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BIOL 2321_17742_Microbiology for Science Majors - 04_14_22_Lecture
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00:00 let's just go to rehab. So gonna start with the question you have
00:03 start with a question that relates to from last time we talked about.
00:08 . So uh take a look. as you're reading this is kind of
00:13 of capturing what we've been talking about this point. So so of course
00:21 this section about medical microbiology uh dizzy your disease. And so we're looking
00:26 how your body fights infection, the that you have. And so we'll
00:33 with the innate immune system which is we went through a number of those
00:36 last time. We'll continue today and it up and then look at the
00:41 immune system. Okay. And so that uh that your innate and adaptive
00:51 can come together and work together interact each other. Okay. We saw
00:58 before we mentioned that last time but continue that today as we get into
01:07 Yeah, that's the new system read little bit. So uh let's
01:14 Looks like everyone's answered. Uh 23 you could have just walked in to
01:35 . Okay, mm hmm mm Yeah, I got it. It's
01:52 at 10 right now. All mm hmm. Beach, everybody
02:18 Okay. You're not sure just to something. All right. Mhm.
02:25 Alright. 10 seconds. Two pause again. All right. Here we
02:42 . Let's see. Okay. Which these is true. Okay. Um
02:51 science can differentiate into basil films. that true? Yeah. You know
02:58 observations total like T. L. . S. That's those total like
03:02 . The maps and pants thing. ? That's uh our opponent is one
03:07 those no personas are either antibodies or . Okay uh Let's see molecules are
03:17 found on pathogens. I hope not . They're your self pathogens.
03:22 Found on your cells. Third line is not licensed line. Third line
03:29 the adaptive immune system's first line uh barriers. Chemical barriers second line or
03:36 types of immune system cells, blood like your white blood cell types etcetera
03:44 processes we'll talk about today. common activation, interferon etcetera,
03:52 Um NK cells So license I'm is first line defense I'd say. Okay
03:59 K cells natural killer cells uh their really against intra favors pathogens so they'll
04:06 deal with infected cells can deal with cancerous cells. Okay so none of
04:14 . The hard truth. Okay Yeah. Um Okay so I kind
04:22 threw some of the things we looked last time here. Okay uh I
04:27 starting over here um basically the summary we went through all those. Not
04:33 . We didn't get the information and and antimicrobial substances. We'll do this
04:40 we didn't do that but we'll get those today. Um book book that
04:45 let's see um different first line Getting mucus membranes and the kind of
04:52 that they secrete um We talked about . That concept of competitive exclusion slash
05:01 or antagonism that's the future that the that they are well adapted to your
05:08 and have it in your body and presence is what keeps others out.
05:16 um look at the effect of toll receptors uh and those nod life receptors
05:26 the end so that would be nl S those internal receptors so they bind
05:33 pathogen parts if you will. Um so the cycle times, will we
05:39 a lot about that today as we about the inflammatory response cycle times represent
05:44 large array of chemicals that are involved different parts of the immune system
05:49 Okay, as a few of those there giving microphones in this chemo tactic
05:56 etcetera. Okay. Um it's basically alarming. Alright, so these are
06:02 chemicals are sent out activating uh different themselves, your body to say hey
06:10 there's a potential effects and get ready start doing something. Okay. Uh
06:16 we looked at different cell types, grandiose sights a gradual sites um and
06:24 functions of those the um and then with figures psychosis. Okay. Um
06:33 we always talked about MHC molecules, molecules that are yourself and you're kind
06:38 barcodes on your sells issues that tell body that those are yours. So
06:44 if you requirement factory or something until body that's not supposed to be
06:49 your body has a way to detect . Okay. And so um and
06:54 figured I toasted so that's one of major uh functions of your music themselves
07:01 obviously the grade potential pathogens and um all microbes are necessarily amenable for easily
07:11 ties. So a big part of is binding the binding to the microbe
07:18 here that enables to be digested, and digested. Okay. Um sometimes
07:27 may have a capsule on them that them less able to efficiently bind very
07:34 . Um and so how do you with that as well? You can
07:37 the optimization process. That's coding basically the microbe with anybody or compliment.
07:45 think that is making it more Now we can better buy into the
07:49 of itself and to be taken into whole thing gets taken in. So
07:53 optimization and it's a way to enhanced when the normal process won't work.
08:01 ? So um okay so let's uh lymphatic system part about that. We
08:09 about that as well. So the system uh will that's their primary residence
08:17 your lymphocytes, Visa T cells, , dendritic cells of those that's kind
08:24 where the main home is certainly lymphatic the dense collections of left tissue
08:35 armpits growing uh spleen um different areas your skin intestinal they served to and
08:46 loaded with different types of lymphocytes. and uh they protect against inhaled ingested
08:54 um feel for them out of your accepted. So a bunch of different
09:01 you've got and we'll talk about a more today. Okay in terms of
09:07 immune system defense. Okay so this we talked about this last time but
09:13 just through reiterate and we'll see it as we go into the new system
09:18 urinate and that's where resistance to come uh in certain situations and um typically
09:26 cell types involved in the interaction are be macrophages and dendritic cells interacting with
09:34 T cells. Okay. Um and so of course it's it's involved binding
09:42 recognition. Okay And T cells As learned today he sells by two MHC
09:53 provide yourself. Okay. And just find yourself engines on yourselves um but
10:01 have what's what's called a it's it's called A. M. A.
