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00:01 OK. I have the recorder on , I can't say bad things about

00:07 or computers. OK. Uh This where we left off. And um

00:19 of the things that I was pointing is as we left, we were

00:22 about growth faults and how significant growth are in uh in the oil

00:28 the oil industry, in terms of production, the whole, the whole

00:34 yards essentially. Um And this is an example on the coastal plain of

00:40 . And uh this is down dip and depositional. This is up dip

00:47 and, and depositional, but uh this is pointing to the

00:52 coastline and this is pointing up towards Baca's fault zone and uh and the

01:02 up there and, and even uh even have enchanted mountain. So uh

01:08 have sources in the um in the direction, uh accommodation space to the

01:15 . And so uh as this was developing these things actually filled in uh

01:22 there were growth faults that were active deposition was occurring, which is why

01:27 up dip side closer to the source thicker than the down dip side.

01:32 the accommodation space was forming over here this axis, the accommodation space is

01:39 on this axis. You can see it's kind of slowing down. Uh

01:45 also it could just be because time frozen because this is the modern

01:51 And uh but we can see that the history of these faults, they've

01:55 active for a long time. They've growing for a long time. And

02:02 I think an important thing to remember terms of two Dimensions of a three

02:08 mass of rocks is that this one thickening over here. The one below

02:18 should, the one below that should the one below that should same thing

02:23 over here and every one of them there tends to be, it doesn't

02:30 to be up depositional dip or structural , but it tends to be uh

02:37 to the point where one of the , the um the hanging wall block

02:44 filling in thicker than the foot And uh if I were to drill

02:51 something here and stop, I might know that it expands over here.

02:58 if I drill the well uh somewhere , like say over here and I

03:05 this and saw the expansion in this bed or whatever, I would know

03:11 expansion is probably to the left side the screen or in this case,

03:16 up dip direction. So it's so seems like a really dumb simple

03:21 but it's really important because um realizing that these uh depot centers, for

03:30 , this is pretty much would be Depot center in this block. The

03:33 center in this block at that here is the biggest depot center here

03:38 thins in that direction. Uh When in a basin, it takes a

03:44 for it to develop, it takes long time for these sedimentary sequences to

03:48 deposited. And so for long periods time, whatever's going on here is

03:59 by whatever's going on over there and gone over here impacts what's going on

04:03 there. So if for whatever I have data showing that this bed

04:08 thickening in this direction. And if had more section and a bed above

04:12 was thickening, I would automatically know one should be thickening too. And

04:19 that relationship uh was a real simple that was taught to me in my

04:25 , the early parts of my And it's uh it's proven to be

04:30 useful in terms of predicting uh For example, if you drill a

04:36 really close to the fault like you're gonna lose some of the section

04:40 you might not notice that it actually . But if you know that this

04:45 has been moving and somewhere else, , you know that this section is

04:50 and a section above it is you know that in spite of the

04:54 section in that fault. Uh This has to be thickening because the beds

05:01 it and above it have been And even in this, well,

05:05 be able to see if this was deposited longer and there was a section

05:10 it. There isn't, in this case, uh You would see thickening

05:13 here and you would come down and thickening in the, in the younger

05:18 . Um, uh If, for example, you somehow drill like

05:23 , you could see thickening here relative a weld over here and so on

05:28 so forth. Uh This is, know, this is only two

05:33 if I had a three dimensional I could probably explain it to you

05:37 little bit better. But, but um when net to gross increases in

05:45 direction in one bed, it usually in the same direction in the other

05:50 and you can uh almost all the count on it. Another thing that

05:56 doesn't impact this class but impacts other that I teach is that the rock

06:01 rates uh in any one geo geographic going down are pretty much the same

06:09 a long period of time. And that's an important thing to know in

06:14 of depositional sequences. OK. So kind of looked at uh uh uh

06:28 uh extensional basins rather. And now gonna look at convergence settings and uh

06:33 of course, um a good number those can be listed as arc systems

06:39 Portland basin type uh settings. And a uh an arc system and although

06:48 obvious something uh here is going on terms of compression and some, some

06:54 and over thrust and that sort of here. Uh The accretionary prism and

07:00 uh of the strata as uh the crust is, is diving into and

07:08 a continental mass, a lighter Um and it could happen continent to

07:15 too, but excuse me, ocean ocean or continent to continent would be

07:18 Himalayas. But you get these uh features and of course, behind the

07:24 arc uh uh because of the flow uh the magma that might have caused

07:29 of this and reacted as as you getting this plate sinking down here,

07:35 You can end up with some back extensional uh features. So the four

07:40 of course is the compression side. can also get a extensional or tension

07:47 over here. And the main faults we look for with compression stress,

07:58 They're gonna be a stronger S1 in direction or sigma one rather. And

08:09 what's so different about this in terms the forces at play from a normal

08:24 , you know, in a, a normal fault, this thing called

08:29 stress, which it is is not be as strong. But what,

08:36 would make this block fall down instead go up. Come on. I

08:50 you guys can, can speak Do you want me to ask somebody

09:01 ? What's the difference between this fault uh in a normal form in terms

09:08 really the energy of the stress? , so are you asking like what

09:23 causing the compression of stress or is like what is causing that hang?

09:28 wanna go upwards or? Well, what the picture shows. So,

09:32 , that's what I'm asking. That's what I'm asking. Why is why

09:36 that block going up instead of Like it would in a normal

09:49 If it seems too simple, it be, I mean, just because

09:56 compressions coming from, OK. So have rather than vertical load of

10:05 you have lateral compression stress, It's coming from the side rather

10:11 and it, and it has to stronger than the force of gravity to

10:14 this because it's actually pushing against it it, this is sliding upwards instead

10:19 downwards. OK. OK. and so with a normal fault,

10:26 thing would be reversed and the hanging would go down and the football would

10:31 in position. And so, uh don't know if you can see

10:35 Um but the uh the block would , the hanging wall block would drop

10:42 than raise up. And that is primarily the Sigma Sigma one in that

10:49 , would really be gravity and that when you have to stretch it

10:53 And when you look at these simple , it makes all of it quite

10:58 , I think because if you imagine that the world is based on these

11:04 blocks. Uh This length is the part of this block. And this

11:13 thing right here is the shortest part this block. So this, this

11:19 and this level are trying to get . In other words, the shorter

11:23 of the blocks are trying to match the, when the hanging wall drops

11:29 , the longer interval, uh tries match up with the longer interval of

11:36 . And it doesn't have to go the way down here. But

11:38 what's happening is you're stretching the And so that when the crust

11:46 uh it has to stretch because it to stretch. Gravity pushes this block

11:52 when uh the crust is being uh the block has to go to

12:00 shorter elements. And therefore, uh compression or the lateral compression has to

12:07 stronger than the force of gravity, would allow it to drop, it

12:10 it up and it actually shortens the . OK. Here is just uh

12:18 you an obvious one uh in the record and it's a nice one because

12:23 shows you that things can change. fracturing of course, requires uh a

12:31 medium. And here you can see at, at some certain depths,

12:35 was ductal. And so instead of it bent, but up here,

12:42 more brittle. And therefore, from point further, it broke. And

12:46 don't know if this was uh two or um if uh you know this

12:55 first when it was warmer and then was more stresses and then this happened

12:59 . Uh But, but if, it did uh what, what I

13:03 we're seeing here is we have we're to a thermal and pressure uh regime

13:09 uh the rocks here and their composition that pressure and temperature are ductal.

