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BIOL 3324 Human Physiology - 3324_lecture18_1027
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00:04 Alright. So, we have a on Tuesday. Hey, you
00:10 it's not your tests are never right? Um And so we got
00:15 lot to cover tomorrow. What to ? Thank you. That means you
00:19 are all doing it. The people aren't here are the ones screwing it
00:22 . All right. Why do I that? It's historical, Right?
00:28 saw that look like he's being mean . Alright. What we're gonna do
00:33 we're gonna first kind of finish up we're talking about compliance and elasticity.
00:37 purpose of surfactant. Then we're jumping the real role of the lung.
00:43 lung is responsible for gas exchange. kind of what I'm looking for is
00:48 exchange. We're gonna look at gas . And then we're just gonna kind
00:51 look at the the system. And have you ever wondered why you cover
00:55 ? I mean, I know we've of pointed out here's why you do
00:57 . Here's what you do Physics. we're really gonna be looking at some
01:00 and chemical laws, not so much them, but basically saying this is
01:04 it happens. And it's because of laws of nature, Right? Things
01:09 gonna move down there. Partial pressure . That's the gist of this lecture
01:14 looking at the partial pressure gradients, ? So, we're gonna start here
01:18 . Um So, we talk about in the last, since I gave
01:21 examples at the very end of And I said no. These two
01:24 and it kind of helps you see . So compliance is the ability for
01:28 lung tissue to do which is up on the board, you can stretch
01:33 then sew last instance its ability to back. Alright. And so anything
01:38 interferes with that is gonna interfere interfere lung function. So for example when
01:43 smoke, what you're doing is you're uh you're cooking the elastic tissue so
01:48 can't be mobile, right? And it becomes harder to actually breathe in
01:54 it becomes harder to breathe out. have to work harder to make that
01:58 . So if you've seen somebody who's from COPD or is from years and
02:03 of lung or sorry, from you see when they breathe because now
02:09 they're doing is they're doing forced breathing get past that problem. Now,
02:16 breathing would be kinda hard if we dealt with the Al Viola, the
02:22 Viola themselves. We we talked a bit about this about blowing up balloons
02:26 parties, right? And when the deflates, you got the liquid inside
02:29 balloon kind of serves as a Well, that's the purpose of
02:33 It basically helps when I actually do . There we go. It deals
02:39 the question of surface tension. So tension. I know this is gonna
02:44 the first thing I have to do . Alright. Surface tension really has
02:47 do just do with what water does is attracted to what more water.
02:54 so what you're doing is with polar are attracted to each other. They
02:58 on each other. So, if ever played with water before, you
03:01 if you take a drop of water put it on a table, what
03:03 that water do? Does it flatten and become a molecule thin? What
03:07 it do form the drop, it up. And so wherever water is
03:12 polar, that polar nature of water gonna do that and that's what it
03:16 in the lung, it will do same thing. And this is what
03:19 this stuff is showing you the physics the chemistry behind all this stuff is
03:25 telling you, look when waters around , it where the more water you
03:29 , the more it's gonna attract itself it's gonna bring with it, those
03:33 too, it's attached. So if on the inside of the lung,
03:38 the the alveoli, what's going to is the water next to water is
03:43 to pull on. It's gonna keep sides until eventually you're pulling the sides
03:47 the alveoli together and you're basically squishing Al Viola so that it's kind of
03:53 the balloon that has deflated. And that water, because of its polar
03:57 is acting kind of like a All right. Who works in labs
04:02 ? Who's done lab work? So gonna land on like six of
04:05 maybe seven of you. Have you had to clean glassware in a
04:08 Like the place for Western blot. , two people are nodding their heads
04:14 , get two panes of glass that perfectly flat, you put water in
04:18 them, you bring them out and stuck together. There's it's impossible to
04:23 what you have to do. You to twist them and then they'll come
04:26 because you've broken all those attractive hydrogen . That doesn't make sense to
04:32 go home, grab yourself a ziploc , filled that ziploc bag with
04:37 empty out the water, push it , seal it come back a couple
04:41 later and try to separate out the sides. The two sides don't want
04:45 separate because the water in there is attracted to itself. And it's holding
04:49 two sides close together. It's a little tiny little experiment that you can
04:53 this. So that's what your lungs doing. So this is a problem
04:57 you're dependent upon that surface area. every time you collapse in Al
05:01 it's no longer involved in the process gas exchange. So, so surfactant
05:07 the chemical that breaks that up. really what surfactant is is a bunch
05:11 lifting a bunch of protein. And little picture down here kind of shows
05:15 like you can see here the water are all attracted to each other.
05:18 what surfactant does is it basically breaks the water so it can't come close
05:25 . And so when the water can't close together, it can't have those
05:30 attractions, you can keep the alveoli collapsing on itself. Now, there's
05:37 relationship here that's really kind of And this is what this little equation
05:41 . Up here, it says the pressure of a spherical structure which the
05:46 are spherical or spheroid, right, equal to twice attention divided by its
05:52 . And really what this says is the smaller the radius, the greater
05:57 tension. All right, So what want you to do is I want
06:00 picture. I wanna make sure I this. Yeah, it's the same
06:02 . So here we have your breathing and you have Alvin ally of different
06:07 . Okay, so the first thing surfactant does it prevents them from collapsing
06:12 themselves. But the second thing that does it allows for alveoli of different
06:17 to distribute air equally to counter that pressure. All right now, let
06:23 just kind of see if I can if that makes that makes this makes
06:26 . Here, you see, I a small Alvin ellis and here I
06:29 a big Al Viola. Now, it's not an algae elicits picture.
06:32 to demonstrate that alright, if air in into both those paces as air
06:38 those up, where does the pressure ? More based on that little
06:42 I just told you which one you're it come on, which one is
06:47 gonna be the big one? Or small one? The small one.
06:50 , so if I have more pressure the small one than in the big
06:53 , what do you know about pressures too high? Too low? So
06:57 small one now is now pushing air of itself and pushing it into the
07:02 one because until equilibrium is met. so what you're doing is the little
07:07 are basically withdrawing or pulling themselves out the surface area. Right? In
07:12 words, because they get greater they can't maintain their shape the same
07:20 that the lb all I do, larger ones do. So the air
07:23 into the larger ones, the little kind of collapse on themselves. Not
07:27 . That reduces your surface area. your fact? It does, is
07:31 reduces this effect. It basically quill so that those two sides basically maintain
07:39 same partial pressures within them or the pressures. So you don't get the
07:44 amount of titian attention. And so get equal equal aberration and when you
07:48 that collaboration small ones can fill up roughly the same rate as the big
07:53 do because the service allows that the tension doesn't pull on the sides equally
08:00 as much. And so the next is the same slide. It just
08:04 of shows us that says here, can see we have lots of surfactants
08:08 there. And what that does is makes this one expand roughly at the
08:12 rate as that one does, it have to fight so hard. And
08:16 they basically can both play a role gas exchange. So surf action has
08:22 roles. It ensures that unequal that would normally be unequal distribution of air
08:28 occur. But it also ensures that alveoli collapse, they actually don't ever
08:33 really is what it says. They can, but you don't get the
08:36 sort of pressure. That kind of sense between those two things. one
08:42 nodding. Yeah, yeah, because this inward pressure. Right? So
08:48 it's saying is is that um you're talking about when there's water because
08:53 attractive, so here's the water on surface of the of the wall of
08:58 alveoli. So it's gonna be attracted the water next to it. But
09:03 also attracted to the surface. So it's doing is it's pulls the two
09:08 close together. So if you get water in there basically serves as glue
09:12 of the polar attraction between the hydrogen that are naturally in the water in
09:16 tissue and on the other tissue on other side it's so again, go
09:23 to a go picture of balloon because , you see that So if you
09:26 water in that balloon, it doesn't to open up, right, you
09:28 put an air in it. But it deflates, right? So,
09:31 will naturally inflate. But once the leaves, instead of staying partially
09:36 the water causes the attraction between the sides. So sandwiches together. And
09:41 it takes more work to separate them . You gotta break those hydrogen
09:45 Very, very hard to do. , they do. But how do
09:51 inflate and deflate as you're breathing? ? So, remember you don't think
09:56 the lung as a big giant Think of it as thousands and thousands
10:00 thousands of little tiny balloons, microscopic , right? So that's where all
10:06 exchanges taking place. So, when expanding your lungs, what you're doing
10:09 you're pulling air in to fill up space, that little tiny space.