10:08 term but anyway it binds both MHC and antigen. Okay. And so
10:14 this particular type of T helper cells there's different classes and T cells but
10:20 to help herself type interact with macrophages dendritic cells through an engine presentation.
10:27 ? So these are philosophic cells that um lined up a potential pathogen as
10:34 see here. And then those parts are digested the whole figure zone forms
10:43 they're like confused with the license zone then you digest it but then parts
10:47 that can be available to bind two molecules as you see here, the
10:54 advantage into MHC molecules and that goes the surface and that's what you see
11:01 here. Okay, so now it's shown to the body and be detected
11:08 . Bye. Recognized by um a helper cell. Okay. And bite
11:16 then you get an effect. that's right folks. So then um
11:26 binding a little visit uh production of and against icons have variety of
11:33 you know? And then one of will be to activate the macrophage.
11:39 . And activated macrophages basically means creating , reducing the formation of more of
11:48 . Right? These pseudo cards, more of those basically makes it better
11:55 golf stuff and take it in buying take it in. So you can
11:59 here a macrophage. That's interesting, around happy. Okay. Much like
12:10 rose bloom or something. And I phones now are increasing as it becomes
12:16 and that's going to be a much fatalistic self type in terms of that
12:21 . Okay. And that's what activating r means. Okay, so,
12:28 , so this is a summary of we've talked about so far. And
12:34 next is to finish this out are really processes. I guess you could
12:39 at talking about insurance before in the of antiviral. Excellent. That information
12:49 certainly processes complement activation process. And um, take a look at that
12:57 But let's look at we're gonna start the inflammation. Okay, so it's
13:03 a it's a step points process as . And so here it asks basically
13:09 ones don't occur first. So this occur first, then the next one
13:15 occur. So kind of in This one this one always of this
13:20 . This is the one that that occur first. Okay, mm
14:10 mm hmm. Alright. So it's gonna be something kind release as
14:30 a lot of the functions you've already whether it's activated macrophages or or um
14:38 Kay LR responses. Study times reckoned promote inflammation. Okay, so I
14:45 to put a time release then that the list here. Um I would
14:54 next in line would be visualization. next. Alright, so 1,
15:03 , uh you can feel exit nope. No, it's gonna be
15:10 above us all then it will be . Okay then swelling. Okay.
15:18 then repair. Okay, so so inside of her response is in large
15:25 about they put in because when the fills out of the blood vessels into
15:30 surrounding area where the infections occurring. so a lot of a lot of
15:34 effects is really too that many of other kinds are involved in that
15:39 And then as winter fills exits, remember that the blood vessels had to
15:45 more permeable to let obviously other stuff out as well, you can see
15:51 other fluid comes out of the out the blood. That's what creates the
15:55 . You see information, It's not vehicle's coming out but other fluid comes
16:01 and eventually midfields are killing pathogens. There's dead cells in there so you
16:07 it past in there as well so that contributes to the swelling.
16:10 But anyway getting ahead of myself. let's look at kind of the process
16:15 here. Okay so this process of visitation, that's that process of getting
16:23 out of the blood into the surrounding . Okay. And so because those
16:28 your initially your main figure specific cell because they want that activity to destroy
16:34 be able to destroy the pathogens. basically example here is introducing so remember
16:39 term subcutaneous infection? Right? So would be something that that's what this
16:46 be. So you see like this be a splinter or some other like
16:50 nail or something. Some a knife or whatever affected with pathogens that microbes
16:57 then penetrate the skin but in your . And then you'll have macrophages like
17:03 other nearby fixed or laundering. Okay can actually respond and the response will
17:10 both Vegas psychosis and release from the tl are binding and then release a
17:17 of times and that will then trigger whole in the whole process. Okay
17:23 And so the among those chemicals and is listed on the next page slide
17:32 minute closest factor that's a homicide of released by really by themselves are not
17:39 macrophages but cells are damaged anybody leave with authority pathogens that they injured cells
17:48 released. This uh it's called N. F. For short.
17:53 Again, a side of time has effects. Um uh I'll wait till
17:59 next flight to talk more about But basically active factors are among the
18:04 released as our chemo tactic, chemicals draw other users themselves to the
18:10 Um But just like the fact that medical aid blood vessels. And so
18:15 happens is um there are some some these will uh dilate blood vessels.
18:23 I remember when that happens, you a they reflect capillary, make it
18:29 in diameter. Right? So we're from smaller to bigger. And then
18:32 the process it gets closer to the . Okay. And so the net
18:38 of violating blood vessels is you are in volume to the area.
