| 00:00 | it's computer. Great. So welcome the second lecture, Neuroscience 43 15 |
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| 00:10 | we started discussing the history of and we also discussed Ah, a |
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| 00:16 | very interesting things. Uh, but we continue with the material, let's |
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| 00:23 | one war time where we can find of the necessary materials. So if |
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| 00:31 | go to your course content, and, uh, I will just |
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| 00:39 | sharing and re share again if you to your course content on blackboard. |
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| 00:48 | will see now that you have the draft and what is important about the |
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| 00:55 | draft is that dates for the I'm still negotiating those days with cost |
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| 01:03 | having them confirmed s Oh, this so, uh, maybe any other |
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| 01:09 | changes. And also, if you in the syllabus on Wednesdays every |
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| 01:17 | we have office hours. So uh uh, the office hours are |
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| 01:25 | to be shorter because office hours says explained to you are designed so that |
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| 01:30 | can review the material that are covered the week, and then we can |
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| 01:35 | you can also ask any questions on , we can dispel any concerns about |
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| 01:42 | material and such. So now we lecture to here and we're using the |
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| 01:51 | link. Everyone welcome. Once if you go Teoh other parts, |
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| 01:56 | course contents. Now you will also lecture notes in an election owes you |
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| 02:04 | neuroscience lecture, one history of neuroscience this is the material that we were |
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| 02:11 | last lecture. But you will also that that folder is getting populated and |
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| 02:19 | you should be able to see a different version off the lecture that we |
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| 02:23 | last time. It's an expanded one we're really spilling into lecture one and |
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| 02:29 | to but neuroscience and just the image the slides is different. But we |
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| 02:35 | continue with these slides today, If you also look a lecture |
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| 02:43 | you should be able to see research of interest. And where you have |
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| 02:51 | research articles of interest, you will first of all, the infamous pundit |
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| 02:57 | that we were talking about it. don't forget that you can access pop |
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| 03:03 | and you can access a lot of literature articles, books using different data |
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| 03:11 | in different inter library loan systems using of Houston Library systems and using your |
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| 03:18 | and I d log in. So Man is on here. I also |
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| 03:24 | the link to the article that we Ah, on Monday and again the |
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| 03:30 | of this article was to highlight and study from Brigham Woman's showing analysis of |
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| 03:40 | brain supposed to more time so you see that these brains from different individuals |
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| 03:46 | with covert 19 after death, where were sliced and there were stained eso |
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| 03:55 | , histological, immuno histological analysis was on and analysis genetic analysis was performed |
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| 04:03 | . What we discussed is that this study argues that there is no direct |
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| 04:11 | of virus through the blood brain The blood brain barrier is a barrier |
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| 04:16 | separates the blood from the brain tissues the brain fluids, and that there |
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| 04:23 | not that much inflammation, which is off a viral encephalitis. So when |
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| 04:32 | descend to the brain and different viruses can be born by different, |
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| 04:40 | animals second enter obviously also Seo air and was, they take my resistant |
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| 04:49 | encephalitis. That means that the viruses takes carry and as the tick bites |
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| 04:55 | and infects you with the virus. virus crosses the blood brain barrier and |
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| 05:03 | and stuff alliance and causes inflammation. this case, the researchers found that |
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| 05:10 | is high poxy and ischemia. General, have auction. See mia |
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| 05:16 | is causing neuro degeneration and the death the South. So once again, |
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| 05:21 | interesting terminology, Very interesting concepts that all need to keep in mind. |
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| 05:28 | that information this now listed for you is a resource. The other thing |
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| 05:34 | we talked about the brain and if interested in different parts of the brain |
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| 05:40 | this folder, you will find another in the length to Alan brain |
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| 05:47 | Uh, it's really interesting Brain It was originally just the brain hatless |
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| 05:55 | was printed, and it grew in last 30 years into this massive digital |
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| 06:05 | tool in the resource and you can at different types of information here. |
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| 06:13 | information that drives you, uh, upload and share all of the information |
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| 06:19 | neurons and south. So if you here, you will be able to |
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| 06:24 | different types of cells, and it explain to you where different neurons to |
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| 06:30 | and What are the different models that classify different Norris, and you will |
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| 06:39 | that the brain, the CNS, over 140 150 different subtypes of |
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| 06:46 | So it's not just wonder on in , there is excited during your |
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| 06:51 | Dr. Activity up in the Brain inhibitory neurons said dampened activity in the |
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| 06:58 | . These were the predominant large classes active neurons in the brain. But |
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| 07:03 | you look more carefully within excited during groups, you will find the PSA |
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| 07:10 | ations, and you will find many, many different subtypes of excited |
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| 07:16 | and inhibitory neurons. So, for , you want to live a human |
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| 07:21 | apus, and you have the ability . Look at the human brain athletes |
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| 07:26 | look at the micro array data, we will talk later about micro |
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| 07:31 | But this is really, well, . Let's say you're interested in Alzheimer's |
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| 07:37 | , and with your capable of seeing you're capable of seeing genetic data. |