10:18 , we come back to where we when we first started talking about
10:22 And I can show you this picture the next picture. But really what
10:25 talking about when we're talking about respiration not the stuff that's going on in
10:29 , because this is middleman, The circulation serves as the middleman to
10:34 the oxygen down to the tissues that need and the carbon dioxide from the
10:39 back out of the body. All ? But in order to go from
10:42 to there, we have to now this middleman and what it's doing,
10:46 ? So, the middleman is Your lungs is just the surface through
10:52 that air is going to go so it can get to these cells.
10:57 what's the furthest part of your body from your lungs toes. Okay,
11:02 gonna go to's would you have toes, feet and toes? So
11:06 order for those little tiny cells in toes to stay alive, they need
11:10 as well as the glucose. So do you get them there? How
11:14 get oxygen to your toes? Your ? Great. So what we're looking
11:20 here is basically that diffusion of oxygen carbon dioxide oxygen, partial pressure of
11:27 in the Al Viola i is greater the partial pressure of the oxygen in
11:31 cells. So it naturally wants to from there to there, partial pressure
11:34 carbon dioxide is greater than the partial of carbon dioxide in the Al
11:38 So the carbon dioxide wants to go the cells to the alveoli. But
11:42 so far apart that they need that . And in order to get the
11:47 into the blood. The partial pressure oxygen in the blood needs to be
11:51 than the partial pressure of the Al . Does that make sense? In
11:56 words, it's a step I have have a step down in order for
12:00 to happen. So the blood coming from your tissues has the same partial
12:06 that surround the tissues. The partial of the gas is coming from the
12:12 is gonna be matched all the way through the blood until it gets down
12:15 the tissues. And that's what this trying to show you is. So
12:19 ignoring all this. But look, partial pressure of the oxygen here is
12:24 to the partial pressure down there. ? Well, pick your poison chicken
12:29 egg, right, Which one ever . But you can imagine here the
12:32 has high partial pressure because the partial difference here auction flows out into the
12:38 until equilibrium is met. What would be 40? So as the blood
12:45 , it has that same partial pressure back up into the lungs.
12:49 look much, much lower. Auction flowing in from the al viola into
12:54 blood until it reaches equilibrium, equilibrium be 100. And so it goes
13:00 down. So this is where that is taking place. We're moving oxygen
13:07 the blood until equilibrium is met so we can then deliver to the
13:10 Because there's such a huge difference. moves into the tissues until equilibrium is
13:15 . That blood returns back to the , repeats the process over and over
13:19 over again. Okay, same thing true for carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide
13:24 are higher than out here. So dioxide is going to flow into the
13:29 because the carbon dioxide partial pressure is in the blood. So we reach
13:35 when that blood leaves, it has equilibrium, traveling through circuit Elation when
13:39 gets into the cap layers of the . Now we can do that
13:43 So, carbon dioxide is going to until it reaches the partial pressure in
13:48 in the Alveoli. So the blood it leaves contain still carbon dioxide,
13:54 it's less. And then that's why still get this exchange going on.
13:58 , if you can envision this, now understand everything we're going to talk
14:01 for the next 40 minutes. do we all understand this this
14:05 Because the harder part is how? ? How does it do this?
14:10 , we know the rule. But do we get all those gasses to
14:14 they need to go? So oxygen transported in two different ways. What
14:22 just been describing, we talked about pressures is literally dissolving the gasses in
14:26 blood in the plasma. Alright, we say the partial pressure of oxygen
14:31 of mercury. That means we have oxygen molecules sitting around inside the fluid
14:35 your blood. Just kind of sitting going, OK, I'm just gonna
14:38 around with the fluid, all But unfortunately, that's not enough to
14:42 us alive. Alright, It's not much oxygen. In fact, I
14:47 the next slide now, it's over shows about three mils of oxygen per
14:52 of blood, and it's not very . Alright, So, this would
14:56 happening if all you had were your vessels and you're moving oxygen from the
15:02 into the blood itself. You reach fairly quickly and wouldn't do you much
15:10 the way that we're more efficient in of moving oxygen is having that
15:16 Alright, hemoglobin is not circulating in blood. It's found in the original
15:22 . If it's in the blood, means your sites are bursting and bad
15:26 are happening. All right. you gotta remember what we're doing is
15:29 sequestering away oxygen into the red blood . All right. So this is
15:35 formula, you know, deok CMA in plus oxygen is gonna favor oxygen
15:41 on and releasing a proton. And if there's disequilibrium, we can move
15:46 . So what we're gonna do is gonna shift between these two states,
15:49 ? We're gonna either load up the with oxygen or once the oxygen is
15:54 away and you have freedom to move of it. That's what you're going
15:57 do. So, what we typically is we talk about this in terms
16:00 saturation. So, we're not looking each individual hemoglobin molecule. We're making
16:04 general observation but to think about a molecule, we've already talked about
16:09 How many binding sites for oxygen are for? Right, So each hemoglobin
16:14 a team. Each team combining So that means you combine four oxygen's
16:19 real easy numbers are 100% saturated. means I have all four. Right
16:24 the next one would be 75% and 25%. 0%. So, they're
16:31 easy numbers to work with. But you've ever had an oxygen monitor,
16:35 gone to the doctor to put the ox reader on your finger. You've
16:39 that. What does the number usually out to 96 98? If it
16:44 under 90 everyone gets really, really . Right. So, obviously not
16:49 hemoglobin in your body is 100% saturated the time. Right? There is
16:54 an exchange that's taking place during normal . You're not gonna be 100%.
16:59 we're gonna work with the easy numbers the numbers make things easy,
17:05 Only in the hard math classes do make you work with really scary
17:09 Right. Whereas, my kids would right now, because they're working with
17:12 that's not a fraction. I don't how to do that, you
17:16 All right. So very, very . The partial pressure of oxygen is
17:22 to contribute to the percentage of hemoglobin . Now, where's the partial pressure
17:27 oxygen in the plasma blood? That's what we're looking for.
17:35 if I raise the partial pressure of in the plasma oxygen wants to go
17:40 well, where can it go? can go into the red blood
17:43 There's actually float in the red blood . That also has a partial pressure
17:46 oxygen. And then what that's gonna is as that increases the oxygen.
17:50 to try to find the next place fill up. Think of it as
17:52 bunch of empty cups, right? I fill up one and now I
17:56 spill over, I can fill in the next cup and then the next
17:59 in the next cup and the bottom is gonna be a red blood
18:02 And inside the red blood cells is hemoglobin. So the more oxygen you
18:06 into your body, it's gonna try fill up the hemoglobin. So the
18:10 the partial pressure of oxygen. Where the greatest partial pressure of oxygen in
18:13 body? In your lungs? So what am I doing is I
18:18 oxygen in my blood, it's gonna to go and bind to the hemoglobin
18:22 the red blood cells. And we're load up the hemoglobin. And so
18:25 we're talking about that partial pressure or that percent saturation, it's going to
18:29 dependent upon adding in more oxygen. all we're saying. So I just
18:34 a lot of words to make something simple. The more oxygen you
18:37 the more partial pressure, the more pressure, the greater hemoglobin saturation.
18:44 should make sense. Right? So way you can think about hemoglobin in
18:50 blood or in the red blood cells that they are serving as an oxygen
18:55 , You are carrying more oxygen in blood than you need right now,
18:59 ? If we took out your you wouldn't have enough to stay
19:02 But the hemoglobin in your blood right contains more oxygen than you need.
19:07 this a good thing for you? . Alright. Let's say we invite
19:12 to come into the classroom, not guy in the costume, talking the
19:18 lion that we have over at the . Right? We say Shasta,
19:22 play now, how many of you gonna want to play with Shasta?
