| 00:02 | Okay. Thank you. Guys. hear me. Right. Okay. |
|
| 00:06 | . So we're on the last lecture the exam. Okay. Is that |
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| 00:12 | That's good, right? I think is gonna be an example. Of |
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| 00:16 | , is gonna be in the Why wouldn't it be in the |
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| 00:19 | Yeah, everything up until the day the exam is in the exam, |
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| 00:23 | yes. All right. So what gonna do is we're gonna finish up |
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| 00:27 | today and today. What? We're be looking as we're gonna be looking |
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| 00:31 | how gas has moved back and all right. And this this is |
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| 00:34 | dealing with pure physics type stuff. not gonna talk physics, so don't |
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| 00:38 | scared. I want to say the physics its's. But the idea here |
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| 00:42 | these air natural laws, air driving . We already know the rules, |
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| 00:45 | ? Things move down there, Grady right. In this case, it's |
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| 00:49 | be a pressure radiant. Alright. what we're looking at in this |
|
| 00:53 | and I know I'm not standing up now. I'm not walking around the |
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| 00:55 | . I want to draw for a just so you guys can see what's |
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| 00:58 | on here. Remember, what I is, ultimately, if you take |
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| 01:02 | big picture, what we're doing is taking atmospheric gasses. Alright, So |
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| 01:07 | is what these are these atmospheric and we're really just transporting them directly |
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| 01:13 | the cells. Well, not directly taking them to the cells. We |
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| 01:17 | have to have a whole bunch of in between the cells and the |
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| 01:21 | Right? So what we're doing is gasses into the alveoli. The gas |
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| 01:26 | there, gonna defuse into the the blood is gonna move through the |
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| 01:30 | . And then when you get down the cells or where the cells are |
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| 01:34 | of these pressure, Grady INTs oxygen gonna move towards the cells, carbon |
|
| 01:39 | is gonna move away, and then gonna just move the repeat the process |
|
| 01:44 | . It's basically these these four steps and over and over again. It's |
|
| 01:48 | complicated because we're complex organisms. If were like, like I said, |
|
| 01:53 | Hydra as we wouldn't have a respiratory gasses with just a few directly through |
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| 01:57 | cells. All right, but we this respiratory system to allow this to |
|
| 02:02 | . And so that's what this slide basically showing. You were looking at |
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| 02:05 | net diffusion of oxygen. Oxygen is into the al Viola. I were |
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| 02:10 | it in as a mixture of gasses ins in the al viola, because |
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| 02:14 | partial pressure of oxygen is greater in Alvey ally than the blood returning to |
|
| 02:19 | lungs. That's what the values air you remember. I told you |
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| 02:23 | and I said, Don't memorize them it's nice to have them. So |
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| 02:26 | could see Look up in the Al . The partial pressure of auctions roughly |
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| 02:29 | millimeters of mercury, right? The arriving back from the tissues has a |
|
| 02:35 | pressure Around 40. There's your So what's oxygen going to Dio? |
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| 02:40 | gonna go into the blood. It's going to go down, its concentration |
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| 02:44 | , but because the blood is always , we're gonna reach equilibrium first. |
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| 02:49 | of that steep slope, we're gonna equilibrium and the blood leaving the lungs |
|
| 02:55 | a partial pressure of oxygen in 100 millimeters of mercury, and then |
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| 03:00 | blood travels down to the tissues. then, when it gets down to |
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| 03:04 | tissues, a partial pressure of oxygen roughly 40 millimeters of mercury now |
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| 03:09 | Well, the cells are burning through , and so that oxygen is being |
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| 03:13 | . So you're partial. Pressure goes . Now you have something driving the |
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| 03:18 | out of the blood to the And that's what does Auction moves out |
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| 03:23 | the cells, and then the reverse true for carbon dioxide. You have |
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| 03:27 | levels of carbon dioxide in the Why? Because you're making you're making |
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| 03:34 | metabolism. We've learned that right a time. So I'm making carbon |
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| 03:38 | And so the carbon dioxide in the is about 46 millimeters of mercury. |
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| 03:43 | that drives, uh, the carbon out of the cells into the |
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| 03:48 | which has a partial pressure of carbon of roughly about 40 millimeters of |
|
| 03:52 | So notice the slope is not as as you saw in oxygen, |
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| 03:57 | And so what happens is is it's reach equilibrium, and then the blood |
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| 04:00 | it's traveling back towards you know, you keep that same thing, But |
|
| 04:04 | we have the higher partial pressure of dioxide greater than the partial pressure in |
|
| 04:08 | Side the viola. So carbon dioxide out of the out of the blood |
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| 04:14 | the al Viola until it reaches And then we exhale. And we |
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| 04:18 | it with a new air, which a partial pressure of about 40 millimeters |
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| 04:23 | mercury. And so what we're doing we're just driving this and again it |
|
| 04:28 | repeats itself over and over again. that's in essence, what the whole |
|
| 04:32 | system is doing. How simple. , right? I mean, does |
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| 04:37 | simple. Think of it like You have a slinky and you put |
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| 04:42 | the top of the stairs at the of the stairs. That's that's the |
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| 04:46 | point of pressure, right? You the Slinky. What's the slinky going |
|
| 04:49 | do? Well, it's supposed in theory, tumbled down the |
|
| 04:53 | It never does. Have you noticed that slinky is never do that? |
|
| 04:57 | , you guys didn't play with Slinky Did you Do you even noticed Slinky |
|
| 05:02 | it just kind of falls over. , I know. So it's a |
|
| 05:05 | example, but in theory, you what it's supposed to do it supposed |
|
| 05:07 | do that until it gets to the bottom And then we get all happy |
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| 05:12 | we take it. We put at top again and do it all over |
|
| 05:15 | . And we do this all in . Um, until our parents they |
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| 05:17 | to bed. No, you're You're not playing my game with me |
|
| 05:23 | . Okay, fine. Does it a little bit more sense? It's |
|
| 05:27 | moving down the grading. That's all doing. And because we're constantly moving |
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| 05:32 | in and out of the lungs and constantly burning oxygen making carbon dioxide, |
|
| 05:36 | constantly creating the Grady int. So the blood circulates between those two |
|
| 05:40 | there provides or it provides that Grady for the movement of those two |
|
| 05:47 | That's the gist of everything we're gonna about. So we're gonna look at |
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| 05:50 | this actually happens. So first we're look at auction transport oxen. Transport |
|
| 05:57 | simpler than carbon dioxide transport. All ? Why? Because we like to |
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| 06:01 | about breathing. We like We like oxygen. It keeps us alive, |
|
| 06:06 | ? You'll agree with me. Keeps guys alive. Yes. You rolled |
|
| 06:09 | eyes like maybe I don't know. of. All right, she's an |
|
| 06:15 | . Just watch out. No You're breathing. All right. So |
|
| 06:22 | we know is carried by hemoglobin. , we learned that we when we |
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| 06:27 | about red blood cells like, Oh , hemoglobin carries oxygen, but oxygen |
|
| 06:30 | also dissolved in the blood and is in all your tissues, and it's |
|
| 06:35 | everywhere. This is when we talk partial pressure. That's what we're talking |
|
| 06:40 | . Is the dissolved gas. All now there's not a lot of |
|
| 06:44 | all right, But that dissolved gas when we talk about that partial |
|
| 06:49 | That's what we need to be thinking . So when we're looking at the |
|
| 06:53 | , we don't care what's about what do. I should back it |
|
| 06:56 | We do care what's bound the Alright, that's gonna become important in |
|
| 06:59 | a moment. But it's not oxygen freely available. That's bound to |
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| 07:03 | It's on Lee, the auction that's , and so when you're looking at |
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| 07:07 | blood, you're not asking how much is bound up. You're asking the |
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| 07:11 | what oxygen is available in the So if there's low oxygen in the |
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| 07:17 | freely available and there's more oxygen available , say the alveoli. Then auction |
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| 07:23 | gonna move down its Grady int into blood. That makes sense. |
|
| 07:28 | good. All right. That second , the second auction one we think |
|
| 07:34 | more frequently is the auction bound up the hemoglobin. All right. And |
|
| 07:37 | we said, that's bound up to there with her sights. And there's |
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| 07:41 | we refer to as a percent We talked about this briefly when we |