18:45 Um by making the vessels bigger. , they're also slowing down the
18:52 Local indian. What we're talking about , this acute inflammatory response. There's
18:59 there's a local response is happening in part of the body where the veterans
19:04 that it's localized in that area. ? Well, the goal is to
19:10 keep it, right? So that . So you have the effect in
19:14 area where it's needed to contain right? And then uh then the
19:20 of healing can occur. So initially obviously only occurring in that area.
19:29 , So only those blood vessels are affected. And so they get
19:33 Which uses resistance to flow. So gets more flow slows down.
19:38 And then you wanted to slow down you want to do the film
19:43 Yeah. There's a there's a You'll see, look at animation
19:47 how that works. Okay. And um so again, many of these
19:53 will work on blood vessels. They'll work to break the connections.
19:59 connections between the cells that make up blood vessels called endothelial cells. So
20:05 will work on them to kind of the connections between. So so they
20:11 of that you see here can squeeze . That's the actual extra organization
20:19 Okay. And so uh so then have new patrols filling up this area
20:25 able to famous ties the microbes there begin the process of here.
20:32 so let's look at um you have memorize all these different names here.
20:38 , um I'm gonna mention a couple them uh and so we um go
20:47 . So for any time. that's the type that regulates the connections
20:51 cells. Um It will also work other cells to get them to release
20:57 of these uh radioactive factors to further the connections. Make it more
21:03 In fact, he's affected prostate Okay. That works on nerve endings
21:11 the area to enhance the pain Okay, I was even to be
21:17 , you know, if you have , you know the area that's
21:21 Its slogan. It's warm to the because of the blood flows and closer
21:26 the skin and that's part of the to it as well and can be
21:33 . And so we know that we everything pain. So it's due to
21:38 to the very kind and that's um prospects and instances and this actually enhances
21:44 sensations if you want to notice something . So you can treat in
21:50 And so um the uh histamine is one that is a beso active
21:59 Macrophages as well. So there's two factor. Right? So this this
22:04 can lead to the production of other of the boxes. Started trying to
22:07 involved. Things like that. Really so much about c reactive protein.
22:13 it's the one that promotes the complement . And we'll talk about next.
22:19 IL. one is tax for There's different types of these uh many
22:24 these are types of induced fever. talk about those later as well.
22:29 yeah, just the different types of kinds of different types of functions all
22:34 in the inflammatory response. Okay. so let's um best to look at
22:42 just got animation. Uh this But this one. Okay so mm
22:53 . So here we have blood Very similar to the picture of the
22:58 . And so we have our skin it's a cross section of skin macrophages
23:03 , her blood flowing right here comes subcutaneous wound. Okay uh potentially pathogens
23:12 hear some sort of macrophages and they'll they're thing things that ties. Then
23:21 response occurs, everybody's excited times in area. So again it's all the
23:28 response for this is occurring. so various cytokines. Well maybe this
23:32 be basil active factors working on the vessels to make them more impermeable in
23:38 . So we get a close So here at the end of the
23:40 cells there's connections there's also uh proteins select ins and these are activated
23:49 grab onto the gets in the bloodstream this. Okay, so it's kind
23:55 impossible. So by increasing blood volume slowing blood flow it makes it easier
23:59 do this rather than above the And just uh with without the mechanism
24:05 dilation and so integrated as one of proteins. I mean these are all
24:10 in adherence in connections between cells. it's kind of like putting velcro on
24:15 to kind of skip to the cells slow them down. Yeah, so
24:20 kind of roll and tumble along the and then connection between will be loosened
24:25 by brady titans when you see there some of these are types and
24:30 remember remember that term? And so we have a little bit of space
24:34 these games of course, very pliable can squeeze through. Okay. And
24:40 now the ancient course and are on , decide what they can do.
