| 00:01 | Morning. Welcome back. This is 14 of neuroscience. We started discussing |
|
| 00:08 | structure of the central nervous system. looked at some of the anatomical terminology |
|
| 00:16 | such as anterior ross, so posterior , the planes of which we look |
|
| 00:21 | the brain or the cuts massage, coronal. We started talking about some |
|
| 00:29 | the major parts of the C N , cerebrum, cereal brain stem. |
|
| 00:34 | we'll get into more details on this , briefly discuss the peripheral nervous |
|
| 00:41 | When we ended with this slide last , we talked about the protective mechanisms |
|
| 00:48 | the brain and the brain is obviously bathing through spinal fluid, but it's |
|
| 00:55 | has three meninges that protect duma, heart, the a membrane underneath the |
|
| 01:04 | the PM MO the general model which the very surface of the brain |
|
| 01:10 | And we also mentioned that dr brain nations that were done in the um |
|
| 01:18 | times, they were potentially done to up um incidents where blood vessels may |
|
| 01:28 | been ruptured or there was an injury the brain, a build up coagulation |
|
| 01:34 | the blood or other fluids. And only way that you could uh try |
|
| 01:39 | alleviate that problem is by opening a into the brain and cleaning up the |
|
| 01:46 | . So the spinal fluid also the brain it's produced in the |
|
| 01:53 | We have the two lateral left and ventricles in the brain. And it's |
|
| 02:01 | throughout the brain tissue of all the to the spinal fluid to the spinal |
|
| 02:08 | . And it's uh going into the that is shown there. Now, |
|
| 02:16 | you have abnormal formation of fluid, this is another situation in which abnormal |
|
| 02:24 | of fluid can lead to a condition may need to drain that fluid. |
|
| 02:30 | way to treat that condition is the way that you can do it is |
|
| 02:34 | drain the fluid. And this is example of a condition of hydrocephalus and |
|
| 02:41 | levels of cerebrospinal fluid are being they're not being properly drained. And |
|
| 02:51 | the child is typically developmental uh as the child is developing, the |
|
| 03:01 | is soft because the brain grows. as the brain gets larger, the |
|
| 03:08 | shapes itself around the brain. So phrenologist thought that the skull, the |
|
| 03:14 | of the skull would represent certain properties the tissue below the brain. They |
|
| 03:21 | wrong. But the fact of the is the skull tissues soft and the |
|
| 03:28 | plates have not even fused together. they're separated and there are even two |
|
| 03:35 | where you can feel soft spots, touching like soft, uh uh tissue |
|
| 03:43 | the skull. And that persists into or two years of life. And |
|
| 03:50 | you have abnormal fluid production, you enlargement of the ventricles as those ventricles |
|
| 03:59 | , they start pushing on the brain as they start pushing on the brain |
|
| 04:05 | , the brain starts pushing on the skull and causing this of abnormal shape |
|
| 04:12 | the head. And the only way get rid of this fluid is to |
|
| 04:19 | a tube into the lateral ventricle through hole in the skull. And that's |
|
| 04:24 | you would do also, if you doing a brain and then have the |
|
| 04:29 | of the fluid into the cavity here to allow for the drainage of the |
|
| 04:36 | . And uh sometimes it can be chronic condition, sometimes it can be |
|
| 04:42 | fixed during the development. This is reason why somebody would want to open |
|
| 04:47 | the skull. Now, central nervous development, we're gonna briefly look at |
|
| 04:52 | development of C N S. And first, what we have is we |
|
| 04:58 | neural tube formation otherwise also known as process of elation. And first of |
|
| 05:07 | , we have, we have uh have the three endoderm, mesoderm and |
|
| 05:22 | . These are sort of the primo tissues that will give rise to different |
|
| 05:30 | in different tissues in the body and and endoderm becomes the lining of internal |
|
| 05:40 | in the viscera. Mesoderm is skeleton and muscles and ectoderm. You have |
|
| 05:50 | of nervous system and skin. So cells and neurons are the most similar |
|
| 05:58 | a certain level because they come from same type of tissue. The ectoderm |
|
| 06:04 | , you have this neural plate and can see these three different types of |
|
| 06:10 | here in different color. The derm the mesoderm, the endoderm and this |
|
| 06:20 | will fold in and will fall form neural groove, the rostral to coal |
|
| 06:29 | . Here I have a neural tube here in the middle surrounded by the |
|
| 06:36 | so become the vertebral column uh and skeletal muscles going in. And this |
|