13:14 as you get above it, uh same or similar rocks are more brittle

13:21 they fracture. OK. And uh the difference of course, between a

13:28 reverse fault and a thrust fault and reverse fault, of course is low

13:36 . But what's the big difference between two slides in terms of these kinds

13:43 links that I was talking about looking this dimension. One's a lot longer

13:56 the other or wider. Yeah, a, it's a much more

14:01 And um in other words, this be uh a limited amount of presty

14:10 . This is a massive amount of shorten and this often uh would be

14:16 result of uh rather than compression stresses , overcoming gravity. But significant uh

14:25 type stresses that you might see in a collisional area where uh two

14:30 are coming together Ok. And of , when this happens, we get

14:36 load on here and this load starts push down the basin in front of

14:42 . And, uh, you get kind of thing that looks something like

14:46 and, um, this is out , uh, the Allen and Allen

14:52 . Um, some student borrowed my and I, I, I don't

14:56 I'll ever see it again. uh, but it's a really good

15:00 geology book that uh actually gets into how structure interacts with the petroleum

15:08 So it's a, it's a really , it's a really good structural geology

15:12 and it gets into petroleum systems on of it and uh very good

15:19 brothers and uh and very good uh not the greatest illustrations but uh but

15:25 get the point across. And of , this is showing you some simpler

15:30 thrusting and this is a little bit uh complicated where you had a significant

15:36 and then a later thrust that actually caused something to dip down uh outboard

15:48 this basin in the four deep. uh and uh creating it, creating

15:52 another uh four deep essentially or piggyback as they call them. So it

15:57 be very complicated and you see how things are stacked up and basically uh

16:03 like this gets stacked up on top another one or underneath another one and

16:08 one gets stacked up on top of . So we're talking about hundreds and

16:13 thousands of kilometers of rustle shortening. so pretty, pretty significant.

16:22 One of the things that I think important for, um it's, and

16:30 is out of your uh book, either uh um first or second

16:38 it has this in here. And basically, it shows you how you

16:42 get the main 44 basin up here you can get additional piggyback basins that

16:47 smaller. And as an expirationist, know, of course, the for

16:53 is gonna be the biggest and you that as you move along the trend

16:56 this direction, you're going to get and smaller bases. Another thing that's

17:01 to understand is that the orientation of basin uh is gonna be uh parallel

17:07 the thrust and uh and it's gonna potentially elongated in like here. But

17:17 down here, uh here's here, is showing you this one, the

17:21 down here will also be elongated out in the for basin. Uh But

17:28 as you, as you progressively go this direction, uh they tend to

17:35 oftentimes get smaller and smaller. In case, if you can't see it

17:40 it's showing you um uh in mega , not thicknesses. But uh but

17:46 you can see, uh from this , you can see that they do

17:50 smaller and smaller. So they, tend to be uh linear and parallel

17:55 the thrust and uh and they uh to get smaller in terms of depositional

18:03 as you go back into the compression basis. And that's kind of uh

18:08 to remember if you're drilling out here somebody starts drilling here, you

18:12 they're going for a smaller prize, it might be still economic and to

18:18 here. So, uh when anybody develop this, they would find something

18:23 . And of course, exploitation would them to try it here and see

18:28 that works. And then of if that's, that's still got enough

18:31 reserves, maybe you might try the one. So that's kind of um

18:36 you might exploit a trend that you out here in the for basin and

18:40 into the piggyback bases. OK. not gonna talk a lot about it

18:46 uh because again, I've, I mostly in an extensional uh regimes uh

18:53 terms of the uh the basin Uh another type is transform settings which

19:00 trans tension compression and, or And uh these are a number of

19:10 here where you get sort of a the, the offset on the transform

19:19 is moving and it sort of leaves , an open space in the middle

19:24 forms a lot of these, these and smaller uh um uh basins of

19:35 type. And uh so this trans one, in other words,

19:41 it's sort of uh moving in one on one side, moving in one

19:46 on the other side. And something being left open in the middle that's

19:49 dragged one way or the other. such that this is getting pulled

19:57 So they're called pull apart basins. of course, I had a note

20:00 here. The ridge Basin is one these two, which is uh 9

20:06 uh deep in the Miocene. And here it is. And uh This

20:13 does come out of Allen and Allen , they've got a newer audition since

20:19 . And uh you can see here when this thing uh pulls apart,

20:25 creates an enormous amount of um the freshwater but saline, well, not

20:33 water, but saline. Um non would be the best way of putting

20:39 . It is sodium fluoride dominated like uh like the ocean. And because

20:46 that and the fact that the rock rate is so great, the rock

20:51 uh rate will dilute any organics. there? The fact the fact that

20:55 was a sodium chloride dominated lake instead a sodium bicarbonate lake, uh it

21:04 have filled in. Excuse me, um appetite would have been precipitated out

21:09 the water column, making it harder algal growth to uh explode and uh

21:16 eutrophic and develop into significant uh accumulations , of uh Carris, uh which

21:31 if it did, it would be by this. So there's uh one

21:35 the questions when I was uh working the uh global C basin project in

21:39 I was in charge of it. I would get is this basin is

21:44 . It's full of good sediments. got shales, it's got sandstones.

21:49 doesn't it have reservoir rocks in Uh The rapid deposition could have impacted

21:57 maturation if there were carros, uh it was a high rate of

22:02 this amount of uh sediment accumulation might have uh diluted it too much.

22:08 the fact that it's uh sodium chloride fresh waters. Uh It, it

22:14 not produce as much uh phosphate in water column or, or uh keep

22:20 in the water column. And uh algal production was, was also

22:24 . So there's a lot of good about this basin in terms of why

22:29 it a good lake basin like the basin? Uh But one of them

22:34 , it's the wrong chemical composition. . When we look at small

22:41 which of course is really important. of course, these fractures are filled

22:47 with cement and uh various minerals and it could be a calci. Um

22:57 , I can't really look at it enough to really identify what the mineral

23:00 myself. But um this is showing that at one point in time there

23:04 fractures here and um this isn't an melt or anything. And these uh

23:12 fractures were filled in with cements. at one point in time, they

23:17 a lot of this shale with channels porosity. Like I showed you in

23:22 cat scan uh the micro C T uh earlier. Uh So there's uh

23:29 aren't roots or anything like that, they're natural fractures that could have made

23:33 a lot easier for uh uh not additional porosity to exist in the

23:40 but the ability to the surface area here would have allowed the draining of

23:46 the rocks around those fractures uh might extend out. The draining may not

23:52 out very far. But uh the to remember is that surface area is

23:59 gonna increase production in a fine grain and the more fractures you have and

24:04 longer your well bore is the more area you will have. And um

24:12 course faults quite are often aren't as discrete or uh distinct as we

24:20 to draw them on maps and uh in cross sections. Uh so a

24:27 of times they could be uh complex zones of failure. And uh and

24:34 this is just kind of showing you , what it could look like.