24:45 got like figures of thyself. Um course when those junctions are loosened
24:52 not needing fields come out, but fluid comes out as well and you'll
24:57 that in a second. So mast are another type of similar debates,
25:03 feels like for these chemicals and different . And so here you see the
25:06 now building out that's part of the coming out. So this this fluid
25:12 in the area of course, uh having value in the blood vessels
25:17 of course, creating um kind of sloppiness in the skin area and kind
25:22 gets warm to the touch and you the enhancement of pain through nerve endings
25:28 prostate landing. And so the classic of or signs of information that we've
25:34 experienced at one time or another. , so um depending on the severity
25:40 the information that may affect your ability move that part, that's inflamed and
25:45 have you and you know of course range from the degrees of severity
25:50 Okay, um so everything else Any questions about the information or anything
25:59 sir so far? Okay, so compliment. Okay, so if you
26:11 through this in the book, you don't need to know there's like several
26:16 plus prominent factors. Ah It's not you memorize um but the ones to
26:24 of that of those are when you . So what they are approaching factors
26:28 blood societal factors. Um uh One it is through through when they get
26:37 it activates them right? And one activated that activates the next to the
26:42 and the next. It's like a effect effect. And so it's when
26:47 get to activation of these c. . three and c. five activate
26:54 become A. And B. So C. Three A. Actually
26:58 C. Five to make A. B. So when you get to
27:01 being activated, that's what kind of main they're the ones that instigate the
27:06 effects. Right? And um so acting means confidence. Okay because they're
27:12 around your blood in the inactive state they become active. Exactly. So
27:17 three ways and nobody can activate This is what's called the plastic
27:23 It was the first catholic found. And so the however it's activated,
27:31 result of the activation is the same all three scenarios. And so those
27:37 scenarios are ah civilization conflict in that an episode uh psychology sis where the
27:46 come together to basically create holes in cell membrane license, inflammation can also
27:54 . Taking care of that as Okay so all three facts are the
27:59 . The american way. Exactly. again and the body is one excuse
28:03 , anybody's body to micro compliment finds and that's true. Um Altman catholic
28:13 this is involved binding of complement factors the pathogen itself. Okay, so
28:20 see here, so when the bacteria particular have different kinds of protein molecules
28:28 the surface, glycoprotein, liberal protein and uh All right. So they
28:37 an impact of of these proteins on surface and these are the things recognized
28:43 um Okay. And that itself can the process. Okay. And then
28:51 elected. He was elected elections of large variety. They occurred naturally in
29:00 plants and seeds and plants but humans produced by the liver and they and
29:10 resides in our that's produced and electing . That binds to shoes.
29:21 So bacteria and 50 a gram negatives that old policy sack. Right.
29:27 of change of different shirts and electrons things, particularly bacteria manners is a
29:35 sugar that's found a lot of these we're called. The black hole approaches
29:42 fact and that's what it actually Manuals and a few others. And
29:47 it's specifically so binding back into them early in this compliment pattern.
29:54 again, the effects are the same way it gets activated. Okay.
30:00 these are the three mechanisms Okay, already know about optimization. Okay,
30:06 just like anybody oppose it. All . Uh cotton coat. The micro
30:14 just makes it more easily magnetized easier find to the biggest excel and enhanced
30:20 psychosis. Okay, um site Right, so this involves other complex
30:29 coming together once activate to form these in the side. Okay so they
30:36 together like this to form basically a in the memory. Okay now scientologists
30:43 is more um common and Granddad and constantly out of membranes form in outer
30:52 of a grand from the hospital. that's not something that these what they
31:01 membrane attack complex is formed very well the state of the impact of like
31:07 worth that. But they do they of course penetrate into a which will
31:13 on the outside of the. Okay that more and more susceptible to this
31:19 of damage. Okay again it's created whole pores and Frederic so like okay
31:28 you can have participate in the santo as a basil active factor um uh
31:39 permeability so it can contribute to Okay so three former coach began saying
31:46 matter how it's active in fact. Now of course. Mhm. So
31:57 again you've got as you go through see all the different types of defenses
32:01 have as we look at the other of the coin. I mean there
32:06 there are pathogens that can block and sort of chemicals that can block and
32:13 block these other things mechanisms we've been as well. So it's it's a
32:19 it's it's a war back and forth the two. Okay so interfering when
32:24 talk about the floor in the context viruses. Okay. It is a
32:29 I'm not saying anything new but we I'm just adding one more thing to
32:35 type of once we've looked at before terms of the host defenses against
32:41 and so type one if they're on will. Well um So number
32:48 your friends of protein it is produced induced to be produced and sell to
32:57 virus. And in fact the viral itself is what can induce the production
33:03 interference in that infected cell track. the interference not what are you gonna
33:11 it? So this will succumb to viral infection but the production of interferon
33:19 then help neighboring cells. Okay. and so uh neighboring cells that have
33:27 reception for him for all it will . And then that basically acts as
33:31 transcript criminal activity the promoter and promote of the gene. And so that's
33:41 does in souls that take it Okay. And what's produced are these
33:47 proteins. Right. That's that block replication of the virus virus.
33:53 Either by destroying the genome or Right. And so again, so
34:01 information help neighbor themselves but it's produced the solar against initially. So it's
34:07 this guy is sacrificing so these guys survive. Okay. Um it is
34:14 one of the first yeah Back in late 70s was when the first biotechnology
34:22 mass produced. The thought was lots money after this because it's anti viral
34:29 uh can be used to treat all of viral diseases. It's gonna be
34:35 moneymaker. Okay. And it turned so because it's um it turns out
34:42 be toxic and hypnosis. Okay. it's still it's still effective that you
34:49 mentoring Effron uh in virus infected patients you just have to be careful with
34:56 . Uh I think not necessarily viruses to it. Ok. But those
35:02 do it can be effective part of treatment. Okay. But it's it's
35:07 not a road meant for mass production it doesn't have a good shelf
35:12 It it can be wayne's a period time um and and it's more for
35:20 kind of health and control dosage. not something that was a mass produced
35:26 of product. Okay. Um And the type two interference is one that
35:33 a different activity. It's not it's antiviral rather it's just a factor of
35:39 activating. Okay. Like we saw . So it uh it can increase
35:49 and they seek engines and so that to uh it probably helps it better
35:56 with your data. Remember your your adaptive immune system in particular t
36:03 respond to and so that likely has in effect to remember that the figures
36:10 present Anthony right there present and And so I'm making them have more
36:16 the surface it's likely that it enhances and your presentation abilities stan can hyper
36:24 your data immune systems to potential Right. That's kind of get either
36:32 about making more MHC in it. . More means maybe more handlers can
36:37 presented for self then I can alert the adaptive immune system. Um So
36:46 think the last of these then is . Okay. Um so fever something
36:53 really all gone through. Um I be miserable lives occurring. Um It
37:00 have a function beneficial function. And fear is all about manipulating the body's
37:08 . Right? So we all know what controls our core body tax.