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| 07:43 | a genetic heat, now says we that will discuss again later in the |
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| 07:48 | . But in any case, the why I'm showing you this Allen brain |
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| 07:53 | less. It is a fantastic resource you can use an understanding different brain |
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| 08:00 | , understanding different South and comprises connectivity between these different cells and even |
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| 08:07 | comparative anatomy. Comparative anatomy in the of looking at what are the features |
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| 08:14 | the rodent brains? Such a scrap ? Brains versus human brains? War |
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| 08:22 | at the pathological features of ageing, or glia? Bless Thomas so believable |
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| 08:30 | again. As I explained in the lecture, whenever you see a complicated |
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| 08:36 | trying to take it apart, every has a route. And most of |
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| 08:41 | words and signs that are complicated are off two different meanings or two different |
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| 08:48 | , in this case, polio Oh, Moglia refers to glial cells |
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| 08:54 | we will start studying this lecture, Los Toma refers to blast oh sides |
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| 09:01 | blast oma Life cancer. So with the justice glial cells. It's a |
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| 09:08 | of real, south of particular cancer glial cells. All right, so |
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| 09:15 | is again very useful resource that you use or for your own benefit. |
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| 09:22 | there's also interesting information and other as we discover, let's say about |
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| 09:28 | 19 or anything that is really interesting relevant to the course. I will |
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| 09:33 | posting the lengths and enabling them on , uh, lenticular uh um folder |
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| 09:40 | . Uh, so less Go and talking about neuroscience history. And if |
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| 09:56 | recall, we want through several important of neuroscience development in history. So |
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| 10:08 | in my screen sharing is paused some the stock sharing, and I'm gonna |
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| 10:16 | sharing again. I'm really shocked. chat real quick. Okay? I |
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| 10:20 | see the new little blood work for reason. Okay, we'll try to |
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| 10:23 | screen again. Okay? Can you the screen now is I'm sharing |
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| 10:34 | Somebody could chime, and I would that. Yes. Terrific. So |
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| 10:42 | , some of the main stops that made among along the not just neuroscience |
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| 10:49 | General Giulani history Last lecture. We finish on this as we essentially build |
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| 10:57 | our modern day understanding off the brain their science in general. Prehistoric |
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| 11:05 | parka, Indians We're talking about not in Peru. Park Indians along different |
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| 11:12 | of South America and released in Northern African Mesopotamia. This calls these |
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| 11:20 | have Tremper nations. These terminations are . That's potentially their original. The |
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| 11:27 | medical neurological procedures in human history recorded history. In the written history, |
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| 11:39 | have Edwin Smith, Surgical Piras After Tab and Imhotep Waas, the man |
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| 11:48 | studied these different traumas, who came with a system of treatment. Gasification |
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| 11:57 | , known as triage, modeled a system recognised distant, the fact of |
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| 12:05 | nervous system injury. That means that head injury could result in a distant |
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| 12:12 | on a another part of the like an arm, a leg and |
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| 12:17 | on. So this is being and this is being described anatomy off |
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| 12:26 | brain. Using ancient Egyptian Periklis, jump into ancient Greece, where the |
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| 12:33 | switch is Hippocrates per clients that the is a major controlling Oregon center off |
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| 12:40 | party. Hippocrates was very smart. also paid a lot of attention to |
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| 12:47 | this nutrition and diet, uh, exercise and was also essentially the the |
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| 12:58 | Great father, grandfather off more on medicine where health care practitioners not to |
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| 13:05 | Hippocrates oath after graduating, such as school. So in Greece, this |
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| 13:12 | starting to change, and then we about gallon, so we're skipping over |
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| 13:19 | if you recall Gallon. Um uh, working with a lot of |
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| 13:26 | and doing a lot of the anatomical of the sections and gallon stars dominated |
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| 13:33 | 16th century, where, when Renaissance back and you had on Renaissance came |
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| 13:40 | picture and address for Sal use. curious. New Anonymous was looking into |
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| 13:46 | brain, and he was studying and between gray matter and white matter. |
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| 13:52 | discussed that green matter. It's softer spawn jeer material, and White matter |
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| 13:58 | the harder material on gray matters where soma soon neuronal cell bodies are |
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| 14:05 | Real cell bodies in White Manor on tracks that air connecting different parts of |
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| 14:11 | brain, different regions of the And so even the Sally's looking at |
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| 14:17 | of these anatomical structures very much is by these very large ventricles to lateral |
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| 14:25 | and right ventricles sitting right in the of the brain, making him believe |
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| 14:30 | the ventricular localization, this is where actual brain function exists. And all |
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| 14:39 | these tracks and all of these nerves like pipes and channels. They carried |
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| 14:46 | information somehow into the periphery. So come Teoh really the card describe the |
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| 14:54 | origins of mind and body. again, A lot of these descriptions |
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| 15:00 | very prominent in different cultures at the time in Africa. And there's a |
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| 15:07 | Mia. But Brennan and Carr on the dating back also change In |
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| 15:12 | we're talking about the ancient Greek philosophers , total, Hippocrates and Aristotle in |
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| 15:19 | . We need the cards. He's French mathematician philosopher, the physiologist he |
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| 15:25 | the first is systematically account from the body relationship, So he is trying |
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| 15:33 | explain the relationship between mind and He is also initiating what is known |