| 06:46 | the neural crest and this is the neural tube formation. After you have |
|
| 06:53 | neuralation in most of the cases, process which is a really complex process |
|
| 07:00 | cells coming together folding and starting to these three dimensional structures. And the |
|
| 07:11 | for this what I call self assembly once the the the initiation of the |
|
| 07:17 | of the brain has started, the has been initiated, it's pretty |
|
| 07:22 | but there can be disorders that are with neuralation in particular neural tube |
|
| 07:30 | And if they affect the Cadle part neuralation of neural tube formation, they |
|
| 07:37 | result in the condition is called spin extension uh formation of the spinal cord |
|
| 07:47 | typically gets fixed through the surgery. , if you have more severe um |
|
| 07:56 | during neuralation process, and if it , let's say rostral parts of the |
|
| 08:02 | tube, it can end up in the cerebrum, cerebral cortex, the |
|
| 08:09 | anencephaly or lack of formation of Uh and that's something that is |
|
| 08:19 | But those developmental disorders are one in . Maybe that we're talking about. |
|
| 08:26 | a few developmental disorders that are associated , in particular, the C N |
|
| 08:31 | development and formation. Once you have this neural tube formation on neuralation, |
|
| 08:41 | C N S goes through the process differentiation. And at first, these |
|
| 08:49 | referred to as the primary vesicles, pros of the mesencephalon or the midbrain |
|
| 08:59 | the rhombencephalon or the hind brain And as the brain becomes more complex |
|
| 09:08 | continues development and differentiation, this primary differentiate into secondary vesicles. We are |
|
| 09:16 | prosencephalon of the forebrain becomes differentiated into encephalic vasic calls which becomes telencephalon and |
|
| 09:26 | the cortex diencephalon which becomes the thalamus hypothalamus. And also contains these optic |
|
| 09:36 | here from which you'll have an optic and cup, uh optic cup formation |
|
| 09:43 | . This is a cut edge of optic cup which will form the retina |
|
| 09:50 | the eyeball. And that's why retina also part of the central nervous system |
|
| 09:55 | the back of your eyeball. So in ophthalmology and optometry are also |
|
| 10:04 | midbrain and hindbrain. It will undergo differentiation. So, telling stuff along |
|
| 10:13 | during this differentiation process is growing, becoming larger, becoming and forming into |
|
| 10:20 | distinct cerebral hemispheres. You can see midbrain goes through this differentiation and part |
|
| 10:28 | the midbrain becomes the structure that has nuclei in it. One of my |
|
| 10:34 | structures called corporate quadri gemini corporate the of quad quad gemini or four nuclei |
|
| 10:44 | four bumps. If you may and will learn that the superior ones are |
|
| 10:51 | superior colliculus. And the inferior ones called inferior colliculus and they are |
|
| 10:57 | superior colliculus for uh certain visual uh and inferior colliculus for the auditor information |
|
| 11:06 | . And that's at the level of mid brain. And you can see |
|
| 11:11 | further differentiation of hindbrain and different So talon becomes a cerebral cortex, |
|
| 11:19 | cerebral cortex, the two hemispheres are with a major fiber bundle called the |
|
| 11:26 | callosum, which basically connects the left the right hemispheres and the right and |
|
| 11:32 | left hemispheres because there is lateral organization function in each hemisphere. But each |
|
| 11:38 | will communicate that information to another one a lot of things that we do |
|
| 11:43 | have bilateral motor output and uh with or uh other parts of the body |
|
| 11:52 | face. Now diencephalon becomes the thalamus and underneath is the hypothalamus and we |
|
| 12:00 | the lateral ventricles right here. These the ventricles that we had in another |
|
| 12:06 | . Uh And this is the basal encephalon that becomes uh some of the |
|
| 12:12 | in the cerebral cortex as well. is internal capsule that's noted there. |
|
| 12:18 | there's a major fiber bundle that connects subcortical. So everything that's underneath the |
|
| 12:24 | cortex is subcortical, but there's still part of the brain part of the |
|
| 12:28 | N S. So like Dion and theus and hypothalamus and a particular thalamus |
|
| 12:36 | have very prominent connections and fiber bundle is referred to as internal capsule that |
|
| 12:42 | be connecting thalamus to different parts of cortex. And also from the |
|
| 12:47 | the connections and inputs will be coming into the thalamus as well. So |
|
| 12:54 | again, the forebrain which becomes encephalon becomes cortex, thalamus, |
|