19:26 one, Everyone's gonna be like, out of here. Don't run away
19:28 a mountain lion that just says come me. All right, But what's
19:32 happen is you want all that So you actually have these reserves already
19:37 circulation to meet your your immediate And then as you start depleting it
19:42 what do you do breathe harder and all those sympathetic responses to ensure that
19:49 get the auction in. Alright, auction is serving as a depot.
19:53 , I throw this up here to of show you what we're talking
19:56 We have to think about. There multiple layers in this, right?
20:01 your Al Viola. You have to through the water layer. There's a
20:03 water layer. You have to go the wall of the cell,
20:06 So there's a type one cell. have to keep going through all these
20:10 layers. We don't ever talk about because it's just a lot of
20:14 But you can imagine at each The oxygen partial pressures are lower and
20:18 and lower. So over here inside red blood cell, that's where the
20:22 level is. So oxygen is gonna flow into the red blood cells.
20:25 it's, oh by the way, can load it up in the hemoglobin
20:28 keep this low so I can keep oxygen in. That kind of makes
20:39 . I'm trying to think of a example that you might know, but
20:44 like as more oxygen loaded, So think about it like this um
20:56 have a series, I mean this not gonna be easy to do
21:00 You have a series of things that want to fill up. This is
21:03 one that you ultimately want to fill , but you can't fill up directly
21:06 . Right plates full of Oreos. say every plate can come up 200
21:12 . Right? So if I put cookie on this plate, that's
21:16 I can keep loading in cookies on plate. But each cookie wants to
21:19 over the next plate until it gets the very end. So what you're
21:21 is you just keep adding to the . So hemoglobin is the final
21:25 And what it's doing is by your you're filling this up. It's drawing
21:28 oxygen this direction because the thing in of it is not full. The
21:32 in front of that isn't full. thing of that in front of the
21:35 thing that's full of the Al Viola , so oxygen is always gonna be
21:39 in that direction until everything fills up . But by the time the blood
21:43 you've now reached equilibrium and you've loaded your hemoglobin up to 100%. That
21:49 of makes sense. That makes Yeah, go ahead, start.
21:55 right, you just keep putting it there until you can't put anymore and
22:00 that's when Right, well the the is always, the red blood cells
22:05 always in motion, right? So why can we load everything up?
22:09 did we say about capillaries in the of of blood, through the capillary
22:15 or slow, slow. So basically taking its sweet time through the tissue
22:20 be able to receive all that so it reaches equilibrium before it
22:25 it doesn't leave because it's reached Alright. Yeah, well, so
22:40 now we're not even using the we're just caring. Alright, maybe
22:44 might be helpful. Been to a where someone's passing out cake,
22:49 And they give you the cake and like, I'm ready to eat the
22:51 . But it's like no, you gotta pass it down, So
22:54 what's going on here, keep passing down till hemoglobin is full, keep
22:58 it down, hemoglobin is sitting there okay, keep giving me the
23:01 okay now we've got enough cake. we can fill up the next thing
23:05 now we can fill up the next and so on and so forth.
23:07 the idea is hemoglobin is the last because it's not 100% full. So
23:13 it spills, No, not we still haven't left the lungs.
23:19 is all just in the lung. so think about this once hemoglobin fills
23:23 , what's the next thing that fills ? The red blood cell itself,
23:27 up partial pressure becomes collaborated what's becoming with the air in the alveoli.
23:35 fills up. Now this one's gonna up the the oxygen in the plasma
23:41 and then this stuff we just kind ignore. So we're here. So
23:46 this is a 100 of mercury and , when you come in, I'm
23:52 gonna make up a number of The red blood cells. The
23:56 the red blood cells will fill up 100%. Then the fluid inside the
24:01 blood cell is gonna reach a partial of oxygen, 200 millimeters of
24:06 then the surrounding blood is going to 200 millimeters of mercury. Now we're
24:09 equilibrium, there is no gas exchange place. But by that time I
24:14 you, I'm now off moving off the tissues. Right. Uh
24:22 Now this is trying to demonstrate Okay, and it's not a great
24:27 because it's not intended to describe but this shows you what happens when
24:31 don't have red blood cells, I can reach equilibrium, but I
24:36 have enough blood or enough oxygen in blood to keep me alive here.
24:41 is trying to show you that, there is a point where this will
24:46 moving in. So the red blood serve as a bank in which I
24:50 store up that oxygen. And then I'm moving, let's say I move
24:55 one here to saturate. So now hemoglobin 100% saturated, not an
24:58 So the auction here will come here I reach equilibrium. That kind of
25:03 sense. And this you can ignore one. But this is saying even
25:08 you didn't have enough oxygen in the , the red blood cells still are
25:12 to hold more oxygen than the blood itself. So this is why you're
25:16 to stay alive in pain when there's oxygen. Like in colorado, you're
25:22 always in pain in colorado, I'm making that up. Okay, useless
25:28 . But it kind of shows the thing. See what's the red blood
25:31 coming as? Is it 100% No, but when you get in
25:35 lungs, oxygen is moving into the the blood and look, oh now
25:39 gonna start loading up hemoglobin with So by the time I leave I'm
25:45 as saturated. Yeah, Fill So why would it start? We'll
25:54 to that. All right, it's good question. Right. So,
25:58 kind of doing kind of blanket Right. Each molecule is going to
26:03 to the oxygen is bound to And so if you're decreasing infinity or
26:07 infinity, that will cause oxygen to or or enter on. But let's
26:12 an oxygen molecule falls off. that's another one which has less will
26:15 want to bind it. Alright, , what we're looking at here is
26:19 curve, this oxygen hemoglobin saturation It's the sigmoid curve. Alright,
26:24 what this does It demonstrates this cooperative that you kind of just were kind
26:29 alluding to. So, down here the bottom are little graph has a
26:32 pressure of oxygen. Over here, is percent saturation. Again, keeping
26:36 simple, 175. 50 25 is really easy way to look at
26:41 Alright, if you're looking at a molecule, you can kind of think
26:44 those lines. But again, we're really closer to about that 98
26:51 this is showing you is you can Alright, if one molecule of oxygen
26:54 fall off, right, where would occur? Right, So, over
26:59 here, I am I'm 100% saturated my 100% saturated, Where my partial
27:05 is a 100 of mercury. Why it 100 of mercury? Because that's
27:09 air in the lungs. Right. look, I'm now traveling through the
27:15 , I'm still holding on even as partial pressure of oxygen drops and drops
27:19 drops, I'm still holding on until about there. Right? So there's
27:25 natural affinity to hold on to oxygen you reach a certain partial pressure.
27:33 then once I've released that one the next one will be released somewhere
27:39 . I'm just gonna say right about . So that's about 25 millimeters of
27:43 . Right? So we're saying is there's this natural like, oh,
27:48 there is a need for oxygen, gonna happen is, and how do
27:52 know there's a need for oxygen? pressure is dropping, I'm gonna be
27:56 prone to start releasing oxygen faster. to get from my to get rid
28:00 my first oxygen to release my first , I go from 100 millimeters to
28:04 millimeters. That's a 60 millimeter difference pressure, Right? But to drop
28:10 next one, it's only 15 millimeters pressure. And then the next one
28:14 be about 25. So what we're about there. So let's just call
28:17 18, Right? The next difference only about seven of mercury. So
28:22 see what it's trying to tell you is that as the body needs more
28:27 hemoglobin is more likely to release that . So affinity is dependent upon the
28:34 of oxygen, you can look at one or two ways, right?