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| 15:40 | a reflex theory that they're awesome. , behaviors that are reflexive that do |
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| 15:47 | require much of conscious thinking in such as If Yunus accidentally put a |
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| 15:56 | in above fire, you will withdraw . You will not keep your hand |
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| 16:02 | fire and just thinking, Wait a . This is this is God and |
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| 16:05 | is really gonna hurt my skin. now he looks at the whole body |
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| 16:12 | as a fluid mechanical theory, is fluid mechanical machine. He thinks it's |
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| 16:17 | mirrors AARP IVs. He thinks that pineal Randers decide where the soul contacts |
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| 16:24 | the body essentially and the information comes the eyes and contacts to play the |
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| 16:30 | . And he's also famous for the Forget don't care. Go some, |
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| 16:36 | think. Therefore I am. But have, ah, different variation of |
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| 16:43 | phrase. And maybe it relates to in his interest in nutrition and the |
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| 16:50 | of the microbiome. The importance of fact that we carry so much more |
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| 16:56 | and our gods and that we have very sophisticated and tearing nervous system that |
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| 17:02 | our gots and communicate star brains is from places, the central nervous |
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| 17:07 | So I have a modern version of assume, and this is I |
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| 17:12 | Therefore, I think, um, just paraphrasing that food is also |
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| 17:21 | Um, now, let's moving back silence from this, uh, will |
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| 17:30 | , uh, description off I Therefore, I think no. Therefore |
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| 17:39 | am because how I eat will influence I think Now we're all the sound |
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| 17:47 | at the ventricles in the history, we're saying like my my goodness, |
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| 17:51 | must be the information carrying hubs, know, until we jiggle Bonnie and |
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| 17:58 | in um, University of Bologna in , using by electricity, he discovers |
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| 18:07 | electricity shocks. He does experiments with circuit, takes frogs nerve and give |
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| 18:14 | , frogs, nerves and muscle And he shocks frogs, muscle and |
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| 18:20 | muscle contracts. And so he that nurse can generate electricity. He |
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| 18:26 | nerves this, ah, essentially electrical . And they're insulated electrical conductors because |
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| 18:34 | surrounded by myelin, which is the very much like you would see insulation |
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| 18:40 | elect wires, which in this case plastic inspiration. And so you can |
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| 18:46 | , as is shown here on the image, that you have a whole |
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| 18:49 | of wires essentially running through your So my representation off wired human body |
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| 18:59 | the head of me and that is that is related to the case in |
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| 19:05 | cases and is just what it's missing flesh and chemistry, of course, |
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| 19:10 | just electricity, although electricity is a of charging chemical charge in this |
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| 19:18 | So when we talk about the brain , let's kind of a step back |
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| 19:23 | let's look at the fact that we central nervous system and this is what |
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| 19:28 | course is about we have the peripheral system that we have a lot of |
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| 19:33 | running into the periphery into the distant of our bodies. No one major |
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| 19:40 | distinction is that there is no regeneration the central nervous system. So any |
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| 19:48 | that happens to Siri broom, sure one brain some or spinal cord. |
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| 19:55 | is no regeneration off these nerves of connections between neurons, but in the |
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| 20:04 | for is you know, if you ah damage. Nor were broken |
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| 20:09 | for example, with with with with thorn or partially for nerve. There |
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| 20:15 | regeneration to reserve regrowth in the and that is because the environment ana |
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| 20:23 | This around for a phone nervous system very different from the central nervous |
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| 20:28 | So they're awesome. Some stem cells the brain and certain regions of the |
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| 20:33 | . One of them, we mentioned Monday's the Hippocampus Trust em stars that |
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| 20:39 | produced around the ventricular zones here, in adults. But there is no |
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| 20:46 | regeneration and chemical environment milieu that is in the peripheral system, then provides |
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| 20:54 | , uh, for for the No, if you look again that |
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| 21:01 | brain is divided at the frontal parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal |
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| 21:08 | , and the under served about one . And then you have the brain |
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| 21:11 | and downwards. You have a So the frontal lobe from the bridal |
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| 21:16 | , uh, separated by central soul . Remember, we sent that the |
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| 21:23 | of the brain is not smooth, the surface of the brain has self |
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| 21:29 | Alcacer's one South I his many those imaginations or ah, gyre I and |
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| 21:39 | ir the other Rijs. Essentially. you have many cell signed many gyre |
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| 21:44 | . But the central Salter's is very stole CAS that separates the Brundle |
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| 21:52 | from the parietal Oh, and the Fisher's, another in separation sauce, |
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| 21:59 | like separation, which very clearly separates temporal lobe from especially the frontal |
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| 22:07 | but as well as parietal over parts the parietal. So we're just situating |
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| 22:13 | sounds, reminding ourselves that the basic every year basically anatomical subdivisions of the |
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| 22:19 | murmur system, basic subdivisions of the . N s. If you will |
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| 22:26 | a little bit more into the spinal and will come back and talk Teoh |
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| 22:31 | this lot and detail we have, , 31 pairs of spinal nerves that |
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| 22:39 | out essentially in between each vertebra. you have a vertebral column and within |
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| 22:45 | vertebral column you have spinal cord right , spinal cord proper and spinal |
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| 22:52 | the tracks and the spinal cord, gray area in the middle of the |