| 13:03 | Uh the midbrain becomes tatum. We , we're just looking at the tectum |
|
| 13:13 | . Uh is another name for Uh This is te on the uh |
|
| 13:21 | , this is on the dorsal Tatum on the dorsal side is also |
|
| 13:27 | quadri gemini or disappearing inferior Cali. you have from a hind brain, |
|
| 13:35 | have differentiation into cerebellum and ponds. me of you're all in green and |
|
| 13:46 | from the of you have the spinal . So these are the major parts |
|
| 13:53 | major ways in which this differentiation And then the structures get more and |
|
| 13:58 | complex. As we saw, we a lot of in the cerebral |
|
| 14:03 | a lot of which are grooves, lot of gyri which are ridges, |
|
| 14:09 | is the seat of reasoning and Um We subdivide the cortex into major |
|
| 14:18 | . You already were tested on that occipital parietal frontal temporal lobes. You |
|
| 14:25 | see the ventricular system in three the two lateral ventricles, the third |
|
| 14:33 | , the fourth ventricle, and then spinal canal going into the spinal cord |
|
| 14:37 | supply the tissues with the spinal And this is a comparison between the |
|
| 14:44 | or rat brain and human brain. are certain gross anatomical features that are |
|
| 14:52 | different between the two. There are other features that are very similar between |
|
| 14:57 | two. So there is no salsa gyri virtually on the rad brain. |
|
| 15:04 | if you look at some of the that you're seeing here, the ventricles |
|
| 15:11 | the the goddess spinal cord is similar the two uh animals just for comparison |
|
| 15:20 | and rodents is one of the the most studied animal in the |
|
| 15:25 | So lab rats and and mice are most studied even in neuroscience labs. |
|
| 15:31 | . Um since rats and whatnot um like incredibly good eyesight like that with |
|
| 15:35 | kind of area be been more like or like how long it folds in |
|
| 15:39 | and not be as I guess smooth which which area um like the the |
|
| 15:43 | that like uh is responsible for dry and revision and it like that because |
|
| 15:47 | think there's pretty good and uh not, not necessarily actually uh it's |
|
| 15:57 | in fact, our visual areas are plastic, especially during early development. |
|
| 16:07 | uh now when it comes to a lot of things are already mature |
|
| 16:11 | they're not as malleable, but a of how we perceive visual stimuli, |
|
| 16:19 | we perceive auditory information as determined by structure that is formed during the |
|
| 16:26 | Some of that structure is fairly structurally, but you can still have |
|
| 16:33 | , you can rearrange the structure. as you rearrange the structure, you |
|
| 16:36 | also influence the function. It doesn't you're gonna gonna make another retina or |
|
| 16:42 | cochlea, but maybe you will actually the communication between the cochlear cells and |
|
| 16:50 | auditory nerve. And so in some , structurally, you may have more |
|
| 16:55 | functionally, you may have more but inevitably one is dependent on, |
|
| 17:01 | the other structure means functional. So , and that's in rats, I |
|
| 17:06 | be like the rats, rats, . Also, it just depends, |
|
| 17:10 | know, if, if you are certain systems and rodents are even more |
|
| 17:15 | than in humans. So the whisker and whisking around is by far more |
|
| 17:23 | than rodents and in our uh on faces, which we don't do. |
|
| 17:28 | there's different parts of the brain that developed. And there is interestingly a |
|
| 17:34 | of plasticity and a lot of the that you see what we call neuronal |
|
| 17:41 | rules or a lot of the processes you see like action potentials E P |
|
| 17:47 | , IP, SPS, you can them in rodent brains are going to |
|
| 17:51 | equivalent in human brains, there might different subsets and subtypes of the receptors |
|
| 17:55 | channels. But for the most it's a, it's a fairly good |
|
| 18:00 | for many different studies. So now, if we look in the |
|
| 18:06 | , we'll study the anatomy of the . We learned the cortex is a |
|
| 18:10 | layer structure from the very surface which the closest to the skull of |
|
| 18:17 | it's comprised of six layers. And shows you that first of all new |
|
| 18:23 | , this a six layer structure is new cortex. Remember when we talked |
|
| 18:27 | hippocampus, it said it's predominantly three structure and we refer to it as |
|
| 18:32 | cortex or archaic cortex. Well, is new cortex or Neocortex. It's |
|
| 18:38 | greatest and the latest in the human evolution. This is really what we |
|
| 18:46 | achieved. This is where we are as humans and uh over the development |
|
| 18:56 | this earth. And in general, evolution, there might be some very |
|
