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00:01 Oh, yeah, welcome. Um that volume is. Ok, just

00:27 by my mouth. If it's too , it'll be like blow you

00:31 Um All right. So let me next week, he's gonna bring you

00:37 for a while a week. Uh let's finish up uh Unit two,

00:44 is what we're currently on. Uh thing and Thursday, I don't

00:51 it's uh we only have a little left to do on Thursday. So

00:55 don't know if it'll take the entire . So, uh but we'll

00:58 So basically we're leaving the photo Parts Of part two is basically gonna

01:07 here. OK. The rest of stuff will finish up. Uh

01:13 we probably get into maybe a little of photography. But um at the

01:17 . So, so then next no classes, of course, then

01:24 we start the next unit when we back and um then of course the

01:30 later that week. So, um . Uh oh The Black work

01:37 The unit quiz. It's the one of, you know, where it

01:42 and we have a week off during middle of the semester. Uh I'm

01:45 just keeping it open. So we what, 10 days. So it'll

01:50 open this Friday and then instead of due on the Monday, which will

01:57 the middle of the spring break start it, it'll just be due the

02:01 week. So the 20th. So, um, but a a

02:07 this, the, the remaining unit will be at the same time frame

02:10 days, but this one is just for that reason. Uh the smart

02:16 14 that's also not due until after break. So um that catches us

02:22 . OK. So uh so just little bit of a recap,

02:27 So it's kind of put this all the context here. So, so

02:32 , we are, so these well, 13, 14,

02:37 It's pretty much metabolism, right? so we started with uh metabolism.

02:43 how you folks, right? Ferment uh or with fire, right?

02:51 , uh the stages, right? energy from oxidizing molecules of your

02:58 Um then to pate, that's the in the lobe, right? With

03:01 fermentation we can go um and then as we as we're doing the

03:09 the process is occurring, we're capturing along the way in the form of

03:14 T P. In some cases, some cases, the N E V

03:19 D two uh is captured. Um we then uh we're taking those electrons

03:27 red, right? So um taking electrons to electron transport came. And

03:34 kind of what we're focused on in in 14, right? So last

03:39 we talked about reduction potentials, And so the molecules are a part

03:45 the the reduction process, especially the in that in the electron transport

03:51 right? It's all about keeping flow , right. And so keeping electron

03:57 going, so we can maintain that proton gradient, right? And so

04:05 focus on that at the start Kind of that process, not super

04:11 , but it's kind of a little of a overview of it. And

04:14 course, there is an actual example an E coli and its membrane and

04:21 enzymes involved in respiration for it. . But that represents, you

04:27 ours don't look that dissimilar mitochondrial right? It's uh works functions in

04:32 very similar way. Um But of , an E coli can have different

04:38 many bacteria can have different options, ? It's not just like us is

04:42 much aerobic respiration, right? That can do ferment, some can respire

04:49 , some aerobically. It it all on what they can do. So

04:53 reduction potential remember was about the I know think of that as the choices

04:58 can make in terms of combining, ? Don are molecules that are gonna

05:03 up electrons and accept those that threat the end of the process to draw

05:08 to them towards them, so to . OK. Keeping the flow

05:13 right? That's key. And um so it's all about the air,

05:19 ? Strong donor up front, progressively , accept those as you go toward

05:26 end, but that keeps the flow . OK? And so we look

05:31 uh and so if you look at table, this is kind of more

05:34 less the demarcation right here. But these are more positive reduction

05:43 I'm sorry backwards. These are more negative reduction potentials here positive here.

05:52 ? So if you have a more reduction potential, you're a better

05:56 right? Um likely a better donor electrons than being an acceptor if you

06:03 a more positive value. OK. the ones up here, right,

06:08 are more negative, they're better as . OK? The ones that are

06:14 positive are better as acceptor. And that's what you live together, donors

06:18 , right? And so um so that the the relationship between delta G

06:25 and reduction potential, right? And by combining a strong donor,

06:32 you know, like the strong you combine that and, and collectively

06:38 off energy right? Ability, And that's what this is essentially then

06:45 sustains the the proton grading, That energy, that's where the energy

06:50 the electron transport system, that's what's , right? That's the energy that