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| 22:57 | cord that looks like a butterfly's where so much so neuronal cell bodies are |
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| 23:03 | and then the wide surrounding the spinal Here in the middle. Other tracks |
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| 23:09 | up and down the spinal cord. so you have 31 pairs of spinal |
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| 23:15 | and exit out the spinal cord and carry motor information through the eventual |
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| 23:23 | Through these blue depicted nerves, it into the ganglion and the smaller |
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| 23:32 | A motor neurons are penetrating into your and muscle fibers in order. Teoh |
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| 23:41 | muscle contraction at the same time. surrender fibers that are found in the |
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| 23:48 | and that are also found in muscles muscle spindles. These a sensory |
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| 23:54 | so the sensory fibres will send and of all of the sensor information from |
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| 24:00 | periphery from the skin and the muscles the joints and will carry that information |
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| 24:07 | the nerve through the door. So here, that's where the so muscle |
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| 24:14 | the door. So bald here and the door, so part of the |
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| 24:18 | cord. So by this virtually out the eventual roots, eventual return |
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| 24:23 | This is the output. This is motor command. How to move the |
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| 24:28 | . But the sensory command comes from skin, muscles and joints and goes |
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| 24:33 | the dorsal side of the spinal creating these door so roads so door |
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| 24:40 | side on the backside is a sensation in from the periphery and the ventral |
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| 24:47 | . Or would be the front side us of the spinal cord would be |
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| 24:52 | muscle and motor commands, enjoying moment such. So we will come back |
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| 24:58 | study this in greater detail. But this is how the information all the |
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| 25:03 | from the brain goes to the spinal and can inform to move this finger |
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| 25:09 | now and then this finger right now so on and so forth. So |
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| 25:14 | is a specific nerve that will come of the spinal cord is I'm talking |
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| 25:18 | saying I'm gonna move my finger that in, actually contacts this finger and |
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| 25:23 | the figure in normally functioning brains? . As we're looking at the historical |
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| 25:31 | and nurse eyes were very interested. we're starting to understand that maybe different |
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| 25:37 | of the brain are responsible for different . And this is called localization of |
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| 25:42 | brain functions. And this comes at intersection off biology and psychology. |
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| 25:51 | in the science that is called The phrenology was born from theory |
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| 25:58 | Uh, let me see if um I'm gonna track the chat milk |
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| 26:04 | . So chronology came loose from the of this aristocratic via niece physician, |
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| 26:12 | , France, jurors of gal in 18th century to the 19th century and |
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| 26:18 | basic tenets of gal systems where the the brain is the organ of the |
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| 26:26 | . If if somebody doesn't agree, their hands, the brain is the |
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| 26:31 | of the mind great within itself. mind is composed of multiple distinct innate |
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| 26:37 | . That means that we're born with innate faculties, their distinct and |
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| 26:44 | Okay, there multiple distinct reform of of them were obviously generated at us |
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| 26:50 | of the environment because their distinct each was on a separate seed or organ |
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| 26:55 | the brain at least 30 bucks. when was Gallus saying that? I |
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| 27:02 | that if if you look at this , there has to be a least |
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| 27:06 | distinct regions that are responsible for a function for distinct tackled. Okay, |
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| 27:14 | that's cool. Of course, we that different parts of the brain and |
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| 27:18 | responsible for different functions the size of organ, other things being equal is |
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| 27:24 | measure of its power. Right muscle into your muscle, more power. |
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| 27:36 | , by this logic means what bigger bigger had mawr brainpower smarter. So |
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| 27:48 | bigger the had the smarter Uh, where he's starting to lose me. |
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| 27:58 | , because one of the animals that the largest brains in the world their |
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| 28:06 | . So if we follow these tenants this logic, 1 to 1, |
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| 28:16 | should be the smartest animals in the . Maybe we should go back to |
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| 28:21 | ancient picture. Elephants carrying the world their back on ruling the humans so |
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| 28:31 | so five. The shape of the is determined by the development of the |
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| 28:36 | organs. Okay, The shape of brain is determined by the development off |
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| 28:43 | various organs by by these various he means by different structures in the |
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| 28:51 | . So you saying that if you a certain part of the brain that |
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| 28:57 | is somehow going to become larger, muscle is gonna grow larger because of |
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| 29:07 | . And number six As the skull its shape from the brain, the |
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| 29:12 | of the skull can be read as accurate index of psychological aptitudes and |
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| 29:21 | Okay, so what xgo with Remember, uh welcome. Teoh Franz |
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| 29:29 | Gall. Officer phonological investigations off your traits. Onda uh, have a |
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| 29:40 | , please. As you in sit down and office. What is |
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| 29:46 | in the picture below is a foreign , much like Dr Gahl. And |
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| 29:52 | for technologists would have multiple tools such this tool that will fit around the |
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| 29:59 | that will measure the world's size of skull. It will measure the angle |
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| 30:05 | will look at all of the bombs will essentially follow this diagram of the |
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| 30:14 | drawing of the skull with these different subdividing areas of the skull where there |
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| 30:20 | 35 sounds and each one of these is responsible for a different innate |
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| 30:31 | So I am Ah, measuring right on your skull. The do a |
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| 30:38 | generous individual. Yes, indeed. I just put my phrenology tools and |