| 19:01 | things happening in the brain and they're all the time because humans invent new |
|
| 19:09 | , new tools, new technologies, sensory stimuli, new capabilities to control |
|
| 19:17 | uts and things like that and it our brains. So what if this |
|
| 19:23 | ? One day, the scientist decided actually now a seven layer structure. |
|
| 19:28 | of hippocampus is trying to become And from three layers, it's trying |
|
| 19:34 | become a six layer structure. So things are developing as a part of |
|
| 19:42 | human race, human evolution processes that continuous as, as as the human |
|
| 19:51 | uh is around about killing people. if you live in humans or if |
|
| 19:59 | live in alligators or in rats, would see this cortical structure that has |
|
| 20:04 | layers. There will be some differences there will be some similarities. For |
|
| 20:09 | , you will find the para When we talk about the para cells |
|
| 20:13 | the hippocampus, you will find the cells in the cortex of the rock |
|
| 20:20 | side to cells in the cortex, alligator uh this is again a coronal |
|
| 20:30 | or cross uh cut through the brain a rat. So you should be |
|
| 20:37 | to kind of identify. You also that alligators is a uh olfactory balls |
|
| 20:43 | huge compared to rodents. So the use a lot uh of their food |
|
| 20:50 | , using sense of smell, but also whisk around and alligators, they |
|
| 20:55 | smell really and if they can see underwater or above water. So this |
|
| 21:02 | a this stain through coronal section. is the hippocampus. So it's subcortical |
|
| 21:08 | it's superior or lateral to diencephalon, and kind of thalamus excellent. And |
|
| 21:20 | we look in the human cortex, also see six layers in the |
|
| 21:26 | Uh six layers. What is what six layers do? Well, it's |
|
| 21:32 | you have a house that has two or three stories like in the |
|
| 21:37 | So it's like three layers and you do so many things with it |
|
| 21:41 | You can put so many bathrooms, many bedrooms in three houses, so |
|
| 21:46 | steps between the three floors that you walk. But now what if you |
|
| 21:52 | a house that has six floors in ? Now you're talking about having a |
|
| 21:59 | more like if you're an architectural Oh, maybe I can fuse two |
|
| 22:05 | , floor two and three together make big floor. Maybe I can change |
|
| 22:11 | about. Maybe I can have six entrances to the sixth floor from the |
|
| 22:16 | floor. So you you now increase complexity. It's more complex building to |
|
| 22:22 | it's more complex building to build as designer, interior designer or architectural designer |
|
| 22:28 | probably very excited because you have more to work with. And the brain |
|
| 22:34 | these six layers to increase the complexity our processing capabilities in the Neocortex. |
|
| 22:41 | these six layers are organized in a way in the order of inputs that |
|
| 22:49 | coming into the Neocortex and all of sensor information, touch, hearing, |
|
| 23:00 | vision, eventually it travels to different of the Neocortex. So the temporal |
|
| 23:10 | is concerned with Audi information, occipital , with visual information, frontal |
|
| 23:20 | motor cortex in the bronchus concerned with , this portion of the parietal cortex |
|
| 23:26 | concerned with some matter sensor information. eventually all of the information So that |
|
| 23:33 | that all of that information from from cochlea, from your hands, |
|
| 23:39 | your nose eventually finds its way into different parts of the cortex. And |
|
| 23:47 | the cortex, it organizes itself in form of inputs and certain inputs will |
|
| 23:53 | into layer four other inputs will come layer 23. There's a whole circuitry |
|
| 23:58 | we study in the Neocortex here. structure depends on function we already talked |
|
| 24:04 | that. Um Because there's a question I had earlier and the cortex in |
|
| 24:11 | to layers which we refer to as structure, it is also in addition |
|
| 24:18 | layers, it is also organized into . So cortex will have laminar and |
|
| 24:28 | structure. So you can say that is a column that runs through all |
|
| 24:34 | these six layers and there are certain of these columns as you'll understand from |
|
| 24:38 | small micro columns of 50 to 200 to large what we call hyper columns |
|
| 24:48 | are many size time size of the columns. So we'll talk about it |
|
| 24:57 | , what are these columns or these columns? These are collections of neurons |
|
| 25:06 | will be processing or will be responsible certain tasks and may have similar response |
|
| 25:15 | . So they may respond to visual and they may respond to a certain |
|