06:55 protons. OK. And then uh course, we're gonna get something with

07:01 because the protons will go through a P S and that's what we're gonna

07:03 of start with today is, is process the, the pro rating and

07:09 A T P s and how that ? Ok. Again, not getting

07:13 detailed on it, more kind of what it looks like for the

07:17 Ok. And that's it right Well, we'll start with that,

07:26 , ok, so let's look at proton Motor Force. Ok. We'll

07:32 a little bit about it here and , you know, in the past

07:35 of years, uh it just uh have to do the, but uh

07:40 did when I show the education that up the components that make up the

07:45 motor force. That's delta P. . And so uh two components,

07:51 ? So um uh there's an electrical , if you will the charge

07:56 there's one part, the um P difference because we're dealing with a pro

08:01 . Essentially P H is a function the T uh higher concentration. So

08:08 goes hand in hand. And so charge to recall, I mentioned before

08:13 this negative charge in the cell, is very much what ours are the

08:19 way and pretty much all other cells the same way and it's really due

08:22 the, the proteins in the OK. Um Proteins for the most

08:27 , yes, some are transported but there's a lot of proteins in

08:30 cell that will stay there and, and then the P H inside of

08:34 cell, they typically negatively charged, ? That yes, you do have

08:38 had and other ions uh that But largely it's the proteins in the

08:45 that, that provides negative charge. so, um so with the proton

08:53 , OK. And so the electron system which is supplying the air to

09:00 these protons out. OK. Um create a gradient of course. And

09:05 because it's hydro lines, we create a difference in P H outside and

09:09 the cell. OK. And so um so that's where this part of

09:14 equation comes from, obviously P H the delta, right, that's the

09:20 to the charge difference. OK. so the there and there,

09:31 And so um so if we look uh hypothetically right, a P H

09:38 of uh 75 in size 65, no, this is gonna be range

09:43 that's, that's not a but so was a one P that's a P

09:50 of one, right, 7.56 point difference to one. OK. And

09:55 we'll kind of just plug into values . OK. And so the attraction

10:00 two fours, right, high concentration right high out here, low

10:09 that's one. OK? Because they gladly move down the gradate diffuse down

10:15 gradient if you give them a OK, then you, of

10:18 you have the charge attraction positive that draws. OK. But you gotta

10:26 them a way to commit because being charged molecule, it will easily pass

10:32 . Remember, so you got to them the conduit and that's this right

10:38 , right? So they'll flow through pro uh A T P A s

10:41 A T P symptoms. OK. that will result in the release of

10:47 . So remember the, when micros down the gradient, they release energy

10:52 the process, right? And we use that to um to make a

10:56 P. So remember a T P takes energy to do that. The

11:01 comes from protons going downgrade, releasing . So that remember back on start

11:09 about all this coupling energy releasing with required. And that's what we're

11:15 right? Um And so uh these I'm gonna show you just, just

11:24 illustrated purposes of these, these OK. Um And these are typical

11:30 for uh bacteria. Uh I think of the E coli as most many

11:36 are. Um but the typical charge you see is something in this range

11:45 . Um The uh And of it fluctuates because of the charge internally

11:50 can change while root for that you know, you have a range

11:56 . Um Delta P H can change obviously, but just kind of using

12:01 numbers we can plug in. So our delta P H one,

12:07 Uh We're using Upper and lower this is the lower range there.

12:13 then this is just the upper range 50 same delta P H. So

12:18 , just to show you kind of is what we're looking at. If

12:21 taking electrodes, you get somewhere in range for a health functioning bacterial type

12:30 that and so of course, things disrupt this. You all P

12:37 you can alter this, uh you um uh by uh by affecting the

12:44 H, you make the, you this, you can make this

12:49 right? That can be effective, ? If you begin to not

12:53 they have no difference that affects the the uh charge, you can have

13:00 that you can, that are called , that will disrupt the charge uh

13:07 the outside and inside at two will the delta sign in. So you

13:11 affect both these parameters and in doing obviously affect the total output here.

13:18 . And so obviously, a healthy wants to kind of maintain this

13:24 obviously, because that's what enables it ultimately, right, produce a T

13:30 S, the proton force, right what allows it to produce A T

13:36 S. So you try to keep normal range, so to speak.

13:41 , same as we do, This because all this applies to us

13:44 well. OK. Um so uh the, let's look at this,

13:51 the ATP- eight, right? Same OK. So this is actually a

13:59 motor, right? It does OK. And does so as protons

14:06 through it as you see here, . And so in through here and

14:13 out like so you see over OK. And so as it

14:17 it's big part of this to this pro complex zero. And F

14:27 the F zero is embedded in the . OK. The F one is

14:35 on the inside. So, and will move back. And so what

14:41 happens is look at a little animation in a second. But the this

14:46 here uh the rotor, OK. there turns and it has a

14:53 it's not cylindrical. It has kind a teardrop shape like sub OK.

15:00 it will turn right. And as turns that little point as it moves

15:09 the, the protein, it basically binding sites and the protein as it

15:15 , OK. There's like three binding for AD P and phosphate.

15:23 123. OK. As it OK. So as it exposed,

15:31 ad P and phosphate A T P four. And um that, that

15:39 this protein rotor rather moves, you see it here, it'll alate open

15:45 then close that to the energy of P. Yeah, it only moves

15:54 you have protons. So OK. that's the basis for this.

15:59 So let's um look at that real . So here's an animation and uh

16:07 course, you can see the protons the outside and uh inside. So

16:16 difference, right? And protons and two uh major parts of it,

16:22 ? One is embedded in the membrane then the, so there's our uh

16:33 of we're gonna split it in part kind of see the inside structure.