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| 30:45 | have measured on you have a bump zone, whatever number 20 something and |
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| 30:52 | it looks like you're extremely generous person of that. So you know, |
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| 30:59 | great that gal pushed the science forward the localization of specific functions. But |
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| 31:08 | , that is not the case. only partially true that, uh, |
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| 31:14 | underneath or the brain will shape the . And why's that low? Because |
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| 31:20 | you born, you scholars soft and fact you were Skull. Please do |
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| 31:26 | even fuse until about, uh, to 16 sometimes even two years of |
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| 31:35 | . So on the newborn, you can put a finger in the |
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| 31:40 | here and in the back here and will feel these two very soft spots |
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| 31:46 | the skull plate suffusing also, in instances, off accumulation off fluids in |
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| 31:57 | brain, such as in the case a condition of childhood neurological condition, |
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| 32:04 | hydrocephalus. The fluids will accumulate in calls, and because they accumulate in |
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| 32:14 | ventricles, thesis ventricles would become enlarged engorged, and they would start pushing |
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| 32:20 | the brain, and they would start the brain tissue. And it would |
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| 32:25 | start pushing on the soft human Scarlett you would have these normally shaved shaped |
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| 32:32 | forming from hydrocephalus. A list, course. You use the drainage. |
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| 32:37 | discuss hydrocephalus. Ah, a little later and, of course, but |
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| 32:41 | dia is that there are certain alterations can happen to the skull if they're |
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| 32:48 | significant. That's usually not an indication a particular trait or talent or |
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| 32:56 | Psychological are neurological feature of Karada is an indication of a neurological problems such |
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| 33:05 | hydrocephalus, such as cancer's growth. a pinching on brain matter and pushing |
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| 33:10 | the solve developing skull. So that's he didn't get it right, that |
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| 33:15 | cannot judge the book by its You can adjust the brain by the |
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| 33:25 | off this girl and by the size the skull or the size of the |
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| 33:35 | . But a lot of things that have thought off localization of specific functions |
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| 33:41 | there's many different regions responsible for many functions. Could us two down for |
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| 33:47 | that? And so, in 18 if you were walking into your |
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| 33:54 | uh, apple century or library, would be able to become an American |
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| 34:02 | journal. Know thy self know you're parts of the skull and you're different |
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| 34:11 | the eighth faculty. Somehow, they're by that. So this Ah, |
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| 34:16 | a real thing. Um, it a popular journal following, And, |
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| 34:25 | , it made some roadways in inroads us into understanding localization of brain |
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| 34:35 | All right, so the first person really Wen's for this understanding and showed |
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| 34:45 | specific brain area responsible for specific function US Doctor Pole broke. And here's |
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| 34:57 | , very interesting thing. What Dr Broca discovered was, uh, an |
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| 35:05 | . If Asian expressive aphasia is difficulty conveying thoughts through speech or writing, |
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| 35:16 | It's a condition where a patient understands language and the patient knows what he |
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| 35:24 | to say, but he cannot find words he needs to say it. |
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| 35:30 | incapable or the string off words coming of the mouth is, um, |
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| 35:37 | incoherent the person understands of speech. have the thoughts, cannot saying expressive |
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| 35:46 | through speech, and they can write . The Kenneth their motor commands are |
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| 35:52 | capable off spitting out those starts, they're capable of understanding. So you |
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| 35:58 | Broca's area. Here in Dr Paul has a patient in postmortem. You |
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| 36:08 | at the patient and he finds this in the front of the brain. |
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| 36:14 | , Mrs Sora in the frontal it's now called Broca's Area. You |
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| 36:18 | cease in the frontal lobe. It's right next to the motor cortex that |
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| 36:25 | that it has something to do with commands and motor functions coming from the |
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| 36:30 | damage this area or normal function of area. So you looked at the |
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| 36:38 | postmortem, and he sees that there a hole there. And, |
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| 36:44 | it's 19th century middle of the 19th , second half of the 19th |
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| 36:52 | So what is the scientist to Let me check the chaps to make |
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| 36:56 | that everybody can see Okay, this guy's different if Asia's, and |
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| 37:04 | I'll show you another. Maybe that slide that tell over compares to 22 |
|
| 37:09 | from here. Now What does a to Dio? One is the doctor |
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| 37:13 | dio in the 18 sixties 18 seventies you discover that condition. So of |
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| 37:21 | , you write an email to everybody get down on facetime and chat all |
|
| 37:28 | the urologists around the world and, , doom. You confirm what you |
|
| 37:35 | found. That is not the There's no Internet. Of course, |
|
| 37:40 | is a joke. So he rides ladders, feel, writes letters to |
|
| 37:44 | of these colleagues around Europe that air working with speech therapy than a |
|
| 37:50 | Psychologists at the time they're studying the , and he describes to them, |
|
| 37:56 | have this unique case on this person a hole in this part of the |
|
| 38:01 | , and they have expressive aphasia. , uh, he guess I think |
|
| 38:08 | or non brains and get sent back him from his colleagues that stay |
|
| 38:12 | have a look. This person had vision, and sure enough, he |
|
| 38:17 | it. In many instances, they damage to this specific part of the |
|
| 38:22 | , which is no known as Broca's . Receptive aphasia, perceptible stations, |
|
| 38:29 | different type. Elif Asian stepped infestation difficulty of the standing spoken or written |
|
| 38:37 | . The patient can hear the voice see them print, but cannot make |
|
| 38:41 | of the words. So this is expressive aphasia. You have a difficulty |
|
| 38:48 | the receptive aphasia, You inexpressive You understand everything. You have your |
|
| 38:54 | , you tell a speaker in receptive you cannot understand. So the patient |
|
| 39:02 | may even imagine, uh, hearing , uh, no, not |
|
| 39:09 | But here, boy, sister, see the printed words, but you |
|
| 39:13 | make sense of it is not imagining is just not being able to make |
