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GEOL6372 Petroleum Geochemistry - Day1 10-29-2021
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00:00 Yeah, okay, thank you. works so you don't have to,
00:19 looks like right. Oh yeah dr . Mhm mhm Uh huh I'll do
00:46 . Yeah, it's not that's a , thank you. Right, and
00:59 sure yeah. Mhm um Okay bless. All right, so it's
01:20 course it by myself. I want decide uh what makes you see my
01:28 in there somewhere. No, So yeah, so All right.
01:59 . Okay. Right, mm that's much we were sure.
02:39 Carla reserved for you. Yes. . No, it was in practice
02:59 . Right, for first. Mhm . Yes. Really? Right.
03:16 Oh right. Oh okay, so Uh huh The focus of resources mean
03:35 trump sites into your shops uh There it is. Move the horse
03:51 . Come on, you can read . There you go. But speaking
03:59 of these the track. So we're to try to address close trucks
04:10 the charges dark prices change. I to move from source tracks into
04:20 Yeah, the process of but it's debate. So we're going to talk
04:31 , right, please be, he Mexico as kind of a prototype normal
04:44 . I don't understand the food. , Right, my principal.
05:02 mm. And forgive me for being little bit disorganized this morning is trying
05:11 figure out what's going on with computers whatnot. He's got my computer
05:17 it's got his computer open assuming we're use this one. So let's see
05:23 we succeed. Um Just as an uh exploration risk involves addressing probability of
05:38 of reproducible hydrocarbons. The whole game to address the probability of occurrence of
05:47 life requirements in any basin in any huh circumstance. So the probability of
05:55 of producing hydrocarbons can be expressed as function of hydrocarbon charge, meaning the
06:03 of hydrocarbons that are gonna be coming of the source rock into the entrapment
06:09 . So charge, reservoir, seal draft. That's those are the four
06:18 that allows for accumulation of patrol. , so the probability of hydrocarbon charge
06:30 proper timing can have risk element. we assume that death risk element,
06:41 Probability hydrocarbon charge and proper timing is 60%. Uh, in the gulf
06:47 Mexico, it's a special uh, where plumbing and re migration are very
06:54 , uh, community of adequate accounts To, let's say 70% of
07:03 of the risk parameters and the adequate trap geometry. Other words,
07:09 seal Site, seals and so on another 70%. And you multiply all
07:16 risk factors. You end up with probably overall probability of success of
07:22 You can see how inefficient the process because every one of the elements has
07:32 has changed with it Show the overall is very uh, very sub substantial
07:40 the overall probability of success is seldom different from about 15%. So you
07:47 see how inefficient the processes are. , okay, there are certain papers
08:04 I would like very much uh, you guys it access to and read
08:14 . Uh I focus a lot on these things in great detail and I'm
08:20 slow instructor tried very much to get point across. So I am very
08:30 . I hope I don't become sure that I sound boring. So bear
08:35 me if you don't mind. okay. Yeah. What is the
08:56 system? How do we find petroleum insistence can be defined as a natural
09:06 that encompasses part of effective short trucks all the related oil and gas within
09:13 . Mhm includes all the geologic elements all the geologic processes. That's an
09:20 is a hydrocarbon recognition. The elements so shock. That's a rock that's
09:31 rich. Who is adequate amount of can be expelled, transported from the
09:43 rock into an accumulation. Um, next important element is overburdened. Overburden
09:53 all the sediments that over lie Why is that important? Because the
10:00 rock usually consisting of organic matter? necessarily hydrocarbons already available for interact.
10:10 you need the overburden in order to the source trucks deep enough into the
10:16 regime to allow for transformation of the matter. And we refer to the
10:23 matter as carriage to hydrocarbons that takes and temperature. So, so shocks
10:36 . Then you need a reservoir. need that truck that will contain the
10:45 hydro carpets. It isn't whoever. course you've got to know something about
10:52 migration path, how did you get hydrocarbons from the source truck into the
10:57 side. Once you have carried out migration, you find the migration
11:05 Then you have to recognize and identify seals. The hydrocarbons go into a
11:14 system that has no way of in these hydrocarbons, Hydrocarbons are gonna escape
11:20 blue sky. So seals. Um first locus of hydrocarbon accumulation will be
11:37 primary trap. Um Primary trap can the ultimate track or it can be
11:45 trap Now is the first point of with the hydrocarbons, but doesn't mean
11:52 the hydrocarbons are going to be there . It means that they're going to
11:56 there and they will be redistributed if system allows them to redistribute into other
12:04 after the accumulation of the primary components dress the processes that are key to
12:16 our of course the formation of the and trapped. Then the generation and
12:31 process generation can be one stage or stage, most of the time it
12:43 to stage. In other words, have expulsion movement of the hydrocarbons to
12:53 single way to end to a, the first uh trap, then there
13:00 be re migration and re in traffic on the dynamics of the system.
13:09 the immigration and re entrapment means you eventually an accumulation. Once the hydrocarbons
13:18 accumulated in the trap, all kinds things can happen, alteration of petroleum
13:30 the reservoir, alteration of petroleum in primary trap, preservation, alteration and
13:39 . All these things can happen because fluids are in the system and they
13:46 to either be preserved, he altered the trap. They're going to be
13:57 multiple stages of expulsion and migration. uh huh. The mixing will end
14:04 with properties of the hydrocarbons. That not be necessarily the exact properties of
14:10 hydrocarbons that are generated in the slow in the first place. So let's
14:19 about patrolling system elements First is so . What is the source? So
14:27 is rocked with abundant hydrocarbon, troll matter. See the key words
14:37 hydrocarbon prone organic matter, organic material is capable of transforming to hydrocarbons.