28:38 there's lots of oxygen available. The auction that binds creates an affinity to
28:42 the next one to bind to cause next one to bind. And then
28:46 , oh well it's really high. then we can add the next
28:49 right? So there's this quick, rate at which I'm gonna bind up
28:54 . And that last one it takes little bit of effort. The same
28:57 true. The other direction I quickly oxygen as it's needed. So I
29:01 start off with a lot of option , right? And then it's gonna
29:04 a long time before I release that one. And then boom boom boom
29:09 quickly it occurs. So there's a between the saturation and the amount of
29:14 in the surrounding environment. So partial of oxygen has a direct effect on
29:20 affinity of hemoglobin to oxygen. So the lower the partial pressure,
29:27 lower the affinity. In other the more and more likely to
29:30 Alright, the more partial pressure there , the greater the affinity of me
29:35 to put it onto the hemoglobin. right, So this serves as an
29:42 reserve. Right? So right while you're sitting here, your body
29:46 start releasing that first auction about 40 . Your tissues are not doing a
29:51 of work right now and so you need a lot of oxygen. So
29:55 releasing one oxygen is enough to provide oxygen to keep yourselves going. But
30:00 , if you start running, you're be burning through oxygen much, much
30:04 . So, you need to have source of oxygen. You can't breathe
30:08 enough oxygen to make that happen. we can do is we can add
30:13 that off that hemoglobin and deliver more at any given time. And then
30:17 that that hemoglobin comes back to I can reload all the oxygen that
30:23 just lost and then move it back those tissues. All right, That
30:32 of makes sense, Y'all? Yes no. See a couple of people
30:36 couple of blank faces to its Let's if this makes more sense.
30:48 So, again, it depends on the need of the tissue is.
30:52 that's what these next slides are. , remember. So, here this
30:55 what you are at rest, So, what are you releasing?
30:58 releasing just one let's say you're really exercising, right? You
31:03 So, you can imagine I'm So, what are my tissues using
31:07 oxygen? So, the partial pressure expect to drop, right? Because
31:12 I'm consuming all available oxygen. how do I replace all the available
31:17 ? Well, let me take it the hemoglobin. So, that's what
31:20 doing here is So, down here when I'm burning through oxygen faster than
31:25 . So, my partial pressures Remember, partial pressure just represents the
31:30 of auction that's sitting around available, ? It's like I'm hungry. I
31:35 to go to Taco Bell. What you do? You start picking through
31:38 cushions for free change? Right. what that's that's free available money.
31:44 what that's what your cells are It's like it's already there. I
31:47 need to go to the bank or anything. But let's say you really
31:51 to eat a meal. What do have to do? Pull out that
31:54 . A. T. M. . Right. I have to go
31:56 the bank. I have to actually some real money so I can have
31:59 tacos instead of just one. Or whatever. I don't know what
32:02 guys eating. Yes. Mhm. about All right. All right.
32:32 , So I'm what I'm what I'm you're describing here. And I'm just
32:35 see if I can repeat the So, when I hold my breath
32:38 having no respiration. I'm not bringing fresh air. I'm not removing old
32:44 . Right? So, what's happening all the only type of exchange between
32:48 Al Viola air and the blood is available in the alveoli. So,
32:54 if I'm holding my breath for a of seconds, Nothing's happening because the
32:58 of exchange is just a is a . But let's say I'm now holding
33:03 breath for 20 seconds a minute, minutes. Anyone here done the three
33:08 breath holding now. All right. know? So now what am I
33:13 ? I am now limited to whatever was there. That exchange has been
33:16 on for that same period of So now my body is starting to
33:20 desperate, right? It's it's looking tissues themselves are now looking for
33:24 They're burning through the oxygen that's being on the hemoglobin. The partial pressure
33:29 oxygen are now coming becoming steady The levels of carbon dioxide from your
33:35 of oxygen are rising. And that's sending a signal which we're gonna get
33:38 . We're gonna talk about all this a little bit. It's in the
33:40 to the brain that says we are are a starving of oxygen. We
33:48 this stuff and that's when your heart beating faster. Like well maybe we
33:51 pump it there quicker because it's not Oh yeah, we're holding our
33:56 It's making assumptions that you have access the oxygen hand up. Yeah,
34:04 like when you're submerged underwater, that . No, that's just it's just
34:09 function. When you're underwater, you're a little bit harder to write.
34:12 mean, unless you literally just kind push yourself underwater and hold your breath
34:15 a little bit, you know. , I had a friend who was
34:18 swimmer for stanford and one of the he had was to see how many
34:22 he could swing back and forth across pool. I don't know what his
34:25 was, but he said he actually out and just from muscle men where
34:29 was going, you know? So , they had to pull him out
34:34 the pool and he was like hitting wall at that point, you
34:39 He's a physicist now at Los Just that makes you feel any
34:47 Just picturing him tall goofy guy. . So what are the factors that
34:54 to promote this? Alright, so I when I was in your
34:57 I took a micro economics class. right. You know, here take
35:02 economics, did they do the guns guns and butter demonstration the guns and
35:07 curve? No, they didn't. Well, guns and butter was where
35:12 I spend my where do I spend money and my effort? Right.
35:15 like do I spend it on guns do I spend it on food?
35:19 , it might have been macroeconomic. can't remember. It's been a long
35:22 . Alright. But one of the I remember the professor saying is when
35:26 curve shifts or when you do the curve shifts shifts to the right
35:30 . I'm looking at our resident mathematician ever shift on their own? Do
35:35 ever shift on their own? just on their own. Do
35:39 just move left and right and do know what in order to make a
35:43 change? What you have to Change of variable? Right? So
35:49 reason I'm asking right is what we're at here is this red line that
35:54 looking at that is our normal saturation and you can see there's a green
35:58 blue and I hated every single time the professor would say the curve
36:02 the curve does not shift. What doing is we're changing the curve.
36:05 presenting a new curve to you that based on the original curve.
36:10 But I'm gonna use the word shift it's just easy problem. Was that
36:15 professor who was teaching just like no, it shifts and it was
36:18 he couldn't connect those two things. , So, there are a couple
36:21 things that make this shift. what we're saying when we're saying
36:24 is that a new thing happens at sea same point. Right.
36:29 for example, over here we're looking a hemoglobin saturation P. 02.
36:33 what we're talking about is temperature and the effect of temperature is on that
36:37 down here again, same sort of up. But we're looking at here
36:41 um this acidity Yeah, effective ph right. And so what this is
36:47 is, alright, when when did unload? What was the normal partial
36:51 of oxygen to unload the first? was what, 75%. But what
36:58 the carbon? It was 40. . So, you can see over
37:02 , right, if I go here 40, there's 75. It's a
37:05 easy thing. But look what happens I lower the temperature? Where does
37:10 75 occur? It's right over it's at a lower partial pressure.
37:16 , temperature with the temperature lowers, hold on to oxygen a lot
37:22 But when I heat up temperature, here we can see, but there's
37:27 75, I'm releasing it at a higher partial pressure. Oh, so
37:34 I increase temperature, I release oxygen readily. If I lower the
37:39 I don't release oxygen. Now, would this be? Why?
37:44 I mean, this is an effect the hemoglobin. But why, why
37:47 this kind of an important thing? is activity? What does activity result
37:53 what's that? Heat kinetic energy results heat? Right, So, when
37:57 produce heat, that is an indicator metabolic activity. So, hemoglobin has
38:03 to recognize the presence of heat, recognizes the need for oxygen.
38:09 temperature affects how hemoglobin responds, thus me more oxygen when I need it
38:16 . Alright, Same thing with partial or not partial pressure. Same thing
38:20 ph ph is an indicator as ph . In other words, more protons
38:25 a vet available. The acidity That's an indicator of metabolic activity.
38:30 , protons buying hemoglobin says your attraction not so much anymore. So,
38:36 release oxygen as ph goes down if want to make that easy as acidity
38:42 an increase in acidity or a drop ph is an indicator of metabolic
38:52 Carbon dioxide. The more carbon dioxide . What's that an indicator of what
39:01 metabolic activities? Right. It's the thing you can go through. Yeah
39:06 can go through the whole pathway And the very end I end up with
39:09 carbon dioxide. So it's an indicator increased metabolic activity. So you mean
39:14 I increase the temperature of the tissue if I provide more protons which is
39:19 function of metabolic activity or if I more carbon dioxide all those things are
39:23 tell hemoglobin to let go of oxygen I need it. Yes. And
39:28 we have another agent D. G. This is in red blood
39:32 basically it is a product of an like allergic pathway that we haven't bothered
39:37 about. And what it does is cells tell the red blood cells hey
39:43 starving of oxygen. It activates or the D. P. G.