| 25:21 | of visual information like color. There be other cortical formations and column formations |
|
| 25:29 | process other types of information. It's a local processing network. So eventually |
|
| 25:38 | you see is not a stand Oh, I just saw it and |
|
| 25:43 | you closed your eyes, uh, mean, if you closed your |
|
| 25:46 | if you closed your nose, if didn't have any other senses and you |
|
| 25:50 | just seeing, looking, you then you still are going to engage |
|
| 25:56 | parts of the brain besides the occipital because you, you're probably gonna be |
|
| 26:01 | about what you saw and you may memories and emotions associated with what you're |
|
| 26:08 | . But typically you're looking, you're , you're writing, typing, |
|
| 26:17 | Chewing, talking, moving around all the same time. And that means |
|
| 26:27 | many different inputs are coming in and get locally processed, visual inputs, |
|
| 26:33 | locally processed in these columns in the lobe, auditory inputs get processed in |
|
| 26:39 | auditory cortex here. But eventually most us do our motor output or our |
|
| 26:49 | uh critical of the critical thinking by all of this information together. So |
|
| 26:59 | in the room, seeing somebody and them and saying, oh, you |
|
| 27:03 | good or you just came from gym something like that, right? So |
|
| 27:08 | , and, and our reactions will based not just because we looked at |
|
| 27:13 | . Typically we engage more in one , especially when we're learning, especially |
|
| 27:17 | we're doing some very engaging tasks. So you have parallel processing, these |
|
| 27:25 | columns may be located next to each and may be responsible for simular the |
|
| 27:31 | function. So if there's an injury one micro column, it's not going |
|
| 27:35 | affect the function of a nearby micro . And that function is very similar |
|
| 27:40 | the one that the injured micro column performing. So we have this lame |
|
| 27:45 | structure, we can reveal it by the stains that we already know. |
|
| 27:51 | Golgi stain only a fraction of neurons Goldie stain and gold G stain re |
|
| 27:56 | re reveals the precise morphology of the that basically it stains. Niel stain |
|
| 28:06 | all of the neurons and it's really for the cytoarchitecture descriptions of the brain |
|
| 28:14 | . Finally, there's a third stain you haven't seen. There's a wierd |
|
| 28:18 | and the wired stain is specific to . And this wert stain reveals that |
|
| 28:24 | is this very clear connectivity, vertical within what we describe micro columns of |
|
| 28:33 | in the cortex. You'll have the layers and you have this laminar and |
|
| 28:39 | or anatomy in the neocortex and all . You can take a little plug |
|
| 28:44 | any different area of neocortex. And see this very same six layer |
|
| 28:52 | the laminar and the column of But you can see that maybe the |
|
| 28:57 | of the neocortex will vary but will thicker in certain areas and thinner in |
|
| 29:03 | areas. That's just an anatomical difference and variations we have in the cerebral |
|
| 29:12 | . Recall that uh Doctor Cabin and was the one that used Niel stain |
|
| 29:19 | described all of these, what we Broman areas based on the side or |
|
| 29:27 | . Uh And so we had some on the exam in this first |
|
| 29:31 | like identifying area 17 or area And you didn't have to know the |
|
| 29:37 | of these areas, you have to what lobes that were located on |
|
| 29:42 | And then they ask you some more these kind of questions. Now, |
|
| 29:47 | evolution, lower species, higher order . If we look, for |
|
| 29:56 | in rodents and we look at cats we're looking at humans. And in |
|
| 30:06 | case, the color here represents an of the brain that is dedicated to |
|
| 30:14 | visual information processing. The best way I can describe what is primary area |
|
| 30:21 | the area that processes the rudimentary visual , the basic visual information. |
|
| 30:32 | So this is the the primary You can also say what I |
|
| 30:38 | This is an area in the brain is primary for auditory, basic auditor |
|
| 30:46 | , what I hear, sensory, , sensory motor, what I feel |
|
| 30:55 | uh what, what what I touch . And what does this mean that |
|
| 31:03 | the rat, these areas are very large, relatively to the whole |
|
| 31:09 | of the brand is the cat, brain is larger and relatively to the |
|
| 31:17 | of the brain. These primary areas much smaller. And when we talk |
|
| 31:24 | humans they're the smallest compared relatively to whole size of your brain. So |
|
| 31:33 | tells you that animals like rats and and lower order species, dedicate a |
|