14:53 So um a reservoir is a rock in which oil and gas migrates and
15:02 , which necessarily will have to have . The space between rock grains in
15:10 oil like families and it will have have the inability means by which the
15:17 can move from point to point in across the community migration routes are the
15:27 in the rocks through which oil and moves from source to trap seal important
15:38 . The rocks through which oil and cannot move effectively. Um mud stones
15:45 owns gypsum, short canopies, all kinds of things trap is simply the
15:53 and strength. Figurative configuration, metric aspect that focuses the oil and
15:59 um into an accumulation processes generation generation the burial of the source rock temperatures
16:15 pressures that are sufficient to convert organic into fluids generation. Um The conversion
16:36 uh has to be such that the hydrocarbons have to be in volumes that
16:43 the retention capacity of the organic matter and the retention capacity within organic
16:53 So you have to overcome a lot negative aspect as much as the source
17:03 can generate and expel the more hydrocarbons should expect at the accumulation site migration
17:15 be defined as the movement of hydrocarbons the reservoir towards towards and into the
17:21 accumulation volume hydrocarbons migrating into a tested and trap peaks. In other
17:31 , traps are not completely seals. is always leakage. As long as
17:38 accumulation exceeds the leakage. You will up with hydrocarbons in the trap accumulation
17:47 volume hydrocarbons migrating into the track faster the trap leaks, resulting in an
17:53 preservation reservation implication here is that The three trap are subjected to both
18:06 and losses due to all kinds of huh problem. The hydrocarbons in reservoirs
18:19 has to be preserved. So we to ensure that there is no buyer
18:32 , no water washing nor gas There's no exactly diffraction nation. um
18:40 as 14, precipitation is not such it would plug up the question the
18:47 of the reservoir. There will be segregation, there will be a thermal
18:57 hydrocarbons within the reservoir. These are the negative elements that have. Now
19:08 . I'm really talking about timing And the lots timing. What do
19:15 mean by timing? Tiny good The the situation in which the traps
19:30 available from the minute expulsion takes timing. If the transformation is late
19:42 to expulsion, then a lot of hydrocarbons that are being generated in the
19:47 rock are not gonna be able to entrapped. We're going to go to
19:52 sky. So timing is the formation the trap that must precede hydrocarbon expulsion
20:02 migration. Um Here's an example from North sea where I'm addressing generation in
20:15 Cambridge, Jurassic hemorrhage shields, um Source trucks and migration into dr Jurassic
20:26 a force. Mhm. In this , the Canadian source beds have attained
20:36 maturity to generate and expelled petroleum Let's say 45-48 million years before.
20:44 , that's where big generation happens. that time is well before that the
20:51 uh of the early cretaceous where the are being formed. Okay, A
21:02 system has to major components if you Number one, the generative aspect of
21:14 petroleum system, number two, the entrapment. The petroleum system. So
21:23 part of the system. Uh and described in terms of charged hydrocarbon
21:29 How much hydrocarbons can be given off it spilled into the carrier system.
21:37 you can say the system is lots of hydrocarbons normally charged, average
21:47 undercharged. Not enough hydrocarbons are being . Two he expelled, migrated and
21:58 . Uh, when you talk about and drainage, there can be vertical
22:06 can be lateral migration. Yeah. . So we can talk about vertically
22:15 system or a laterally drain system. we can describe the entrapment style.
22:22 can say there is high impedance or impedance in other reasons. Good entrapment
22:29 for law and traffic. Yes, saying very clear laterally. Three source
22:37 from the source rock to the Okay, so it can be,
22:43 be lateral right in in a system the trap is in the middle and
22:50 , I mean where the source rocks in the middle and the traps are
22:54 the fringes of the basis. So is lateral migration or there will be
22:59 migration is, there are avenues that the migration happened force and what
23:06 Okay, in other words, there be lateral migration or there can be
23:13 migration depending on the system itself. , um, we can then describe
23:24 petroleum system by these three major elements system, vertically grained with a high
23:35 entrapment situation or undercharged, literally dreamed impedance. How much money would you
23:48 into that kind of situation? the chances that there is. Have
23:56 come to that accumulating our friends? . So you can see how the
24:03 of the whole system depends on these major elements charge, total amount of
24:13 that can ever get into uh migration and drainage stein vertically laterally,
24:22 efficient that migration processes and how good entrapment site is. High impedance versus
24:31 impedance. All these described, mm , opportunity that you're trying to
24:41 You can see your job is to to assess all these components. Whereas
24:47 course focuses on charge. But we're to have to understand that the charge
24:53 itself is completely affected by the drainage in the entrapment style. Okay.
25:15 these are two papers that I like to read and digest. Um and
25:22 quickly as you can get them, think I do have them and I
25:28 send them to you. Uh do me to send out these two
25:37 the reprints of these two papers, know later this afternoon. Okay,
25:55 . Okay. Yeah. Well, go to the very basics of this
26:07 . Um what is the social, did you find the term social Iraq
26:15 abundant hydrocarbon prone? He's the Cuban prone organic matter because not all organic
26:24 in the short shock is capable of and expelling red card. Only those
26:29 are hydrocarbon through. Yeah, I'm to be able to in fact create
26:35 truly so um supplementary organic matter, , can exist in the form of
26:46 organic material, organic material is soluble solvents and insoluble organic material, insoluble
26:55 organic solvents. So those components of organic matter in elementary Iraq's are the
27:06 human encourage. Those are two key that I want everybody to remember.
27:14 if you remember and understand them, don't have to memorize them. You
27:17 remember. Okay, the human encourage human um is the soluble organic material
27:31 the rocks encouraging. Which is a amount of organic matter. It is
27:39 um insoluble organic matter. He's not , inorganic elements. So in on
27:52 panel on the right, you see distribution of components Karajan, the human
28:00 which the big human small part of document is hydrocarbons, but there are
28:08 hydrocarbons. Okay, so from our from the economics perspective, we are
28:17 in the hydrocarbon fraction of the organic in the rocks. Um here I'm
28:30 how in the shallow sediments in the sediments, you've got a little bit
28:38 ridiculous which fraction is the hydrocarbons. a lot of the organic matter is
28:46 the form of carriage together with that in there will be what we call
28:52 carbon in our carbon that is privatized that is not able to form a
29:00 every sedimentary rock will have the we'll have technology and we have so
29:08 dead card. The amount of carbon on how deeply buried sediments have become
29:21 Karajan goes into hydrocarbons and goes into carp. We're interested only in the
29:33 in individual. Right. The bitumen uh hydrocarbons available for entrapment.
29:45 sorry guys, I don't want to that cause I want to do
29:47 I want to shut this thing. . Yes. Yeah. Yeah.
30:09 local data is turned off, you to connect with wifi network first.
30:17 can see I'm not even familiar with own food cooper. All right.