24:37 this is from the Shepherd book. one of the other things about this

24:41 that uh something like this probably provides maybe not a barrier but a baffle

24:49 flow across here. Uh Here we see uh cataclysmic zones in, in

24:57 . And we can see shale smear this shale smear um makes me think

25:04 gonna have a bagel. Uh the smear and not schmear is uh is

25:14 would block flow right here. So has fractures that couldn't uh potentially enhanced

25:22 and permeability. But here it uh it may have, there's some cementation

25:26 it, create a baffle, but we have something that's actually creating a

25:31 . And uh when these uh faults uh quite often for them to

25:37 they have to dilate. And if dilate uh then there's gonna be some

25:43 flow across the whole boundary of This for example, is a growth

25:47 and it started to move. It's drawn, like drawn like a growth

25:51 because you can see the, the are relatively the same thickness. Uh

25:57 a small block diagram, but it tell you a lot, an awful

26:00 about what I was telling you earlier . Um If you see a side

26:04 growing, it's gonna impact all the above it and below it because it

26:10 is a process that takes a long . OK. And here's uh uh

26:17 where you can see definitely see gouge over here it's missing. So I

26:22 , this is in the rock record you the same kind of thing,

26:26 could be porosity. And so you have something uh for example, if

26:30 wasn't completely cemented up. Uh You have a reservoir rock here that could

26:36 and leak right through this baffle here that could drain, get through this

26:41 and up into and fill this And if the source of the

26:45 if this was a sandstone and was in the past, oil and gas

26:51 have uh could have been a conduit bring it from the source, from

26:55 to here to here. And it be, this is a small

26:59 but on a large scale, this of thing happens too. So when

27:02 faults move, um they do it there's some sort of energy that helps

27:11 it and uh fix a trophy. know, when you vibrate uh

27:17 they automatically go into dynamic di And sometimes uh that's why you can

27:22 fault offsets. And of course, can often do that uh in soft

27:27 too, which is why they become dangerous uh things in California where you

27:32 soft sediments on very hard rocks that transmit uh vibratory waves into uh soft

27:40 that can, can go fix a and start flowing. OK. And

27:48 uh the last slide I think is up on this and I was gonna

27:53 to keep up on my desktop screens , just lock me off again.

28:18 yeah, and so um yeah, where we're at. So anyway,

28:37 just want to point out in the diagrams, I'm gonna give you um

28:43 fracture orientation, for example, in . And this was important in unconventional

28:50 the direction that you have to drill . And we'll look at this a

28:55 bit more detail later, but sometimes because of your acreage, you can

29:01 run your laterals in one direction. If you had an elongated north

29:08 bit of acreage, um in other , the long axis was north,

29:15 , the short axis was east and . Uh you couldn't drill long

29:21 east and west, you'd have to in north and south. So this

29:25 sort of a moot point in many . But when you can um um

29:31 that well, more perpendicular to the uh natural fractures, you have a

29:39 chance of interconnecting a lot more fractures increasing that total surface area that

29:45 that you thrive to obtain to get flow. And uh this points out

29:51 of the uh if you go into area and you see some fracture

29:56 uh what it's trying to point out the fracture patterns uh may be the

30:01 of several different uh stress regimes because happen through time and uh often they

30:09 , but it can happen. And and so that's what this all

30:15 And so that um you know, you, if you have a fracture

30:21 that's related to one set of stress , it makes it very easy.

30:27 If you have a, a big that you're drilling and you don't have

30:31 north, south, east west constraint a southeast or northwest or whatever.

30:36 And you can drill them in any you want, then you know,

30:40 favorite thing to do would be try drill them for the most part perpendicular

30:44 the natural fractures. And so uh blocks are trying to show you uh

30:53 the normal faulting stress regime would be uh in a uh extensional system.

31:03 uh based on one of the discussion that I asked you, you can

31:07 here here, see here that the one is uh just red axis.

31:13 of course, that is the force gravity essentially. And um when this

31:22 is uh worked or stressed, it to uh extend and when it extends

31:30 is going to cause uh most of motion to happen. And so these

31:34 can fall down into whatever uh stress voids that are created. And um

31:43 of course, oftentimes the the types fractures uh that you get are gonna

31:51 perpendicular to the stress field that's responsible them. And so the major uh

31:59 motion is gonna be related to And then as it's flexing, uh

32:05 weakest one is gonna break in this . And the second weakest one uh

32:10 gonna be uh not very prevalent in . And you can see here that

32:15 have skylights on it along there, um to this stress bill right

32:26 And you can also see that, this uh wants to go up and

32:31 , but it doesn't um because of way uh things break at angles.

32:39 so it slides down, here's uh same sort of thing uh going on

32:47 a reverse faulting stress regime or uh this diagram, it looks like a

32:53 and you can see the similar, similar relationship between the S one S

32:57 and S3 and uh and just keep eye on study these uh things on

33:05 own. Uh So that you can of get an idea of what it

33:10 uh looks like but seeing something like , uh you can tell that some

33:16 the major fractures uh are gonna you know, plain or this way

33:22 perpendicular to that, that would be uh the weakest uh is you can

33:31 , you see again, very little to the sign sigma two.

33:36 but the sigma one has got these these things related to the actual uh

33:42 motion that's, that has to Um It doesn't do anything for things

33:48 crush right into each other. So have to have this diagonal offset uh

33:53 motion to happen in the crust to , Same with this one here.

33:59 then this is just the same thing on its side and this is a

34:03 faulting stress regime. Uh where you also see uh where the major faults

34:09 gonna be relative to that stress. then to the Sigma three, you're

34:15 get a relative stress uh in response the weakest thing, it's perpendicular to

34:22 axis. OK. And uh if ever in a, in a situation

34:35 that's going on, hopefully your company have a structural geologist to help you

34:41 it. It does make a good question. But those three diagrams,

35:03 . Moving along to with what we scheduled to start, um, let's

35:10 looking at basic logging tools. And course, um how many have you

35:20 uh sat on a, a, rig where they had one of these

35:25 line tools uh active. I excuse me. I did.

35:35 And uh has that been often or a few times or Uh like three

35:42 4 times? OK. And uh you ever, are you ever uh

35:49 on a site when they're doing M D tools? Yeah. OK.

35:56 while drilling. That is OK. that's gonna depend on the pipe and

36:02 bottom hole assumably through the drill OK. So, uh a lot

36:12 this is going on now, especially we're doing um um laterals.