|
| 07:45 | at red blood cells. He therefore, him for a single |
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| 07:49 | Therefore, he teams each team combining . So if you're 100% saturated, |
|
| 07:54 | maney oxygen's are you bound up to . And if you're bound up to |
|
| 07:59 | , what's your oxygen saturation? 75% then to 50% yada, yada, |
|
| 08:06 | . All right, so those they're gonna become helpful in just a |
|
| 08:12 | . Not so much as like memorizing going okay, But it helps you |
|
| 08:15 | of visualized what we're talking about. talking about percent saturation. If you're |
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| 08:19 | at auction that I mean hemoglobin, 50% saturated. Just me just carrying |
|
| 08:23 | oxygen's. Now, when you're bound , remember, you're not capable of |
|
| 08:27 | You're not capable of diffusing across the . You have to be released from |
|
| 08:31 | hemoglobin first before you can move All right, use language. That's |
|
| 08:38 | Here. All right, when you dating somebody, you are not free |
|
| 08:42 | date other people. That is a norm. Granted, there people who |
|
| 08:48 | exceptions to the rules or who like violate the rules. But the truth |
|
| 08:52 | , is that when you are attached somebody you may not freely associate with |
|
| 08:59 | . You guys, you guys with on that. You don't have to |
|
| 09:02 | with me. But you understand the norm, right? Okay. The |
|
| 09:06 | thing is true for hemoglobin, an . When oxygen is bound up, |
|
| 09:11 | a global it's not allowed to freely . In other words, it doesn't |
|
| 09:15 | float around wherever it wants to. has to first be released from the |
|
| 09:19 | in order to do the things that does, which is basically cross cross |
|
| 09:23 | membrane and become useful inside the All right, so we need to |
|
| 09:28 | about what that oxygen is when it's up. It's not contributing to the |
|
| 09:33 | pressure of oxygen Onley when it's freely . Do you have that freedom? |
|
| 09:38 | right. Now, the partial pressure oxygen contributes directly to the saturation of |
|
| 09:47 | . What that means is, is oxygen comes into the blood from the |
|
| 09:52 | , it's trying to find where it's hang out, all right. And |
|
| 09:57 | looks over there to hemoglobin. Hemoglobin have a lot of oxygen coming back |
|
| 10:01 | the tissues. Alright. It's not saturated, only partially saturated. And |
|
| 10:06 | way that hemoglobin works is that as molecule auction comes on, it increases |
|
| 10:12 | affinity to bind up to another So if you have zero oxygen, |
|
| 10:17 | and there's lots of oxygen around you hemoglobin. What are you gonna |
|
| 10:20 | You're gonna go grab that oxygen, your mind, and then once you |
|
| 10:24 | up, it's kind of like eating chips. You're like, Oh, |
|
| 10:28 | really like being bound upto oxygen. gonna go grab me another one, |
|
| 10:31 | I'm gonna grab me another one in one increases its affinity to the next |
|
| 10:37 | to a maximum of for oxygen. , so the higher the partial |
|
| 10:43 | the greater the association of oxygen to hemoglobin. Right? And so every |
|
| 10:50 | you taken oxygen out of the What does it do to the partial |
|
| 10:53 | of oxygen? It decreases it. every time I bind an oxygen in |
|
| 10:58 | , I'm dropping the partial pressure of . What does that do if I'm |
|
| 11:02 | to bring in oxygen back in the ? If I'm dropping the partial pressure |
|
| 11:06 | oxygen, what's the oxygen in the ? I'm gonna want to do going |
|
| 11:09 | the blood. Do you see what got here? So auction is being |
|
| 11:12 | into the blood and onto hemoglobin until gets 100% saturated Onley. Then does |
|
| 11:19 | partial pressure of action begin to rise it has no place to go. |
|
| 11:24 | kind of makes sense. Kind of sense. Let's try it again. |
|
| 11:32 | wants to go in the blood, when he goes in the blood, |
|
| 11:35 | likes to bind up oxygen. So binds it up first and once on |
|
| 11:40 | after you've saturated all the hemoglobin. you 100% saturated. Does the partial |
|
| 11:45 | begin to rise and it will rise the point where it matches the partial |
|
| 11:51 | in the Al Viola. That would it reaches equilibrium. Right? So |
|
| 11:55 | the partial pressure of oxygen the viola 100 millimeters of mercury, the partial |
|
| 12:00 | of oxygen coming from the tissues is millimeters of mercury. Your hemoglobin is |
|
| 12:05 | partially saturated. Auction first moves into blood, but says I'm not gonna |
|
| 12:09 | out here. I'm gonna go buy the hemoglobin. Once all the hemoglobin |
|
| 12:13 | bound up, auction is still coming . The blood is gonna keep going |
|
| 12:17 | it reaches equilibrium. Does that make sense? Okay, All right. |
|
| 12:22 | hemoglobin serves as a mechanism of The blood also serves as a mechanism |
|
| 12:30 | transport freely associated in the blood bound on the hemoglobin. So this is |
|
| 12:37 | of what it looks like. All . You can see hemoglobin on the |
|
| 12:40 | . There's your valvular air. There's Grady int, and it's just showing |
|
| 12:44 | where the tissues are. Look, the water layer inside the lungs. |
|
| 12:48 | is the complicated things, just showing there's multiple layers in there, so |
|
| 12:53 | has to keep going down all these . But because auction is always moving |
|
| 12:58 | hemoglobin, hemoglobin is trying to bind up. It creates his great |
|
| 13:01 | So that drives, Uh, excuse . Oxygen towards hemoglobin until it becomes |
|
| 13:08 | . You don't need to memorize which air where that's not important. All |
|
| 13:13 | , so hemoglobin. Its purpose, , is to increase the auction carrying |
|
| 13:19 | of the blood. Let's remove red cells out of our body. All |
|
| 13:23 | , So are we Now have is . And we had or plasma. |
|
| 13:26 | now we have, uh, that pressure in there, and we have |
|
| 13:31 | partial pressure rocks in the viola. auction moves from the AL biology into |
|
| 13:36 | plasma, it's gonna go in there it reaches saturation. Right? We |
|
| 13:40 | agree with that. Okay, Now the amount of oxygen it takes |
|
| 13:46 | saturate the blood to become equal abraded the partial pressure of oxygen in the |
|
| 13:51 | the lungs or the viola is not much. In fact, it's not |
|
| 13:56 | to keep you alive. Right? the purpose of the hemoglobin is to |
|
| 14:01 | , in a way, to bring more oxygen into the body. And |
|
| 14:06 | once we have that, then when need oxygen, we have not just |
|
| 14:12 | plasma that we could go to Then remove oxygen from the hemoglobin that |
|
| 14:18 | then move into the tissues that need oxygen. Are we gonna need all |
|
| 14:22 | oxygen on that Hemoglobin? No, . When you have that extra |
|
| 14:27 | when would be the time when you an extra need for oxygen exercising |
|
| 14:32 | Any time that you increase your metabolic is you're gonna have a greater need |
|
| 14:37 | oxygen. And so this serves as reservoir to hold that extra auction for |
|
| 14:45 | you need it. All right, you can't get more oxygen into your |
|
| 14:49 | without it. All right, so what all these pictures are basically |
|
| 14:53 | You just like, Look, there's partial pressure. They're saying there's no |
|
| 14:56 | there. You throw in the Now, look how much oxygen you |
|
| 14:59 | , right? You got the four each of those hemoglobin, plus the |
|
| 15:02 | you move in just to collaborate. right, so you're not effectively doubling |
|
| 15:09 | doing mawr than doubling how much oxygen can carry. And this is just |
|
| 15:15 | to show it again. And it's saying, Hey, look right. |
|
| 15:19 | am I doing? Oxygen from the are gonna move into the blood, |
|
| 15:26 | because we have freely available hemoglobin, can see right there there's my hemoglobin |
|
| 15:31 | oxygen, right? When that what's gonna happen is the red blood |
|
| 15:36 | the option that's freely associate it in blood is gonna bind up to the |
|
| 15:41 | . So by the time we we end up with saturated hemoglobin. |
|
| 15:46 | now carrying more oxygen than we could if we didn't do this now, |
|
| 15:51 | could geek out and give you lots different examples. Uh, from, |
|
| 15:55 | know, stupid games we played when were kids. You know, if |
|
| 15:58 | played any sort of fantasy games and that special bag that you carry extra |
|
| 16:02 | in, You know, although their . But the idea here is I'm |
|
| 16:06 | Mawr than I normally would be able . I got it. I got |
|
| 16:10 | . This act don't make any sense the guys. Ladies, you have |
|
| 16:13 | , right? Alright, guys have . We can carry a very limited |
|
| 16:18 | of things on our person. but because you have a purse you |
|
| 16:22 | now capable of carrying literally a living worth of material And if you've ever |
|
| 16:27 | around a woman who has kids. know this to be true. All |
|
| 16:31 | . Actually, I do have a who literally it's like, Oh, |
|
| 16:34 | you have this? And she'll just a person. Yep. I |
|
| 16:37 | you could just say Do you have don't know, toadstools up yet. |
|
| 16:41 | they are. I don't know why have them, but she does. |
|
| 16:46 | , So far, so good people . So far, so good. |
|
| 16:54 | one is complaining. Everyone wants to out of here. So we're moving |
|
| 16:57 | . Word. Let's deal with hemoglobin . All right, now what I |
|
| 17:02 | Waas is that hemoglobin has this natural for for auction. In that as |
|
| 17:09 | binds up oxygen, it increases the to bind up the next oxygen. |
|
| 17:13 | is referred to as cooperative binding. is not uncommon with regards to |
|
| 17:18 | Very often, this will happen. right. Now you'll notice. Here |
|
| 17:21 | what we have is that oxygen saturation . It is not a linear |
|
| 17:26 | And this is again demonstrating that So over here you can see there |
|
| 17:31 | my partial pressure of oxygen versus my . Now we said we had four |
|
| 17:37 | or four teams that combined four So that means we have 25 50 |
|
| 17:44 | 100% saturation for a single molecule of . Right now, whenever we're doing |
|
| 17:49 | , we're not looking at a single . We're really looking at the entire |
|
| 17:52 | . If you have ever had a socks, you know what that |
|
| 17:55 | That little white thing they put on finger to measure your oxygen carrying |
|
| 17:58 | When you go to the doctor, ? You know that that's their It's |
|
| 18:02 | looking at the degree of saturation based how well the light passes through the |
|
| 18:09 | . It's basically a representation of but I just want to deal with |
|
| 18:12 | with a single hemoglobin just so that can visualize it. So here would |
|
| 18:15 | about 25. There's 50. There's right there and you can see there's |
|
| 18:21 | . Alright, so look, when bind that first oxygen, I'll start |
|
| 18:28 | it around. 20 millimeters of Mercury sorry Not yeah, 20 millimeters of |
|
| 18:32 | in terms of the pressure of Alright, that's enough to just say |
|
| 18:37 | bind up and so will bind So what we have here is we |
|
| 18:40 | a curve that kind of looks like what is called an S curve or |
|
| 18:44 | curve, right? And then it take a lot for me to get |
|
| 18:49 | the next. So see, here's first one. There is my second |
|
| 18:52 | . That's not a lot of partial , is it? All right. |
|
| 18:56 | then as I get higher right, still not that much. It's a |
|
| 19:01 | bit more, but not a But to get to 100% now, |
|
| 19:05 | gonna take a significant Mawr a bit , right? In other words, |