16:38 . And then close up here, think it's gonna show you the

16:44 So you see how it moves as flow through. And then you see

16:49 phosphate coming in here. A as long as that thing is

16:57 And and of course, there's multiples A T P in the membranes.

17:00 obviously, not just one. All , there's uh I don't know the

17:03 quantity, but there's definitely lots of things embedded in the membranes.

17:08 And so here we'll take a look cross section. So here's that

17:14 OK. Um And Biden's sites open prospect come in that kind of energy

17:25 form the A T P and then as the move opening up spaces.

17:34 just keeps going right P phosphate come A T P out but all fueled

17:39 this proton gradient. OK. And remember how it's all connected right proton

17:47 . Why do you have that? you have electron transfer system uh progressively

17:53 accepting electrons and energy use protons. have that because you have a

17:59 right, a source right of then you have electron carriers that bring

18:04 to electron transport chain and then you a term acceptor and it keeps the

18:10 going. So it's all, it's connected. So uh just that's a

18:14 way to kind of think of it a story if you will,

18:17 The story of the proton gradient. . How is it? Can you

18:21 you walk it back in your How it all connects, right?

18:25 does it begin? Where does it ? Right. So um the uh

18:30 we're looking at quantitatively um the numbers how much energy you get right

18:39 in this case, in the remember those form these um uh form

18:46 during way to power the and then prep style, right form in A

18:55 , we form a V two in CRE um And so we get a

19:01 P back from these when they become . So I think again, these

19:06 values for eco but they're not far from, from other types. And

19:14 uh for each proton pumped, Um I'm sorry, uh eight protons

19:22 pumped out for each and a DH . OK. Each mole. And

19:28 you get one ATP for every three that come back. And um you

19:39 att for N D eight oxide about to be more precise. Uh If

19:47 , if your is less because they , there's only one pump associated with

19:52 N DH has two proton pump So that's a little bit less,

19:57 yield of A T P. So, um, then, uh

20:03 gonna tally up everything here on the slide. Um, the,

20:07 the point to make now is that don't get the, the, you

20:12 do a paper exercise and, Ok. This is how much total

20:16 T P si should get. Uh, and, but the bacteria

20:22 use all that to make a T right? And see what I mean

20:26 we get to that slide. But one thing to mention is because

20:30 you know, four, we all all our time on disease causing types

20:38 bacteria and viruses and others. And typically have evolved pat pathogens have evolved

20:46 use of a sodium pump rather than proton pump. Sodium ions are,

20:51 predominant in our tissues in our, our fluids, sodium ions. And

20:56 uh bacteria pathogens that infect us. kind of evolved uh the ability to

21:03 sodium as, as uh for for their um a uh pump sodium

21:08 out the protons out as part of respiration system. OK. Halo.

21:13 course, that's obvious, right? , they live in high salt.

21:17 it makes sense that they would have system based on salt rather than maybe

21:21 protons. OK? Um But the mechanism is the same, right?

21:27 creating AAA sodium motive force, I you'd say it's a proton motor

21:32 but it's all the same, same . OK. So in terms of

21:36 everything up, OK. So for real big restoration, right? So

21:43 acceptor, we have uh right. so we have uh and so it's

21:51 by phosphorylation, substrate level phosphor. . So this all takes right,

21:58 the energy monitor from all stages. level. Phosphorylation is pretty basic,

22:05 ? We just have an intermediate in in the pathway that's as a phosphate

22:09 and it gives it to eight A . It's a couple of times.

22:16 . Phosphor, we're gonna take all like cars, right? And then

22:21 gonna use our previous equation. It's tell us what to get,

22:26 So those 1088-27 To to the right? So Our 30 total now

22:38 mitochondria You get something like 37, from all posts. Um uh bacteria

22:48 even though theoretical yield is 30 The more realistic what they get is

22:56 like in the I'd say 18 to give or take OK? Because they

23:05 , they use the proton gradient for other than just to make a T

23:11 , right? So you, you ever get the full. Yeah,

23:15 use it for motility, right? little flagellum to transport molecules in and

23:20 . So it's used for other things making A T P. OK.

23:25 it's why it's typically somewhere in this range. Ok. In terms

23:31 a, so, um, and I'm not gonna ask, I'm

23:39 even asking you to memorize the actual of these things here. Ok?

23:44 you should know, you know what's that you do, you, you

23:48 getting, what's the, er, getting out to be staged? I'm

23:51 necessarily fixated on the absolute numbers. ? Um, so any questions

24:00 about the A T P A or force or anything? OK.

24:08 So let's look at the team of , but anaerobic respiration we look at

24:15 a bit. OK. So let's . This is a quick question.