36:20 it's a little bit harder to drop lines down. I know uh we

36:25 deviated wells with wire line when I uh when I was doing this on

36:31 regular basis and things often would get and it was a lot of uh

36:40 difficulty in, in getting the, um wire line assembly down the

36:47 But uh there were ways around it I might mention mention a couple of

36:51 , but uh this is part of whole, the dull downhill drilling

36:56 Uh Uh There's uh a lot of ways they do it. I think

37:02 of it's hardwired now and, I haven't been on a rig,

37:08 , that had this type of uh capability. Uh, but it's,

37:13 , it's, it's taken a long to advance and, uh, and

37:17 course, with unconventional, it was to advance very quickly. So there's

37:21 lot of new tools, tools out that I've never worked with. I

37:25 have heard about them. Ok. Anyway, uh, all logging tools

37:33 , uh a number of purposes and foremost one is to do uh formation

37:43 uh over the whole length of the , or at least the part of

37:46 , well that you're interested in many if you're drilling a relatively deep.

37:51 , you're not too interested in what's to the surface because you're drilling,

37:56 know, you're gonna be drilling through and sands or limestones and, but

38:01 of what you'll be passing through in of fluids are aquifers and you really

38:05 wanna, um, uh, find that much about it unless you're drilling

38:12 water wells. And uh and I did a lot of work with

38:16 wells on the east coast or I say the South Carolina, North Carolina

38:23 . And uh some people think the coast is just, just up in

38:26 England, but the east coast extends the way to the tip of

38:31 And uh anyway, um uh the of course, that are important with

38:37 terms of formation evaluation is gonna be things porosity, permeability, uh

38:44 rock, density and velocity and gross , the formation. Um Obviously,

38:53 helps to have at least two wells do some of this uh dip logs

38:57 help a little bit that'll be in next lecture. And uh these other

39:03 are very important and a lot of kind of uh put all well logs

39:08 something related to this. And um when we look at what's in your

39:14 , and I, and I think I don't know if you're reading the

39:17 , I hope you are uh because explains a lot of these things in

39:21 detail than we have to talk about class. And uh part of learning

39:26 , is reading and listening. I'm trying to help you. Listen

39:32 uh and I'm trying to give you uh that might not be in the

39:36 but uh wire line and after drilling uh is one thing and then M

39:46 D on the drill stem, all that sort of thing. Some

39:50 the real common things is temperature log it really helps to know what the

39:54 hole temperature is for a lot of . Uh, also understanding,

40:02 the well gauge or the width of well, does anybody, uh,

40:06 think you've, some of you've had , why is the caliper log really

40:10 to run? I think a Caliper will tell you if you have any

40:19 or cave ins, that kind of . It, it essentially tells you

40:24 wide your, your, uh, is, doesn't it? And,

40:28 , and so, uh, if a wash out, it's gonna be

40:31 than it should be. If it's filled in cave in or something,

40:35 gonna be thinner and, uh, sort of thing. And,

40:40 it's really critical when you're doing, , wire line logging because of

40:46 if you have a wash out, , and you're, and you're in

40:49 , well, that's deviated at 65 and not lateral, uh, it's

40:54 enough. Uh, if you have small tool and a big enough wash

41:00 , uh, another issue might be the tool would just fall right into

41:04 and get stuck. And, when you stick a tool in

41:07 well, it takes drilling time and drilling, um, the,

41:13 the tool pusher gets really upset. guy that is, uh, in

41:17 of the drilling, uh, aspect that well, gets pretty upset.

41:22 uh and so you don't want that happen uh when uh what, what's

41:26 thing that if you have a wash , what could that also uh

41:33 It can give a basic implication about solution. Excuse me, it can

41:39 us a basic explanation about the Yes, of course. Yeah.

41:44 of course, a shale might be little bit harder to wash out.

41:48 normally, if the formation, uh know, if you, if you're

41:54 through unconsolidated sediments, it could just sand falling into uh into the well

42:01 uh the flow. But to get wash out, you have to have

42:04 little bit of flow into the well the formation. And if it's

42:10 for example, if you hit an pressured section that washout could be dramatic

42:16 uh and it could cause uh problems your mud balance, the weight of

42:21 mud that's holding, holding down the . So washouts can sort of be

42:27 uh an indication of problems that you're have further down in the, well

42:31 the pressure regimes get higher and the between uh the mud that you uh

42:39 mud weight that you have at a depth might be uh be getting higher

42:43 that and the formation if you hit of these things. So it's uh

42:47 a, it's a good thing to an eye on what's going on with

42:51 , uh, your well bore. your well bore is well maintained and

42:55 pressures of the mud and the formation well balanced, you normally have

43:00 a much cleaner, uh, well with nice mud cake on the sides

43:04 everything is working the way it's supposed . When you get a wash

43:08 things are not always working well. , uh, as you go deeper

43:11 get into greater pressure regimes and uh possibility of higher uh pressure gradients across

43:20 a formation, then you um you , you need to start becoming alert

43:24 keep an eye on uh pressure kicks stuff like that. Anyway, uh

43:30 another tool that goes down and it's it helps to have things under control

43:35 you do this. But there's, a whole list of different things,

43:38 repeat formation, the formation mal the modular dynamic and uh whoever made

43:47 tools first gets the easiest acronyms, you made the tools, uh you

43:52 , like a lot of times Schlumberger the best acronyms and then um uh

43:58 of the other companies would have to in and uh like dress or Atlas

44:02 somebody like that. A lot of have merged together. Uh They would

44:06 to come up with different acronyms for same tools. Another thing that you

44:10 do in the well bore with, uh with wire lines and uh and

44:15 pipe is um uh sidewalk courses. . And, uh, we're not

44:23 , in this, this lecture, not gonna talk about uh, conventional

44:28 or standard chores or split spoon chores that kind of thing. But

44:33 we'll kind of get to it a bit. Ok. Uh So the

44:39 , uh, your book divides I guess I got past this.

44:43 are the three types of tools that book likes to list. In other

44:48 , there are tools where their primary is rock mythology. There are tools

44:57 their primary purpose is porosity and And then there are tools where the

45:07 uh thing is fluid identification. And think that it's uh heuristically or um

45:16 of intellectually important to understand why people lump these particular tools in this,

45:24 in these categories. So I think need to try to think of it

45:27 that terms. Uh I remember I a lot of petro physics courses when

45:31 worked for Mobile. And uh I got really good at it because

45:37 picked up everything quickly back then. uh I was glad when I didn't

45:44 to keep doing it, I guess some reason because it's uh it's a

45:48 , little bit like being an accountant , and believing in deterministic models.

45:53 , I often think there's a lot fuzzy reality in, in nature and

45:57 always have trouble with things that uh to be done with incredible precision and

46:03 are wrong even though they're using incredible . But all of these tools,

46:10 almost none of these tools measure exactly it is. They're supposed to be

46:15 . They measure something that reflects uh things like the rock logs,

46:22 , rock logs. They're not telling not like you would be.