|
| 19:10 | I am binding up, there's a affinity. So really, what's happening |
|
| 19:14 | that I'm binding things up quickly to 100% saturated, and the converse is |
|
| 19:20 | as well. So when I'm dropping terms of my partial pressure, if |
|
| 19:25 | start off at a partial pressure of which is what you see in the |
|
| 19:29 | , I'll be, ah, 100% , right? But I won't let |
|
| 19:34 | of an oxygen until my partial pressure around 40 millimeters of Mercury. Where |
|
| 19:40 | we see that number? If you back and looked at your slide. |
|
| 19:44 | do we see that? In the . Right. So, in your |
|
| 19:49 | resting tissues, that's about the partial of oxygen. So when blood arrives |
|
| 19:55 | the tissues, it really takes on . I mean, takes you to |
|
| 20:00 | to about 40 millimeters of mercury of pressure of oxygen. In other |
|
| 20:04 | a significant drop in the partial pressure you even let go of one. |
|
| 20:10 | right. It's like Halloween. We that coming up, right? Remember |
|
| 20:15 | big old bag of candy you get ? Your friend asked you if you |
|
| 20:19 | have, they can have one of Snickers. You might have, |
|
| 20:21 | 1000 of them, right? And just like I don't know. I |
|
| 20:26 | you got some candy over there. wait till you run out of candy |
|
| 20:30 | I start sharing with you. That happen in our house. We have |
|
| 20:35 | kids. We measure by weight. much candy they bring home. Last |
|
| 20:41 | was a little over £40. Don't think about that for Children? £40 |
|
| 20:47 | candy. That's a crap ton of . That's that's an actual measurement crap |
|
| 20:57 | . It was about. In it was basically almost two pillowcases |
|
| 21:02 | Just give you a sense of how ? All right, So what we |
|
| 21:07 | here is because of this cooperative we hold on to our oxygen's more |
|
| 21:14 | until the tissues become desperate and Then are we willing to give up |
|
| 21:21 | oxygen as fast as we can? right, that's what this graph is |
|
| 21:24 | trying to show you. All That's why we have this very shallow |
|
| 21:30 | , and then it becomes a very steep slope. So that first |
|
| 21:33 | I'm willing to get rid of. at once I get rid of the |
|
| 21:37 | one. I'm more willing to give the second and the third and the |
|
| 21:41 | one Alright. Conversely, if I'm on oxygen, I'm or willing as |
|
| 21:46 | more auction, I'm gonna bind up very, very quickly. But that |
|
| 21:50 | one, I'll take my sweet Thio, add on. All |
|
| 21:56 | The amount of oxygen you have on hemoglobin is your oxygen reserve. All |
|
| 22:03 | , now there are factors that will or increase or decrease that curve. |
|
| 22:10 | , Now I'm gonna tell you something drove me absolutely bonkers when I sat |
|
| 22:14 | your seats, All right. I the first time I took an economics |
|
| 22:18 | . You guys taken economics class. know, we do do the guns |
|
| 22:21 | butter curve. Did you ever do ? It's It's the worst thing |
|
| 22:25 | It's like It's like, where? do you spend your money? Do |
|
| 22:28 | spend it on guns, or do spend it on butter, right? |
|
| 22:31 | or weapons? You know, it's of a large macro economic structure, |
|
| 22:36 | ? And then what they would do they talk about this and this is |
|
| 22:39 | curve. And you do like You got to choose where you're on |
|
| 22:41 | curve, how much you can spend guns, how much you gonna spend |
|
| 22:43 | better and says, But there are that change of the curve that shift |
|
| 22:46 | curb to the left to the And I hated that phrase because I |
|
| 22:51 | math. You don't shift curves. curve is just a curve, |
|
| 22:55 | What happens is you drop a whole curve right and the curve looks exactly |
|
| 23:00 | same, but it's in a different . It's a different relationship, all |
|
| 23:05 | , I'm gonna start using the phrase the curve. So I apologize. |
|
| 23:09 | right. So you'll see here on our little grass and he's gonna be |
|
| 23:14 | the on the other page as well a little red line in the middle |
|
| 23:18 | the natural s curve of hemoglobin And what this is saying is, |
|
| 23:24 | what happens to the curve. Notice it changes in one direction or the |
|
| 23:30 | Now when it changes in the What that means is is that it's |
|
| 23:34 | at the same point is different, ? So where is hemoglobin that first |
|
| 23:40 | released at what? At what percent first? No, no. |
|
| 23:45 | I mean, what's the saturation? you're releasing the first hemoglobin, you |
|
| 23:48 | three hemoglobin Don. What's your 75? That's what we're looking for |
|
| 23:54 | . Alright, so notice here. 75 right, and it's saying alright |
|
| 24:00 | if I am ah 100. Or I want 75% saturation at higher temps |
|
| 24:05 | sorry at lower temperatures and body. partial pressure will be lower when I |
|
| 24:11 | it at higher temperatures. I will at a higher partial pressure. |
|
| 24:19 | this kind of makes sense. I , right, When would you be |
|
| 24:21 | ? Internally? When you're exercising, when you increase your metabolic activity. |
|
| 24:28 | of metabolic and increased metabolic activity is temperature. So do you think a |
|
| 24:33 | representation of an increase the metabolic activities your body is monitoring how much heat |
|
| 24:38 | have? Yeah, that's one but hemoglobin responds to an increase in |
|
| 24:44 | . As you increase the hemoglobin or the temperature around hemoglobin. It has |
|
| 24:50 | greater ability to release more oxygen. that's what the curve is basically showing |
|
| 24:55 | . As you increase temperature, you're or increasing oxygen relief. And that's |
|
| 25:01 | showing you that's that. A Partial pressure. I'm gonna release oxygen |
|
| 25:05 | that's just an indicator that you're gonna oxygen because you're burning it off. |
|
| 25:11 | , if you're sitting in a hot tub, right, is your body |
|
| 25:15 | more oxygen off of hemoglobin? because it's an increase in temperature, |
|
| 25:20 | the body presumes increase in temperature equals metabolic activity, and that's why the |
|
| 25:26 | woman behaves the way it does all . Another thing is acidity. As |
|
| 25:30 | burn through your oxygen, the byproduct oxygen consumption is what? It's |
|
| 25:38 | But what? What? What is , really? It's CO two, |
|
| 25:41 | it? We're going to see here just a moment that co two is |
|
| 25:45 | into bicarbonate, which is released. of that is a free proton. |
|
| 25:50 | right, so an increase in acidity a nen decatur of an increase in |
|
| 25:55 | activity. So if you increase the of protons, in other words, |
|
| 26:00 | drop your pH. Right? That's indicator of metabolic activity. So released |
|
| 26:06 | oxygen. So acidity has a role determining how much oxygen you have holding |
|
| 26:13 | how much hemoglobin told on the Now, this affinity, this decrease |
|
| 26:17 | affinity is referred to as the boar , all right, named after Niels |
|
| 26:24 | , which is the name you should familiar with. Not necessarily that you |
|
| 26:27 | what he did. But you've probably the name before, Niels Bohr. |
|
| 26:31 | right, So what we say when caused the Here's that word. Shift |
|
| 26:41 | curve to the right. What are doing? We're causing mawr oxygen than |
|
| 26:46 | to be released. Alright. When fact cause a curved shift to the |
|
| 26:52 | were causing less oxygen. I should circled. There is the more right |
|
| 26:56 | their race, all the ink. Mawr, There's less. All |
|
| 27:00 | so right equals mawr left equals All right. But again, all |
|
| 27:05 | doing is you're just looking at the and you're saying Okay, what's |
|
| 27:09 | Oh, I'm shifting in this That means the partial pressure could be |
|
| 27:13 | . I'm shifting in. The right means the partial pressure is gonna be |
|
| 27:16 | . So I'm gonna release my auction . Is really what? That says |
|
| 27:22 | one. Carbon dioxide, More carbon you have. The greater the effect |
|
| 27:26 | has on hemoglobin actually binds up to . Right? We said it binds |
|
| 27:31 | the global portion that's going to cause to release oxygen. Why would I |
|
| 27:34 | release auction when there's more carbon It's an indicator of increased metabolic |
|
| 27:40 | Then we have this chemical, this fossil glycerin I mentioned when we talk |
|
| 27:45 | the red blood cells, it's found the red blood cells. Basically, |
|
| 27:48 | was it's produced through a part of black allergic pathway, an alternate step |
|
| 27:53 | the electrolytic pathway. And basically, it does is it binds to hemoglobin |
|
| 27:57 | , Hey, you know what? need you to release the oxygen. |
|
| 28:02 | right? So in essence, what saying is, is when I'm burning |
|
| 28:06 | . 19 more oxygen. All That's in essence, what this is |
|
| 28:11 | to say. So it makes auction available. Does this make sense? |
|
| 28:17 | right, So what caused you to oxygen from hemoglobin acidity? But let's |
|
| 28:24 | make it simpler first. Then go to the details. What is an |
|
| 28:27 | that I need more oxygen increased in activity? That's simple, right? |
|
| 28:34 | already know that. Have you tried with your masks on yet? Have |
|
| 28:40 | guys going to the gym? It's easy, is it? What do |
|
| 28:42 | do? You pull down your mass your body says I need more |
|
| 28:47 | When you work hard, you need . All right, that's easy. |
|
| 28:54 | dioxide is slightly different. Okay. rules are gonna be applying. We're |
|
| 28:59 | down. Partial pressure. Radiance. right, we're gonna have carbon dioxide |
|
| 29:03 | as a gas. It's gonna sit there in the blood. It's about |
|
| 29:07 | of the carbon dioxide that you produce going to be transported as a gas |
|
| 29:12 | the blood. All right. Some it's gonna bind up to the |
|
| 29:16 | right? It helps in terms of the oxygen we call this carbon. |
|
| 29:20 | know, hemoglobin. That makes up 21%. All right, the last |
|
| 29:26 | , which is the greatest amount, gonna be found in the form of |
|
| 29:29 | carbon it. All right, So is the chemical reaction. You should |
|
| 29:34 | know. Carbon dioxide plus water. combined with the help of carbonic and |
|
| 29:40 | . That's what CIA is carbonic and . It's This could do it without |
|
| 29:44 | enzyme, but the enzyme speeds up process, and it produces carbonic |
|
| 29:50 | Carbonic naturally dissociates into bicarbonate and into proton. All right, so it's |
|
| 29:56 | nice chemical reaction. You're going to this over. So this is the |
|
| 29:59 | time you're gonna see it today. should know it from the rest of |
|
| 30:02 | life because it's everywhere. Okay. know how people get that tattoo of |
|
| 30:06 | caffeine molecule or you know something You know, maybe the glycol |
|
| 30:12 | Have you seen those tattoos? People those things on your arms? |
|
| 30:16 | All right, you guys, they're true. nerd yet. All |
|
| 30:18 | Wait till you get to the true . You know, they get the |
|
| 30:21 | molecule caffeine on their chest, walk looking good. All right, if |
|
| 30:26 | gonna tattoo anything, this is the . You want a tattoo? |
|
| 30:29 | No, not not buying it. ? Telling you guys chicks dig carbonic |
|
| 30:36 | hydrates tattoos. You see the benzene ? That's right. They do that |
|
| 30:41 | . Yeah. I mean, I'm you think there's some funky ones that |
|
| 30:45 | go after? This is the reaction here. This is This is the |
|
| 30:50 | giving reaction. You're going to see a little bit later. All |
|
| 30:53 | Teas. And, of course, not pack to your bodies with carbonic |