|
| 39:18 | of things. And Vernon Kiss which is located on the border off |
|
| 39:26 | temporal parietal and occipital lobes, is part of the receptive division, because |
|
| 39:34 | function hearing comes from temporal lobes is to be difficult to understand words, |
|
| 39:39 | seeing wounds comes from the occipital. so it would be difficulty in seeing |
|
| 39:45 | correct order understanding the print of words that's the Vernon Hysteria. There is |
|
| 39:51 | time of a no. Nick um, neige aphasia. It's the |
|
| 39:55 | severe from of Asia having difficulty in the correct names for particular objects. |
|
| 40:01 | places or events Guilty as charged. Karan Easier aphasia. Uh, blank |
|
| 40:12 | . You can call it sometimes. ah, you know, short term |
|
| 40:18 | loss is so in the way we experience throughout live in a different degree |
|
| 40:25 | moniker of Nishi officious. Hopefully, not using it as an alibi. |
|
| 40:32 | , but in reality, this could more severe where it because more of |
|
| 40:40 | problem that potentially is infringing on the lives, too. Global aphasia |
|
| 40:49 | uh, basically probably the most severe of if Asia. You have severe |
|
| 40:57 | extensive damage to the language areas of brain, and patients lose almost all |
|
| 41:05 | function, both comprehension and expression. cannot speak, understand? Speech, |
|
| 41:13 | kind of reason. All right. global. If Asia is essentially affecting |
|
| 41:21 | areas of the brain and globalist it can be caused, For |
|
| 41:27 | something that we discussed as high Park . We have, ah, |
|
| 41:32 | the privation overall global effect on the , and now it's causing problems |
|
| 41:42 | So another very important, uh, in history and nurse on sister, |
|
| 41:50 | the most famous patient and most famous in the neuroscience history that is not |
|
| 41:57 | scientists. Bananas gauge in 18 Uh, finance gauge is, uh |
|
| 42:06 | in charge of explosives unit As the are exploding and cutting their way through |
|
| 42:17 | mountains in New England, cutting the to go and, ah, New |
|
| 42:25 | Aladdin cut Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Hampshire main and the significant mountain |
|
| 42:39 | And as that time as we you have to explode rocks in order |
|
| 42:44 | clear the pathway. Teoh lay the and finance Gauger is pictured in |
|
| 42:51 | uh, beautiful picture that was released 10 years ago and as gay just |
|
| 42:57 | in this picture and that'll stick a nail stick. This mental stink that |
|
| 43:03 | portrayed with is using to pack explosives the crooks and crannies into the into |
|
| 43:11 | rocks in orderto blow up the rocks clear pathway. And as he SPAC |
|
| 43:18 | with this rod with this banking rod , an accident happens, explosive goes |
|
| 43:26 | and what is fiction it on the is his skull postmortem, and it |
|
| 43:34 | the penetration of that rod that rod from below his left cheek bone and |
|
| 43:42 | on and exited out through the leaving a significant hall, which was |
|
| 43:50 | passed. Stop because skull was left it actually penetrated and went out through |
|
| 44:01 | front all his head through the frontal . So this is from the |
|
| 44:08 | A reconstruction of Finnair's gauges is, , Skull ask. You looked after |
|
| 44:15 | injury and, ah, indentations Uneven, uh, skull, bone |
|
| 44:23 | and front as well as his actual . Uh, in the picture. |
|
| 44:29 | actual finance gauge to holding that Whoa. So first of all, |
|
| 44:38 | accident did not kill finesse Cage. fact, a few months later, |
|
| 44:45 | came back to ask for his job , and he said, Give me |
|
| 44:50 | job back. But nobody wanted to him a job bag because he was |
|
| 44:55 | a rule. Would person swearing and , not controlling his emotions? The |
|
| 45:05 | of this damage to finance gauges being by owner size historians. Some say |
|
| 45:11 | the damage was so severe that the was deep, that it costs aggression |
|
| 45:17 | gets a friendly in like behavior. even a written account of Phineas Gage |
|
| 45:23 | to Mexico. There is, story that he may have killed or |
|
| 45:29 | a couple of people down south and found his way back out by the |
|
| 45:34 | into Texas and back into United Um, and so historians would say |
|
| 45:43 | the damage was very significant. Others say that there was no apparent |
|
| 45:49 | that the guy had a closed. sort of a droopy eye like |
|
| 45:53 | where the damage happened and if he just rude. But if you want |
|
| 45:59 | tell them that this guy suffered a brain injury in a massive metal |
|
| 46:07 | Kennedy traded a ripped through its brain reptile pieces of its front toe |
|
| 46:15 | But he didn't do that much And this is why. Because that |
|
| 46:22 | of the brain, the frontal is responsible for executive function. For |
|
| 46:29 | able Teoh control your executive function to tasks and control the emotions, so |
|
| 46:38 | to the frontal cortex can cause emotional and executive execution problems. But damage |
|
| 46:47 | the frontal lobe may not cause any problems. Any language problems, any |
|
| 46:53 | issues, maybe, maybe some. that tells you that even in some |
|
| 47:01 | strong cases off significant damage to the , there's only partial loss of function |
|
| 47:09 | suggest very clearly that's each part of brain is responsible for specific functions. |
|
| 47:18 | , in the 19th century, there the beginning of science of cortical stimulation |
|
| 47:25 | . So what is happening is it's on, Animal said, and |
|
| 47:28 | Son, uh, monkeys where the is being stimulated and as different part |
|
| 47:34 | the poor Texas being stimulated. You a twitch from this side as you |
|
| 47:39 | other part of the cortex to see twitch on the other sign. And |
|
| 47:43 | now we have neuro physiological studies showing and more and more precise than cellular |
|
| 47:52 | Zoff these specific brain functions. So Darwin and we should discuss Charles Darwin |
|
| 48:05 | he also plays into the background of . Also in the 19th century, |
|
| 48:12 | course, famous for his Galapagos studies travels. Uh, it's almost |
|
| 48:21 | , dream like, uh, to to Galapagos Islands. In fact, |
|
| 48:26 | of Houston has, uh, done few trips. Undergraduate tress, |
|
| 48:32 | as far as I know to Galapagos . And, uh, it's an |
|
| 48:37 | diverse bio. Diverse, uh, off islands. Uh, that belongs |
|
| 48:44 | Ecuador. So off the coast of equator. And as he spent time |
|
| 48:50 | he was observing a lot of different . He was observing internals. He |
|
| 48:57 | observing finches, the birds, and was observing the beach structure of the |
|
| 49:02 | and different structures of the animals. he noted that as they adapted different |
|
| 49:09 | , even in close proximity in the archipelago islands. But they're separated by |
|
| 49:16 | on different islands. The same on would have very different features to be |
|
| 49:23 | variations in the beaks, the shape the beaks that that was because of |
|
| 49:29 | surroundings. And that was very actually to each other just separated by |
|
| 49:34 | few miles on the island. That result in this evolutionary in anatomical differences |
|
| 49:42 | the reason why we bring up darling because our brains are constantly evolving. |
|
| 49:48 | haven't stopped evolving when we talk about brain functions. So we just said |
|
| 49:54 | different parts of the brain and the for different functions but different animals also |
|
| 50:00 | their own specific on features that they're good at. So, for |
|
| 50:05 | on monkeys it's the occipital lobe, the visual cortex is very well |
|
| 50:10 | This picture doesn't tell you anything. take my word for it that |
|
| 50:15 | uh, non human primate visual cortex very sophisticated, very complex of very |
|
| 50:22 | to what you would see on Aly and Physiological in the human |
|
| 50:26 | It's in the human court, in rodents. What is their |
|
| 50:32 | Big visual animals? No, But do they do? These smell a |
|
| 50:37 | . And so you see this bald the front of the if the rat |
|
| 50:41 | this ball, there's no factory Look at how much of the area |
|
| 50:46 | the brain this big bald is dedicated smelling things because they smell a lot |
|
| 50:51 | things that's there. There, there. They're powerful way of getting |
|
| 50:56 | . That's their way of survival in environment. If you look at the |
|
| 51:00 | , they also have those factory about the very front of the brain, |
|
| 51:04 | off the very front of the frontal , right. This tiny proportionately, |
|
| 51:10 | to the rest of the size of monkey's brain and for the rats, |
|
| 51:14 | huge compared to the rest of the of the brain. In another part |
|
| 51:18 | the brain that is in large that shown on the right here this very |
|
| 51:22 | phoned the Darrow cortex. This is matter. Sensory cortex in the parietal |
|
| 51:28 | . And that is because rodents and whisk around the environment. And this |
|
| 51:33 | how the sense the environment, by smelling and by whisking by smelling and |