46:27 that's a sandstone. That's a They're trying to figure out a way

46:31 determine if it is a sandstone. would it respond with this tool that

46:36 have, if it's a shale, would it respond with this tool I

46:40 and likewise, with process and they almost never me measure exactly what

46:45 is, they're supposed to be explaining because of that, there's a great

46:50 of fuzziness in the interpretations. Um you went to artificial intelligence, uh

46:59 would work if you limit it to basin at a time because each basin

47:03 gonna have a completely different set of and uh and have a completely different

47:09 in how these things respond correctly and they re uh respond incorrectly and how

47:16 in concert with the other tools help see things uh that you're trying to

47:22 out in the well. So it's really uh it's developed by engineers and

47:27 that think in a very deterministic But at the same time, it's

47:32 important to be like a geologist that a lot of things on the concept

47:37 what what it is you're trying to out. And uh and concept is

47:43 simpler than deterministic models. It's, much more uh brain intensive than uh

47:51 uh you know, just running an . OK. So anyway, uh

47:55 we got to that. And um the first thing we're gonna talk about

48:00 are gonna be rock tools. And course, uh one of the most

48:06 rock tools is the gama. And the log was initially designed to help

48:17 between mud versus sand. And it relate to perm, it does relate

48:25 porosity. Uh You know, this obvious uh porosity indicator because we know

48:34 muds are often fine grain and plates uh silicate plays. And uh and

48:44 their arrangement, if we find muds sands, uh we should see a

48:50 uh strong indication of something that could sealing and something that could be porous

48:59 perm. OK. And uh when look at a Gama log, we're

49:06 at the total, but there's also spectral Gama loue that breaks it down

49:12 uh element and the main elements that us this natural gamma radiation that comes

49:21 of the rocks without us putting anything there. Uh It, it's a

49:26 measurement of, of total gamma response , and then uh it has uh

49:33 spectral gamma can discriminate whether it's predominantly potassium or thorium. And these,

49:40 different things can tell you where the are coming from. And so a

49:45 of one uh often as marine shales the predominance of these other ones relate

49:52 source rocks coming from something other than typically uh well, well weathered marine

50:02 that uh that are very rich in and uh in silicates that absorb the

50:10 . OK. And this is just you a typical Gama log and uh

50:16 blown up part of it just to get a better look at

50:20 And here you can see a sale you can see the sandstone.

50:28 when the gamma ray is high, tend to call that hotter or,

50:34 uh when it's slow, we call cooler. So because these uh marine

50:39 have more organics, the uranium count uh very predominant and very high.

50:47 so you get a hotter shale. Typically the marine sandstones have less organic

50:54 in them, less uranium. And they're cool. And so that's what

50:59 see over here for the sandstone. see here that someone's den alithia may

51:06 on cuttings. I don't know. what is this trying to tell

51:22 what is that spot right there? to tell you, it says sand

51:29 , radioactive Sound. Um If, they were radioactive sands, it would

51:38 unlikely that it would be just one , maybe the whole thing would

51:41 But what it's trying to tell you that um we're going through a sand

51:46 as we get cuttings through it, may be thin partings of shale.

51:51 when I look at a cutting I never see anything with a lot

51:54 shale, but it's all jumbled up those cutting samples. And basically what

51:59 is telling me is that there there are sand or excuse me,

52:03 shale stringers in here, there's shale in here. Uh that must be

52:10 rich and are causing this to Uh When, when we're looking for

52:15 , we do find hot sands and sometimes when we're not looking for

52:19 we find it too. Um sometimes for the right reasons. Uh When

52:28 when uh I did a lot of on the coastal plain of South

52:33 uh I worked with a number of in uh one of uh one of

52:39 uh masters students. I was working a phd, one of the masters

52:43 had to log down depositional dip and structural dip from the uh the A

52:49 plan or the Barn Barnwell bomb It's known by both names. So

52:54 they uh did a lot of um grading of uh uranium sources for World

53:04 Two to develop some of the first and it was built in a

53:08 It was uh it's been a catastrophe since. But one thing a lot

53:12 people don't realize is that those fluids migrating down to in some of the

53:18 . And, uh, the chemical most worried about are some of

53:22 uh, heavy organic minerals which are carcinogenic than the uranium itself in most

53:29 . And, uh, but with gama log, they drilled into some

53:34 sands and shells and picked up a hot sand, uh, that shouldn't

53:40 hot and it's because the fluids coming the bomb plant and, um,

53:46 research area got closed down really Uh But anyway, uh that does

53:51 in this case and this is something find that's extremely difficult to get anybody

53:58 had a petro physics course to understand that when you look at these

54:05 these, these squiggles are telling you . They're not, it's not just

54:08 calculation that I need to make, gonna tell me this is Sam,

54:12 , this little signal, it's full information without ever pulling out a calculator

54:18 a computer. And this is showing right here. The sands are probably

54:25 clean here. The sands are very here. There's something going on in

54:30 . So my net pay would have be diminished because of that kick.

54:35 I get up into here, I see that I've lost whatever might be

54:40 , my sand cut off and here this because there's, there's a dramatic

54:46 . Let's see if I go like . You know, here we're in

54:50 shale unit. If I made my sand cut off, which is

54:54 an easy thing to do with the is to come up with a shale

54:57 off. But uh but this, would probably be a good sign.

55:02 I've got nice clean sands over nice clean sands over here. This

55:06 of the sand, not only this of the tip, but also all

55:11 here, uh would be an area we might have a little bit of

55:16 issue. And so if I'm trying do that sand in net pay in

55:24 area without even having a petro physic board or a calculator or a computer

55:33 could do it for you. Uh can eyeball this and say this whole

55:39 is not paid and I would remove on the scale of this, it

55:45 feet. It's really weird for me see feet on a um European

55:49 but I'll go with it and you see here this is 250 ft

55:54 So, um, you know, are pretty, pretty thick sands.

55:59 you'd have to probably uh pull out you know, 10 or so feet

56:06 net pay on this, this inflection here. That might be less than

56:11 . But you've got all this going as you get off the shoulders down

56:15 shoulder and up that or up that and down that. And anyway,

56:20 and here you can see uh the lines or the organic content uh is

56:28 higher. So even this shale uh be a little silty here and a

56:34 bit silty up there. But it's uh uh probably a pretty uh sea

56:41 ceiling thing through here. But if go down here and look at the

56:44 and I can see these things are hot, see all that, we

56:51 all these hot spikes and these really spikes, uh many times will end

56:57 being flooding surfaces where uh a certain in a pair sequence or a

57:05 we had a high, a high uh which uh increased the amount of

57:10 shales versus any other types of silicates um and clays and, and uh

57:17 sand size particles. OK. So we have a nice, the Nansen

57:22 course, is a really nice thick . It's got an obvious shall break

57:27 it. Note that it's not much than this, which isn't detected in

57:31 cutting sample. Notice also that the response time on this is pretty

57:37 . You can see a lot of going on over short intervals. You

57:42 , there's a lot of activity, to speak on this log as it's

57:47 down a hole like that. And um a lot of uh chalk

58:00 look exactly like this except they just going and going and going and you

58:04 see any difference. So it's a difficult thing. OK. So,

58:10 here we can see uh something going where um here we have a whole

58:17 , a whole size problem. So aren't exactly uh sands, but they're

58:23 to look like sands. Here, have really high spike in the

58:28 And so these would probably be uh sort of flooding surface, uh maybe

58:34 maximum flooding surface, two maximum flooding or two flooding surfaces related to what

58:39 call a pair sequence. And uh here you have a nice clean sand

58:45 uh along with that, this is total gamma and this, this up

58:51 would be uh the elemental gamma uh you uh high levels of uranium.