|
| 30:57 | hydrates. If you consider cheating on , if you have it done, |
|
| 31:03 | like, just put the whole whole all the way down, metabolic pathway |
|
| 31:07 | everything. Just my tats, All right. What happens is I'm |
|
| 31:13 | gonna go. I'm gonna I'm gonna this right here. I'm gonna talk |
|
| 31:17 | it so it's on the slide. wanna look at the picture here. |
|
| 31:20 | right. So I'm just telling you on this slide on that previous |
|
| 31:24 | So here we are in the We have high levels of carbon dioxide |
|
| 31:27 | produced. Carbon dioxide goes into the . And what does it do? |
|
| 31:31 | , remember, 6% stays dissolved. . Go, uh, into the |
|
| 31:37 | . Right. Bind up to Where's my hemoglobin? There it |
|
| 31:41 | There is my hemoglobin. So it's bind up to hemoglobin. They're trying |
|
| 31:45 | show you right there. So there's 20%. So they're the first to |
|
| 31:50 | with last little bit is going into red blood cells. Now, |
|
| 31:54 | there's still 6% in here, same that dissolved because you'll be a |
|
| 31:57 | abraded. Right. But what we here is that that remaining portion of |
|
| 32:04 | dioxide because of that carbonic and hydrates converted into bicarbonate. Alright, Now |
|
| 32:11 | by carbon it eventually would reach If you go look at that, |
|
| 32:16 | reaction, right? It's showing you and both direction to be nice and |
|
| 32:20 | . But what we do is we a exchange, you're molecule to pump |
|
| 32:25 | carbon dioxide out of the red blood , and in exchange, we bring |
|
| 32:30 | a chlorine. All right, so changing one, and I on for |
|
| 32:33 | one. But what this does is drives this reaction forward so that you |
|
| 32:38 | Maura Maura by carbon it's and bicarbonate can sit out here in the blood |
|
| 32:43 | it hasn't reached a point of equilibrium . All right, now all you're |
|
| 32:48 | with that chlorine is you're just bringing into the red blood cells so that |
|
| 32:52 | could balance out that proton. so this is what we do is |
|
| 32:58 | gonna pump out tons and tons of carbon it into the blood and then |
|
| 33:03 | by carbon, it serves as a to the blood. It also serves |
|
| 33:06 | a way to transport the greatest portion carbon dioxide. In other words, |
|
| 33:11 | bicarbonate ISMM Or um um uh, blank. In other words, probably |
|
| 33:19 | the last slide. What am I for? It is mawr soluble. |
|
| 33:23 | sore. See, I see how that is. More soluble than carbon |
|
| 33:27 | is alright. So transporting it in form of by carbon, it drives |
|
| 33:34 | dioxide in this direction. All so just like we saw all those |
|
| 33:39 | steps for oxygen, you start hearing algae oil and you go through all |
|
| 33:42 | different things. That's all you're doing you're If by turning carbon dioxide in |
|
| 33:46 | bicarbonate, you're pulling carbon dioxide out the tissues and you're transporting it |
|
| 33:52 | And then what happened? When you to the lungs, what do you |
|
| 33:56 | ? Can you breathe out by It? No, you just do |
|
| 34:00 | reverse. So the first thing that is the carbon dioxide that's dissolved, |
|
| 34:05 | ? Anything that can be converted back carbon dioxide and the blood is gonna |
|
| 34:09 | converted back to carbon dioxide. Just this. The reverse reaction. Carbon |
|
| 34:14 | is now moving out this way. carbon dioxide bound up to hemoglobin is |
|
| 34:19 | to fall off the hemoglobin, because you're pulling carbon dioxide out of |
|
| 34:24 | red blood cells and so you're allowing . But then the last step is |
|
| 34:28 | , Wow, I've got all this carbon it I need to convert it |
|
| 34:32 | . So what you do is you the reverse of the chloride shift. |
|
| 34:36 | move the carbon dioxide back into the blood cells. You pushed chlorine back |
|
| 34:39 | the opposite direction, and then the can be converted back into carbon |
|
| 34:44 | which can then go back out of blood, which can then go back |
|
| 34:48 | the viola. In other words, just doing all the reverse steps. |
|
| 34:53 | if these are the three steps I can be dissolved or I combine |
|
| 34:59 | the global or carried by carbon I just do the reverse of |
|
| 35:04 | And that allows me to move the dioxide that I've carried in one of |
|
| 35:08 | three forms out into the alveoli. then I can exhale. All |
|
| 35:13 | That's really all this is showing. not getting any questions online, so |
|
| 35:17 | they get it or they're not Do you guys get it? You |
|
| 35:22 | get it? Most people kind of me for Lawanda. Hopefully this won't |
|
| 35:26 | on the test. You will be the test. Yeah. Remember, |
|
| 35:34 | gonna eso Carbon dioxide, just like other gas is just gonna move down |
|
| 35:37 | partial pressure ingredient, right? And blood returning to the to the |
|
| 35:44 | right? Already has a lower partial of carbon dioxide. Right, Because |
|
| 35:49 | I've gone through that process of exchange the lungs, right? I took |
|
| 35:53 | dioxide from the tissues. I made exchange with lungs. Partial pressure in |
|
| 35:58 | lungs. Lower carbon dioxide left the . So the blood returning back to |
|
| 36:03 | tissues already has lower partial pressure of dioxide. The partial pressure out here |
|
| 36:09 | gonna be equal to the partial pressure there. Why? Well, because |
|
| 36:14 | has come freely move back and forth the membrane. So there's already gonna |
|
| 36:19 | this natural equilibrium nation between the inside red blood cells outside the red blood |
|
| 36:25 | inside the plasma. Okay, so that. First steps, that's that |
|
| 36:29 | stuff. All right, But if want to carry more carbon dioxide, |
|
| 36:32 | have other mechanisms to do. So would be the hemoglobin, right? |
|
| 36:37 | would also be using that carbonic and reaction. I notice. I'm just |
|
| 36:42 | point this out of here. Do see that? I also have carbonic |
|
| 36:44 | hydration out there that I'm able to that I said Yeah, remember because |
|
| 36:52 | carbonic and hydrates reaction I don't need carbonic and hydrates. That's helpful. |
|
| 36:57 | a lot helpful, but carbon dioxide will naturally associate produce carbon carbonic acid |
|
| 37:03 | by carbon. I think I bypassed question. I think I've lost my |
|
| 37:07 | . What? What was it so ? Yeah, right. So it's |
|
| 37:21 | naturally. I mean, remember, dioxide is not the same thing as |
|
| 37:25 | right there. Two different molecules, ? I know it zits something that's |
|
| 37:30 | of strange to kind of think about all I'm doing is adding a couple |
|
| 37:34 | protons, but that changes its right? And so here we're gonna |
|
| 37:40 | equilibrium here. We're gonna have But every time I take one of |
|
| 37:45 | carbon dioxides and convert them into a , I've dropped my partial pressure. |
|
| 37:51 | , Because I've removed carbon dioxide from reaction right. That's that's just by |
|
| 37:58 | its nature. It's two different And so this serves as a driving |
|
| 38:02 | to move carbon dioxide in this direction we're going from tissues to the blood |
|
| 38:10 | then the other is true. Race holding on the slide. When |
|
| 38:15 | show up in the lungs, The partial pressure of carbon dioxide here |
|
| 38:20 | lower than out here. So the now is in the opposite direction, |
|
| 38:30 | ? Everything goes in the opposite But if I don't have a lot |
|
| 38:34 | bicarbonate here. Where do I get ? Well, I pumped it all |
|
| 38:37 | , so I'm gonna use my my shift to do so. But all |
|
| 38:41 | doing is just I'm just making carbon so I could get rid of it |
|
| 38:45 | z. So that's why we have reverse reaction. Yeah. So it |
|
| 38:52 | so remember none of this is like this is simply a function of |
|
| 38:56 | All right. I can't believe I that out loud. All right, |
|
| 39:01 | , let the chemists know that things chemically, but it's simply just a |
|
| 39:05 | . Molecules just behave. They follow natural laws, right? So hemoglobin |
|
| 39:10 | a natural affinity towards auction and towards dioxide. But if there's more oxygen |
|
| 39:17 | there is carbon dioxide, which will on the next slide, then oxygen |
|
| 39:21 | gonna bind up to hemoglobin. But carbon dioxide levels rise, that's going |
|
| 39:26 | drive carbon dioxide onto the hemoglobin, kicks oxygen off. All right, |
|
| 39:32 | it's just a natural affinity towards those . It just happens to be which |
|
| 39:37 | more present. All right, that of makes sense about the by carbon |
|
| 39:45 | and chloride shift. It's the it's same sort of thing. All |
|
| 39:48 | well, not just the chloride but all right, so I bring |
|
| 39:50 | dioxide in the cell. I have and hydrates there Carbonic I and hydrates |
|
| 39:55 | simply an enzyme that lowers the energy , right? So if I have |
|
| 39:58 | dioxide and water and I have lots carbon dioxide, it's going to drive |
|
| 40:02 | reaction towards making bicarbonate right? If have lots of by carbon, it |
|
| 40:07 | gonna drive the reaction in the opposite . Right? So the chloride shift |
|
| 40:12 | as a mechanism to change the quantity bicarbonate. If I If I constantly |
|
| 40:20 | , let's let's say I'm making lots lots of bicarbonate. If I keep |
|
| 40:24 | it out of the cell, I'm keeping the bicarbonate levels low. So |
|
| 40:28 | reaction moves favoring the production of If I'm moving bicarbonate into the |
|
| 40:34 | right, and why am I moving in well, the amount of carbon |
|
| 40:38 | dropped inside the red blood cells. I'm taking by carbon already in the |
|
| 40:42 | blood cell, making more carbon Right? And then wait a |
|
| 40:46 | I don't have enough by carbon I'm gonna go get some more because |
|
| 40:49 | some outside and it just drives the in the opposite direction. Yeah, |
|
| 40:54 | none of these are. None of is active. This is all |
|
| 40:57 | very passive following rules of chemistry that learned way back in Kim one that |
|
| 41:02 | kind of just ignore. All We're just following Grady INTs the's. |
|
| 41:07 | this case, it's a chemical Grady , And that chemical Grady int has |
|
| 41:12 | impacted by, you know, or a unequal impact. Is the partial |
|
| 41:18 | , Grady. It does. All , So this is that halldin |
|
| 41:24 | all right? And that's what I just saying. The at any partial |
|
| 41:27 | of carbon dioxide if the total carbon content of the blood rises, |
|
| 41:33 | alright, blood rises that as partial of oxygen falls. All right, |
|
| 41:37 | what is basically saying is look, doesn't matter what the partial pressure of |
|
| 41:40 | dioxide is. If the if you the amount of carbon dioxide relative to |
|
| 41:46 | it should be, it's going to up to the hemoglobin, kick oxygen |
|
| 41:51 | , and it's gonna it's gonna drive partial pressure of oxygen downward. |
|
| 41:55 | if the partial pressure of oxygen is downward, naturally, the amount of |
|
| 42:00 | dioxide it's available goes up, and gonna increase that that activity. It's |
|
| 42:05 | drive that activity in that particular That's what the Halladay, in |
|
| 42:10 | uh, basically says both protons and dioxide bind up to hemoglobin. And |
|
| 42:17 | they both serve as that tool to auction to be released, which we |
|
| 42:22 | in that previous slide when we looked that sigma curve. Alright, and |
|
| 42:26 | because of this halldin effect. That's it's happening. But why does carbon |
|
| 42:31 | in protons go up? I'm increasing bed. It metabolic activity is ultimately |
|