| 31:42 | of their primary information processing, dedicate lot of their brain areas to this |
|
| 31:49 | areas that are basic vision, basic and sensory motor, what I |
|
| 31:57 | what I hear, what I feel what I touch. Ok. But |
|
| 32:04 | I said, it's not enough that just see something. Typically, if |
|
| 32:09 | are looking at something you're listening to like me, you're listening to |
|
| 32:13 | you're looking at me, you're taking too, looking at the computer, |
|
| 32:18 | the mouse. So uh that means multiple census are engaged. And from |
|
| 32:29 | primary areas, there are areas that called secondary areas. There are motor |
|
| 32:37 | , motor areas are the ones that gonna be responsible for giving the motor |
|
| 32:42 | . But a lot of that information primary information from the visual area. |
|
| 32:49 | auditory area goes into association areas. of all, each one of the |
|
| 32:55 | areas for vision will have its own area. The best way is what |
|
| 33:01 | see. How does that compare to I've learned when I'm seeing is the |
|
| 33:07 | area. But you need more information what I've learned what I'm seeing. |
|
| 33:12 | seeing a person that looks like a Santa Claus. I've learned that. |
|
| 33:20 | . So it takes more information. it's not enough what I see what |
|
| 33:24 | see is a man with white beard a red cloak. OK? But |
|
| 33:32 | Santa Claus because I associated this. compared it, I have association |
|
| 33:38 | Now further I hear the Santa Claus , is singing some songs or |
|
| 33:44 | And then, you know, I a uh a child and now I |
|
| 33:49 | to, you know, like bring child to the Santa Claus to say |
|
| 33:53 | . All of this goes through association , association areas is where we compare |
|
| 34:01 | of all individual vision to what I is, right. Right, |
|
| 34:09 | But who that is is Santa You associate it visual with some other |
|
| 34:16 | that you've learned in the past and you associate hearing vision, touch and |
|
| 34:23 | produce motor output based on associating multiple together. And so a lot of |
|
| 34:31 | I call the magic in the brain in the association area. It's your |
|
| 34:38 | to intake information and come up with symphony and come up with a painting |
|
| 34:49 | your own, that's original. The is gonna come from motor areas. |
|
| 34:55 | you're gonna learn about art and painting gonna involve motor skills and looking and |
|
| 35:02 | and thinking about it. So a of the brain space in humans is |
|
| 35:08 | to the association areas and that's where small areas of the brain are dedicated |
|
| 35:14 | the primary information processes. So we're as much concerned about what we |
|
| 35:19 | but what does it mean to what looking at? This is where most |
|
| 35:23 | our brain space is dedicated to. do we associate it with what we |
|
| 35:29 | in the past? We have to up some memories, you know, |
|
| 35:33 | , to reinforce it from a lot structures. And so there's going to |
|
| 35:36 | a lot of communication between different parts the brain, different parts of the |
|
| 35:41 | and the Corle in order for us have what we call a complete understanding |
|
| 35:47 | the outside world or the stimuli that happening. Yeah, you have the |
|
| 35:52 | . Um So what I don't what animals do, what like |
|
| 35:59 | like your, like your Oh I mean, sure. But you |
|
| 36:04 | , they will be using different So your dog will probably know it's |
|
| 36:09 | . Uh finally when he or she , you, you know, it's |
|
| 36:13 | gonna be enough to look sometimes uh can sometimes recognize but they of course |
|
| 36:21 | association areas. But this is the why uh they are pretty rudimentary at |
|
| 36:35 | or doing associative kind of uh They are more dedicated to. What |
|
| 36:42 | you like? See where's the You know, it smells good, |
|
| 36:45 | know, good person owner, you , but we would be thinking more |
|
| 36:52 | our dogs and they about us, think in many different ways because we |
|
| 36:56 | so much more space dedicated to like dogs didn't read a history book about |
|
| 37:01 | dog or about what, what's, , what uh what species the dog |
|
| 37:08 | , doesn't know, it's a golden or a chihuahua doesn't know what it |
|
| 37:13 | we do. So it's just the . It's not, this is |
|
| 37:16 | not a very good example, dogs of treat, of course. |
|
| 37:19 | you know, they have a different , obviously, they're speaking to each |
|
| 37:21 | , they bark at each other. the fact of the matter is that |
|
| 37:25 | be more concerned with these primal primary almost like primal. What do I |
|
| 37:31 | ? Good food eat? So, OK, so for people with photographic |
|