24:21 . So which one represents anaerobic So we have this, this,

24:28 is basically a sulfur cycle. So you see our organic sulfur

24:35 OK. Up at the top So that's a term we'll talk

24:40 So, assimilation basically means um to it in, it becomes part of

24:46 biomass. So if you assimilate which you do pretty much buy the

24:52 you eat. OK? That you using that sulfur to, to make

24:57 with, right? So you're assimilating , OK? Um Decomposition. Of

25:03 , what is, what happens when organic material is broken down?

25:06 Releases things. Um And so, we're focused really just on the bottom

25:13 here, right? A ABC. . So we have so in a

25:21 H two S, all right. so she and that's elemental sulfur is

25:31 ? All right. So we're going , beep this and then this back

25:37 this. OK. So the question , which is to anaerobic respiration.

25:45 remember, all right, if it , think of what you use for

25:50 respiration, right? And think of might be, there's some sort of

25:55 going on here. OK. That's , is um respiration, right?

26:05 have a terminal acceptor, terminal acceptor this in the process, right?

26:10 certain molecules that are fitted that are for different roles, donor versus

26:18 right? OK. Got one. . 3, 2, 1.

26:35 , you answered a you are OK. Big sigh of relief.

26:45 . Yes, this is restoration. . So because we are a respiration

26:55 the travel acceptor becomes reduced, And, and so we look back

27:01 this thing, I do all the , right? Electron transport chain,

27:07 ? Here's a membrane, right? we have a donor or a

27:12 right? This becomes um this is form that becomes oxidized, right,

27:19 oxidized. And then here terminal right? Reduced, right?

27:26 oxidized becomes reduced as it picks up , right? So the so the

27:34 form is one that's gonna be in more oxidized form. OK. That

27:42 reduced. OK. So here we sulfate if we're gonna redraw it like

27:47 do this, OK? This would sulfate And reduce the H two s

27:59 ? And so it would be a gas respirations acting as a terminal

28:04 right? The other part of the it could be right? That,

28:09 is oxidized to this and then this . And that happens for sure.

28:20 . That's Lioy, right? Oxidizing two S elements of salt.

28:26 that's troy, those are sources, are more reduced, that's a more

28:32 molecule. It has electrons, it give up you, you oxidize those

28:36 , right? Ones that are thinking it as don't have room for

28:41 right? So they receive electrons that reduced and those are what they typically

28:46 acceptor. And so we're gonna really in interrogation, we focus on nitrogen

28:52 sulfur molecules involved in those roles because very common. Terrestrial environments is very

28:58 to have uh nitrogen, having different as a acceptor or as a donor

29:05 in the marine environments, sulfur as , as a um accept it or

29:11 . OK. But different forms. . Um There any questions about

29:18 OK. So we're gonna dive into a little bit here. OK.

29:22 here is, and what we can . So we can respire both uh

29:30 . Of course, there is oxygen acceptor. Um they can use different

29:36 , right form hydrogen and a DH suckin eight. Um and respire anaerobically

29:46 different, with different uh except terminal . OK. So it's, it's

29:51 versatile. It can also ferment if has to, of course, it

29:56 bother me this stuff. But um know what, what uh again,

30:01 it, what it would like to in terms of donor An acceptor,

30:07 , is what's energetically favorable, Of course, it depends on what's

30:11 to it, but it will, will combine what's most energetically favorable to

30:15 the most energy out of it. but of course, obviously was something

30:22 than 02 and so nitrate is a common terminal acceptor among those that a

30:31 this table don't normalize it uh in notes, but I just wanted to

30:36 you that nitrate has many different oxidation . OK. So nitrate at the

30:44 of most uh oxidized OK. Organ mole at the bottom. OK.

30:54 Most, OK. So uh if a bacteria and you're a lit

31:03 right? Make something like this to , right? One of these,

31:10 ? Because you can oxidize those in forms, right? Respire with something

31:20 down here, right? These would terminal acceptor. That is right?

31:27 so uh with sulfur compounds, several they from what up it becomes.

31:39 which is something you want to It's a to use that as an

31:45 source. OK. So there's a of these molecules in terms of their

31:52 state, OK? And their use restoration, right? Donor or

32:00 OK. It's all based on right? And so um so

32:06 in terrestrial environments and certainly some uh in terrestrial environments, um nitrate

32:17 It's very common or you'll find uh they may have, they'll have

32:24 they may have nitrate, nitrite E does. Uh I don't think there's

32:29 one bacteria that will have all of options as a term acceptor.

32:34 Uh So the term is similar right? So that's gonna mean the

32:40 uh if something is produced, use it and hang on to

32:44 it becomes part of their bias. . Dissimulator process is the option,

32:49 ? It doesn't hang on to If it exits the cell, others

32:53 use it, but it's not hang to it. So it's a dissimulator

32:57 . OK. And so in dissimulator , which is what's going on as

33:04 go this way. OK. Eventually leaves right? The gas, it

33:10 the ecosystem, OK? As we're from left to right. OK.