| 42:35 | that comes down to. This picture just showing you what carbon dioxide is |
|
| 42:45 | is just like the oxygen one no . The arrow is pointing the opposite |
|
| 42:49 | . Okay, now ventilation, is breathing in and breathing out is |
|
| 42:56 | leads to the variation in the pressure the gas is all right, whether |
|
| 43:02 | oxygen or carbon dioxide. So the pressure of oxygen partial pressure of carbon |
|
| 43:07 | is going to different or become different a result of ventilation you hold your |
|
| 43:13 | long enough, everything is gonna reach , and that's gonna be it, |
|
| 43:18 | ? But that's not how we We're breathing in and out, and |
|
| 43:22 | constantly breathing out. And so what do is we can say, |
|
| 43:25 | The partial pressure of oxygen in our is constantly changing. The partial pressure |
|
| 43:30 | carbon dioxide is constantly changing right? time I breathe in, I'm bringing |
|
| 43:34 | fresh air. Every time I breathe , I'm taking out stale air. |
|
| 43:38 | in the grand scheme of things, you average all that stuff out, |
|
| 43:41 | could say my average partial pressure between and while breathing in and out is |
|
| 43:47 | 100 millimeters of mercury for oxygen, 40 millimeters of mercury for carbon |
|
| 43:52 | Again, numbers are not important because not gonna ask you what those numbers |
|
| 43:55 | all right, I want to understand there is a wave form for each |
|
| 44:00 | these things, even though we're just of talking about There's an average Alright |
|
| 44:07 | , pulmonary ventilation is the volume of breathed out in and out in one |
|
| 44:12 | time. All right, so it's simply by your title volume. What |
|
| 44:16 | our title volume? Do you remember we talked about yesterday was roughly equal |
|
| 44:21 | in both men and women is about same. Who? I love it |
|
| 44:25 | people pay attention. Thank you so . 500 millimeters are 500 mils of |
|
| 44:31 | moving in and out while you Alright. Your respiratory rate simply is |
|
| 44:35 | many breasts you take per minute. right. And we could do some |
|
| 44:38 | simple math and say, Look, ventilation is equal to the title volume |
|
| 44:41 | a respiratory rate. That's so Even a child could do it. |
|
| 44:46 | , maybe not my Children, but your Children could someday. All |
|
| 44:50 | Are we doing math on the No, we're not doing math on |
|
| 44:54 | , but I want you to understand relationship, right? So if I |
|
| 44:57 | the title volume, what do you ? The pulmonary ventilation to dio double |
|
| 45:01 | I double the rest. Pretty What do I expect? The pulmonary |
|
| 45:04 | to d o double? All so we understand how math works. |
|
| 45:07 | is is that when this happens, actually more advantageous, um, to |
|
| 45:16 | the, uh sorry. Uh, title volume or than the respiratory |
|
| 45:24 | But the math says doubling. And simple formula. Yeah, but simple |
|
| 45:31 | sometimes exclude simple things. Yes, . We've got a question online. |
|
| 45:35 | right, finally see if we can the chump. Understand the relationship. |
|
| 45:47 | will not give you formulas on the . You guys air juniors and seniors |
|
| 45:50 | college. You internalize stuff. Tattoo to your body. Okay? Don't |
|
| 45:56 | tattoo it to your body. Please not write it down anywhere on your |
|
| 46:00 | . That's academic dishonesty. After you the class, then you can tattoo |
|
| 46:04 | you want from the class onto your . Although, please, please keep |
|
| 46:11 | tasteful, etcetera, etcetera. I , you don't wanna be like that |
|
| 46:15 | in France who tattooed their entire bodies then tried to teach kindergarteners. You |
|
| 46:20 | about that, right? They refused let him. He was tattooed. |
|
| 46:23 | eyeballs. They were pure black. you want your Children taking a |
|
| 46:29 | Yeah. Okay. Everybody like, know, like a split tongue and |
|
| 46:33 | , you know, Yeah. All . So let's talk about what? |
|
| 46:39 | atomic dead spaces. We've actually already about it, but we probably didn't |
|
| 46:44 | pick up on it. Remember when talked about the structure of the |
|
| 46:48 | We said We have the conducting regions the of the lungs and we have |
|
| 46:53 | respiratory regions of the lungs. The regions of lungs are space in the |
|
| 46:58 | where gas exchange doesn't occur and the regions are your Salvio lie and then |
|
| 47:03 | respiratory bronchial. Alright, So when breathe in, you don't just fill |
|
| 47:09 | the respiratory regions. You fill up conducting zone as well as the respiratory |
|
| 47:14 | . All right, so the only where gas is actually, uh, |
|
| 47:19 | through the exchanges in that respiratory So you basically are breathing in gas |
|
| 47:23 | sitting in the conducting zone that's doing , right? And when you breathe |
|
| 47:28 | , the first air that leads your is the air that was in the |
|
| 47:32 | zone, right? And only a of the air that was in the |
|
| 47:36 | zone actually gets out during expiration. good majority of it stays in the |
|
| 47:41 | zone. And then when you breathe again, you mix air with that |
|
| 47:44 | , and it goes all down to lungs. So you're never getting a |
|
| 47:47 | fresh breath of air. You're getting mixed breath of air from stuff that |
|
| 47:52 | already breathed with and stuff that is in. That's fresh. And this |
|
| 47:56 | happening over and over again. All , so the amount it's trying to |
|
| 48:01 | you here. So out of 500 , roughly 150 minutes of that is |
|
| 48:06 | the conducting zone. So for each of each 500 mils Onley, about |
|
| 48:12 | is getting down into the respiratory So we need to remove that an |
|
| 48:18 | dead space. From our calculation, we really refer to, we're breathing |
|
| 48:24 | and breathing out. We want to about Al Viola ventilation All right, |
|
| 48:28 | is less than the pulmonary ventilation. , so I'll be older. Ventilation |
|
| 48:32 | your title volume 500 mils minus the atomic dead space, which in this |
|
| 48:37 | is 150. Alright, that's entitled . You could just say Okay, |
|
| 48:42 | under normal circumstances, when I'm breathing of it being 500 times my respiratory |
|
| 48:48 | , let's just say 12 breast per , right? That would be 6000 |
|
| 48:53 | is what I'm breathing in and out minute. Right? But under normal |
|
| 48:58 | , my normal respiration is 350 Because 150 mils of that breath is |
|
| 49:04 | in the conducting his own times. respiratory rate of 12. So anyone |
|
| 49:08 | to do some quick math and tell what 3 50 times 12 is? |
|
| 49:12 | , everyone's pulling up their phones real . Remember that There was a time |
|
| 49:16 | you could do this math in your . I could do this math in |
|
| 49:19 | head. How much? How much it? 3400 off. 4400. |
|
| 49:27 | . Something like that. That should sense. It should be 700 times |
|
| 49:30 | . So 4200 mills per minute. that's your actual ventilation. All |
|
| 49:38 | Now, why is it more advantageous increase your title volume? Alright, |
|
| 49:45 | , let's think about running. Now, this is not the best |
|
| 49:52 | graph to show this to you. right, But when you run, |
|
| 49:56 | want to get more air into your . So if you increase your title |
|
| 50:01 | , if you let's maintain the same rate just for the purposes of of |
|
| 50:07 | there. See how they're doing this ? They're changing both the title volume |
|
| 50:12 | the respiratory rate because they're trying to the total ventilation the same. But |
|
| 50:15 | just let's use this like this. I maintain the respiratory rates, we |
|
| 50:22 | 12 breast per minute, but I my title volume. All right, |
|
| 50:27 | let's just double my title volume. 700 times 12 would be 1400. |
|
| 50:35 | be more than that. Seven times , 7000 times 12 would be the |
|
| 50:41 | thing. Only use your calculator. got it out. You're a mathematician |
|
| 50:47 | . 7000 times 12 is it's 42 . Who? I could do math |
|
| 50:54 | my head. 848,400 mils. Watch this. 12 breast per |
|
| 51:02 | Still. Alright. And what I'm do is I'm going to increase my |
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| 51:07 | rate to or decrease my respiratory rate roughly 350 mils per breath. So |
|
| 51:14 | I'm doing is basically hyperventilating. All . About 12 restaurant. So what's |
|
| 51:23 | ? Um well, this is not work. Eso basic. Remember, |
|
| 51:30 | title volume is 3 50 minus 3 right? So what you do is |
|
| 51:34 | you. You're not getting anything down your lungs. And so basically, |
|
| 51:39 | title volume basically wipes out how much actually breathing. And so it doesn't |
|
| 51:43 | how many breast you get your basically nothing, have you? Did you |
|
| 51:48 | ever play that game? I'm I'm not encouraging to do so. |
|
| 51:51 | please don't do this. The hyperventilation ? No. Where you like getting |
|
| 51:55 | chair and you lean over and you for, like, 30 seconds and |
|
| 51:59 | stand up. You never did Kids. See you guys. Like |
|
| 52:03 | said this. You guys were the group. You know, everyone wore |
|
| 52:05 | or Kneepads. Yeah, you didn't look like sockets or anything like |
|
| 52:11 | . Please don't look like sockets. teasing. We didn't look like sockets |
|
| 52:15 | . We knew better. That was thing we didn't do. We rode |
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| 52:18 | bikes off roofs, but we don't like you don't mess with electricity. |
|
| 52:23 | right? The idea here is when when as you lower your rest are |
|
| 52:29 | . Lower your title volume, you closer and closer toe Onley moving air |
|
| 52:34 | and out of the conducting zone and is getting into the respiratory zone. |
|
| 52:38 | when that happens, you're just moving . But you're not getting respiration taking |
|
| 52:45 | . That's what this is just trying show you. Look, look at |
|
| 52:48 | difference in the Al Viola ventilation when make these changes just even keeping pulmonary |
|
| 52:55 | the same that value right there. air, the LBO. I remember |
|
| 52:58 | volume minus the dead space. So your title volume, you know, |
|
| 53:02 | 250 300 right there. So take volume minus 150 so on and so |
|
| 53:09 | , and you can see what a effect it has now. I know |
|
| 53:13 | have one athlete here who's a What is your coach? Teacher? |
|
| 53:17 | they told you to run, do take deep breaths or do you? |
|
| 53:20 | you supposed to be? Oh, breaths and actually the teaches you how |
|
| 53:24 | breathe. Breathe through your nose, through your mouth, right or vice |
|
| 53:27 | . I cannot remember at this right, so basically it's trying to |
|
| 53:31 | a rhythm, but also its deep breaths, because that provides more auction |
|
| 53:38 | greater activity. Now there's also something al viola or dead space. |
|
| 53:47 | for healthy adults, the amount of or dead space is very, very |
|
| 53:52 | . All right, so very small . But it still does exist. |
|
| 53:58 | you can imagine if you damage your and your viola aren't working, that's |
|
| 54:02 | more dead space. Alright, so part of it. But there's actually |
|
| 54:05 | aspect to it. Dead space is result of when ventilation doesn't match |
|
| 54:14 | Okay, what is ventilation breathing in out? What's perfusion? Do you |
|
| 54:19 | that term? Talked about it when talked about the blood. It's the |
|
| 54:24 | of the blood. So when the flow doesn't match the airflow, we |
|
| 54:30 | up with anatomical dead space. All , now, I've got a lot |
|
| 54:34 | slides here to try to just describe , All right? I think it |