30:28 everybody with me so far? Okay. So, um the organic
30:38 in the sedimentary uh huh. Drugs the soluble bitumen of which hydrocarbons are
30:48 fraction the carriage in the dead That organic matter that has been subjected
30:54 severe alteration in a previous cycle of or con variant. Yeah. Once
31:03 rocks are buried the carriage and transforms documents and hydrocarbons as that happens,
31:14 amount of that carbon is going to . The amount of courage is going
31:18 decrease the amount of hydrocarbons are going increase. Right? Because you're transforming
31:24 Karajan into hydrocarbons into the document and on into hydro cottage. Okay,
31:39 . Um let's take a quick look the biochemical and neurochemical changes undergone by
31:45 organic matter that are preserved and convinced carriage. Um the organic matter can
31:54 pregnant can be cellular, Towers can proteins and the lipids forgive me for
32:08 this, but what do you consist ? Okay, so um mm
32:38 So like Origen will give rise to . The human will give rise to
32:45 Oil. Once it gets into an site can undergo transformation, uh can
32:54 secondary cracking, too much lighter Deep components can be cracked all the
33:06 to um thermo genic gas or pyro . Mhm. Okay. Source looks
33:40 I see are not penetrated, but in the gulf of Mexico, they're
33:46 because they occur extremely deep. But many other bases we can drill
33:54 the source trucks encountered, the reservoir encountered regulations. So um in the
34:01 of Mexico, the source rocks are very, extremely deep and we generally
34:11 drill that deep. It's just very expensive to actually drill deep enough to
34:18 into the source trucks. Um For DePorter wells Penetrate the upper 2000 to
34:33 to 3000 m sediments. We seldom much deeper than that. Um hydrocarbon
34:42 of course, is the, is aspect that we want to assess uh
34:49 migration, re migration um and But these processes can be very,
35:01 complicated. Yeah. Yeah. Mhm. Social analysts, how do
35:33 assess the quality of the structure? can measure the total organic carbon content
35:41 to as T. O. Total organic carbon content. Can you
35:47 of patterns of course. Um And gives us um a feel as to
35:55 richness of the socials sources. we do what we call rocky val
36:08 . So measures to Yosi gives us total organic carbon content of the rock
36:15 order to assess the ability of that matter to generate hydrocarbons. We have
36:20 do one more thing. We have simulate the heating process. We have
36:27 do the process of organization of the matter of from the cuttings. And
36:41 by a process called rocky val Paralysis is a thermal process affecting the
36:51 matter. By heating process hitting can in the absence in the in the
37:00 of action which leads to combustion. no good at all. Or in
37:07 absence of oxygen, which leads to . So the petroleum generation process is
37:15 to the process of paralysis in the where the organic matter is heated in
37:21 absence of oxygen to crack the carriage into volatile products and get them out
37:30 the rock. Um This leads to or or gives us insights into hydrocarbon
37:39 potential of the of the source Um We can also uh gather information
37:49 oil shows we can learn something about source of types and we can learn
37:54 about the sermon maturity of the source . Thermal maturity is very key element
38:01 the mental process of assessing hydrocarbon So rock of all is a laboratory
38:17 . Uh We have that in our across the street where um we heat
38:24 rocks in the absence of oxygen and the hydrocarbons that are being released from
38:32 truck in the laboratory. I also you to remember the term biomarkers.
38:40 could have visit by markers in great later, but my mark biomarkers are
38:48 um organic components in the source shrunk preserve certain characteristics that tell us the
39:04 of those parts. Are they generated higher plants? Are they generated from
39:10 , algae, things of that Um We can capture these biomarkers uh
39:28 use them to uh clean things about source faces even source age, source
39:38 migration distances and so on. Yeah oil G. C. You can
39:46 an oil sample and put it into gas chromatograph. Gc gas chromatography uh
39:53 . C. Is a gas chromatic . So G. C. A
39:57 and gcc their instrument. So um can look at the oil samples in
40:10 in the sediments. Um We can at the my guess is in the
40:18 um And we can even analyze the signature of these components. In other
40:36 , the carbon isotopic composition which is genetic factor. It tells us something
40:45 the original material that will form Um Mhm. We can take the
40:59 human or we can take the oils characterize them chemically. Uh So to
41:07 something about your species, possibly source source maturity migration distances. The chemistry
41:19 the vigilance in the social can tell or in the accumulation can tell us
41:25 even about the migration history. Um the oil has reached an accumulation site
41:39 undergo further changes, it can undergo . So breakage of the big molecules
41:50 little molecules. Um We can also at the isotopic signature of the carbon
42:03 makes up the video conference in the . Where do we get so shocked
42:20 simple as can be hold rock. you can, of course from
42:30 that's a very expensive process. Of you can take several course familiar recycle
42:40 really well. And shouldn't they plug the side wall of the of the
42:46 the of the of the whole that filled and get piece of the rock
42:54 of that not full if you Um So I I give examples of
43:05 kinds of several calls from rotary operations that records cuttings is very inexpensive way
43:15 getting samples. Just the grindings of rock as we as we uh will
43:23 the rules of the whole. You collect that stuff and get information on
43:31 organic content of these rocks. if we don't have our crops,
43:41 course we can use analogies. Um can go to the outcrop, collect
43:52 from outcrop and draw an analogy between physical properties to the organic matter in
43:59 source, strong adult crop and organic that would be buried underground. Social
44:12 . Uh There are direct measurements. social organic carbon content. You see
44:20 is a picture of the instrument we in our laboratory. It's called illegal
44:27 and sulfur analyzer. We will rise rock to 60 mesh. We're a
44:35 small amount of the truck. We it in normal hydrochloric acid. Why
44:40 we do that? Can somebody tell why we have to do that to
44:49 rid of the carbonate? Because the device measures the total carbon. The
44:56 we distinguish the total organic carbon from organic carbon content, remove the inorganic
45:05 , deliberately removed the inorganic car. all the carbon that the machine is
45:10 to measure them is organic car. um I am just chewing an example
45:21 the way we do it here in laboratory. See these little crucibles.
45:27 are ceramic crucibles. They're about an in diameter an inch high. And
45:34 grind the rock and we put small of that ground drop into the
45:40 We then put these crucibles in multiples the bath of hydrochloric acid. Why
45:51 traffic as it is going to digest removing death inorganic carbon related to the
46:00 content to the organic matter that's then preserved in the crucible is going to
46:08 the e source organic material. We measure that in the legal
46:19 Uh huh. So we digest the sediment in his crucibles, removing the
46:27 carbon, the form of carbonates that as CO. Two and we collect
46:35 sediment which would have carbon that only organic content of the rocks. Okay
46:44 carbon content um can be very even trucks. Um here is an example
46:57 organic carbon content profile in the pickle base in Mexico. Uh huh.