| 37:40 | , like myself, I associate it on a slide like during an |
|
| 37:44 | like I'm like, OK, this where I learned about this concept. |
|
| 37:48 | and that's what this equation needs are areas and people who are those kind |
|
| 37:54 | learners like active or like, how that work? Do they relate to |
|
| 37:58 | another or? No? Not It, it, it, it |
|
| 38:01 | if you, if you talk to writers, they will say that, |
|
| 38:06 | know, for them, writing is important. Uh It's a different uh |
|
| 38:12 | don't really need to look at the . It's more about putting it on |
|
| 38:16 | motor function or uh like a, strong belief actually that you're supposed to |
|
| 38:23 | a diary every day for about 30 by hand instead of typing because you |
|
| 38:29 | differently the flow uh of your thoughts different and the way you control your |
|
| 38:35 | is different too because there's no control or race, you have to cross |
|
| 38:41 | or wide out. And so then doesn't look good, you know. |
|
| 38:46 | it, it, the connectivity between of us is a little bit |
|
| 38:50 | Some of us uh are stronger with , others are stronger with repeating something |
|
| 38:57 | with motor. Uh We all have advantages and disadvantages. Now, in |
|
| 39:06 | , the best way to learn is what we call associated learning and associative |
|
| 39:14 | is if you can do as many related to that concept to that |
|
| 39:20 | the better you're gonna learn it the you're gonna remember it. So if |
|
| 39:23 | can engage motor skills, if you see, listen. Uh Sorry, |
|
| 39:30 | can't let you smell it, you , but we'll talk about faction and |
|
| 39:35 | watch some TED talk. There's a of smells in that TED talk, |
|
| 39:40 | smell it but you know, touching things like that. So uh |
|
| 39:47 | So if uh ancient areas are so , very prominent, they, |
|
| 39:55 | they take up a lot of brain . Yeah. Ah So that's a |
|
| 40:09 | good question and we're still doing we're still doing it. We're |
|
| 40:14 | there's still areas of the brain, a lot of fibers and crossovers and |
|
| 40:19 | . We're understanding, we're still discovering it functions. It's not that clear |
|
| 40:26 | . Nobody can take an F MRI count of your brain and say oh |
|
| 40:31 | or over here, they're about, know, where it should be at |
|
| 40:35 | age. And you know, the , there's no such tools yet. |
|
| 40:41 | that, that, that we that we can kind of uh look |
|
| 40:46 | at association areas and we don't completely it. But when we talk about |
|
| 40:53 | system, we'll go from retina to to primary visual cortex. And you'll |
|
| 41:02 | how in the primary visual cortex you have a sketch of the outside |
|
| 41:09 | It's not a very advanced perception of visual world, but it's a nice |
|
| 41:16 | of this visual world. And we at the primary cortex because we have |
|
| 41:21 | do a whole course on vision and into the secondary tertiary co ordinary. |
|
| 41:28 | are 12, 13, 15, areas that may be associated with processing |
|
| 41:38 | , Those areas in the back of occipital lobe predominant, maybe 56. |
|
| 41:44 | then they break out and then they to different areas that still process a |
|
| 41:50 | bit of visual information or the input visual cortex goes there and informs those |
|
| 41:55 | areas. It's a very good We don't understand all of the connectivity |
|
| 42:02 | association areas. And that exactly is reason why it took us so long |
|
| 42:08 | understand the localization of the brain And once we understood, OK, |
|
| 42:14 | an occipital lobe is vision. So that enough? No, because you |
|
| 42:20 | area 17, 18, primary secondary equipment in. So we learned about |
|
| 42:27 | 100 years ago, except in a side or architecture missile stained. And |
|
| 42:31 | we're still learning about other concepts. , good questions. All right. |
|
| 42:40 | now we're in, in, in spinal cord here that's subdivided in the |
|
| 42:51 | lumber, thoractic and cervical. You the brain stem that's subdivided into Mela |
|
| 42:58 | palms. So you, you have here. Uh Cerebellum is attached to |
|
| 43:04 | ponds, midbrain, the corpus quadri that we discussed, tectum and mentum |
|
| 43:12 | . Another important structure, basal ganglia cerebral hemispheres. So let's review and |
|
| 43:20 | continue reviewing them probably into the next also. But as you know, |
|
| 43:26 | cord receives and processes sensor information from , joints, muscles of limb and |
|
| 43:33 | . So everything below your head down processed with the with the with the |
|
| 43:40 | cord. Ok. Now, brain and you control movement of limbs and |
|
| 43:47 | with the spinal cord. So what the movement of your tongue? I'm |
|