33:15 so, so also nitrous oxide and oxide are gasses. They, they

33:20 leave the uh the environment. And hence the signatory don't hang on to

33:26 that are doing this. OK? so again, this is all this

33:30 be respiration, anaerobic respiration, You say night trite as an acceptor

33:36 N trite from nitric oxide. These all forms of anaerobic respiration.

33:43 Now we are uh next part we three, we look at the

33:51 So I'm just gonna mention here briefly three sides uh of the cycle or

33:58 . It's called Um the N two ? Um comes in to the en

34:06 comes into ecosystems through fixation, Uh the, the most the heaviest

34:16 to that are bacteria that have associated plants that we call symbiotic nitrogen

34:22 OK. And so this brings in into the environment. OK? And

34:29 other nitrogen is brought in and two brought in by the fixers that then

34:35 ammonium. OK? Now, bacteria use that as an energy source for

34:41 nitrate, nitrate. OK. So a little trophy. And then this

34:46 that's the anaerobic respiration. OK. this is only run, operates through

34:53 bacterial species, right? So it's critical process um especially for photo tropes

35:01 other auto tropes, right? Because rely on this for their nitrogen

35:07 nitrite nitrate ammonia. OK. And , you know, of course,

35:13 indirectly re live because we oftentimes eat things that eat the plants. And

35:20 , um uh but you know, cycle is absolutely critical for life on

35:26 earth and we'll explore more of that spring break. But uh for

35:31 we're just focused really on the aerobic part of this, right? Which

35:34 over here. OK. And the we'll focus on li OK. But

35:39 what we're looking at right now. that side of the triangle.

35:43 So, um OK. In terms sulfur, that's really it in marine

35:51 because sulfur is at higher concentrations in marine water length. Uh uh

35:58 terrestrial environments, sulfur is like I think it's, it's much higher

36:03 that in um marine water. And you'll see these kinds of activities predominantly

36:09 marine environments. OK. And so , here's the different oxidized form.

36:17 typically bacteria may that do, this have a couple of these types,

36:21 all of them. OK. So is sulfite um is a very common

36:28 form of reparation and what you'll see these thermal vents. So very common

36:37 the um uh the depths I think a thermal vent as a volcano

36:43 OK. And it's going off giving different types of elements. Iron

36:51 sulfide, hydrogen gas co2 and these are matures. Um So you have

36:58 hierarchy of, of types, Obviously, it's gonna be very hot

37:04 sp out hot gasses a lot of . So hydrothermal, the mouth of

37:09 work very hot, they're progressively uh to types of the than OK.

37:17 then you have these metabolic activities, ? Um Where they're using these raw

37:26 , right? As energy sources, little trophy. OK. And they

37:31 these uh for example, this can used for respiration, right? Anaerobic

37:39 um as you see here, And so it's when we have these

37:44 of feedings, if you will, different metabolic types, we call this

37:50 , right? Because uh aerobic resps using this produced by LIU for its

37:58 . So they kind of like, uses the stuff made by the

38:01 right? They're all kind of feeding . So this activity can be quite

38:07 , especially around these thermal vents. ? And so much so that you'll

38:13 a symbiotic relationships between bacteria that do activities and um multicellular types that are

38:22 here. So one of them is these things, they're called giant tube

38:28 . OK. And around these thermal , these can stretch for like football

38:35 , soccer field, that dimensions that loaded with these, these worms,

38:42 . And the their full though the that carry out these metabolisms. So

38:49 so they're auto that are producing, co2 producing organic molecules and that's what

38:55 worms feel. So around these you have a lot of activity going

39:00 and, and these worms um uh proliferate because they have these symbolic relationships

39:07 these bacteria internally, the food and bacteria grow the high densities. And

39:12 they of course benefit and they themselves . So there'll be like fields of

39:17 things around the storm events. So again, all based on this

39:22 of metabolism to a large degree. . Um So the uh so

39:32 in uh I um and others, see a hierarchy of these different

39:43 right? So at the top, surprisingly, right, aerobic respiration,

39:50 ? Oxygen is gonna be present, know, at the upper, at

39:54 highest level, it's at the of course, OK. But then

39:57 we go down progressively less oxygen, ? And then you're gonna have,

40:02 you're gonna have differences in reduction potential here, right? The more negative

40:10 here, right? And the more , the more anaerobic it is and

40:17 can uh those that do field work this and you can uh first probe

40:23 can measure reduction potential. So you get an idea of how anaerobic particular

40:28 is. OK. Let me give an idea of the types of microbes

40:34 there in terms of their uh respiration . And so so as we go

40:39 , you see detro fires and then like the manganese iron, OK.