47:04 plot here shows the organic carbon content percentage. These bars represent the organic
47:13 and the rocks that we have collected the way down to 14,000 ft.
47:27 now. Yeah. Um So the thing we talked about is organic carbon
47:37 , total organic carbon. The next we have to talk about is the
47:44 generation potential the ability of that organic to generate patrol. That's the
47:51 We're not interested in organic coming pretend they're safe. We're interested on the
48:00 that fraction of organic carbon content that capable of transforming to hydrocarbons.
48:09 We call that the hydrocarbon generation potential the rock. On the one
48:15 we measured the total organic carbon On the other hand, we measured
48:19 total hydrocarbon generation potential of the of social. Um We do this by
48:28 measurements. We pulverize the rock just we do to the GOC system we've
48:34 , we weigh about half a gram that rock. Um and we heat
48:39 sample in the absence of oxygen. key word here is the absence of
48:49 . Okay to measure the yielded we have a detector that will sense
48:58 volatile products that are given off from rock the back. Yeah problem.
49:06 not dependent on the lethality depends on ceremony maturation level. It's the team
49:13 . Is is is okay, you a rock, you're hating it.
49:24 are going to come off. You to measure those worlds to pass them
49:31 the injector and you measure the concentration these products. There's going to be
49:40 components coming off from the rock. easy levels, visible components we call
49:48 . s. one the free those those hydrocarbon products that are in
49:54 rock that have evolved from the Hm german treatment and there is no
50:04 Call that Best one, the easily hydrocarbon components. S one He remembered
50:15 term is one after that is Well, you compose the carriage,
50:28 rise to A Quantity called The two. The hydrocarbons that are generated
50:37 the carriage. We measure those. the measuring device is a is a
50:47 conductivity detector or a flame ionization There's there's two. There is also
50:56 quantity that is measurable in the rock call it S. three. There's
51:01 represents the organic oxygen content of the . So as the temperature increases,
51:11 first products are going to be the , the free hydrocarbons that lose hydrocarbons
51:16 are going to be released. Uh the hydrocarbons cracked from the collision.
51:24 the SOO two is coming off as lot of the composition of the carbonate
51:33 . Uh but uh no, the S. The S. Three
51:40 the C. 02 from the organic itself. Okay, so As one
51:47 the free hydrocarbons ceremony extractable. The two is the hydrocarbons cracked from the
51:54 . The S three is the 02. Let's crack from the carriage
52:04 the position Of the S. two as it calls cluster system. And
52:15 into rejected the detector that the temperature which the peak expulsion from the carriages
52:24 currents. An instrument you call it T max, that's parameter measurable on
52:33 rock. That basically tells us what thermal maturity level that truck is.
52:42 need more energy to get these products . If the rock has already been
52:48 to a previous cycle of treatment. , You have a question, you
52:57 department Or any part of the one equals that you should should if
53:11 is perfect, it's easy to measure you see in the first place.
53:19 the reason why we need to do is to measure the amount of generate
53:25 hydrocarbon. The amount that the collision able to to crack into products just
53:38 . Clearly, it was never equal . No. Okay guys, here
53:49 a insert that I'm showing here. . But it's a higher heart with
53:58 work. Yeah, got it. , forgive me. Come again,
54:08 would represent some tracking for tracking Right. Right. We want to
54:18 not to be only organic rich, prone to generate hydrocarbons prone to give
54:29 the street. He so two quantities that important? The total organic carbon
54:38 and the total hydrocarbon generation potential as by the paralysis. Hell paralysis is
54:47 heating of the sample in the Fox. So the yield of that
54:52 , this is a measure of life that Iraq has available for contract.
55:02 . Does that make sense? So ? Well, it depends, you
55:12 the word how much of this to . So as to measure the available
55:19 generation potential. We want to know total hydrocarbon generation potential, not what
55:30 already left. What's available? Did read? So that's why is too
55:37 a very important measure. Okay Yeah. So everyone one is clear
55:51 the S one, S two and . Three the team makes. Should
55:57 elaborate on those As one is Right? As two is clear.
56:06 was the carriage is going to track release this one move mobile recover it
56:15 not already been tracked that you're cracking the laboratory in the instrument. Just
56:22 hydrocarbon generation potential from now forward from for so that's why would that consists
56:32 of shorter change. Uh huh. , I don't want you to remember
56:39 that way. I remember it as potential generation footage in other words the
56:54 of the organic matter or the ability the rock to generate hydrocarbon fluids.
57:03 , you see is all the country two. Is that fraction of that
57:11 that is in the form of crack ble expendable hydrocarbons available for each
57:27 Okay guys, so I also have here, uh, as one,
57:38 two as three, S three, three is really The quantity of
57:44 0 2 that's going to be released the rock which is proportional to the
57:50 quality. Co two oxygen contained Um, and then T max,
58:05 that temperature in the instrument? Right. Excellent. Questions.
58:14 Okay. Yes. Timex will migrate move from a given value to higher
58:31 . So rocks more and more often words blocks that have not been just
58:40 . They're effectively already I'm gonna healed to products very quickly. Very early
58:48 crops that have undergone some changes We're going to take more energy to
58:54 the cars themselves age. So the next then is a way by which
58:59 can assess wow energy where release, it back and therefore the ability of
59:11 project to the it's the hydrocarbon generation and the temperature at which that is
59:24 . Let's see, mm hmm. , here I'm showing yeah, we
59:46 got the point of because so probably smoking. Right. Can Yeah.
60:18 , sure. You're generating products. . The guest speaker actually born texas
60:27 for another businesses and measures the cardinals potential. That sector is sensitive only
60:38 hydrocarbons. Got two options. This a lie detector. It's special
60:46 Right. Okay. Right. The is uh detective people have seen the
60:57 detective people have seen the carbon monoxide carbon dioxide physically the oxygen components.
61:03 huh. Mhm. So we get point to support the exploit For the
61:14 month and four days. It's one the three hydro parties at the
61:20 The temperature from the rock production of is tracking of the carriage 207
61:34 The recommended intervention seems to be realized it was realized. We're still we
61:44 to be the target. Yeah, . It measures the oxygenated.
61:57 she's a major of the carriage. hmm, wow. Okay.