|
| 51:39 | whisking, therefore a large parts of brain. They're gonna be dedicated, |
|
| 51:43 | smelling and two so matter sensation to sensation. And not only large parts |
|
| 51:49 | the brain are going to be dedicated that, but they will be developed |
|
| 51:53 | higher degree of sophistication. Where have actually see in this on this |
|
| 51:59 | Here at the bottom, each one these dots in the brain that's in |
|
| 52:03 | large on the right bottom. each one of these Dawson somatic sensory |
|
| 52:08 | is called a barrel because it looks of like a barrel. Like a |
|
| 52:13 | small barrel. It's referred to his cortex. Each one of these dark |
|
| 52:18 | spots represents one single whisker on the face. So for the there's five |
|
| 52:29 | of whiskers on the number of whiskers vitro, and you will have five |
|
| 52:34 | of these barrels and the number of barrels corresponding to individual whisker on the |
|
| 52:43 | and whisker bad, huh? Now starting to talk about not just |
|
| 52:50 | localization of brain functions, but very circuit anatomy. Underlying specific brain functions |
|
| 52:59 | in Hannibal's based on their environments. this humans were evolving as along, |
|
| 53:06 | . But we will talk about how evolving when we talked about the Sanader |
|
| 53:10 | system, but everything that you dio faras using your motor commands using your |
|
| 53:20 | . The manager visual skills hearing is changing as the world changes. Think |
|
| 53:27 | what it entailed to make a phone 30 years ago. Can you even |
|
| 53:36 | difficult fried? You actually had to to the phone, have to pick |
|
| 53:41 | the phone, put the dial to here? Yeah, down the |
|
| 53:49 | Maybe you have buttons, but sometimes even have to dial the number. |
|
| 53:53 | for the signal. Say hello, you talk to the person you hang |
|
| 53:59 | in this and there's no cell There's no iPad. There's no mobile |
|
| 54:06 | , and the rest of your day if you make another three or four |
|
| 54:12 | calls, unless you're stalking somebody obsessed is just lifting off this thing and |
|
| 54:20 | 23 times a day, right? a map. This is a |
|
| 54:27 | This is a map of your This is a map of your |
|
| 54:31 | Kind of. In this case, rat whiskers have a map. It's |
|
| 54:35 | cortical map of what this animal is . So our cortical now for making |
|
| 54:41 | phone call 30 years ago was dialing by the phone or sitting and |
|
| 54:47 | What is our cortical nap? How our time is spent on the phone |
|
| 54:54 | days. Screen time. Check your time lately. That's how much time |
|
| 55:01 | spend it for. Can you imagine you like 30 years ago if I |
|
| 55:06 | my mother, my father for, , eight hours on the phone? |
|
| 55:11 | calling and talking and looking at It's like what? I would think |
|
| 55:16 | this is a job, right? now we take it for granted. |
|
| 55:20 | all day long, click, click, slice, wife swap, |
|
| 55:25 | , Click Quick. Look at Turned us Look at all of this |
|
| 55:29 | motor commands for our stuck shin Look at all this typing that we're |
|
| 55:36 | is humans were involving constantly. Now have massive evolution of the somatic sensory |
|
| 55:41 | . So matter sister corn justice as relates to the fine motor commands it |
|
| 55:46 | relates to a lot of the touch using in these violent times. All |
|
| 55:55 | , so we come to some of modern understanding off neuroscience, and I |
|
| 56:01 | like Teoh maybe go back and look a couple of slices from here. |
|
| 56:08 | know, stop, uh, And I'm gonna share again the screen |
|
| 56:20 | one second, so I may have repeat it again. Very briefly. |
|
| 56:35 | . The fact that in this slide Mr Recording of the slide. But |
|
| 56:40 | have explained the differences between particular theory in your own doctrine. So you |
|
| 56:47 | know. The difference is between particular and the neuron doctrine. I discussed |
|
| 56:53 | very important individuals from the slide Chameleon who invented the silver nitrate silvery agents |
|
| 57:00 | for staining the rounds and Golgi. stains, all of the processes. |
|
| 57:06 | of the accents and done drives. only the cell, most of |
|
| 57:10 | We discussed ceremony ca hall, very Spanish scientists, neuroscientists that was a |
|
| 57:17 | off Camelia Golgi and used a Golgi in order to draw these sophisticated networks |
|
| 57:25 | forward thinking and describes concepts such as of different networks, uh, and |
|
| 57:34 | in the brain. The June Ramon Alcohol was a proponent of Dern |
|
| 57:40 | . Camelia Ecology was a proponent of theory. They both accepted a noble |
|
| 57:48 | for neurophysiology together and they has accepted prize there still disagreeing with each |
|
| 57:56 | So this was an example of the Teoh to stick to your guns if |
|
| 58:00 | really believe in what you're studying, you were saying and maybe someday you |
|
| 58:05 | be right, but also take a off. Maybe not being right. |
|
| 58:11 | all strength of pictured on the right instrumental in coining the term off this |
|
| 58:17 | and then this line We discussed different off the nervous system medical specializations, |
|
| 58:26 | and psychiatry and our surgery in their and pointed out for your pathology, |
|
| 58:32 | can actually be a PhD. It's in view. Whilst neurology, psychiatry |
|
| 58:38 | neurosurgery requires P and M D. four PhDs. There's many different experimental |
|
| 58:47 | , the fall within one of these and different levels of analysis from molecular |
|
| 58:53 | systems behavior home to Cardiff Analysis I highlighted the importance of animal research |
|
| 59:03 | cost of ignorance, cost of not cost, of not wanting to find |
|
| 59:08 | in order. Teoh really save other . And on the right is a |
|
| 59:13 | of major neurological disorders that we will discussing some of these disorders. And |
|
| 59:18 | suggested that you have a section of notebook where you spare some space for |
|
| 59:25 | like Alzheimer's disease, aka Lucy Multiple and others. As we review information |
|
| 59:31 | the semester, you should be adding information into your notes section, and |
|
| 59:39 | is a slide of Alzheimer's disease. truly, uh, describes the major |
|
| 59:45 | of Alzheimer's disease a rule. Come to the slide in the little. |
|
| 60:12 | , great. We can see this now again and we're essentially finished with |
|
| 60:17 | section self. All of these great have led us to this Essentially next |
|
| 60:25 | section that we're going toe to start and glia, and we're almost out |
|
| 60:32 | time. There was supposed to be review off the material for this |
|
| 60:37 | but a pretty much reviewed the material a sui We're talking, and, |
|
| 60:45 | , now I'll just do a quick of neurons and glia, and we |
|
| 60:49 | talk about neurons and glia for the . Two. Actresses were falling behind |
|
| 60:54 | of the material that worry we will up. The most important thing is |
|
| 60:59 | you capture the material. You're You like it your odds. Comprising |
|
| 61:04 | 10% of the total euro no or cell population in the brain. With |
|
| 61:12 | surprised, 90% so narrows. I chips in the chocolate chip cookie. |
|
| 61:19 | how boring the cookie would be without ship. It's just a dose. |
|
| 61:25 | ugly has more last view. There's dough, but it is not a |
|
| 61:30 | dull. It's extremely active. Who works of South very much contributes |
|
| 61:36 | learning memory and brain activity. And again, the game and the brain |
|
| 61:42 | mainly in this stain. And that's , because the rain and stain is |
|
| 61:50 | in the plane, Ramon in the would agree. And, uh, |
|
| 61:58 | game and the brain is mainly in stain, and this is the reason |
|
| 62:02 | the money call would agree. This really the introduction and understanding This stain |
|
| 62:08 | allowed us to have a glimpse and these neurons looked like. And these |
|
| 62:14 | , uh, drawings over money. that I want to highlight. And |
|
| 62:19 | can see these black connections to these , the accents that are connecting different |
|
| 62:24 | and you can see arrows. And he's suggesting that this information is traveling |
|
| 62:31 | one cell to another from one that until now than that work. Ramon |
|
| 62:38 | Hall did these drawings. These drawings still very precise, extremely relevant, |
|
| 62:43 | , as you can see, where again in 2006. Nature reviews. |
|
| 62:49 | in at that time, we don't that neurons can generate action potentials. |
|
| 62:57 | , uh, although we know that is, uh, conductive ity, |
|
| 63:04 | we do not know how this conductivity or we do not know with actual |
|
| 63:10 | Sorry that the South could generate And ah, we don't see sin |
|
| 63:17 | . We don't see these gaps or connections between neurons until we have the |
|
| 63:23 | microscopes until 19 fifties. So on in 19 fifties, you can actually |
|
| 63:29 | able to visualize the synapses. You're to visualize the actual connections between individual |
|