|
| 54:38 | be easier to explain to you by it. Now, when I go |
|
| 54:43 | the drawing portion, you will be to see it, But it's not |
|
| 54:47 | be in the recording. It's gonna this light up here because I can't |
|
| 54:51 | . Uh, well, it's not be in the stream, but it |
|
| 54:54 | be in the one. That's, , looking up over here. |
|
| 54:58 | All right. So I'm gonna try switch it out real quick and let's |
|
| 55:01 | what we can see here when I this out. All right, so |
|
| 55:07 | want to go here. I want stop sharing this screen. I'm gonna |
|
| 55:12 | . Um, Thio this screen. you see it? Let's see. |
|
| 55:21 | you see the white board? All right. You guys can't see |
|
| 55:25 | white board, so hold on There's gotta be a way for me |
|
| 55:31 | do this. Darn it. I'm smart enough to make this happen. |
|
| 55:36 | I have two screens, there are of you also. Can you come |
|
| 55:45 | here and stand behind me so you see this? You put on your |
|
| 55:49 | and be proper good little boys and so that you could be properly social |
|
| 55:54 | and see what I'm actually drawing All right? And I'm just gonna |
|
| 55:57 | it's kind of what you're seeing Um, you can Hopefully this will |
|
| 56:02 | sense. Alright. I could turn around and show you, but from |
|
| 56:05 | ft away here not gonna see anything . Okay, So what we're looking |
|
| 56:10 | in this picture, alright is we're an Al violas and a single |
|
| 56:15 | Hillary. Alright. And so what can see here. Here's my Al |
|
| 56:20 | . It has greater oxygen. Carbon Man, you just breathed in, |
|
| 56:23 | ? So it's great auction and less dioxide blood coming in has greater carbon |
|
| 56:28 | , less oxygen. So what's gonna is carbon dioxide is going to enter |
|
| 56:31 | the calculus and the auction's gonna Right? So you see, auction |
|
| 56:36 | going out, and so basically, ending up with auction saturated blood. |
|
| 56:39 | that z what that's showing you. your auction saturated blood. You agree |
|
| 56:43 | that? That makes sense so because that's what we've been talking about |
|
| 56:46 | the last few days. Great. . Eventually, though, the carbon |
|
| 56:50 | is gonna go in until it reaches . And that's what we have right |
|
| 56:53 | is that equilibrium. And then the that we have in there is gonna |
|
| 56:58 | out. So it's gonna come out it's gonna reach equilibrium. Yes, |
|
| 57:04 | . Oh, you're not seeing it there, okay? It's not seeing |
|
| 57:07 | their well this just totally sucks like, 30 different ways. Because |
|
| 57:11 | could have sworn Let me try it . Hold on, guys. Quit |
|
| 57:15 | me stuff. I'm trying to figure out. Okay, here's what we're |
|
| 57:21 | . It's not Oh, that's Okay, let's kill this. |
|
| 57:28 | uh There we go now. You be able to see it. |
|
| 57:34 | so once again, let me just through. Here's your viola. There |
|
| 57:37 | your capital area you can see on side capital coming from your tissues, |
|
| 57:41 | carrying carbon dioxide saturated blood. That dioxide is going into the lungs from |
|
| 57:48 | Al Viola Oxygen has the partial Grady int. So that auction |
|
| 57:52 | and that is what we've learned. over time, what's gonna end up |
|
| 57:57 | is that you're ultimately gonna reach Okay, so So far, so |
|
| 58:02 | . All right, Now this becomes . This is now actually anatomical dead |
|
| 58:06 | because you have no gas exchange taking , right? Because the carbon dioxide |
|
| 58:10 | in is equal to the carbon dioxide out or right. And the auction |
|
| 58:15 | out is equal to the oxygen coming . So that doesn't do us any |
|
| 58:19 | . So What happens is is that local level the body tries to match |
|
| 58:25 | in ventilation. So the thing that's do is when this condition happens is |
|
| 58:29 | going to then dilate the bronchial right . What am I doing? I'm |
|
| 58:36 | it up. So what this does allows for the gas is to move |
|
| 58:41 | and out, right? So now gonna breathe in. And I could |
|
| 58:45 | bring my oxygen levels back up with other way, right? And my |
|
| 58:51 | dioxide levels, because I breathe go back down to that very low |
|
| 58:56 | and at the same time, what gonna do is I'm gonna shift my |
|
| 58:59 | away. I don't want my blood be traveling through when that exchange isn't |
|
| 59:05 | . So what I'm gonna do is going to vezo constrict. So you |
|
| 59:09 | what I've been here? I bronco and I'm visa constricted. In |
|
| 59:13 | I'm basically saying you are not a exchange unit, so I'm going to |
|
| 59:19 | it so that you can become But in the meantime, I'm changing |
|
| 59:24 | . So that's what happened. So the blood is being shunted away and |
|
| 59:27 | moving the gas is in for our in carbon dioxide out. I should |
|
| 59:32 | kind of reverse that so that you see those two heads. So let |
|
| 59:35 | just do that properly, right? dioxide goes out, auction comes |
|
| 59:40 | So we now end up with this where I'm nice and big. |
|
| 59:46 | I got my lots of auction. got very little carbon dioxide and nothing's |
|
| 59:50 | on. Okay, now, this still not an exchange unit, is |
|
| 59:55 | ? So I got to do What do I do? Well, |
|
| 59:57 | wanna trap my oxygen, and I make that oxygen go back to the |
|
| 60:02 | . So what I'm gonna do as next unit is I'm going to bronco |
|
| 60:08 | , Right? So my auctions now . Here's my loco, too. |
|
| 60:13 | I'm gonna vase Oh, dilate. so now what can happen is I |
|
| 60:17 | . Then I'm basically now at this again, right? And I could |
|
| 60:21 | exchange take place, and then when exchange stops again, And what I |
|
| 60:25 | is I just go back through these . And so, at the micro |
|
| 60:29 | , what we're seeing here is local to match profusion. and ventilation to |
|
| 60:37 | that gas exchange occurs most efficiently. makes sense. Cool. All |
|
| 60:44 | So hopefully that was recorded. I think it waas won't be on |
|
| 60:50 | on the videos on video points. guys go back to your seats. |
|
| 60:53 | mean, I could sit here and like this, but you'd be bored |
|
| 60:54 | of your skull if I did All right? So hopefully that makes |
|
| 60:59 | to everybody that this is all occurring the at the local level to ensure |
|
| 61:04 | profusion matches up to ventilation. All , so I'm gonna go back |
|
| 61:10 | I'm going to move this. I'm to stop sharing this screen, and |
|
| 61:15 | I'm gonna go back to sharing that . Can you see that screen now |
|
| 61:22 | there? Excellent. Okay, so me go back now to my |
|
| 61:28 | Okay? So what I just told is being shown to you in both |
|
| 61:34 | those to this slide right here and one that was previous to it. |
|
| 61:39 | , It's saying the exact same thing did, but I wanted you to |
|
| 61:41 | a visual representation because the static pictures help you all that much kind of |
|
| 61:47 | why you're matching those two things I makes more sense. So this is |
|
| 61:51 | another textbook. This is from y'all's , which makes a little bit more |
|
| 61:56 | in my mind. But I just to show you that all that was |
|
| 61:59 | you profusion and ventilation are trying to mad. Now. The last little |
|
| 62:04 | that we're dealing with here has to with how we regulate breathing, |
|
| 62:09 | So we have these respiratory centers that located both in the brain stem are |
|
| 62:14 | the brain stem, but particularly in middle of the ponds that are responsible |
|
| 62:18 | establishing our rhythmic breathing rates. Notice you don't have to sit there in |
|
| 62:22 | breathing. You have to sit Good. Breathe in, breathe |
|
| 62:25 | breathe in, breathe out. It's basically occurring automatically. All right, |
|
| 62:31 | , that doesn't mean that it's occurring control because we can control our |
|
| 62:37 | right? Right. We can hold breath. We guess we can do |
|
| 62:41 | sorts of fun things. So the control that we have and the type |
|
| 62:47 | control that's non voluntary are gonna be into three basic types. Alright, |
|
| 62:52 | first those types that generate alternating patterns inspiration and expiration. Right. So |
|
| 62:57 | fact that you have a title that's number one number two is regulating |
|
| 63:02 | on need. All right, so do I know when the increase or |
|
| 63:07 | my rate of breathing? And this is more of that voluntary |
|
| 63:11 | Not necessarily voluntary. It could be automatic, but it's based on other |
|
| 63:17 | . All right. And this will more sense when we see it. |
|
| 63:19 | first off, what's our first Is the medulla alright? The rhythmic |
|
| 63:24 | is regulated through the medulla. All , so we have these CPG, |
|
| 63:29 | central pattern generators, all right. the region is referred to as the |
|
| 63:33 | Respiratory Center. We're going to see a pond respiratory center as well, |
|
| 63:38 | it just distinguishes where we are. , in the medulla, we have |
|
| 63:41 | respiratory center that has the CPG This is occurring at the subconscious |
|
| 63:45 | There's both inspect Orien expert Torrey neurons are located there. So what do |
|
| 63:49 | inspect? Ori neurons dio cause you breathe in expert Ori neurons because you |
|
| 63:56 | breathe out. All right, But learned that with regard inspiration, inspiration |
|
| 64:02 | contracting the muscle. But breathing out volume is relaxing, so we don't |
|
| 64:07 | expert Torrey neurons to cause expiration. just during normal tidal volume, normal |
|
| 64:15 | breathing at rest. It's on Lee we increase or decrease our activity. |
|
| 64:21 | there's two groups. There's actually three that we're gonna look at the two |
|
| 64:25 | by name. One is called the Respiratory Group in the medulla. So |
|
| 64:30 | located dorsal e relative to the other , which is located Ventre Lee. |
|
| 64:36 | right, Now again, I'm not have you identify these things. It's |
|
| 64:40 | their names, all right. The respiratory group consists of instant Torrey |
|
| 64:46 | When they fire, they increase the at which they fire, which causes |
|
| 64:50 | to inspire or stimulate those muscles, causes the increase in your volume of |
|
| 64:57 | , uh, your thoracic cage. the contraction of the diaphragm and contraction |
|
| 65:02 | the external intercostal muscles. All when it stops firing, those muscles |
|
| 65:08 | . So you breathe out all and that's just that's what that's trying |
|
| 65:11 | show. He's just showing you the in the rate in terms of the |
|
| 65:14 | potentials. Alright. So breathing in breathing out. Oh, he just |
|
| 65:20 | , it's gonna be contagious. Watch ! All right, So, in |
|
| 65:26 | , that's what's going on is I'm . And then I'm expiring when I |
|
| 65:30 | it off. That's number one. easy mode. All right, When |
|
| 65:34 | get to those increases in activity and , this is where we're gonna go |
|
| 65:38 | the ventral group. So eventual group both in spirit Torrey and expert |
|
| 65:43 | Alright. So when you have an in demand for ventilation, this is |
|
| 65:48 | you're gonna increase your activity through this . All right? And then because |
|
| 65:54 | now breathin harder, you need to out harder. And so that's when |
|
| 65:58 | expert Torrey Neurons come in. All , remember, what are they acting |
|
| 66:01 | their acting on the scaling the abdominal ? The journal cloud, Um, |
|
| 66:06 | . All those three internal intercostal All of those are going to be |
|
| 66:11 | here, So I'm breathing in. would be the stern. A cloud |
|