62:20 How do we interpret that data? . It's clear. Right. It's
62:29 total organic carbon content th G. . Is the hydrocarbon generation protection is
62:37 S. Two. When I see hydrocarbon injuries presented. Its this one
62:44 . Sure, I can my No, I can't see my
63:03 Yeah. Okay, mm hmm. . Here I'm showing the total hydrocarbon
63:25 potential versus juicy. Uh huh. normally can see two major trends.
63:35 from rocks. I'm going to give relationship along this line Cast from
63:42 We're going to give a relationship along line relationship. The S one dresses
63:48 to the goc. Yeah. Some are going to fall on this
63:54 Some rocks are gonna fall but most will fall somewhere in between these
64:00 I can use this relationship to tell oil prone versus cast prone constituents of
64:09 organic matter or I can take the in, I can remove the carriage
64:16 from the rock by dissolving the dissolving the silicates with Hydrofluoric acid,
64:22 that origen and measuring the elemental composition the carriage, elemental composition of the
64:34 named carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, content of that organic matter. Because
64:41 matter principle goes for elements five elements ? Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen,
64:46 and oxygen. Yeah. Okay, I can take the atomic hydrogen to
64:53 ratio or atomic oxygen to carbon ratio on a draft and this ended
65:02 The type of courage and I'm dealing these specific types of rocks.
65:08 so I can approach it from a G. P vs. Toc content
65:14 approaching from atomic hydrogen carbon ratio and oxygen carbon ratio to give me the
65:21 type. Okay, there are three of carriages like 123 like one is
65:29 to be oil prone charity back to Oil and gas publication type three is
65:37 gas prone carriage. Um, so analysis is very expensive process because it
65:57 as a digestion of rocks uses as , which take a lot of
66:05 It's a lot of flavor to Sure. Instead, I can take
66:12 rock sample put it in a the local wireless device and measure mm
66:21 of hydrocarbons that are being released in amount of CO two that's being released
66:26 convert those two hydrogen index and oxygen , hydrogen index being milligrams of
66:34 Program of organic carbon oxygen index being The measure of hydrocarbons uh, in
66:45 to the organic carbon content. This a mistake. Here It is co
66:57 . This is notHC guys. This co two. Right, Okay.
67:08 I can isolate my carriages by acid , removing all the mineral matter,
67:16 the organic material and examine it under microscope. I will see I will
67:27 that is moses. And this type will see materials keeps like twins and
67:38 of higher plants. I can see you look. Mm hmm. Cause
67:44 like one carriages to carriages by Okay. And of course these are
67:52 rocks. There are mixtures of these I can say I have a mixed
68:01 of human separate public in this proportion that proportion. Yeah. Mm
68:19 wow. Yeah. Okay, identification social Kunitz. Uh huh. There
68:32 criteria by which I can say, can recognize those trucks. Um,
68:40 continue more than 1% organic carbon Containing than five mg. Hydrocarbons, gram
68:49 rock. We will call them Your socks in this example. I'm
68:57 showing the three horizons that were identified green, their source A B and
69:04 . Just examples. Uh the depth these units. The sickness of these
69:10 and the mythology of these units. you have the properties of these units
69:17 the form of toc th G. . Courage and type and then the
69:25 of the character type into oil fondness gas promise. So average to receive
69:32 this particular example happens to be 3.73 13.1 average th G. P.
69:42 mg program. This is a huge potential. It's much more than we
69:49 in many uh average uh source When we say every CHP of 16
69:59 is tremendously good short struck potential. I can go further and say it's
70:11 and tried to and interpreted in the of mixed oil and gas grown organic
70:26 . So just uh this simply an of a study we did and identify
70:33 three source rocks and the properties of three source rocks. Key parameters are
70:40 joe C average T http in these . And I say average means I've
70:49 numerous sentencing this one numerous sentence, second one numerous Central street third won
70:57 I averaged organic carbon content and the http in these different kinds of
71:03 And I interpreted the type of courage in all three examples has type two
71:11 matter. Mixed oil prone gas from . Damn ! Here's another way to
71:24 this data. Um Yeah. Okay. Examples for these. So
71:54 . Um My person is not even up. Yeah I can see my
72:29 on my slide but because the enemy . Yeah but. Okay.
73:00 Yes. Doesn't take a break. ? Oh, well, mhm.
73:20 you know? Yeah. Yes. . There is. Yeah. Over
73:56 . But because of the previous cities you see the presented, you can
74:02 the next slide show. The uh me roll. So if you use
74:09 this screen showed a sense like hold like the other that tomorrow.
74:28 No, to bring the stick. . Yeah. Okay. Get all
74:37 supplies. I think that slide but I don't know. Give them
74:45 right. Mhm sure. Help you mentioned down there or just yeah,
74:59 don't like. Of course, Yeah. All right. Just only
75:51 slightly unique. Oh sorry, structure . Yes. All of this
76:13 Where did you? He replied. mean, okay, it's what you
76:24 is easy. Okay. My Okay. This game. Sure.
77:43 . Right. Yeah, yeah, , yeah. Really? Right.
78:37 ? Yes, bring it on. don't think it works very, just
78:50 it. Yeah. Right. Oh, just want to take
79:01 Which part what the whole upstairs? 100 youngsters killed at work.
79:14 Very. All right. This is only if yeah, where is what
79:33 then it would come in that the is mhm Yeah, yeah,
79:46 It was a last time. It's because well party. Oh yeah,
79:56 parked my fine art. Mm We'll meet tomorrow. At the same
80:04 . I'm like mm hmm a yeah, hopefully. Yeah. Tomorrow
80:23 want afterward. All right. Ryan tomorrow. Okay. Yeah.
80:35 after the abstract art in the world . Yes, sir. My costume
80:44 participants. Okay. The box. curious. Patrick speaking. Sure.
81:00 , it's good. It was. couldn't stop watching. I think it's
81:09 . Mhm. I think a Also the neighborhood it provides so far
81:21 then all the other people like a , sorry. Mhm. How did
81:27 manage to do that? I have say or kind of some of the
81:31 to buy the stock. So we it. Okay. Mhm. They're
81:42 excited for you. Oh, I out for as long as possible about
81:53 . Right. I appreciate it. , it was like, yeah,
82:00 this and they want, yeah, , yeah. Okay. Is everybody
82:18 ? Yeah. Okay. Um, I'm showing a photo micrografx of typical
82:29 shrunk. Um you see how highly it is. This happens to be
82:38 example from the upper Jurassic in the , miss until a basic in the
82:43 of Mexico in Mexico and I have formations represented there With the docs standing
82:53 6.35.4 to 6.5 the HYDROcodone, the indices um 500 2 9 80 corrosion
83:09 and value that I referred to as night reflectivity are some note the tonight
83:20 is, certain times I have to how to turn the stupid phone
83:29 Mm. Yeah. Mm hmm. . Um, mm hmm.