37:15 if we manipulate that then we can temperature for a period of time.
37:20 so not something you want to do term. Not something you want to
37:26 at too high temperature. Okay. nonetheless they're infection. This can certainly
37:33 a the process that gets the So pira jin's like they apply pyro
37:41 fire. So pirates generate fever. and so you can have what are
37:47 exogenous and endogenous pirate ins So excited could commit your body and trigger in
37:55 priorities that we're going to have a . Right? So bacteria viruses can
38:03 substances that can be what we call pirates that induce the ones in your
38:09 . Okay, so intra Luken has before one of those one. Um
38:15 so it directly affects much like the . That if, um, let's
38:22 it's, uh, you have a spell, it gets very cold.
38:27 . And you know, everybody has hurry the hell, turn the thermostat
38:33 . But mm hmm. You're you do that. But you know
38:38 instantaneously. You won't be if you're and crispy more temp, we're gonna
38:43 some time at the house. So, same thing you're buying,
38:48 the thermostat up, it's cold, ? When you turn the thermostat
38:52 okay, You're not definitely going to at temperature, right? So,
38:59 , let's say we have a normal temp is 37 plus or minus
39:04 a degree, um, presence of on his wall. Elevate the Body
39:11 . So until you get to that , you're still chilling right? Until
39:16 reach your body gets to that new point. Okay? If we bump
39:20 up 38-40 receipt. Okay. So when you get, when your body
39:27 up to that temp, okay? are certainly not feeling great,
39:32 because everybody is not really meant to at 38, 39, 40°.
39:37 But, you know, you deal it. And so, um,
39:42 likely happens is you alternate between chills people. Okay. So as,
39:49 kind of, your temperature likely oscillates and down right up and down as
39:54 fighting infection. So negative levels of drop a little bit and then,
39:59 you're set to go down a little . Remember when you go if you
40:02 up in case everybody can't help but whole until then so the reverse happens
40:08 drops, it doesn't feel hot until get to that lower set point.
40:14 , so y'all can kinda be trilled , chills and and okay until finally
40:23 to overcome the infections infectious agent and get down to your normal 37
40:31 Okay. Um Now so what's so you do this? So what's
40:36 on? What's what's the benefit of going up and down or increase elevating
40:40 for a while? Well three things thing that you probably think of is
40:48 in your market. They are here In Temple 3017. Okay, so
40:57 got the elevator attempt that's going to them down. Okay so there are
41:02 lot of these things that were done about buying time in many cases
41:08 Those are my perspective and still growth building attempted still going down a bit
41:12 buys us time for our adaptive immune to catch up because that's a that's
41:18 system that needs some time to recognize bind in effect. Right?
41:25 And conversely, alright, pathogens pathogens to hide themselves because they know the
41:33 won't kick in right away you. it's about buying time in some cases
41:37 both sides. So in this case for our benefit to slow them
41:41 So are so are adapted just catch um increasing t cell activity so that
41:49 she shall certainties alert instrumental in controlling overall adaptive immune response and so increasing
41:56 activity that will kind of mobilize that system right? Including resales active and
42:05 . Okay. And then the other here is also is a wife elevating
42:11 to still wrote down availability of That's also a growth effect. So
42:17 limiting higher reliability that can still happen . So it turns out that iron
42:22 a very important nutrients uh and um one that is can be scarce.
42:30 your body obviously holds onto it because the that's probably really big uses of
42:38 in your body. Right? Buying option. So you obviously want to
42:44 on but you also have other important for iron too. So so we
42:50 chemicals that allow us to hold on things like all the transferring is one
42:57 the iron. But they too will next week we'll look at microbial
43:04 They lay at chemicals that allow them grab. So so we both have
43:10 things and it relates to the importance it in terms of their growth.
43:16 so these effects you know during this of fever I'm beneficial in a slowing
43:23 growth down and be along with our to catch up to to fight
43:30 Uh Let's see here. Alright any right, So let's look at a
43:37 that goes to some of these things just talked about. So he's asked
43:45 antibodies. Remember being attacked complex if on one top of it. Is
43:52 a true statement here? Time? see. Just rolling around there.
44:49 . Um like stair steps. All , let's see. So, which
44:54 is true? Uh, compliment is a cell compliments just days protein.