40:45 so importance about these metal, the metals are involved in terms of being

40:50 internal acceptor, these can form um provide forms of the element that are

40:59 not able to be taken in, ? In other words, it can

41:02 too, too insoluble in water, ? And so when you form these

41:08 these forms of the metals like hold on like this, this one

41:15 this one, that's a more easily form of iron that others in the

41:22 the area can use. And so activity is helpful for that reason,

41:26 ? Can provide not these elements to that wouldn't otherwise be able to use

41:31 . Um methano at the bottom. this is a process that's very,

41:38 sensitive to oxygen. OK? Um a process that uh not only in

41:45 environments but in, in uh you see this um they,

41:51 they uh raw materials are things like and hydrogen. OK. H

41:59 And they're often, these are byproducts things like fermentation and other metabolic processes

42:06 on around them. And so they this material form methane. And um

42:13 , they're gonna be at the deeper in the sediments to be away

42:17 oxygen. But they get these, get these other materials from other activity

42:21 on around them and that's how they fuel their own metabolism. And so

42:26 not uncommon in uh in large landfills you'll see pipes sticking out of the

42:32 , right? But they're trying to rid of the methane, right?

42:36 Instead of having to build, build , right, potentially, potentially

42:41 they'll burn it, burn it And so the activity comes from the

42:45 that are in, in these uh these areas. And so,

42:50 so again, it's a restoration that looking at here, right? For

42:57 , uh these are the terminal ok. And are becoming reduced.

43:06 . And so, uh what they're is as sources is something else we're

43:11 focused on that. We're just looking the rest part, ok. Um

43:19 the dress part one of four, me just have a question about

43:30 All right. Um So we're gonna at imagine the sulfur again, but

43:37 it's gonna be in the context, of the sector, but as an

43:42 source. Little Trophy. OK. I have a um the uh a

43:48 that kind of shows the continuum of nitrogen sulfur compounds and their roles

43:55 in different roles. So here in next part, we're focused on Liter

44:02 . OK. So remember it's the thing as chemo Auto Trophy.

44:06 And um so if you look at organic materials for energy, OK.

44:16 you see uh here, right? oops, sorry, as you see

44:22 . Uh one more time right OK. OK. You gotta mess

44:30 me. I try these. So I reduced iron, um H

44:37 S ammonia. These are sources for OK. So they're gonna be a

44:43 , right? And um The, they're doing that, remember,

44:50 This is your energy source, You gotta have this, right?

44:56 carbon, right? Carbon-based life. why they're right. They fix

45:02 right? They get the energy by these things and respiring. Uh and

45:10 using that to fix CO2. So that's why tropes are typically chemo

45:16 . OK. And so um uh genesis kind of a little bit different

45:22 , right? It uses, it reduces CO2. So um it uh

45:30 little bit different but we'll, we'll about that in a second.

45:34 And so, um so again, we look at, we look at

45:42 right? Because some of them are to being oxidized for what the lipe

45:47 use and others are suited to be acceptor for respiration. OK.

45:52 and you're gonna see how it all together here. OK. So with

45:57 , OK, with a trophy um uh so I to my, to

46:12 OK, certain bacteria, this is , that's the bottom. If you

46:16 that triangle is the bottom wrong. . So this um this process is

46:26 by one type of bacterial species and one is done by different types.

46:31 those two are, are differentiated, don't have bacteria that you both,

46:36 split into two groups. OK? Now, this activity can be

46:45 OK? Because you're forming uh acidic , right? Nit trite and nitrate

46:53 acidic, right? Nitro acid. For example, yeah, uh that

46:59 alter for P H of course. so where it's an issue is in

47:05 areas where you're fertilizer right off the , you put way too much fertilizer

47:11 than what's needed. OK? And is rich in ammonia. OK?

47:18 sulfate, very common ammonium nitrate And so then you're the presence of

47:25 ammonia excess ammonia in the soil will reduce the growth of nitro farmers,

47:33 ? These guys here, OK? love it, right? They're gonna

47:37 it up. And so that's when get an excess in P H as

47:44 result because of the amount of end produced. This these end products.

47:49 so that can't alter the whole P which can be detrimental. So,

47:54 are very particular about what they require terms of P H. So um

48:01 oxidation. So very often in uh say uh uh when we are excavating

48:10 different types of uh or uh like , for example, um uh

48:17 uh sulfur metabolism often causes problems. so here is um of and one

48:28 the things about sulfur metabolism is the of things like that sour gas,

48:34 acidic. OK. So it's it's fairly common that if one is

48:42 sulfur compounds, that they are typically um acidophilic, which means they can

48:50 in acidic conditions, right? That's be if you, if you do

48:55 kind of metabolism, right? Producing of acidity, you better be able

48:59 tolerate it. So that's why there often acidophilic types of bacteria that do

49:04 . OK. And so sulfur oxidation the presence of iron, right?