83:47 Yeah. Do you know what the veteran night means? Everybody knows what
83:57 is. It's C Mesereau. It's it's a matter of you know what
84:06 natural means. MS sarin. Iraq's we have performing mineral,
84:21 Organic matter encouraging. We have master . Yeah. Right. Mhm.
85:03 it. Four. Yeah. This . Yeah. Right. Okay.
85:19 we have Right. Yeah. Coming higher. Yeah. Engine by
85:41 Yeah. Girl, we have Its correct exact Yes. 49.
86:02 . Mm. Surprised. Yes, . Yes. Sports and politics.
86:15 . Mhm. Yeah. You know me. Mhm. We have something
86:25 this. Exactly. These highly the . Yeah. Thank you.
86:41 Seriously? Yes, it hurts Yeah. And you his nose.
87:20 . Uh And you like hi for destroyed The president has three change in
87:42 particular case. We don't have all tonight. We have more sleep and
87:49 and be very nice. But we have not. Oh, cool.
88:00 . To measure. Right. Fine. Sean what and measure.
88:18 . It gives you with any It's very existential for the administration.
88:30 my goodness. I'm just going to which I mean. But mm.
88:46 . So the the selectivity of the reason. Yes. Yeah. And
89:07 don't have all of the right in sample, hardly any. But there
89:11 enough. Right. Yeah. Yes. Yeah. Yeah.
89:39 Mhm. Mhm. Yeah. I for that, Yeah, confirmation.
89:57 . Yeah. Yeah. Yes. . To necessarily a problem, pardon
90:15 . Mhm Yeah. First it is thank you. Right. Yeah
90:25 important. Yes. They found inside . Right, right, thank you
90:39 Deep time. Yes. Mm. thank that. Right. You can
91:09 The veteran I can vary between .3 of the incident light is reflected to
91:20 , 3%, 3%, 2% of incident light is reflected. That's very
91:26 reflectivity value indicating high thermal maturation Okay, here I'm showing um um
91:49 properties of organic material in sediments from tampico millicent Leveson. Uh huh I
92:05 at the scene is OIC and the uh yes are different here. But
92:11 at the The properties of these two . They are extremely similar in the
92:22 composition. One is from 1200 ft one is from 2000 ft. But
92:33 properties are very very, very This is another core. Again,
92:44 senior Zurich and the necessary samples, have very very similar properties in the
92:56 . Oh, from the scene in and Zurich. The fact that the
93:01 properties are so similar. Uh From sample to sample imply that the
93:11 rock for these oils is one and same in other words, in the
93:18 recently basin, the oil's encountered there a common source keith. Mhm um
93:45 you asleep for the references, somebody me for the references that I referred
93:53 the articles that I wanted you to . Yeah. This is one of
94:01 by the missile and more. So one thing to measure the properties of
94:13 organic matter and make interpretations of these . So then another matter to predict
94:21 the properties are going to be like a given position setting. Let's change
94:50 now and talk about controls and source information like all properties of sediments
95:00 They depend very much on the position environment. So um There are two
95:08 critical aspects of the so strong. one is organic matter productivity. Number
95:17 is organic matter preservation. Did the of the position allow for a lot
95:30 organic productivity, meaning a lot of to plant in growth. And did
95:37 try to plankton get preserved in the ? So we'll visit organic matter productivity
95:47 organic matter preservation and then we'll pull today. Yeah. Um as I
95:56 to before said, there are two types of for getting better. I'm
96:06 here to three major organic matter My phone is oil prune, algal
96:13 . The third point energy it was the Hudson, marine and aerobic conditions
96:20 mainly from lipids and proteins. Um one kitchen from karachi from algal bloom
96:33 burns. Um Usually low in low in oxygen usually generates para finnic
96:42 altar. And we'll discuss all these later. Uh about 20% of the
96:49 crudes come from this. Type one . There is the other type of
97:00 in oil and gas. Prune comes algal and bacterial remains. It was
97:08 marine in Arabic and Arabic conditions, from lipids, plant political resonance and
97:15 um, and usually high in sulfur . Uh huh. These are attributes
97:26 you may not know enough about what going to visit them later on.
97:31 Type two carriages may account for 75% more of the world crudes. Then
97:45 have type three character the gas prone matter, land based biomass deposit in
97:54 customs or religions they take in aerobic Arabic conditions from cellulose finals and therapy
98:03 and they will result in uh, of uh huh. Hi guests on
98:12 no sulfur content And they account for 5% of the world tools. Type
98:26 collagen expressed in this distribution of normal . This would be the composition of
98:41 oil. These are the normal benefits the way all these peaks that you
98:47 there are sticks. These are the parents and distribution. This is A
98:55 distribution of 5 2 carriages. This the normal administrations factory character. Mm
99:04 . I apologize for it took getting okay simply that whereas we refer to
99:34 on carriage in and call it oil types three carriages and call it gas
99:38 all three types of courage and generate full complement of normal Paraphrase he speaks
99:44 . These these these things that you on this graph represent the abundance of
99:52 . Mm hmm, components in the mixture. So tight point character will
99:59 a distribution of normal benefits that looks much like this distribution. I took
100:05 and give a distribution. The books this. In fact three colleges give
100:12 like this. The fact that these are from in quiet low energy being
100:28 , they end up with forming highly , organic rich sediments with the fabric
100:35 looks pretty much like this. Uh . Organic chemistry. We measure organic
100:44 , peculiar measure Joseph. For in this particular example Josie is more
100:49 2%. Uh it has a high generation potential. S one plus S
100:57 hydrocarbons released from the rock. Apple is relatively high. 10 mg.
101:04 program of frog that's quite high. hydrocarbon generation potential. Um this particular
101:14 , Sheila and matt stone carbon ease , fine green, highly laminated.