45:02 . So, these vaults uh in front, Type one, the protects
45:08 viruses. Not against um it's ultimately an antiviral effect, not
45:15 So, c is false. Um attack complex is formed by activated complement
45:21 on MHC uh antibodies can help facilitate acidosis. That's the that is the
45:36 enhancing psychosis. That um So, hmm. Uh So that's 23.
45:46 questions. Any topics. Okay. . So there are two slides or
45:53 there are the summer of any community which explains the first line and the
45:59 for each one. Like the Here we have. I don't think
46:03 . You have it. Oh, . Yeah. Yeah. So is
46:08 something like to talk about? Oh . I talked about that context of
46:16 chemical marriage. Okay, so do have to know each one of them
46:20 ? He would be familiar with I mean, not not in great
46:25 , but you should know. Here. Here are the physical barriers
46:28 it kind of kind of somewhat because physical barriers have been most likely chemicals
46:33 well. So the main ones are like nice design uh and it really
46:37 kind of ph differences that are in areas are in the yeah not not
46:42 detailed just just really um that was of meant just like more of a
46:47 of things you've gone through. So yeah if you go through the so
46:56 if you can just go through the just another like physical barriers chemical barriers
47:03 nothing super well I like the list stuff but just just kind of some
47:08 the main things. Sure. Uh . Ok. Yeah go ahead.
47:27 that's my first that allows the macrophages release it. So. Yeah.
47:34 yeah there's certain bacteria that produce certain or have surface components that would do
47:41 . Not all microbes will do So certain pathogens, what's happening,
47:47 also is a component of the numbers patterns that are there you get to
47:53 certain level that collectively it contributes to induction of endogenous pira jin's. So
48:00 both surface molecules can produce certain surface on the pathogen as well as certain
48:07 they produce as well as trimming production macrophages. But it occurs with some
48:14 but not not all microbes induced Okay so catholic talked about certain
48:20 certain self service modules that induce that . Uh huh. Um So let's
48:32 it into the third line defense. so um t cells B cells antibodies
48:41 and what that's all about. Okay uh here's a question. Look at
48:46 one. So remember there's gonna be division here um as you talked about
48:53 , between interest Sailor an extra set pathogens. You have to have ways
48:58 deal with both of these types. Remember that it's it's obvious to you
49:05 a virus of course fits an interest type. But as I mentioned we
49:12 learn that bacterial types can also do . Get inside cells but not not
49:18 the purpose of replicating themselves but for purpose of hiding out and um and
49:26 using the cell that they're in has means to enter other cells and penetrate
49:33 into the body into different tissues. um but a bacterial types that can
49:40 that. Um The simplest bacterium can that. Um uh The Neisseria meningitis
49:50 do that. So there's there's a of other examples we'll talk about next
49:57 . Um Mhm. Mhm. Alright let me see some stuff techno something
50:15 deal with these is going to be this list um is going to be
50:28 I would say it's going to be B cells, be social produce
50:35 Ok uh so toxic T cells and interact with infected. It sells,
50:43 gonna deal with patterns that are inside basically don't really fix it ties
50:48 They're more chemical producers and if you're antiviral. So many plans with B
50:53 . So through antibodies they produce, will interact with extra sailor pathogens.
51:01 So as we look at the overall . Okay. Divided into two hands
51:09 . And especially your and then T types. So um so if you
51:20 at the funeral immunity side. so B cells and T cells um
51:26 of course lymphocytes. So you're the develop into the antibodies using plastic
51:33 Okay. You also have memory cells are formed. So initial um whether
51:40 uh the first infection, bio patented vaccine. Okay. This is what
51:49 you produce plasma cells and memory cells a result. Again, remember that
51:53 whole system. Both halves are about presence detection recognition of an engine is
52:04 is what trainers is hosted. And so so they're dependent on that
52:11 ? Fighting engine, fighting to a the effect. Okay. Um so
52:19 cells secrete antibodies is mentioned and again half human half is about Hi guys
52:29 it. Um you know, you're be working with you guys work?
52:35 , no, no, no No, I'm gonna call, you
52:52 , you're gonna get out right I know who you are the last
52:56 you started. This is gonna happen . I'm calling 911. So you
53:00 get out or else I think anybody definitely master. Just get out.
53:18 yeah, definitely. Well there's a of, can I get the campus
53:36 please? We gotta Right right here got a rat right here. University
53:40 Houston. Get out. Yeah. don't know what, I don't
53:58 Help. 100. Mhm. The service right now. No,
54:08 so many classic. Can you please over here immediately? All right.
54:21 . Sec one group professor. You is the exact reason why we're
54:30 This is ridiculous. Is an idiotic you're doing disrupting entire class. You're
54:34 right. Really Called police but you're like a what are you acting like
54:38 exterminator. It's definitely if you're not appreciate our schools maybe we should just
54:49 . We should probably take our like Duncan literally called us to to handle
54:53 situation. We work for bob's bugs gone. We have everything to show
54:57 we deserve to be here. You that? Okay this is definitely this
55:02 too strong. This was too Please hurry up, hurry up.