39:47 . And D. P. Basically tells hemoglobin um time to release
39:51 oxygen. So when do we release when we need it? Right.
39:58 the cells themselves are sending the signal non specific means in other words by
40:05 simply doing what they do best. is go through their metabolic activity.
40:09 you here is where I say that to the right shift to the left
40:13 causing a shift to the right life the right. In other words when
40:17 when you're looking this direction, we're releasing more oxygen or we're releasing
40:23 earlier than we normally would is really of what we're saying, it's releasing
40:28 at a higher partial pressure. And are all indicators of, oh,
40:33 stuff must be going on, This activity must be going on. But
40:37 go ahead and keep adding an oxygen they're gonna burn through it.
40:40 factors that cause the curve to shift the left. In other words,
40:44 hold onto the oxygen beyond what I would, So at a lower partial
40:49 is when I'm gonna release that that is what's going on.
40:56 does that kind of makes sense? the easy way to think about in
40:59 mind is just think in terms of activity. If I can know what
41:03 activity results in is telling me when need to have more carbon or more
41:11 . That was one of the gas now the other gas, We don't
41:14 about nitrogen, care about carbon Alright, carbon dioxide is a little
41:19 more difficult. It has three ways this is kind of weird. First
41:24 is easy, right? We dissolve in the gas just like we are
41:28 in the plasma, just like we the oxygen. So when we do
41:32 , that's partial pressure of carbon That one's easy. Okay, others
41:41 can bind it up to hemoglobin. a lot like oxygen, right?
41:44 we bind it up to uh what we get we get uh carb
41:49 hemoglobin. Not carb oxy hemoglobin. wrong. Carb amino hemoglobin.
41:54 so this is kind of how we it. So you can see in
41:57 of percentage is what we're looking About 6% of the carbon dioxide is
42:01 as a gas in the blood, 21% bind up to hemoglobin. So
42:04 rest is carried through the third mechanism is a little bit more complex.
42:09 in the form of bicarbonate. you've all seen this equation before any
42:14 your classes, right? So, you're not familiar, this right here
42:17 by carbonate. Carbon dioxide plus water naturally combined for carbonic acid. It
42:23 . So a lot easier when you carbonic and hydrates nearby. But this
42:27 this is a natural occurrence. carbonic and our carbonic acid likes to
42:35 into a proton and into bicarbonate, being the base in this situation.
42:41 right now, the reason we moved of our carbon dioxide in this way
42:46 because bicarbonate is much much more soluble the blood than carbon dioxide is which
42:52 you can carry more of it. is what you see by percentage.
42:56 so we're going to convert carbon actively using carbonic and hydrates inside the
43:03 blood cells or as I say here , the blood meaning it will naturally
43:07 So if you if it sticks around enough and the ratios favor the movement
43:12 the equation to the right. This why you have to take Chemistry.
43:17 just one question. No, I'm a lot more than this right
43:23 As you can imagine here, I've carbon dioxide inside the red blood
43:26 Following the same rules we just right, I have carbon dioxide in
43:29 tissues from the tissue, from the gets pushed down in the interstitial fluid
43:33 the interstitial fluid, it gets pushed to the blood from the blood.
43:36 says, oh, there's less carbon in the red blood cells. So
43:38 goes inside the red blood cell and the red blood cell it combined up
43:42 the uh hemoglobin. Or it can combined with water through the carbonic anhydrous
43:49 . Make carbon carbonic asset when it you get the bicarbonate. And as
43:56 can imagine inside the red blood cell would start accumulating and get bigger and
43:59 and bigger. And so, if increase the amount here, what happens
44:02 the rate of reaction in this It slows down, right? There's
44:08 be a point where you reach equilibrium then you basically everything would stop.
44:13 ? That's rates of reaction fun stuff back from chemistry one. Chemistry
44:19 I can't remember. All right. we want this to stop?
44:23 we want to get rid of the dioxide. So what we're gonna do
44:26 we have in the membrane, a bicarbonate exchanger. And this is what
44:32 the chloride shift. So what we is we take chlorine from out in
44:37 blood, right? And what we is we say, hey, we'll
44:41 . You. Look, there's something attracted to. And here we have
44:43 proton. I know you're really attracted that proton. So why don't you
44:46 on in? So the chlorine comes and we change it for that by
44:49 . Now by carbon it's out in blood. And now you can keep
44:53 more bicarbonate. Alright, So you have to worry about that proton not
44:59 matched because you're always reading chlorine So chlorine is moving down this electrical
45:06 . It's attracted to the proton. able to move more um bicarbonate and
45:11 can move more carbon dioxide in because equation doesn't aquila berate. So this
45:18 kind of a map showing you So up here you can see I'm
45:21 in the blood. There's a carbon comes out of the tissue dissolved in
45:24 blood. I can actually convert it bicarbonate there. But that's a very
45:28 slow reaction. So we just kind ignore it for a little bit.
45:31 can bring it into the cell some it stays dissolved. Just like you
45:34 there some of it can be bound to hemoglobin, Right? So that's
45:39 this is trying to show you. most of it is going to be
45:42 to bicarbonate, which is then shifted . And so 70% of your carbon
45:47 is traveling in your body in the of bicarbonate. Okay, so,
45:52 happens when I get to the Do I, do I breathe out
45:57 ? What's that? Red in the blood cell? Yes. This isn't
46:02 only place that made your body. is the reaction you're going to see
46:05 couple more times in the near kidney digestive system. All right
46:11 do you breathe out? Bicarbonate? , bicarbonate is a uh, something
46:17 gonna actually uh kind of float out solution. So, if I want
46:21 get rid of the carbon dioxide, I have to do, I gotta
46:25 refer to back. So, if have bicarbonate out here and I'm now
46:29 my lungs, where do I have carbon dioxide? Where's where's my lowest
46:33 carbon dioxide out over here in the . Right. So, I'm gonna
46:39 moving carbon dioxide this way, and need to replace my carbon dioxide that
46:42 move out. So I'm gonna take dioxide inside the cell. Put it
46:45 . But if I have less carbon here, and I got by carbon
46:48 there, I'm gonna shift by carbon the cell and I just do the
46:51 reaction. I just lost everybody. I? No, just, just
46:57 of it this way, right, I've got an equation that is
47:01 liberated one direction, and now I'm an environment that shifts in the other
47:05 . I just have a bunch of tissues. I have to run through
47:08 make that happen. And my tissues are the al villas, right inside
47:14 alveoli, the interstitial fluids, the and the red blood cell.
47:20 So, where that reaction takes place here. But what's driving it is
47:24 presence of the carbon dioxide and the of the bicarbonate. Remember go back
47:29 the reaction carbon dioxide and bicarbonate are things you're shifting one way or the
47:33 . So, in areas where I lots of carbon dioxide, which way
47:36 I shift? I'm gonna be the . Here's my Here's the equation.
47:42 way does the equation shift? Lots carbon dioxide. There you go.
47:47 , which tissue would I be in that's happening just everywhere that you that
47:54 using oxygen, making carbon dioxide. , now, I'm in the
47:59 I traveled to the lungs. I a lot less carbon dioxide. Which
48:03 am I gonna shift? Right? , I'm shifting between these two
48:11 But where is the reaction occurring in red blood cells in the blood?
48:19 , that's the key thing here. right. So, we're using bicarbonate
48:25 the default way to carry carbon dioxide the blood. It's the easiest way
48:31 do so, but to get it of our bodies, we have to
48:33 it back into the gas and then can exhale it out. So,
48:46 an effect called the haldane effect. haldane effect basically is kind of what
48:51 looking at when we looked at temperature we looked at um ph and we
48:56 at um the presence of carbon it describes two of those steps and
49:02 says, look at any partial total carbon dioxide content of the blood
49:07 rise as the partial pressure of oxygen . Okay, so it's not dependent
49:14 the partial pressure of carbon dioxide, dependent upon the partial pressure of
49:19 Now, this should kind of make as partial pressure of oxygen falls.