101:22 are the features of these high quality trucks in the gulf of Mexico and
101:28 places. Okay. In the absence real examples and real direction samples,
101:44 can make predictions can make make predictions on the geographic billy climate. Large
101:53 and market. Mhm. Um here showing some examples from the middle Jurassic
102:05 the gulf of Mexico. Uh This is a success. This the
102:13 , the physician. Um if we an understanding of the regional health mexican
102:21 strokes. Uh mm hmm The villa um can give us a good feel
102:32 the no properties of the source trucks be expected. All these are not
102:53 here. I didn't mean to have here. That's terrible. Yeah.
103:11 mhm. I am tabulating here the tertiary applications, the lower spacious Jurassic
103:23 the way to the Triassic showing the shock types um and the environment of
103:34 physician and the correlation or the ties the rocks and the oils slides be
103:51 ones I'm Yeah, yeah. Uh huh. Okay. Uh
104:31 In the gulf of Mexico we recognized jones she will principal source trucks.
104:39 Tony in mars and carbon. It's original structure that's exploding carbonates and
104:46 Uh and I'm just showing them here dramatically. This is yeah.
105:24 The term biochemical conversion, geochemical inversion you to a new term. It
105:33 the inference Oh, source the crude from the chemistry of the product.
105:45 I'm inverting. Mhm. Social properties the chemistry of the crude oils are
105:56 chemical in there, simply borrowing terms the geophysicists uh, jargon.
106:03 I'm inverting the property was so shock composition of the products. So here
106:14 alluding to the fact that you have approach is one you'd really well and
106:19 collect samples cores or cuttings and you these samples from their properties you received
106:28 and so on. Or you can the product chemistry chemistry of the crude
106:35 itself. And infer from that chemistry the social that have generated that oil
106:45 because properties of the rocks that you're behind have been affected or opinion parted
106:55 the properties of the organic matter that . Mhm. Of the oil that
107:01 being examined. Inferring most likely source types and quality from geochemical conversion by
107:12 data, migrant oil and gas. other words, I can take a
107:18 . I can take an oil show can take an accumulation Two analysis of
107:30 accumulations. These shows these seeps can from them the most likely attributes of
107:39 source trucks and therefore infer from And the strategic graffiti what the source
107:47 in the section was that generated his . Uh I'm going to send you
108:03 papers the paper titled Geochemical inversion. picture I published 93 and the people
108:13 it was published by in pictures and hmm. On down that talks about
108:27 hmm. The interpreting molecular fossils, and ancient sediments and what they tell
108:34 about the source rock mythology. The strong mm hmm. Its particular fee
108:41 social maturity and so on. So inversion until is examining the chemistry of
108:52 oil. And inferring something about organic threat. I can say with the
108:59 matter was Elle Girl organic matter with organic matter was fire plant. You
109:07 say something of the position environment within marine environment and the customer is hyper
109:13 environments. Also reducing environment. There properties in the oil that gives you
109:19 as to all these variances in the deposition environment. I can even go
109:27 far as saying, my source struck . I have a plastic source
109:32 Do I have a carbon neutral All the chemistry of the oil. From
109:36 chemistry of a show in the chemistry the sea king. I can see
109:43 of social maturity. If I know the source of maturity is. I
109:48 perhaps infer source of death. I in certain cases say the source from
109:59 . We have certain biomarkers in the rock. Tell us where the rock
110:05 . Has or decision organic material of , dressage organic material. I can
110:11 something about the distances of migration from chemistry of the accumulated hydrocarbons. Uh
110:25 are typical examples of biomarkers, but sure in here is the geometry of
110:40 I suppose you're right geometry, fins and examples of compounds that we
110:49 in. A truly so here is entrepreneur. We call it pristine,
110:56 carbon carbon, carbon, carbon, , carbon, carbon, this is
110:59 carbon chain. This carbon chain 10 11 12, 13 14 for
111:10 in the 19 number of carbon atoms this molecule. Yeah, so this
111:23 a chain consistent carbon atoms with branches it. This is called Christine.
111:31 molecule is called fighting. The only between this one and that one is
111:36 carbon atom longer In the 13 than the Christine. There are other compounds
111:45 called tractor piece. So here is compound consisting of six member drinks used
111:54 in this manner with branches on So this is a tress. I
112:01 compelled. This is a painter click Tricyclic means three rings, pinter
112:11 five grains. Okay, tricyclic compound cycle compound. This has long
112:23 Okay, this is currently short chain the uh ranch. These are examples
112:32 you name the term all your This is a compound in petroleum called
112:39 name. This is his composition is member dreams used together in this manner
112:47 branches here here, here and here here here this one is um a
112:56 . This one is this not hoping is he telling us those weird
113:02 Because these are very important compounds that in petroleum. They tell us a
113:09 about the provenance of that. So name. Holy name comes from tannic
113:20 is the This this structure represents the skeleton of a compound called Giuliani found
113:34 higher plants, tells us something about age of that boy or it tells
113:42 something about the division environment of that . Pulling in the max sarin sarin
113:49 a compound uh, that's typically comes hyper saline environments I present. So
114:01 I if I take my old sample I analyze the composition of that sample
114:09 I find in it a substance called sarin. I can say something about
114:18 of that short struck the traditional It's not helping european is another compound
114:27 me something about whether I have uh for bacterial sources and you have these
114:36 hoping very complicated chemistry and I'm not bother you the details of that.
114:43 not gonna expect you to remember in the names of these compounds. There
114:48 certain of them that are key You might want to remember that.
114:55 you read the literature, you will how frequently you're going to encounter these
115:02 and those will be the ones that want you to remember. So Liza
115:07 noise try to pinch what all you is the most serene is what 29
115:17 is not helping their compounds. We a lot about. They tell us
115:24 about the environments of the position of rocks from which the oil came.
115:33 only name is an agent source rock only. It comes from organic acids
115:43 C. O. H. That's acid function. So you have this
115:49 , this acid function on it. O H. Carbon option option
115:56 So there is carbon civic asset function this car basilicas function and this is
116:04 alcohol function. But this is the originally Napoleonic asset upon thy genesis.