| 66:14 | mass toyed the scaling and a couple other muscles. We didn't bother naming |
|
| 66:19 | the muscles of the back end of of the chest but when you're breathing |
|
| 66:23 | would be the abdominal muscles that push the diaphragm as well as the internal |
|
| 66:27 | muscles. All right, that's what ventral group is doing. And then |
|
| 66:31 | have this weird group. They're all this picture. So this group on |
|
| 66:36 | outside, this one right here that trying really hard to circle to. |
|
| 66:42 | the ventral respiratory group. Alright, DRG is not even labeled. I |
|
| 66:46 | the label of myself And so here's DRG, All right. And then |
|
| 66:50 | have this other group that kind of in the middle of these were referred |
|
| 66:53 | as the pre Boston Jer complex thes instant Ori neurons. It appears that |
|
| 66:59 | serve as the pacemaker for the other is, in essence, what they |
|
| 67:03 | . They're the ones that actually produce pattern to, uh, to influence |
|
| 67:08 | DRG and the V R G. right, so it's just another regulator |
|
| 67:13 | on top of the regulator, So , so good. So medulla is |
|
| 67:21 | producing the patterns of breathing in and out or increasing or decreasing. Um |
|
| 67:28 | , the the strength of the contractions the ponds. All right, we |
|
| 67:34 | a different group of cells. All , so this is the Ponds respiratory |
|
| 67:39 | sitting up there again. It's the bean in the picture, all |
|
| 67:43 | There's not an actual new class, groups of neurons that are kind of |
|
| 67:47 | . We have a group of neurons are called the Avenue stick neurons. |
|
| 67:51 | have another group of neurons that are the new mo tax IQ neurons. |
|
| 67:55 | at new stick neurons are kind of a gas pedal. What they do |
|
| 67:59 | they increase the length of inspiration. right, so what they're doing is |
|
| 68:05 | when they're stimulating the medulla, what do is they say your inspiration needs |
|
| 68:09 | last longer than they did than it previously. So it's an influence on |
|
| 68:14 | medulla. Alright, they prevent those Ori neurons from being turned off. |
|
| 68:20 | remember what we saw may back it right? It's on. On |
|
| 68:25 | on off for Pierce, five minutes , on on, on on |
|
| 68:29 | So what you're doing is you're killing off signal. That's what the agnostic |
|
| 68:35 | doing on the new attacks. What they're doing is they're increasing the |
|
| 68:42 | or sorry. They're They're decreasing the of inspiration. They're increasing the period |
|
| 68:47 | time when you're sitting in the expert State. Alright, so they're kind |
|
| 68:52 | acting as a brake pedal. So you're doing is you're shortening inspiration. |
|
| 68:58 | if this is normal breathing Yeah, ? This is doing it. It |
|
| 69:04 | shorten that inspiration. Right? So could that would be new mo toxic |
|
| 69:11 | news stick would be relative to your breathing. Okay, So ponds regulates |
|
| 69:19 | medulla pre buttons, pre buttons, bots, and your complex kind of |
|
| 69:25 | a, um, regulator of the . It's kind of your central pattern |
|
| 69:30 | and then ultimately endorsed on the ventral that are playing the major role of |
|
| 69:34 | . So they're like the bottom and you're just stacking things on top |
|
| 69:40 | last little bit here home stretch. then it's test number three, which |
|
| 69:44 | three quarters of class done, which you're almost ready to be done with |
|
| 69:47 | . That's one step closer to Going to the rest of your life |
|
| 69:53 | that awesome. Okay, don't divide up like I just did. That's |
|
| 69:58 | . Alright. How do we control we ventilate? When do we need |
|
| 70:06 | ? All the time. But why metabolism, right? It's really what |
|
| 70:12 | boils down to. I need more when I'm increasing my rate of |
|
| 70:15 | I need last year when I have metabolism, right? We just at |
|
| 70:19 | at the cellular level. That's ultimately . But if you think of your |
|
| 70:22 | body, that's ultimately when we're gonna When I breathe in, what am |
|
| 70:25 | going to decrease when I breathe in based on how much metabolism I'm |
|
| 70:30 | So what are signs of increased Increased temperature. Okay, let's just |
|
| 70:39 | with the gas for a second. auction or increased carbon dioxide increased carbon |
|
| 70:45 | . Okay, that's good. And carbon dioxide gets converted to bicarbonate, |
|
| 70:49 | another indicator would be an increase in . Alright, so that's another way |
|
| 70:53 | we measure it. All right, another way to think about is all |
|
| 70:56 | . Well, I'm burning through my . So wouldn't that be a good |
|
| 70:59 | to measure whether or not I need ? And the answer is not really |
|
| 71:05 | , I'm gonna tell you a little here. Just bear with me a |
|
| 71:09 | time ago when I was a they would say, If you ever |
|
| 71:13 | and play in a dump, all ? You don't Actually, we |
|
| 71:17 | like, parking lots, and people dump stuff right. Nowadays, you |
|
| 71:21 | do that. You can't just find area and dump stuff because they'll hunt |
|
| 71:25 | down and and shoot you or I don't know. It's just, |
|
| 71:29 | know, don't allow that anymore. , you know, you'd go on |
|
| 71:32 | and you build forts and you'd have blast, right? Remember, we |
|
| 71:36 | a little bit more dangerous than you . We didn't have to wear our |
|
| 71:38 | . And we don't have to tell parents where we're going. We basically |
|
| 71:41 | we're leaving, and we came back night, and if we didn't come |
|
| 71:43 | at night, we just said, , you know, we'll make another |
|
| 71:49 | . That's funny. Alright. And one of the things they would tell |
|
| 71:52 | is you. If you see a , don't play in the refrigerator, |
|
| 71:56 | ? Why? Well, you're going suffocate now. Really? That wasn't |
|
| 72:00 | true, because have you ever seen refrigerator? Basically, it's basically rubber |
|
| 72:05 | seals right, But if you get a refrigerator. If you're on the |
|
| 72:08 | , could you push your way Yeah, of course, because Frigidaire |
|
| 72:12 | , since about the probably mid are basically just sealed by that |
|
| 72:18 | But prior to the mid sixties and in mind, I was not a |
|
| 72:22 | in the mid sixties. I I was born, like, right |
|
| 72:25 | the cusp of the end of the so way didn't have these types of |
|
| 72:30 | . But back in the day, you had is they didn't have those |
|
| 72:33 | seals instead, what they did is had some sort of cord that was |
|
| 72:38 | some sort of cloth thing, and you do is you seal, and |
|
| 72:41 | had a latch that locked on the , right. So if you go |
|
| 72:46 | some of these older buildings where they cold rooms, you'll see these handles |
|
| 72:49 | there you basically pop the handle and releases the latch that holds the door |
|
| 72:56 | . Notice that on your cold rooms you go and look at the cold |
|
| 73:00 | upstairs. When you go back up the lab, look at the cold |
|
| 73:02 | door and see. Is it one you when you open it actually pops |
|
| 73:07 | a latch that allows you to go . You can't. It's not just |
|
| 73:10 | handle that you put that was Oh, well, that you hold |
|
| 73:14 | release is right. It's a latch you have to shut back. All |
|
| 73:19 | , Now, this is how you things cold. It's sealed the |
|
| 73:24 | and if you went and played, and go seek. So imagine 1955 |
|
| 73:29 | York You're in a, uh, in a vacant lot in someone's dumped |
|
| 73:33 | refrigerator. You go hide in the . Friends don't find you right. |
|
| 73:38 | now stuck inside the refrigerator because it itself clothes and you can't get |
|
| 73:43 | And what's gonna happen? Because it's , auction levels are going to go |
|
| 73:49 | and your going to suffocate and you're die. That's why parents say, |
|
| 73:52 | go playing refrigerators at least back because that was what they were trained |
|
| 73:56 | people dump things everywhere. Right? cars, you know, there are |
|
| 74:03 | . It was awesome. Correct. I tell you this story because I |
|
| 74:10 | you to think about that situation. take you. We put you in |
|
| 74:13 | box, all right, And it's . What's gonna happen is the auction |
|
| 74:17 | . As you burn through the auction levels, we're going to start |
|
| 74:21 | Would you agree with that? And so if you were monitoring your |
|
| 74:26 | oxygen levels, your blood oxygen levels go down. And then what would |
|
| 74:30 | body start doing? Oh, I'm starving of oxygen, so I |
|
| 74:34 | start breathing harder. What's that gonna to you? I'm gonna kill you |
|
| 74:39 | , right? Because now you're moving oxygen in your body, which is |
|
| 74:42 | in a depleted environment. It's not indicator of their metabolic activity. The |
|
| 74:46 | your metabolic activity is how much carbon you're making right? And so it's |
|
| 74:52 | that your body monitors the byproduct of activity rather than the fuel that drives |
|
| 75:00 | activity. Now, carbon dioxide oxygen be a factor, and it will |
|
| 75:05 | It's only in emergencies when three auction keep going down. Keep going |
|
| 75:09 | keep going down. It's all of sudden they will say, Uh |
|
| 75:12 | Auction levels are bad, and that cause you to increase your respiratory |
|
| 75:15 | But if the oxygen levels don't Then the body just says, |
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| 75:19 | there's something wrong here. We're going stop the process and they let you |
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| 75:23 | to sleep, and then you never up. Mm. Okay. So |
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| 75:30 | is it actually doing? We're monitoring three things. What I just told |
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| 75:34 | , right. Partial pressure of partial pressure of carbon dioxide and the |
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| 75:38 | . But the most important of all these is the byproduct of metabolic |
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| 75:42 | which is carbon dioxide. Not all dioxide is being carried in the |
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| 75:47 | So this is where Ph comes right? There are chemo receptors |
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| 75:53 | um, that are available that, you know, that's what you're using |
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| 75:57 | look at it. All right, the only time that we're really interested |
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| 76:00 | partial pressure of oxygen is when that threatening levels, in other words, |
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| 76:04 | get down to a constant or below millimeters of mercury. Now, all |
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| 76:11 | things they're showing you is just the . So what we're looking at here |
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| 76:14 | the end of the pathway number six just a neuron that goes up to |
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| 76:18 | medulla, right? So we have receptors that are located in some very |
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| 76:23 | locations specifically in the carotid arteries and in arteries that are located within the |
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| 76:29 | or not corrode corroded veins right and specific veins and arteries of up in |