49:10 can lead to corrode, right? , it's uh it's, it's that

49:14 it's both it's also iron, iron using sulfur. Uh In this example

49:19 we see the um this is actually what fools gold is. That's

49:27 OK. And that is oxidized to . And that's part of the in

49:32 mines, whether, whether they use ore. Uh this is one of

49:37 byproducts. So uh so um uh these areas generate a lot large amounts

49:46 sic acid, the water can be P H zero in these, in

49:50 areas. So obviously, that's an hazard. Yeah. So these,

49:54 kind of waters must be contained by that are doing the excavation. Uh

49:59 it get, this gets into like water streams and whatnot nearby, definitely

50:04 cause uh to light, you So, so, um but

50:12 so uh things like um bridges, other kinds of iron uh where iron

50:18 used to for a structure that typically , especially if it's in uh going

50:24 uh water and the structure is So we're all aware of rust,

50:30 ? Iron oxidation in the presence of right near we all see rust,

50:35 know what that is. This is kind of oxidation is happening a

50:41 under, under in the water in sediments for these structures are laying down

50:48 embedded in. And so does aerobic of iron by these types of bacteria

50:54 . It can basically the destruction of structure enhance than that. So,

51:00 again, it's all just redox you can iron, it can weaken

51:06 structure, it's it that it's making up. OK. So um so

51:12 is kind of the continuum of these and where they play a role,

51:18 . So with nitrogen, right, look at growth. So which one

51:23 assimulate the the component? Right become of the OK. Ammonia is the

51:33 reduced form that it is from to . So restoration comes in kind of

51:45 the turning point, right, the molecule. So at this point

51:50 then is where we can now have forms that can be used as a

51:56 set that you become reduced. and then of course, we can

52:04 the loop right here. So now we're looking at the nitrogen

52:10 right. So if we have one is, is this right over

52:16 this is the next part and then the third part. OK. So

52:21 just different roles for the different forms nitro similarly, but sulfur.

52:27 So we have observation uh so sulfide sulfur to so faith in man at

52:41 point, different, more oxidized forms reduced as part of respiration.

52:47 So that's kind of the whole And so of course, you can

52:52 uh we began with H two S our ending with H two S.

52:57 . Um So, uh so I of how these things all fit and

53:02 they're used. Um Now, So this last bit is a little

53:11 about hm idea of trophy is an OK. That you see among a

53:22 of petrol types. So you look it and you go OK. That's

53:29 . It can only be. Li OK. Well, technically,

53:33 . OK. This right here is um is certainly if that's being used

53:42 an energy source, that's Liro But you see the activity in,

53:48 the in varied types of bacteria, just lit but in heros E coli

53:54 this process. OK. And so it is for good reason because it

54:00 a lot of energy oxidizing H two you a lot of energy.

54:04 So this equates to a big negative G. OK. And so not

54:11 , various spectral types have utilized OK. And so you see here

54:17 different examples right here is um using uh oxidizing H two. So I

54:27 do that uh using uh H all right um in this capacity

54:36 right, to form succinate, So that's an organic, you

54:39 organic, an organic constituent fate suint with this inorganic material here is another

54:50 , right, mineral and organic. that's when this hydrogen trophy, it's

54:55 of somebody that's own box. You to realize that it's an activity that

55:01 see, not just a approach, it can be seen in,

55:04 in other types of bacteria. And yes, on its own that this

55:10 is technically li atrophy or we call hydrogen trophy because we see it different

55:18 . OK. And so uh methano Genesis, OK. And co2,

55:30 . As a uh uh to reduce , all right. And um using

55:37 oxidation of hydrogen. And so uh activity, it only in a is

55:45 in the, in that group, . And um met me itself is

55:53 very potent um greenhouse gas. Much more so than co2.

56:00 The source of this is actually from , right? They all the cows

56:04 planet Earth, right? So this going on inside one of their stomach

56:12 are full of these methano that are this gas. OK? Uh

56:19 it is balanced out, right? methano genesis um produces methane methano

56:26 which is right here can utilize that actually oxidize it to uh CO2.

56:36 we can do that to the. it kind of balances out the,

56:40 uh product. So um the is not just in wetland environments but in

56:48 and other in other environments. uh but again, the danger there

56:53 really the methane production and the, the greenhouse gas effect that you,

56:58 got. So um any questions? let's look at this question.

57:08 So a bacterial species, let me that. OK. So bacterial species

57:17 , that can grow once applied in energy source and carbon source consisting of

57:24 two CO2 and nitrate. All What, what labels could you put

57:32 that, on that guy? What will all fit on that one?

58:23 I cut down from 28? You're sure, but you know that two

58:49 them absolutely fit that. You know you gotta pick right down.

59:05 Yes, too much. All So um that tells you auto

59:14 Um This can tell you that, tell you that. All right.

59:23 , this tells you that. so, yeah, so they,

59:28 all fly. Ok. Um All . So let's talk a little,

59:38 bit about sort of, I'm just go into this one here, which

59:46 the, this one by Terra Just that one ever. Um,

59:54 go to the other ones next But what I wanted to mention

59:58 uh, sorry, photo, your I'm assuming is the what we call

60:05 right, the the way plants and photosynthesize is what you've been exposed

60:13 Uh So, so remember photo on trophy and photo hitter, trophy.