| 63:36 | able Teoh, see the distances in meters and that's what electron microscope |
|
| 63:43 | It reveals distance system nano meters in for you to visualize this and then |
|
| 63:49 | stain this very important in helping us that architectural gross architecture We Fertitta site |
|
| 63:58 | our contention sight o r. Cellular . Oh, architecture of the cells |
|
| 64:04 | the brain is and missile stain, France missile missile stain is this blue |
|
| 64:10 | , and each one of these blue is a SoMa is a cell |
|
| 64:16 | and it stains neurons and stays glial . And it's not a great stain |
|
| 64:23 | reveal the process. Is that dendrite onset of protruding from the summers? |
|
| 64:28 | it's a great way to identify the most of the styles and the stacking |
|
| 64:34 | of these cells. And so rubidium Month is the person that uses missile |
|
| 64:41 | in building the whole map off the . Into this date we use. |
|
| 64:46 | map is referring. Teoh s a Nap Brahmans map Bronfman's areas where he |
|
| 64:55 | different functional areas, and he does by using the stain and observing and |
|
| 65:03 | the variations in the structure of the the size of the south. The |
|
| 65:08 | with their horizontal and vertical, how stack the layers in the cortex of |
|
| 65:13 | on. So this is the reason stains are incredibly important today. In |
|
| 65:20 | day, we have many different stains many different ways of visualizing the brain |
|
| 65:27 | and narrows. So this is when talk about religions resolution standard like Marcus |
|
| 65:33 | and resolve about 0.1 micro meter the between neurons in order to visualize synapses |
|
| 65:41 | m, an electron microscope can visualize 2.19 m. That means that it |
|
| 65:49 | visualize this space very clearly between their . So it's almost 2 30 I'm |
|
| 65:58 | to pause the lecturing here for and I will give you an opportunity |
|
| 66:08 | raise your hand to ask any questions the material from this week from Monday |
|
| 66:15 | Wednesday. Uh, or if you any questions about the class in |
|
| 66:23 | as to disclaim where I will tell that I am finalizing that days and |
|
| 66:27 | are and we will do is when come back on Monday, we will |
|
| 66:33 | all of the necessary information, and next Monday we should have the exact |
|
| 66:38 | dates for the exams. Casa, , if that is a concern for |
|
| 66:44 | . And as I also mentioned um, I have a lecture that |
|
| 66:53 | re processing lecture one that I'm re that I will upload as soon as |
|
| 67:00 | is finished. Surprisingly, it has taking me hours in order, Teoh |
|
| 67:06 | some of the little technical adjustments and ender that video. I think it's |
|
| 67:11 | a large file. So it's taking to do so. So does anybody |
|
| 67:17 | , ah, any questions about the about the class material from Monday from |
|
| 67:26 | ? You're welcome to Thai Prime. all that will we have to physically |
|
| 67:31 | to Costa to take the exam so , baby in line. The cost |
|
| 67:36 | will be given virtually online in constant . As far as I understand, |
|
| 67:45 | not stretched over multiple days. But one day and you should be able |
|
| 67:52 | choose Ah, conflict convenient time for . Um so again we'll go over |
|
| 68:00 | the rest of the cost of details Monday is important to know that days |
|
| 68:05 | the power point. No, the , the precise deeds and non |
|
| 68:13 | Um, but certain names of individuals very important. Ramon Inca Honk Emilio |
|
| 68:23 | . Sir Charles Sherington. Their contributions the signs broker because his Broca's area |
|
| 68:29 | Because Vernon hysteria. So this is example of the question. If you |
|
| 68:34 | a damage to Broca's area, what of condition you're likely just suffer from |
|
| 68:41 | aphasia. Global if Asian of Salon ah. Can you Ah. |
|
| 68:49 | The point isn't Can you really? , Golgi and, uh, Mr |
|
| 68:58 | Disagreements. Ramon, Alcohol and Golgi . Jean Camelia Goal Ji invented the |
|
| 69:10 | stain, but he was a proponent ridiculous theory, which we thought that |
|
| 69:15 | was basically one clump with many different ah nuclei and his student, |
|
| 69:26 | How was the one that was making beautiful drawings of the South? And |
|
| 69:31 | was a proponent of the neuron. train neuron doctrine is also known as |
|
| 69:36 | South Theory. And in your own , you believe that each individual neuron |
|
| 69:42 | an individual cell that communicates with other in a specific way again on scene |
|
| 69:53 | dated version of the powerful in size the link to the article, or |
|
| 69:57 | this afternoon will they will be available . Uh uh, OK, I |
|
| 70:03 | double check. But as far as understand that attracted before class and they |
|
| 70:07 | available, I will. I will charge. Are we responsible for anything |
|
| 70:15 | don't cover? Getting the elections from power points for the exams, Everything |
|
| 70:21 | is on my power points I I'm a big proponent of having slides |
|
| 70:28 | talking and explaining everything on the slides having that for Reza. And instead |
|
| 70:34 | having 80 slides as some of your , of course, this may have |
|
| 70:41 | prefer to have ah fewer slides. over them, exclaim them, |
|
| 70:48 | in greater detail again. This is for the sake of learning. |
|
| 71:03 | yes, Sherington Snoble Price was for . Coining the word synapse on and |
|
| 71:10 | putting it out there forward. Uh, particular theory is similar to |
|
| 71:21 | putting theory of electrons for one flower filled with small units, structures, |
|
| 71:30 | . What is it? What is ? Putting made off depends. Sherington |
|
| 71:34 | given Noble prize for synapse in We'll be in the practice exam |
|
| 71:39 | Custom roof. That's a great I have Teoh a pose that question |
|
| 71:43 | Acosta. Thank you for asking. . I will know is they're |
|
| 71:48 | like, Sarah virtual practice that you take. Um, that's a That's |
|
| 71:55 | good question. Thank you for asking , um and maybe we will will |
|
| 72:01 | just that. I will track with and see, Maybe you can |
|
| 72:05 | Ah, practice quiz or something like , But don't quote me on |
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| 72:10 | I think. Will there be an to get? Okay. Okay. |
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| 72:19 | we have this unusual, unprecedented time the hurricane, too. Uh, |
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| 72:27 | least where? Where I am a that, um uh, north side |
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| 72:32 | Houston. At the moment, it's very quiet. So I hope that |
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| 72:38 | kind of as a quiet, whether event without any significant damage or |
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| 72:44 | to their property or loss of I do have to tell you |
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| 72:50 | That was pretty funny. I lost seven minutes before the start of this |
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| 72:57 | . And you can imagine that I pretty frantic thinking that I have to |
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| 73:04 | something. Use my phone, this run to Madeira, Starbucks, But |
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| 73:10 | it went back on, and just couple of minutes. So, |
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| 73:14 | again, if that happens, we the connection. You are unable to |
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| 73:19 | because of the weather conditions or Let me know. I am not |
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| 73:24 | attendance this week. I see who on. But I'm not taking |
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| 73:28 | From next week I will have a of ah, attendance suggestion for everybody |
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| 73:34 | you should fall on how you should well in this class, basically |
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| 73:39 | uh, for a number of luscious you should not miss and all |
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| 73:45 | so if there's no more questions, , in these of ah virtual office |
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| 73:58 | right now, then I will say to everyone and stop the recording. |
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| 74:06 | hopefully I was gonna category for I turn on the news some watching. |
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| 74:19 | in any case, please stay Everyone stay safe due to government. |
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| 74:23 | safe. Do Teoh. Hurricane I upload the selection hopefully without any glitches |
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| 74:30 | and will trap on the other blackboard . And I'm wishing you agree. |
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| 74:36 | of the week we'll see you back on Monday. Take |
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