58:57 can see the uranium is really high and it's high here. Um They

59:03 different variables to measure these things which it sometimes difficult to work with.

59:09 a direct comparison is not as useful as the ratio as you go up

59:13 down a well in determining the abundance one of these things versus the

59:19 Uh But this is just kind of you again, the response of a

59:23 log is pretty active. And uh you get these uh nice sharp boundaries

59:29 you have a good clean sand. again, this is, this is

59:34 uh a marine shale. It is Cambridge clay, which is, which

59:39 a world class, if not the class um source rock in the on

59:45 planet. Uh almost anywhere in the . You go, if you hit

59:50 of this age, you will hit clay, uh that's organic rich as

59:55 as it's in a marine sequence. uh uh I mean, you see

60:00 in Australia, you see it around Caspian Sea. Uh You see,

60:05 see it in the North Sea. You see it off the coast of

60:10 the United States and in some places uh in, in the South

60:17 but much more rare than the North . OK. So we just looked

60:25 the rock tool. That's the one most predominantly used, one that historically

60:30 used as spontaneous potential. Um I've a borehole geophysics cursed me for teaching

60:40 about uh S P logs because in words, we don't use them

60:46 But I know, I know we and, and one of the most

60:49 things though, whether, whether anybody an S P log or not,

60:54 If I was in, in I would certainly be trying to get

60:58 P together with gamma because the difference the two tells you something about the

61:04 which is not a rock property, the fluids inside the rocks. And

61:10 so that becomes important there too. And it, it again is a

61:15 shell discriminator. And uh one thing could mention about the Gama log is

61:23 and the S P log is that logs were developed primarily in the US

61:34 in uh in great earnest. And therefore, it focused on shell

61:40 shell sequences in the Gulf coast. uh it wasn't designed or intended to

61:49 us with uh carbonate sequences. But is a useful tool. Sometimes when

61:54 do it in carbonate sequences, sometimes overuse them and carbonate sequences, but

61:59 can be used. OK. And , of course, you're working uh

62:05 legacy data or, you know, an area, for example, the

62:11 Basin is a hot area right Most of the wells that were ever

62:14 there, I have S P And um just because somebody wants to

62:19 arrogant about an S P, not as good as a gamma log is

62:22 reason to throw out all that data drill new wells so that you have

62:26 logs. Uh It's kind of a statement. And uh so anyway,

62:32 think that's an important thing to And uh um unless you're working primarily

62:41 development, uh you're gonna need to something about S P loss.

62:46 and if you're doing development in the Basin or some place where a lot

62:51 the data in those areas is from we were doing conventional and SPS were

62:57 in every one of them. Uh really, really want to have that

63:01 and the ability to interpret it. . Remember I was pointing out the

63:07 response time on the Gama log, can see this is really slow.

63:12 We're not getting things that look like that's nervous or, um you

63:19 another way of looking at this, looks a little bit like a seismic

63:24 on a GEO phone. Uh because responding quickly uh to that gamma influx

63:32 the uh so detectors tend to be to and, and this is just

63:38 that's very hard uh to get at fine scale. And uh and of

63:45 , it's the natural spontaneous potential in , in the system. And so

63:49 you can see here's like a silt . Here's a Shelly sandstone, here's

63:53 good clean sandstone. Here's a, nice clean sandstone. Here's a big

64:00 , but you know, they're called Isle sandstone and isle sandstone. Um

64:08 do you think this one might be a little bit? Maybe it's not

64:27 clean as the cleanest descent. It's between. OK. It could be

64:31 little bit clean. But look at , this one looks, this one

64:36 like it's a clean sandstone too. at the little blip, there's,

64:41 a couple of um but here you A Pretty Good one Here. And

64:47 course, this is your static S or the maximum S P that you

64:52 on the wheel. So this is best you can do for whatever

65:00 This is a, a relatively this is switching back to meters.

65:07 , um This is uh probably what that? That's 1950, that's

65:15 it's 25. So this is at 10 m, you know, so

65:19 30 ft sandstone. So it's a 11 of the things that several of

65:23 things that affect the S P log if the bed is thinner, the

65:32 response is less than the static S . In other words, if this

65:37 sandstone were thicker, it would come the way out to the static S

65:42 . There's actually ways to calculate, know what it should be. So

65:47 thickness and this again is because the time isn't equipped, you can't move

65:51 enough to get here before it starts dwindle back down because of that.

65:57 you can see the flanks of both these kind of curve off like

66:04 This one, this bed is a bit thinner than that one. Uh

66:08 bed is much thinner. So you see the response even though it's trying

66:11 tell you it's not a shale uh , before that signal gets to boom

66:18 the tools move to another part and in the shell as it's coming down

66:23 . So it's lost it. So started picking up the signal and

66:26 It's in another shell here. You , you're, you're picking up the

66:30 and all of a sudden you start up the sand and, and you

66:33 into here and it's almost all the and then you're starting to pick up

66:38 the impact of the shale coming up . And uh so bed thickness has

66:42 impact on it, but this is pretty thick sand. It's not as

66:46 as that. This one is definitely thick than this and it got to

66:54 S P. So if this is clean sandstone, This is a thicker

67:00 . Uh If you look at the , it's trying to show you that

67:03 one might be a more porous, know, the the dots are,

67:08 uh spread apart here. They're really laminated. So there could be some

67:13 in that. So there could be recognition of a little bit of

67:18 And there's one other thing that it be though. And uh this is

67:22 showing you how it works. You a volt meter, it goes down

67:26 with an electrode uh and it's picking up uh recording what the uh with

67:34 spontaneous potential of the current is across interval. And so it's, it's

67:40 the whole interval, not just necessarily limited one. So it goes from

67:43 to the next. And uh and of the things that causes it to

67:49 is the, the typically uh more beds. Oh well, uh be

68:00 the larger anions relative to the smaller um uh that are getting out into

68:09 shell, you're gonna get more in . And of course, this is

68:13 mud filled borehole if this is uh saline section. In other words,

68:20 coate water saline from uh from an source, sodium chloride dominated. And

68:28 is fresh water, this, this system works really well. And uh

68:34 uh negative response is what you're seeing with the chlorine uh um being dominant

68:42 terms of how it impacts the And uh it always bothered me uh

68:52 uh the chlorine um atom of is smaller than a sodium atom.

69:01 why, Why is the chlorine the 1? And the reason is,

69:04 because chlorine uh an has that extra which makes the whole uh and I

69:17 bigger then the sodium iron which loses um to be positive, it has

69:30 lose an electron. So it's a thing. In other words, the

69:33 one is the smallest, the blue is the biggest and chlorine is the

69:38 one. Sodium is, and that's it works. OK. So uh

69:45 um and so that relates to uh the chlorine signal pops up and it

69:51 negative in the sands and why it's positive in the shales. OK.