60:20 . And the operative term, the term here is the hetero trophy,

60:25 ? It still has to metabolize Complex organic carb sources to get the

60:34 . OK. Uh Photo photo heteros have the additional capacity To be able

60:40 use land to get 80 people. , but again, it still must

60:46 , you must give it some kind complex organic source for its carbon.

60:52 . Um Trophy. No CO2. what it uses. OK. And

60:58 you can break this down really into base and non chlorophyll base.

61:05 Chloro base can be chlorophyll like we've in plants and algae. It can

61:10 an Sao bacteria or the bacterial which is what we see in the

61:18 in what we call the anoxic So remember that water, right?

61:25 , algae santa bacteria this form All right, water is being used

61:30 form 02, right? That's what call it oxygen, it forms

61:35 right? The other kind of photo trophy in this category uh uses these

61:42 of components as an electron tropes. , water is the electron donor in

61:47 and algae and sata bacteria and um types of photo chlorophyll based, they

61:54 these kinds of compounds, right? so that does not lead to fiction

61:59 ox. So we call that kind and oxygen photo, OK. And

62:06 a completely different type, right? really this one down here.

62:13 The bacterial adoption based OK. That type of photosynthesis, that's what we'll

62:20 on first. But let's look at couple of, let's look at this

62:24 here first. OK. So which the following is not applicable to

62:33 all like all types of phototropic, not applicable at all, stop

63:25 OK? It's count down from 21. OK. So um

63:49 they all possess some type of right? So whether it's chlorophyll or

63:59 else. OK. So that's The absorption of the light leads to

64:07 . OK. So that's true. then of course, the the the

64:13 of it is to convert the chemical , right? A T P and

64:17 P H what have you certainly, not this, right? Because you

64:22 photo hetro photo hero. So uh certainly ac and D are applicable to

64:30 of them. OK. And so and so the chlorophyll based um has

64:40 course, bacteria, very simple Um the um the different. So

64:48 of the things here is the, um photos, right? And so

64:54 is where H2O in plants and um allergy and santa bacteria uh that the

65:05 of water provides the electrons um or like H two S are similar in

65:14 types of photography. But in bacteria first, they don't have that,

65:20 no photos going on. OK. completely unique. And so it looks

65:25 this. OK. And so but this is found in uh in

65:35 arch in the, in the a they found in that there are bacteria

65:43 are in, that are in the environment, they are quite as

65:47 So no, which if you recall , Mansi um how the eye

65:55 you have red molecule in your, your eye very soon. OK.

66:03 uh How, how it works here the system. OK. And so

66:10 uh bacterial adoption, you find the adoption is like the bacterial version of

66:17 . OK. And it's based on things, OK? There's a protein

66:24 that's bound together with the retinal molecule see there. OK. So they're

66:32 command bonded to each other. And so they absorb green light,

66:39 ? So whenever you see a body water, what these things are

66:45 it appears purplish reddish, purplish pinkish of color. That's because their land

66:53 packed full of these and they uh green light, which means they reflect

67:00 that kind of purply redish color. . And so um the light absorption

67:07 occurs, retinal absorbs light, And then that uh twists around that

67:18 right from sis to trans, It basically it turns right there and

67:24 can see the orientation of this amino lysine changes. And so because it's

67:33 to that um protein, but it now it changes following up from

67:39 So too does the protein, And the result is to knock out

67:45 proton as that happens. OK. protons are pumped out as light's

67:52 OK. And then, but, the thing is there's no, there's

67:56 electron donor fueling this process. It's involving photons of light, not even

68:02 , there's photons of light being That's the energy, there's no donor

68:07 electrons to the system here. It's light. OK. Light absorption is

68:12 turns that bond. Um And then mo the protein changes shape, not

68:19 photo. So it's all just photons light energy. There's no nothing fueling

68:24 with electrons here. OK. So unique in that way. Um And

68:30 um those that have this, OK trucks OK? So they have this

68:37 a way to generate a T P because what's not shown here, that's

68:41 part of the mechanism is a T S, right? The whole came

68:45 most is pretend of force that we about earlier. Um It's just that

68:52 this, that's pumping up proton, , not electron transport like that.

69:00 ? But there is an A T A associated with this and that's how

69:03 produces a T P. OK. that is uh yeah, you see

69:08 here. OK. And so it's basically a light driven proton,

69:14 of course, it's a hero. it still requires a crop, organic

69:19 and all, all that growth with as we talked about before.

69:24 So um thought would be uh like of the first photosynthetic systems that

69:32 I think this predates May a um , the based system we'll talk about

69:40 time but um is a pro based protocol tied to a T P A

69:46 and still photo head approach that that . OK. Um Any questions,

69:54 all I was gonna do today So we'll pick it up, finish

69:57 up on Thursday and that will be for the

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