55:13 are white suits really. If you're give us like a Yes yes.
55:26 second the second two adult males it . Uh huh. What? There's
55:50 a er Yeah Yeah I teach three micro and that guy was sitting in
56:18 middle of the room and there was other prank going on. So I
56:27 when I when that happened I thought I've seen it all because I've been
56:29 for several years and I didn't think would happen again. Do what?
56:38 . Yes, I hope so. I have no idea. They like
56:43 people are they like their I honestly wish I could answer your question.
56:51 don't know anybody else seen this happen . I that's the same thing happened
56:59 semester. It was yeah. Yeah didn't I was just totally like when
57:09 first happened the first time I didn't what to do but I saw that
57:12 . I don't know. I don't I thought it was some kind of
57:19 thing or something but I have no . Anyway so let's let me get
57:26 head back in this. Okay so . Okay so here's B cells deal
57:41 extra cellular pathways. Right? So are produced and how to sell and
57:46 the work on the outside of cells binding to um uh viruses bacteria whatever
57:54 antibody um uh stimulation was towards the whatever the engine wasn't activated it.
58:01 so t cells of different types interact we called cell mediated immunity. Deal
58:08 exercise intracellular pathogens but also some other as well. And so your center
58:14 toxic t cells deal with infected I remember. Well if you remember
58:21 t cells will differentiate themselves based on MHC molecule type they recognize in fact
58:29 senator toxic T cells recognize MHC one self engines and those are the facts
58:38 are on your most of your body . Skin cells are your cells et
58:42 . Okay so any of those that get infected may be found out by
58:47 psychotropic t cell and then destroy Okay. Um The the T.
58:54 cells are there there's actually more than than just two techniques to help
59:01 You know if you find this of to you then I recommend taking criminology
59:06 offered I think every other semester here go into great greater depth. It's
59:11 very complicated subject of a very interesting . Um It has um and so
59:18 talked with different doctors and teachers. trying to keep it not so not
59:22 bogged down in details and things and of a, oh now more of
59:28 overly entitled about it but you know one TF first type one and two
59:35 are two very important types that kind can modulate the overall adaptive immune
59:43 Okay and so um but these respond MHC type two and self which means
59:51 interact with macrophages, dendritic cells and cells. So it turns out that
60:00 b cells can sometimes do things on own but they um do you need
60:09 help of T helper type two selves activate them in many cases? Okay
60:16 how they work. Okay. And um it's a uh like I said
60:23 can be a complicated subject but but it is a very interesting um And
60:29 there's there's a learning curve that goes with these cell types, both B
60:35 and T cells. Uh and there's memory cells that are memory as
60:42 So there can be lots of components this. I'm just trying to keep
60:46 somewhat. Not get you too bogged in lots of details but just kind
60:51 give you the essential information here. just know that it's more complicated when
60:57 telling you. But you know I that that's okay. Okay. You
61:01 always learn more if you want. So ah and a pc s stand
61:08 100% itself of course. Okay. um Alright so again, engines are
61:16 name of the game here. This what activates the system. Okay.
61:20 so um the differentiation. So it's terms of scope, you can have
61:29 episode. So you have the The engine is the larger entity.
61:34 right. But within the amazon will a specific binding part and that's the
61:41 . Right? So you have an tope within an androgen. Okay,
61:44 as mentioned before. And engines can several things, right? They're all
61:48 gonna be on the periphery of the or virus or other. Remember things
61:55 proto zones can be pathogens of Lots of different things can have animals
62:00 . Okay. Not just sets. you can have a pollen and other
62:05 of allergens can have will have And so um to the binding occurs
62:11 the episode of those antigens. So it could be PS layer uh like
62:18 on the bacterial surface, what have . Okay, and so this shows
62:23 kind of the sculpt. So here's larger energy and gray and the specific
62:28 showing great in fact Pepitone. So the episode was bound within the
62:37 um so T cells and B So the cells that produce antibodies like
62:41 see here um and that's how they with engines. They will also have
62:49 and uh actually sit on top of B cell. So the antibodies is
62:54 top of the B cell. And Okay. Um the T cells
63:01 with cells containing um and they see okay, showing indigenous and that's what
63:09 what certain T cells. Okay, um in terms of structure so there
63:17 proteins of course advised proteins, they this kind of Y shaped structure.
63:22 multiple units, sort of these variable regions of these can vary depending
63:28 sequence means they are the same in of being a western sequence.
63:35 And so you have the two engine sites per antibody, although that can
63:41 as we'll see. Um then the that actually sticks to can't stick to
63:48 particular cell type. So I'm just you here the the surface of just
63:54 a subterranean macro favor. Um and the separate for And so this is
64:00 we've seen the optimization process before. . This is this could be bound
64:04 a microbe here on this end and it binds to the receptor on micro
64:09 and becomes part of the optimization process example. Okay. Um so here
64:15 see the engine binding occurs here at variable sites here is the episode and
64:22 antibody. And okay, so uh classes anybody, So I.