49:24 I'm doing is I'm converting oxygen into dioxide. And so I'm making more
49:30 dioxide available as that cell is undergoing . It's making protons right now.
49:38 it? Making protons directly, nowhere making protons from there you go.
49:47 . Carbon dioxide doesn't want to stick . It wants to be made in
49:49 bicarbonate. So, as I make and more carbon dioxide, I'm making
49:54 bicarbonate and protons. So, the that's happening is when I make more
49:58 , that's gonna lower the affinity of , the oxygen. So that means
50:03 gonna kick off more oxygen. in essence, I'm driving the reaction
50:09 by a function of doing metabolic This is also true for the carbon
50:15 as carbon dioxide rises. That's an , You need to release the
50:20 So I'm gonna lower the the attraction hemoglobin, the oxygen. So they'll
50:27 they bind directly to the hemoglobin. carb amino hemoglobin and the D Oxy
50:33 are the two different types that we're at here. That's the oxy that
50:37 be carb amino. This picture just of shows the same thing. It's
50:41 the opposite direction. Right, what I doing? I'm pushing carbon dioxide
50:47 and then I'm making the exchange. not a very good picture.
50:50 I don't wanna waste time on Now. I told you something on
50:54 that I want you to take to , even though this picture doesn't show
50:57 . All right. You can see the two waves, right? You
51:02 the wave of oxygen partial pressure. see the wave of carbon dioxide partial
51:07 , right? So, naturally while breathing in and out. When I
51:11 in air, am I putting more into my lungs than was there
51:15 Yes. Alright, Alright. As as I'm making the exchange is more
51:20 dioxide building up in my lungs. , but it's not to the point
51:24 it's really measurable. I mean, could measure it. It's not like
51:28 but it's not like a difference of 100 millimeters or something like that in
51:32 , right? It's very very So I said on Tuesday, it
51:36 matter if you're breathing in and breathing the mean, or the average stays
51:41 or less the same now to answer question coming back over here, if
51:44 held my breath for a couple of , are those numbers going to
51:47 Yeah. And they'll change drastically to point where my body responds to
51:52 right? But what I want you understand is that at any given
51:58 you know, whether you're exercising or you're sitting still or holding your breath
52:03 breathing in and breathing out. The of gasses is a constant right auction
52:09 always gonna be moving into the tissues the lungs. Carbon dioxide is always
52:13 be trying to exit. All And so it's not that all of
52:17 sudden I'm holding my breath and everything topsy turvy. That's what I'm trying
52:21 instill and use that. It's not weird, nothing weird is happening.
52:27 just a constant, This is showing around those two values. That is
52:32 , very small. Alright, so is a So I know so,
52:37 gonna ask that question on the And so the answer is does do
52:39 see any real changes? The answer no. Even though the slide says
52:45 leads to variations and partial partial gasses it does when I breathe in more
52:49 is coming in, but it's not big difference. And so I want
52:55 to make sure you understand that Okay, that makes sense. Kind
52:59 sort of. So back to a bit of math, pulmonary ventilation is
53:10 volume of air breathe in and out one minute's time. Alright,
53:14 what that means is we can take tidal volume, Right? And we
53:19 multiply it by your respiratory rate. what's your title volume? That's just
53:23 your normal breathing. It's about 500 per breath. Right? And then
53:29 just gotta ask any time do I in a minute and then voila,
53:32 can figure out what my title volume . It's gonna be mils per
53:35 breath times minutes. So that you it now. If I want to
53:40 pulmonary ventilation. So, PV ask math people here real quick. If
53:44 doubled my title volume, what am doing to my pulmonary ventilation? I'm
53:49 it. See, y'all learn your . Real simple. If I double
53:53 respiratory rate, what would you expect happen? A double My pulmonary ventilation
53:59 is is actually it's much easier or important to increase title. Uh
54:06 wait, let me make sure I this right. Oh, it's the
54:09 volume. Not the respiratory rate. becomes important. Alright. And the
54:14 for this is because of what we what is called anatomical dead space.
54:18 right. Now, when we looked the lungs, the lungs consist of
54:23 I and a bunch of bronchial walls then you get down to the very
54:28 and that's when you get down to alveoli. Right? So gas exchange
54:32 takes place in those terminal bronchial, very, very small portion in all
54:37 alveoli. So everything above that is space and it's not vacuum, there's
54:43 in there. So when you breathe , you're not only filling up the
54:46 viola in the terminal bronc kills you're filling up all the other bronc kills
54:50 the way up through the bronc. and there's air in there that's not
54:53 through exchange. So, the first that leaves is the air that's in
54:57 bronchi and the bronchial walls and then air down in the terminal bronchi and
55:03 alveoli leave. But remember, we leave make all the air leave,
55:07 always have air stuck in and so portion stay stuck inside. So we
55:12 in again, we get some fresh that's gonna mix in with all that
55:15 air, but we still end up dead space. So, the better
55:21 to do to increase pulmonary ventilation is to breathe faster, but to adjust
55:28 much we're breathing in per breath. right. So, what we're really
55:35 interested in is al veel or ventilation much air is getting in the july
55:40 to make sure that you understand that of which is more important.
55:44 Is it better athletes? I know , but I'm talking athletes in
55:50 your coaches when they told you when running or whatever, What do they
55:55 you? Deep breaths run deep, slower breath or breathe as fast as
56:01 can. As short as you Deep slow breaths, right? Rather
56:10 right now, can you picture I mean picture of air moving in
56:14 time I'm doing that that a It's very, very shallow. So
56:18 can imagine I'm just moving area. still getting all the air exchange going
56:24 the alveoli, but that air is leaving my body. If you hyperventilate
56:29 extend periods of time, what do do? Pass out. Alright,
56:33 , demonstrated the differences between my your generation. We used to go
56:36 parties. We put people on chair say, all right, I want
56:39 to lean over and I want you do hyperventilate and then I want you
56:43 stand up. Did you do that ? Yeah. Okay, good.
56:47 . You're the first person in one my classes ever admitted that you did
56:51 ? It is over 16 years, ? You do it to a
56:54 You're watching they stand up and then do they do then everyone laughed at
56:58 draw penises on their faces. All . Oh, you don't go to
57:04 kind of parties, man. You are missing out. All right.
57:09 obviously what I'm doing is I'm only the air that's found in the dead
57:13 . Alright, so the volume. that's that's air volume. That's not
57:18 for gas. So what we gotta is when we're looking at Al Viola
57:22 , this is the value we want look at, we just got to
57:25 that title volume and subtract away from . That anatomical dead space. So
57:29 so, you know, you we're breathing in 500 mils.
57:33 And so anatomical dead space makes up 100 and 50 mils. So really
57:37 a normal breath, you're only getting mils of fresh gas. Fresh air
57:43 you breathe in and out on on normal breath, Right? So if
57:48 are breathing and I hate this I don't know why I keep this
57:51 here. I should make my own what they're trying to they're trying to
57:55 pulmonary ventilation the same. But I you to think about this. If
57:58 breathing in deeper. So instead of in 500 mils, I'm breathing in
58:03 mills. Then the amount of fresh that I'm bringing in is going to
58:09 . But if I do shallow so, if I'm breathing in 100
58:11 50 mils, right, I'm only air in that dead space. And
58:17 I'm not getting any real exchange. so this is just trying to show
58:21 like, look what happens if I the title volumes at this and this
58:25 what I'm taking out. So you see the big difference is trying to
58:29 a constant but we know that's not , right? If you're exercising,
58:34 you breathe faster? Does your respiratory go up? Yeah, it
58:39 So what they should do is let's what happens if we keep this constant
58:42 we change our title volume and you actually see much much bigger values,
58:47 ? Changes question crap. You would a lot lower. That's why it'd
58:56 crap. Right? So, think about it. If I'm
58:59 that would be an example of lower volume. Right? It would be
59:04 rapid, Right? But the title is going down and that that would
59:09 the problems because I'm not doing gas . I'm just moving air in and
59:13 of the bronchitis and bronchial. That do me any good. Alright,
59:19 want those deep breaths want to get air in. I don't want to
59:24 all that stale air out. So or dead space also exists.