116:16 organic as it gives, this hydrocarbon no longer an acid oxygen bearing company
116:24 now a hydrocarbon. So while Yannick this rise to only name. So
116:30 will find this only name in my my oil. And I will infer
116:35 about that. Its molecular fossil. panic as it indicates. Slightly source
116:42 position terrestrial input, tertiary or younger king. Now this is a little
116:56 complicated. Um I can interpret the pains and the tricyclics. These are
117:04 . Cycle components C. 20 21 C 22. C 23 so
117:09 . Tricyclic meaning three brings in Remember this is Trish correctly. This
117:27 a panther cyclic structure. three Ring . five incumbents. So the who
117:35 and tricyclics. Um saturated samples, . Mhm. Depending on the abundance
117:45 these different groups in the in the that mixture I can say something
117:54 So I have a lot of tricyclics you can see his marine source
118:00 If I have a low T. . two p.m. If the composition of
118:04 compound, this is the composition of compound is the ratio is low.
118:10 can say it's maturity level. Uh existence of this business a little pain
118:18 when I find this compound in such . This is in theory strong abundance
118:26 this compound. This business propane is me that I have anaerobic bacterial import
118:34 large concentrations. Um and so So I analyzed my oil and quantify
118:45 distribution of these compounds from the distribution those compounds. I can say something
118:53 the origin maturity and other environmental factors that. Cruz mm. Okay.
119:25 . All right. Oh here. . Um I can get my samples
119:44 which way I can get them in cases I can go to the outcrop
119:50 collect samples from the outcrop and do chemical analysis on these samples. Uh
119:57 some cases I may not have samples from seeps seats seepage of oils to
120:09 sea floor. I can take these , sips these samples from the sips
120:16 carry out chemical inversion on them and kind of so struck from which that
120:25 has come and the gulf of We have dropped thousands and thousands of
120:32 . Uh huh. Okay. Um Mr corning. Have you ever
121:11 the term pistol according. This is diagram showing what Mr encoding is.
121:21 have according device i with things at bottom of the pipe and I drop
121:30 off the ship and goes into the . Then he treats 10 ft or
121:37 ft sometimes. And I pulled it and take it to the lab and
121:43 extrude them up. And I can analyze that mug at different points.
121:51 pistol according to characterize the yeah hydrocarbon that may have migrated from depth into
122:02 sea floor. The best encoding of surface sediments. Um We take the
122:11 and use it to interpret the oil . Um This is not really that
122:25 . Mhm. Hold all the you to know is that we have this
122:32 that we can drop into the ocean let it penetrate the mud and take
122:38 mud sample, put it on a and analyze it different points and characterize
122:45 that way. Concede oil stained piece the mud. Soon just reporting process
123:03 the gulf of Mexico. We have thousands and thousands of eastern four
123:09 collected a lot of data. We in fact even learn a lot about
123:41 samples whether they're um uh whether we a native oil or immigrated oil um
123:59 drop a court battle and collect samples say that um there is a difference
124:06 samples from a given site and another . Uh In this case I'm showing
124:12 inside a and I don't even show sites here actually. But uh that
124:18 have by the grated oil signature in of the samples and normal rain oil
124:25 . Other samples and I can distinguish and separate them and characterize them.
124:41 . And in first source source these fishes. Uh huh. From the
124:48 of certain molecular species. In my The c. 27 c. 28
124:55 . 29 regular sti rains. I make the plot like this one showing
125:01 c. 27 c. 28 29. This abundance of these
125:07 And. Uh huh This is a that have uh developed years ago showing
125:17 if the data falls in this this region in this region, I
125:25 define what it's failure environmental. Um setting was. Yeah. Okay.
125:59 . So I can talk mm The relative abundance of the tricyclics uh
126:07 . 24 tricyclics versus the C. tricyclics. And The c.
126:14 She 23 tricyclic 20 years. Doesn't what these words are. They are
126:21 complex biomarkers compounds found in sedimentary uh . And I can analyze it characterize
126:33 . And uh you know, I've interpretation of its provenance or its environmental
126:43 and so on. Yeah. Here dramatizing how I can uh in for
126:54 source bed redox conditions. Again, this happens to be from the Tampico
127:01 santa basin samples. These particular samples in here. So they tell me
127:08 about the maturation level or the provenance those uh seeps. It shows that
127:20 have encountered two types of ships inside inside B. And they have different
127:28 and they are resolved uh quite And they can infer the environment of
127:35 position for these seeds. From that . Yes cooking. Um I can
127:57 my samples and look at the distribution the normal preference in those same.
128:04 I can get it plucked like this plot like this. Both of these
128:11 telling me that I have a marine bacterial social. They have this harmonic
128:22 of normal benefits in this case. in that case I can look at
128:30 isotopic signature of these individual compounds in sample individual compounds in my sample And
128:41 the DLC 13 value for these different . So this in this particular case
128:50 the values are between 20 to -22 24 per mil. They're telling me
128:56 organic fishies or if the bill C value is that light. I can
129:06 that it's shallow water organic fishies. I can tell something about this deep
129:13 or shallow water from The l. . 13 value of the of the
129:21 in the normal pair of in And I can say with marine or
129:26 marine source by the profile of the . As you can see here.
129:35 . God yeah certain street maps of type. And uh in this particular
129:50 we were able to identify numerous areas different source uh origin. Mhm.
130:10 from these ratios are these compositions the . cy clicks. Um This is
130:19 c. recycling. I can make is it there since the plastic source
130:31 dominantly carbonate source. Okay. Hi Okay, I can tell from the
131:28 of these uh orange. It looked the mythology of the source trunk.
131:38 mainly carbon source. The heavier they're to have high self care contents if
131:49 citizens plastic source once they're going to a fighter close all fare groups,
132:20 really not doing justice to the, my course today because they don't feel
132:29 good. Maybe what I'll do is , if you reprieve tonight, go
132:36 and rest a bit and myself tomorrow , the real deal is a bit
132:41 coherent tomorrow. My apologies for not too well. Today can control it
132:54 of his life. Uh, let , let me think about it.
133:04 how I want to do that and you what I can and you send
133:07 to students. Mhm Okay. I normally don't give my slides to
133:16 students, but because I'm doing such poor job today and the slides,
133:23 some of the virus. Yeah, use these diagrams to inferences from
133:35 all are all around the world. , and I asked that you observe
133:45 these are my intellectual property and I'd you to use them with that in
133:53 not to distribute them. Proliferate. , accuse them yourself and yeah,
134:01 credit to the, to the Okay, my apologies for sending you
134:10 early today, but I really am feeling too well. Mm Okay,
134:29 tomorrow tomorrow morning we'll start at did we say.
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