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| 76:36 | brain. Because why why would we the brain? Why, why do |
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| 76:42 | think that would be an important Does it matter whether or not your |
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| 76:45 | gets oxygen? Which, which is important, your brain or your |
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| 76:51 | Your brain? So we want to to see if the system that controls |
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| 76:55 | is actually getting what it needs. right, that's really what we're doing |
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| 76:58 | . But it's in essence. What doing is we're saying from those global |
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| 77:02 | , and that's what that red cell middle is or glow must not. |
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| 77:05 | global sell. Um, what we here is a neuron that goes up |
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| 77:10 | the medulla and asked, and just says, increase or decrease your |
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| 77:15 | That's all it's saying, right? so when we have low levels of |
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| 77:19 | , that would be called hypoxia. , basically, that is the thing |
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| 77:23 | going to increase it's activity. This also true if we have high levels |
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| 77:29 | carbon dioxide alright? Or if our drops right in all three of those |
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| 77:35 | , that's an indicator of an increase metabolic activity. The one being most |
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| 77:39 | is carbon dioxide bicarbonate being a byproduct an increase in carbon dioxide auction on |
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| 77:45 | Coming into play when, um um becomes life threatening now thes chemo |
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| 77:53 | As I mentioned, they're located the arteries created art specifically created veins as |
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| 77:58 | as up in the central nervous Alright. And so, in the |
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| 78:01 | nervous system, we're actually looking um, structures that are near the |
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| 78:07 | , specifically near the V R which is that ventral respiratory group. |
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| 78:11 | we're just looking primarily for partial pressure the carbon dioxide partial or and ph |
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| 78:17 | . Why? Well, mostly because , we're looking at, um, |
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| 78:23 | changes that occurring in the CSF. pH of CFS is the most accurate |
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| 78:27 | terms of reflecting what the partial pressure carbon dioxide is. So that's what |
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| 78:31 | looking for first. So there's kind a big picture here that I want |
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| 78:37 | kind of get Thio and then we'll you guys go home. Well, |
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| 78:40 | two other slides after this. Real . All right, eso this little |
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| 78:45 | right here is really what I want to kind of take home. The |
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| 78:49 | is the most important. If the of the brain changes, in other |
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| 78:55 | , it starts dropping. That's an of an increased metabolic activity. So |
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| 78:58 | need to breathe. More question that asked on Tuesday is, Why do |
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| 79:02 | Yang? No one knows the but maybe it's a function of a |
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| 79:09 | in the pH. I need to more oxygen in mhm. When I |
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| 79:16 | out, I've removed carbon dioxide for body and that drives the reverse reaction |
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| 79:21 | moving by carbon it into the carbon . And so, in essence, |
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| 79:25 | you're doing is you are increasing ph you do that, I just remember |
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| 79:32 | . All right, After you look the central nervous system, the next |
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| 79:36 | you're looking at is looking at the , primarily looking at the price pressure |
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| 79:40 | carbon dioxide. Last resort is This is a nice little summary to |
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| 79:45 | of give you a sense of what more important than what and where. |
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| 79:51 | two slides. Real simple. We something that's called a herring. It's |
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| 79:55 | the Herring Brewer reflects basically, what does. It says, Hey, |
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| 80:00 | not gonna let you overstretch your So when the title volume becomes greater |
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| 80:04 | one leader, how much is your normal tidal volume? Half 500? |
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| 80:10 | a leader? Alright, so when title volume becomes greater than one |
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| 80:14 | this, this reflects occurs to basically negative feedback to the medulla to reduce |
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| 80:22 | hip and our theme. The conservatory . Alright, that's in essence, |
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| 80:26 | going on? So that's number two terms of regulation, right? Number |
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| 80:31 | was through those specific locations in the in the ponds, right in the |
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| 80:37 | stem number two is measuring. The is right. Number three is What |
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| 80:42 | the other things? A special right? Well, I want you |
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| 80:45 | think about a couple things, Temperature changes are breathing rate. So |
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| 80:50 | hypothalamus plays a role in infecting how breathe. Right? Because we're monitoring |
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| 80:54 | through our hypothalamus, the limbic What do we do with Olympic |
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| 80:59 | Remember, that plays a role in motion. So do we alter our |
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| 81:02 | when our emotions change. Think about you're crying, right? Yeah, |
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| 81:09 | changing your breathing rate. So your system plays a role. Alright. |
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| 81:14 | cortex. Have you been talking like talk all day long And what I |
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| 81:17 | is I talk, talk, talk talking on and then I keep |
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| 81:21 | , going, going. All I love this picture right here. |
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| 81:24 | guy just looks like he's He's all it and he right when you're |
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| 81:28 | it's the same sort of thing. pushing air, but you have to |
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| 81:32 | at the same time you're using air a way to make sounds, But |
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| 81:36 | need that air to get the gas . And so the Sierra cortex plays |
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| 81:42 | role in the voluntary control of gas right of when you breathe in and |
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| 81:47 | out. And then, of we have the cortex can also produce |
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| 81:53 | mechanisms. So, for example, you're drinking right, you don't wanna |
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| 81:58 | don't want to swallow and breathe at same time. Have you ever done |
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| 82:01 | ? And that that's not fun, it? Right? And so |
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| 82:04 | these are overrides to the natural, , title volumes. And so |
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| 82:11 | So there's the higher brain plays a in regulating, and that's where we |
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| 82:16 | everything. We're done with the cardiovascular and respiratory system. So I'm asking |
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| 82:22 | if there's any questions, Let them . Think. Here. Are there |
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| 82:25 | questions? I got a question for ladies yesterday. Did you guys pull |
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| 82:31 | your sweaters and your long boots and all that stuff on and walk around |
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| 82:35 | day long with us? Oh, got your boots. Got your |
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| 82:38 | Alright. Who? And the I thought they were sweatshirts, but |
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| 82:42 | could see now it's a Yes. . Awesome. Okay, that's |
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| 82:46 | You now accomplished. Uh, the for the fall got toward the cute |
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| 82:52 | I bought last summer. Got to . Got to wear the sweater. |
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| 82:58 | you'll be able to do it one time in December. Maybe once in |
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| 83:02 | . It won't be tomorrow. It's be warm again. All right with |
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| 83:06 | , that's what's gonna be on the . It's all cardiovascular, all respiratory |
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| 83:10 | . When we come back, we this sprint through the renal system, |
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| 83:14 | system. Do a little bit of . It's actually digestion and renal. |
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| 83:18 | then we, uh We go and with reproduction, which to me, |
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| 83:21 | the most fun, obviously. Because production. All right with that? |
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| 83:27 | guys have a great day. I'm to kill all this stuff. One |
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| 5999:59 | |
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