59:32 So remember you said Al Viola can now for all you guys, you're
59:35 healthy. You don't have a lot alcohol or dead space. Alright.
59:39 the older you get you can get dead space. And really what little
59:43 space we have. We have systems counter it. All right, So
59:48 what we're gonna do is what we're try to do is we're gonna try
59:51 match perfusion to ventilation. You guys what the definition of perfusion is?
59:57 blood flow, right? And ventilation airflow, right? How much?
60:01 ? so what we're gonna do is going to try to make sure those
60:05 things match each other. Not so in terms of volume, but to
60:09 that when I have dead space, other words, areas where I have
60:13 , not taking place, I don't blood going through that because that means
60:17 not getting any exchange. But where have taken breath and I do have
60:21 . I want to open up my vessels so that blood can come through
60:24 do gas exchange. That's what this is really trying to describe. All
60:29 now, there's a lot of words and this can be kind of confusing
60:32 you look at this. Alright. what I want you to think about
60:34 is when your bronc kills dilate, they're doing is they're basically opening up
60:40 that I can have an exchange between lungs and the external environment.
60:44 So my bronchial remember we are going want to trap oxygen but when my
60:49 dioxide levels rise up, I want open up my bronchial so that gasses
60:53 be released. That kind of makes . Might be better if I draw
60:57 and I'm watching my time because I I'm getting down here to the
61:01 Let's see if I can make this . That would go into my Poppins
61:09 . Here we go. All So trying to get a flat surface
61:21 ? Alright, So, when I in, it would help if I
61:27 keep this white screen. There we . Alright, so here I
61:35 Right, what I would expect, expect to have lots of oxygen and
61:38 little carbon dioxide. Right? And you imagine a blood vessel should be
61:43 than that. So, I'm just make it wider. So, what
61:46 imagine is blood our blood coming in have very little or have big
61:50 02 and very little oxygen. And so by the time what's gonna
61:54 is oxygen is gonna leave carbon dioxide gonna go. So, what you'll
61:57 up with is hopefully oxygen coming out then very little carbon dioxide.
62:04 now, when that happens, the dioxide here, I'm just gonna draw
62:10 over here. Alright, you're gonna up with lots of carbon dioxide and
62:13 little oxygen inside. So, what wanna do is you want to take
62:18 bronchial here and you want to dilate . Does that look like dilation relative
62:23 the first one? Okay, what you can do now is you
62:26 move that carbon dioxide out and move oxygen in. But at the same
62:30 , you don't want the blood coming at the same rate as it was
62:34 then, you know, carbon dioxide then go back into the blood.
62:38 what you wanna do is you want vaso constrict the blood vessel.
62:45 So now blood isn't really kind of through there. So you don't get
62:50 ? So you get your exchange? , so, I'm just gonna draw
62:53 picture again. So here I I am dilated and so I breathe
62:58 and I got lots of oxygen and little carbon dioxide. Now, what
63:01 I want to do? Well, want to constrict here and I want
63:05 take that blood vessel and I want dilate it. Right? So what's
63:09 end up happening is I end up my oxygen and I don't have a
63:14 of C. 02 and then I up my blood vessel. So now
63:19 I'm getting good perfusion. So my c. 0. 2, my
63:25 oxygen, you get the exchange And so you end up doing
63:30 And so this coupling this process counters Viola dead space. This right here
63:38 what Al Viola dead space looks like you don't get exchange. Right?
63:43 the idea is that you have thousands thousands and thousands of alveoli locally regulating
63:53 exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide while normally breathing in and out. That
64:01 makes sense. So the picture that book shows this one is what that
64:06 supposed to represent. And I don't if it does a good job or
64:10 I did a good job. But the explanation kind of helped you out
64:16 . Does that make sense to y'all , is that like weird? It
64:24 sense. All right, we're gonna down to our last little bit.
64:30 there questions about this? So, can see that, you know when
64:35 talked about breathing, you know that not just a function of Oh,
64:40 I gotta do is inflate my lungs then push the air out again.
64:43 levels and levels and levels of exchange are going on at each, even
64:48 the level of the al viola. ? And I'm making small, tiny
64:52 along the way to ensure that I all the oxygen that my body can
64:57 at that given time. Now we respiration through a series of different
65:06 Alright, So, first we want make sure that we're generating a pattern
65:10 inspiration expiration. I mean, you don't regularly sit there and go,
65:13 , time to breathe in. Time read that, right? Something is
65:17 that for you. So that your is naturally going through this.
65:21 do we have voluntary control over our ? Yeah, I mean, you've
65:26 me makes right? I can do , right? But that skeletal muscle
65:32 under a control mechanism that also allows to generate this without thought without voluntary
65:39 . Second thing we're gonna do is gonna try to make sure that magnitude
65:43 the body's needs. So that always up, right? What everybody
65:47 Your body's gonna get that's the right? And if you can't do
65:50 , then you're not allowed to do it is you're trying to do,
65:52 ? And the third thing is there's other needs that our body does to
65:57 and to change how we breathe. ensure that, say we don't choke
66:02 our food. Ever tried to breathe eating or drinking. It's not a
66:07 not a good thing, right? when that's when you're doing something really
66:11 , right? Like someone tells you joke, right? So your body
66:16 is telling you when to breathe and not to breathe. So, those
66:20 don't happen. So we are in midbrain or shooting the brain stem.
66:26 it's gonna be the medulla and the . And so, what we're looking
66:29 here, how do we create that ? So, we have some CPG
66:33 there um that are in the medulla are responsible for this. So they're
66:38 always at the subconscious level. There's expository and exploratory neurons here.
66:42 basically things that tell you it's time breathe in, telling you time to
66:46 out. Alright, now, the one is called the dorsal dorsal respiratory
66:51 . It's the medulla. And let just time out here for a second
66:54 you look in the literature, you're actually if you if you ever bothered
66:57 do. So you'll see that much the terminology that we're using in these
67:01 are falling by the wayside because they've this a little bit further. It's
67:05 more complex than what I'm presenting All right. But I think this
67:09 a good springboard on which to kind learn this stuff. Alright, So
67:13 off the dorsal respiratory group, the these are the things that cause
67:18 So what they do is they fire they increase the rate of firing and
67:21 increase rate. But they added more more cells to cause firing. And
67:25 that basically sends a positive signal that the lung to go. And so
67:29 those muscles are are basically contracting and continue to track as long as these
67:34 are firing. So what they do they build up their firing and then
67:37 get this feedback that says okay, to stop and then all those cells
67:40 and when they stop, what do do? You relax? Right.
67:44 inspiration. Remember normal inspiration is a of contraction of the diaphragm and the
67:51 intercostal and breathing out is just telling not to contract. So, those
67:57 things working side by side, that's DRG. Alright, so that's when
68:03 not firing. You get expiration. right now in the ventral respiratory
68:08 Also the medulla. So you have DRG and the V. R.
68:11 . This has both respiratory and So when you need to increase your
68:17 . Right? So one would be example of increasing inspiration. Working out
68:22 about going up seven flights of Right. So it tells you breathe
68:29 more and it tells you now let's using that active expiration. Alright,
68:35 now we're recruiting in the the the , the internal intercostal, the abdominal
68:43 . That's what you're now recruiting in . Exploration. Alright. You also
68:49 the pre boxing complex and this is one I think that they're trying to
68:52 they're kind of reconfiguring a re So this is the group of cells
68:57 in inflammatory in nature they display is activity in the literature. I
69:02 I think previously what they've said is it's the one that initially, on
69:05 DRG to create that conspiratorial activity. the key thing here is this is
69:11 central pattern generator. All right. then lastly, we have the ponds
69:18 the ponds has two regions. And pretty sure these two names have changed
69:22 um Your textbook has been written. fact, I think your textbook uses
69:26 names. But what we have here we have ways to adjust or modify
69:32 expiration. Alright, so the idea is that the app new schtick
69:36 it's responsible for lengthening your inspiration. it creates these long breaths. So
69:44 kind of acts as the gas The attacks on the other hand,
69:48 it. Alright. Shortens inspiration. it's acting as a break. So
69:54 are basically signaling to the DRG to prg what you need to be
70:01 It's a control on the controls. that's the first one. So we
70:08 these portions in the brain stem that responding. So when are we?
