| 45:32 | paragraphs at the end of any You want to gain insights of what |
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| 45:38 | do in the future. Almost every will have the challenges section or the |
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| 45:45 | section or the conclusions will say that still missing data about this molecule doing |
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| 45:51 | . And this should be the If you're a young researcher looking for |
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| 45:56 | that it doesn't have, you 15 labs competing for that space. |
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| 46:01 | your clue. Well, I'm going do something that these smart people have |
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| 46:05 | in research and wrote a review. in research 2030 combined, probably 100 |
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| 46:11 | between four or five people that are authoring this. And they're saying that |
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| 46:16 | is probably an interesting trend in the . And this is the conclusion or |
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| 46:22 | . Everything inconclusive was very interesting to so please use this tool for your |
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| 46:30 | for anything that you've learned in this that you may want to look up |
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| 46:34 | gain some more research with a primary radio article research. And other than |
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| 46:41 | it's been a pleasure to talk about material. Have you in class. |
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| 46:47 | you in zoom? I'm going to one more review lecture with you guys |
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| 46:51 | Wednesday in person, although I may dressed very casually or uh for a |
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| 47:02 | . Uh, so I will blur we'll put a different image of myself |
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| 47:07 | zoom. No, I'm just kidding . Should be here on Wednesday for |
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| 47:11 | review. I hope this lecture records I will transfer it as I can |
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| 47:17 | this computer and we'll stop the recording . See you on |
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