69:58 here we have uh uh showing you , the mud is greater than the

70:09 in the well bore. So this response is reversed to what we

70:13 in the other diagram, right? here we see negative in the sandstone

70:20 in the, in the shales. it's switched around the shells are

70:27 the sands are positive. This basically uh fresh water. Ok. If

70:36 come over here and we have something the salinity of the water, in

70:46 case, the salinity of the water , is limited, you know,

70:50 depth when you typically, when you with depth in a well facility increases

70:56 depth. So early on uh at intermediate depths, uh you might

71:03 here, this is shallow, getting freshwater here. You're getting uh something

71:08 the coate water is almost the same the salinity of the mud. And

71:13 can also happen when you, if use marine water for your mud,

71:19 uh you'll see something like this until get into the section where the um

71:24 extremely elevated. one thing Petro Physics don't teach is that uh you can't

71:32 an alternation of freshwater sandstones and saltwater along the coast. And that coate

71:40 can sometimes be captured in the rock as that as that ancient coast

71:45 Another thing that happens is the uh the alkalinity goes up and it

71:50 sodium bicarbonate versus sodium chlorine. This work. It sort of reverse triggers

71:59 and it acts and it acts exactly it's freshwater as opposed to uh as

72:05 would in a, in a nice section when you're getting over here with

72:09 sand baseline and a shale baseline. of all these things that could

72:15 the tool is remarkably useful uh especially you get deeper into the, well

72:19 you're interested in the formations. And this salinity is higher. Uh San

72:26 Basin uh was a uh an ancient enriched basement basin rather uh the Custer

72:36 that really uh confused the heck out geologists for a long time until

72:41 they realized that this, they knew had, in other words, they

72:45 parts per 1000 of, of uh . They had a lot of uh

72:51 dissolved solids or solutes as they call . And uh but it wasn't sodium

72:58 chlorine dominated, it was sodium and dominated and they ended up with a

73:02 like that. Ok. So, so here we have um a Gamo

73:11 side by side to an S P and uh some other things going on

73:18 um you can see that um uh looks pretty healthy here. It's a

73:27 bit coarser here can see there's a bit of a, a depression in

73:32 leg here, but you can also sort of a slowdown. It doesn't

73:35 dramatically into a nice clean sand and of that response time. But most

73:44 this is probably the fact that there's in here and oil, uh the

73:50 of oil can impact um the uh negative response. In other words,

73:59 uh it's gonna look a little bit uh coming through here uh because there's

74:07 in it displacing uh that clean sandstone the, with the um with the

74:18 chlorine uh fluids in it. And sometimes a suppression of this is a

74:26 of, you can see there's some of it in here and um it

74:31 like they have perforations here and here here. So they're producing all

74:35 So this all has all has oil it. But you can see that

74:39 seeing some uh hindrance of the static P. In other words, there

74:46 no oil in here at all. probably would have been out farther and

74:51 probably would have been blocky looking like , maybe even a little bit

74:57 but there's oil in it and that's the S P response that we would

75:01 see from sandstone. OK. The one coming up is fluid tools.

75:12 remember this is uh the S P the gamma are supposed to be rock

75:17 . But the difference between this S log and this Gama log can actually

75:22 you a hint uh that there might fluid hydrocarbon fluids in there instead of

75:28 water in that sandstone, that's gonna the response that you would expect.

75:39 . And here, uh we see three main types of resistivity logs and

75:48 lots of combination logs and all sorts things these days. And um as

75:56 put all of this information into uh algorithms that are available. Now,

76:03 of this information can actually be sorted and calculated uh without you doing anything

76:09 all. But uh it's important for to understand that these different tools that

76:13 looking for sand and shale are actually to different things in the rock.

76:20 have nothing to do with the rock , but they have something to do

76:24 the, with the properties of the type which affect uh either the

76:30 the natural gamma output or in the , the S P uh the natural

76:36 potential we get from the earth. like a big battery. Ok.

76:46 uh normally formation letter is conductive, and gas or not. Um even

76:58 water, by the way, is but nothing like marine water. Um

77:04 look at our logs, you might the sense that uh freshwater isn't.

77:11 uh we all know that you don't uh plugged in appliances in the bathtub

77:16 it fresh water definitely is conductive. uh and then also, um uh

77:25 what we're normally looking at is, a discrimination between saline waters and oil

77:30 gas and oil and gas are definitely Uh conductive uh two currents formation matrix

77:40 for the most part is not unless had an awful lot of grains of

77:44 minerals or something with the metal ions anions in them. And uh also

77:55 clay binds Caines and ans and reduces current even though there might be a

78:01 of bound in con conductive food. other words, we know that shales

78:06 have porosity but not permeability. And this is telling us to some

78:11 when we're looking at this, one these fluid tools, we're seeing an

78:16 of permeability as much as um the that they're is water isn't water.

78:25 when we're looking in a porous uh but is very conductive oil and

78:33 are not clay may not always Sometimes if there is permeability in that

78:39 , uh there can be some uh additional flow that we might not

78:47 OK. Uh And these two uh uh log types that we tend to

78:53 at, uh we're gonna have the resistivity. Uh Then we can have

79:03 logs and dual ladder logs. There's sorts of configurations that we can come

79:07 with uh that have a usefulness. of the things that the lateral log

79:14 does is it um it has an setting a current out and then you

79:20 that up as it comes back. this uh it creates Uh two different

79:28 here uh from these guard electrodes that push this in and push that

79:36 so that it goes farther into the formation. And lateral logs and,

79:42 different types of lateral logs are, usually what we use to uh to

79:48 um uh deeper into the thing. also because it's focused like this,

79:54 get better bed resolution. And then course, the induction logs can also

80:00 us in, in a slightly different uh to get farther out into the

80:05 . Uh Some of these tools now uh some of the newer tools that

80:10 following these same principles, the different actually can go deeper than uh than

80:16 m. And when we talk about , I'll be pointing out what some

80:20 those are. But these are the basic tools that we use in

80:25 . And again, the, the why it's important to understand the basic

80:28 is because a lot of data that collected in the past, particularly in

80:34 basins like the Permian basin where we everything decades ago. And all the

80:40 are gonna be these old standard It's important for you to understand how

80:44 operate and how to recognize pay versus pay sections, sands versus shales,

80:51 the influence of carbonates and other things that might have an impact on reservoir

80:57 and distribution of your reservoir bodies. uh with uh with that, I'm

81:06 , it's, you're supposed to go your next class if you have

81:11 And uh and um I'm still a , you may not be able to

81:16 , but I'm still just a little off. But I think between now

81:19 the weekend, I'll be in good And I, I think there's about

81:25 uh 80% chance to a 95% chance be in class on Monday. Um

81:31 definitely feel a lot better than, I did on Monday. Monday.