70:14 do we know we need to breathe ? When do we know we need
70:17 ? Now the easy answer is say I don't have auction around my partial
70:21 drops, but we actually measure oxygen dioxide levels and protons and we do
70:27 in two different places. First we it in the peripheral nervous system and
70:31 do it in the central nervous Which one do you think is more
70:35 ? Central? Because who needs the ? Your brain? Okay. So
70:41 we're gonna first like a peripheral then say yeah but central is more
70:45 All right now we have um these that are located in the crowded and
70:52 the aortic arteries. Why do we to measure oxygen levels in those two
71:01 ? That's where the blood is. the first place that's leaving the heart
71:05 systemic. So in theory you should saturated your blood in the pulmonary
71:11 that blood has been returned back to left side of the heart and now
71:15 leaving to the rest of your So if that blood doesn't have
71:20 something has gone horribly wrong. All now we're monitoring the changes ph partial
71:27 of oxygen, partial pressure of carbon . But it's the carbon dioxide that
71:32 the most because that's an indicator of consumption of oxygen, right?
71:39 if we're seeing that there's more carbon than we expect something is being metabolically
71:47 . We need to breathe in and in more oxygen. Alright. If
71:51 partial if the if the ph is , right, that's an indicator of
71:56 activity. So, with regard to peripheral nervous system, we're gonna look
72:00 looking at these things. The partial of oxygen is measured. But the
72:07 of measuring doesn't really start kicking in you fall underneath 60 millimeters of
72:13 So, remember we started releasing oxygen of hemoglobin at 40 millimeters of
72:18 Right? We're normally at 100 millimeters . So, we're getting really close
72:21 what normal resting temperature tissue is as leave the heart. That's a big
72:30 , right? It's saying you're almost normal resting temperature or a tissue that's
72:34 through your oxygen at a normal You're not you're not bringing in oxygen
72:39 all. Um This is gonna be real weird one. Did your parents
72:45 tell you not to play in No. I mean, it's it
72:52 incredibly foreign, right to you guys I was a kid. That was
72:55 of the things don't play in a . I was like, why?
72:58 , well, back in the day , we were environmentally conscious, people
73:02 just throw trash away wherever there was vacant lot. Alright. So,
73:06 number one and number two refrigerators used have not just doors with the rubber
73:11 . What they had is they had , right? If you've been in
73:14 of the uh science buildings, you'll cold rooms and they have the big
73:18 freezer doors. And you have to that handle, right? And you
73:22 in. You can go inside and on the other side, you can
73:24 push a button and unlatch is the and you can go out, refrigerators
73:29 have that latch on the inside. so, you can imagine a bunch
73:32 kids in a vacant lot playing hide go seek. You have this abandoned
73:36 . That's a great place to You go inside there. You
73:40 No one finds you. And what now are is you are sealed in
73:45 box, right? And as you imagine, you can start breathing,
73:52 start using up the oxygen inside that box. Brain says, hmm,
73:58 not getting the oxygen I need. , my oxygen levels are dropping,
74:01 carbon dioxide levels are rising. What I need to do? Burning through
74:09 oxygen producing more carbon dioxide suffocate the . That's why you're not supposed to
74:17 in refrigerators. All right. But see here, this is the type
74:21 thing is your body responds to a of oxygen. As in,
74:26 I need increased respiratory rate. Only it becomes life threatening. And in
74:31 situation I just described. Not only it life threatening, but it causes
74:36 . Yeah. Now these are just . I don't want you to know
74:40 mechanisms. I threw these up I used to talk about them and
74:43 just I think it's unnecessary but ultimately that each of them so hypoxia,
74:49 ? We're talking over this this next . This is gonna be high per
74:53 . It's the the rising levels of dioxide and also acidosis are all signaling
74:59 the same mechanisms to cause your body do this in the central nervous
75:04 We have receptors as well, but they're geared primarily towards ph and carbon
75:09 because the same thing is going on carbon dioxide levels rise. Right,
75:13 do we do? We're going to it into bicarbonate and that free
75:17 So I'm watching ph like a hawk I'm watching the carbon dioxide level.
75:21 an indicator of an increased activity. ? So these these central chemo receptors
75:29 near the V. R. Right? And what is the
75:32 R. G. Responsible for? , let's get more oxygen and
75:38 So, there is a um this describes the mechanism as that increases that's
75:43 to result in a drop in the . Alright, and just just go
75:47 to that original equation, which way I moving? So the big picture
75:51 is when you are trying to figure what is most important what causes me
75:56 breathe in faster or harder. It's central ph ph drops in the central
76:03 system, That's an indicator that I to breathe in. Have you ever
76:07 this? That that random sigh out nowhere? Right? Why do you
76:14 you do that? What do you it actually has to do with ph
76:23 brain? Basically what you're doing is oh ph levels are going are
76:29 So it's acidosis. So what your says is let me breathe out carbon
76:33 , let me exhale. So what doing is you're creating a disequilibrium that
76:38 the reaction to remove protons out of blood. Alright. Which is that's
76:47 yawns are too. Apparently, but anyway, so this just kind
76:51 look, central nervous system is more than peripheral. If you stick with
76:55 little thing right here, you're good go, ph is always the most
76:58 . Doesn't matter which system it But central ph is greater than anything
77:02 the peripheral. When you're dealing with carbon dioxide is more important than the
77:06 pressure of oxygen. That should always the way you think about it.
77:11 . Carbon dioxide oxygen. Central greater peripheral. Someone asked on Tuesday.
77:20 how does your lung know when to and it's because of this reflex right
77:25 . They're stretch receptors in the lungs basically say what would be damaging to
77:29 tissue. So the herring herring breuer , what it does as you expand
77:34 or when you hit certain um That's when it's like no,
77:38 no. Stop. And so it inhibits the excitatory neurons. That way
77:42 don't hurt yourself. Alright. Acts the medulla. You didn't think I
77:50 gonna get through them all, did ? Yeah. All right. This
77:55 the last one. This is the slide. And again, it's like
77:58 are other things that we control right? So you can go through
78:02 pictures, right? So the hypothalamus looking at high temperatures and so that's
78:06 affect breathing rate. So this is trying to you know when you're
78:09 what do you do breathe more? your limbic system when you're laughing?
78:15 notice that you stop breathing? Right. So there's that so limit
78:22 opt or how about how about when crying ever had that Good ladies,
78:26 you have ever had that good You know what I'm talking about?
78:29 good cry Guys don't do good We just push it down, push
78:34 . But the good cry, you're , right, You got the snot
78:38 tears and you know, Ben and the good cry. So you can
78:43 picture the good cry, right? breathing, you know? And then
78:48 the crying and then Right, also love this one. I don't know
78:54 I found this picture. It's just . Does he just look like?
78:57 this is this is what it's all for him. right? I don't
79:00 what he's singing, but it's like you sing, you you change your
79:05 patterns to match, or even when talking, you know, to allow
79:09 to bring it in the air and you use that air to kind of
79:13 whatever the activity is singing the so and so forth. So that's
79:17 real cortex matching your need in order get whatever that is accomplished. Um
79:23 another one drinking water, right? to that earlier. It's like you
79:29 you don't breathe in while you're That would just be tragic. Did
79:35 talk about the tricky in here? right. We're the only species that
79:41 right? I mean, that can through the written word or through the
79:46 word, and I know we're getting of here are trachea. As the
79:50 actually is much further down than all other primates. If you look at
79:54 chimps and anything else, the trachea much longer. They can actually chew
79:59 and breathe at the same time because when they swallow and stuff, their
80:03 sits up higher, right? So can breathe. We can't do
80:09 but we're also the only primate that actually use our voices to, So
80:13 one of the, one of the . Um Anyway, then the last
80:17 is just remember uh your cortex uh be overcome? And so the involuntary
80:25 be overridden by voluntary control, Yeah. So when your need for
80:32 , right, breathe in and
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