64:29 Stands for immuno immuno. Okay, a fancy name for an invite.
64:37 G. So there's five classes D E. M. And
64:42 And some of these can actually they have this characteristic forum. Uh call
64:49 the monitor for. Okay. Uh antibody types can actually come to the
64:54 of the forum paul polymer types as . C type. And when you
64:58 that, when you form the parliament , you're basically increasing the number of
65:03 sites now, a single entity. . And so um so here this
65:10 some of the terminology here in terms we just saw that regions of antibodies
65:18 a common quality prototypes sequence that it a Very. Okay. And so
65:25 you look at two Ig. A . Okay. How do we know
65:30 there both the same? Well, can tell that by the region it's
65:36 to be the same here. So Eissa types. Right. I
65:40 A. S. A types for will be characterized as I G.
65:44 . Because all I G. S are the same in this,
65:49 their union lasted sequence in this region . Okay. So that's what identifies
65:53 as I'm sorry, in your type like that. Always get that
65:58 So either that so when you type media types are all characterized by having
66:03 same and the last sequence here. . Similarly all I G M's idiot
66:10 have their own characteristics, sequence in areas as do the other classes.
66:16 , That's why had an A or . Or do you look at what's
66:21 sequence? It will be the same all ages. The same programs.
66:25 so these are media types. of course. The I G A
66:29 can differ obviously been there. And buying sites. Right? So,
66:33 know, I G A combined this and want to buy that.
66:38 But they can certainly buy the same as well. Okay. Um and
66:43 that would distinguish between types. Um so we have five types.
66:50 , so within each Aisa type, have different media types. Right?
66:55 for example, as a type A have multiple media types that may find
67:00 energies that same value for each Okay. And so and I G
67:06 N I G G M again will in this fc region. So making
67:12 two Isotopes that they're saying. Alright , of course, in the same
67:18 . But they're different media types of same license they call That makes
67:23 So A G D M Types. differentiated by their characteristic sequence in this
67:31 . Okay then within and I sit you can have different media types.
67:44 and that's true for each one so can you can um and so the
67:48 of these antibodies but these cells is was crazy because um in the cells
67:57 produce antibodies they had reached another of that can you can buy and many
68:05 different arrangements of nucleotide sequences and that's enables them to produce different answers.
68:12 binding sites. Her her B cell cell. Okay so that's unique because
68:20 of yourselves are genetically identical. Same same problem. But the has
68:26 distinction that has an area in its and that can change right and that's
68:33 produced. I think it's something like to the potentially 10 to the 13th
68:40 combinations of binding sites can be So that that means you can potentially
68:48 know buy them with any kind of that can come up out there.
68:54 that's that's the thing about it is very uh so again another reason if
69:01 election itself is to take take the immunology course. Um But um any
69:09 . Yes so if they can create many where it's just um are those
69:16 floating around in the body. I know if there are around in the
69:23 I want to say a good portion think you participate all on I'm not
69:35 about. Okay uh here so uh good. So what did you and
69:45 engines? So they buying one of potential effects? A good nation is
69:53 of the effects. Okay um what if cells? So what this can
70:03 ? So here's two cells 123 because a multiple mining sites for everybody.
70:09 can group together multiple infectious units. ? So that means you can reduce
70:15 number of infectious units to deal This is instead of being 12345 separate
70:21 units called. It's reduced to 12 of the clumping effect of antibodies.
70:29 . Um that's a good nation. optimization we know about that one already
70:34 antibodies come together if you enhance space neutralization. Okay this is uh the
70:42 the antibodies produced by the code of are what they call neutralizing antibodies because
70:47 have this effect. They'll quote the or bacteria. And obviously this is
70:54 effective against pathogens that require sticking to in order to cause infection. And
71:01 uh you know buyers would have to that just to gain entry into the
71:04 . So if you can cook an then they can't buying to their host
71:09 bacteria can't attach to yourselves or toxin as well. You know or Angela's
71:16 can induce and by response that's what tetanus vaccine is an antitoxin places.
71:23 so everybody's cooked because toxins also have bind their target cells and get into
71:28 damage. Okay so if you cook and body then that must be neutralizes
71:34 effect. Um activated Kaufman. We talked about that and then this one
71:40 talked I talked about this um last in the context of E.
71:45 Center fields. Okay so large parasite you have um binding too bad bodies
71:55 the parasite and then you want to other cells to to come together and
72:01 their toxins. You can do that those those cells bind into the Fc
72:08 . So you have macrophages field so they can release toxins and then kill
72:14 pathogen so called abc c antibody dependent mediated taxes. So kind of the
72:24 term describes the process antibodies that you the cells to kill the pathogen.
72:31 again this is really for for your right um any questions? Yeah I
72:40 that's well we'll talk about the specifics the different types of antibodies next and
72:46 E E seven T cells and then thanks sorry for the interruption. Okay
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