81:36 I, uh if you recall, mentioned that I, I started out

81:40 a little bit off, um, stress of, uh, talking to

81:45 blank screen, um, hasn't bothered that much uh today. So,

81:50 hopefully I'm feeling, I'm feeling much and, uh, with that,

81:58 gonna stop sharing and uh wish you uh a good rest of the

82:04 Uh I do wanna point out that loaded up a lot more uh uh

82:11 slides and uh I'm gonna be uh up some stuff on the uh uh

82:20 exercise, the simple log exercise uh you'll be doing and I will be

82:27 your uh papers which so far have very interesting reading. I, I

82:32 like to really comment on grades until get through all of them. Uh

82:38 uh I do appreciate the opportunity to able to uh force you guys to

82:44 something in script instead of uh picking or D as an answer. Uh

82:50 shows uh a broader uh depth of of uh your intellectual abilities. And

82:57 and it's something that I definitely appreciate when you get the chance to do

83:02 . So anyway, with that, got, uh we have seven people

83:06 missing today. I don't know, were more people earlier I think maybe

83:14 had to wrap up but, is Juan there? Yes, I'm

83:19 now. One, uh, you're one that, that, uh,

83:22 , the email got dropped on? , yeah, but I had received

83:26 email yesterday. So I think, , while I was formatting things,

83:32 it dropped a uh AJ off the of your name. Ok. Makes

83:36 . That was the kiss of Ok. Ok. Ok. And

83:39 apologize for that, but I was to fix that. Ok.

83:44 Well, uh, anyway, have good rest of your weekend. Get

83:46 your next class if you have one , uh, good luck with

83:50 I really appreciate you guys. And , um, uh, if,

83:55 this was pre COVID, I was so worried about getting people sick,

84:00 pre-covid, I never worried about Now I worry about, you

84:03 there's R S V, there's there's all sorts of things I don't

84:08 you to catch and, uh, think, uh, with an overabundance

84:15 , uh, of caution, I , uh, I'm doing the right

84:18 by, by doing it this I'm not trying to, uh,

84:22 your, uh, in class experience any shape or form. But,

84:26 , unfortunately it happens and, again, I apologize for that but

84:31 , I really, uh, I don't even want somebody to get

84:35 cold from me these days. but, uh, whatever I had

84:40 a little bit worse. Than It definitely wasn't R S V because

84:45 had that before and that's that, really bad. So, uh I

84:50 talk to you all later and uh see you on Monday with a smiling

84:55 and I'll get to see your smiling again too. So take care and

84:59 , have a good weekend. Excuse , professor. Sure. Yeah.

85:03 I actually tested positive today for I'm not sure when or how I

85:10 exposed to it. So until my comes back negative, I'm going to

85:15 um isolating. So I may miss class if it is in person.

85:23 OK. Well, let me tell what I'm gonna do and that's what

85:27 been trying to do. And um I think if you remember on Wednesday

85:35 uh who, who is that speaking ? Doesn't matter? Uh Daniel

85:40 Ok. Anyway, the uh I'm be streaming the classes. This is

85:47 I do for the professional program so we can do online and also uh

85:53 online courses for online students now. we will, I will be in

85:59 . I will be uh streaming like was in class. Uh One thing

86:04 forgot to do was to turn on recorder. So when we get started

86:08 Monday, if you're not in you know, raise your hand

86:13 you can break in and interrupt anybody me. Let me know that I

86:18 turn the recorder on. Ok, . Yeah. So, uh,

86:22 I'll make a big deal about it I turn it on. So if

86:24 don't, if you don't hear turn it on, uh,

86:29 uh, uh, go ahead and it off. I mean, tell

86:33 to turn it on rather. thank you. That'd be great.

86:37 . So this is, you unfortunately COVID helped us figure out how

86:41 do this. Yeah, that's, true. And, uh my,

86:46 the professional program, the record, recordings were a study tool and

86:52 the people we've only had out of and 75 students, I think maybe

86:57 200 we've only had three people get Os, but every one of the

87:01 that got four Os went to looked at the tapes or not

87:06 but the recordings looked at the recordings they read the book and,

87:11 so I, I see these as educational tools, the more you can

87:15 the better. But if you have fall back on this for uh health

87:20 or any other reason, like you put on a log on a well

87:23 something, the recordings are gonna be . Yeah. Um, I also

87:29 to ask a, uh, maybe personal question but my, my father

87:32 a petroleum geologist as well and uh, he worked in the North

87:36 out of Aberdeen and I remember you told us that you worked for

87:41 He was curious if you had potentially with a man named Bill Zim

87:47 uh, who was, I guess Mobile and he ended up working with

87:51 , um, in the North Sea the time. Yeah. No.

87:56 , that name doesn't sound familiar. mean, there's a lot of names

87:59 , uh, usually when I hear I'll remember that I knew them

88:03 uh, that far back. uh, when I worked for

88:06 I was all, uh, Gulf Mexico. Ok. And,

88:10 when I worked for Amico is when did the North Sea. And,

88:14 , and, um, if your worked for, um, Arata

88:19 we might get in an argument. , no, he wasn't, he

88:22 with them. But, uh, I, I pulled the wool

88:28 am he? And they said I a presentation to him after I was

88:34 when I was in the, uh, in the a, in

88:37 and they really didn't like my interpretation the Scott field. And, and

88:42 course, it's because they, they lying to the courts. And,

88:47 , when we finally discovered oil, kind of Said everything that they were

88:51 the courts for 10 years was a . Wow. And, uh,

88:56 so that I'm sure they've all they were all trained to,

88:59 deny all this crap, right? mean, that the Amico guys were

89:07 afraid of the guys that they uh, they were doing,

89:14 all sorts of statistics to calculate what of bullshit they would tell them the

89:20 time they were in court. my days. I mean, it

89:23 just, it was like they're not focused on the problem. They're focused

89:27 how to respond to the lie. it was, it was just,

89:31 my God. And, and, , never mind. I'll, I'll

89:36 you more later. I'll let you and I hope you feel better

89:38 Uh, thank you. Thank Can I ask you a question

89:41 Yeah, of course. Did uh, were you able to get

89:45 immunizations in the past? Yeah, , I'm, um, I'm fully

89:50 and, you know, even the because I have a family in the

89:54 that I visit and I, I have been able to visit them unless

89:57 , you know, unless I had care of that. So, this

90:01 my first time, my first time it. Um, so,

90:06 it's, uh, a lot of are like the last Mohegans that,

90:10 , never got it. And, , but anyway, uh, I

90:15 you feel better and, um, , um, I usually test myself

90:22 just because of classes and, uh, and, uh, and

90:26 usually, uh, well, I've negative. So, uh,

90:29 and I have to be really careful , you know, I have lots

90:33 family and, and, um, know a lot of, I,

90:37 know a lot of cowboys that won't immunized and scares the shit out of

90:43 and I, I really appreciate it , uh, you know, I

90:45 you feel better as well. So, anyway, uh, I

90:50 you get better and take care uh, and I will see you

90:54 way or another on Monday. sounds good. Thank you.

90:57 uh, and it's, and I'm gonna be totally focused on making

91:01 you get the experience you need if what's going on. Sure. Thank

91:05 very much. Sure. All bye. Take

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