| 43:54 | when you're winking, it's not spinal , it's brains stone. You have |
|
| 44:01 | nerves and the brains stone that control on the head and face. Brain |
|
| 44:06 | has sensor information from the muscles of head, motor control of the head |
|
| 44:12 | , control of the ocular movement, muscles, regulating levels of arousal and |
|
| 44:20 | . It has cranial nerve nuclei, and motor that are responsible for the |
|
| 44:27 | senses, hearing balance and taste. . As nuclei that have these capabilities |
|
| 44:37 | the brains. Stone Malaga is responsible vital anomic functions, breathing heart |
|
| 44:44 | digestion. So if you impact it can impact breathing and heart |
|
| 44:54 | which could be deadly. So, important part of the brain, although |
|
| 44:59 | right above the spinal cord, but can be crucial poms, motor information |
|
| 45:06 | cerebella hemispheres to cerebral, from cerebral to cerebella hemispheres, cerebellum is force |
|
| 45:16 | range of movement. So, cerebellum responsible for learning motor skills and cerebellum |
|
| 45:26 | responsible for what we call procedural Remember when we talked about the |
|
| 45:32 | we said that hippocampus, one of functions is semantic memory, a storytelling |
|
| 45:41 | names, facts places stories, procedural is how to ride a bicycle and |
|
| 45:52 | to swim. Procedural memories are very hard ingrained and a lot of |
|
| 45:59 | procedural memories are mediated by cerebellum. that's the reason why you may forget |
|
| 46:08 | name five years from now that you and you were maybe even friends with |
|
| 46:13 | person, but you will just well, can slip your mind. |
|
| 46:17 | I can guarantee you if you get on the bicycle, you're not gonna |
|
| 46:21 | off the bicycle. Five years you may be wobbly. Of |
|
| 46:25 | you'll fall off. If your balance off, you know, if you |
|
| 46:28 | medical condition or something, but if nothing has changed, you'll remember |
|
| 46:33 | how to ride that bicycle. Um with things like, say like |
|
| 46:38 | technique be an example of that. where you get someone like, you |
|
| 46:41 | , they get good at something and like five years later, go back |
|
| 46:44 | do it. They're not gonna just kind of have like, |
|
| 46:47 | horrible, like, it'll be somewhat . Is that kind of uh |
|
| 46:53 | so the commands you'll remember very easily , if you come back five years |
|
| 46:58 | on the same court and you're five older than your muscles and your uh |
|
| 47:05 | capability may not be there. But the fact that you know the |
|
| 47:10 | how you throw a basketball, you , you still know the technique, |
|
| 47:14 | maybe you're, the wrist is hurting . Now you have arthritis and, |
|
| 47:17 | know, I can't do it like . I just do it like |
|
| 47:20 | So, but so you're limited by . But in general, the procedural |
|
| 47:25 | are very, very strongly ingrained. we learn certain procedures, you |
|
| 47:29 | peel potatoes or something like that, not like you come back five years |
|
| 47:33 | . It's like how do I peel again? You know, it's, |
|
| 47:37 | , you just do it but you back to, to five years later |
|
| 47:42 | the same town you were there. was the name of that store used |
|
| 47:46 | go every month? You know, you to peel potatoes every month |
|
| 47:51 | but you don't forget that. So frequency doesn't even matter here. |
|
| 47:55 | How would you describe someone or someone gymnastic and they were very flexible for |
|
| 48:00 | a decade, but then they stopped the sport. And so once |
|
| 48:07 | you know, the, the what were flexible and they stopped doing the |
|
| 48:10 | and the flexibility that does not necessarily on the brain function. It depends |
|
| 48:16 | the body function, the joints, muscles, um calcification, vasculature, |
|
| 48:25 | supply to the muscles, all of things that can change during the the |
|
| 48:31 | aging, during getting older, you , just older, not old but |
|
| 48:37 | up, you know. So uh on the other hand, if you |
|
| 48:42 | about it, there are people that really good at equations And there are |
|
| 48:49 | that are really good at motor skills they can, you know, take |
|
| 48:56 | basketball and fly in the air, and twist it around their body three |
|
| 49:02 | and dung behind their back with the hand. And a lot of us |
|
| 49:07 | do that. It's, it's a , it's, it's also plasticity. |
|
| 49:14 | the ability to stimulate certain networks in brain in the cerebellum, connect them |
|
| 49:22 | to the spinal cord. And if body and physique is all in order |
|
| 49:26 | hopefully execute that task with a So there's there's there is physical memory |
|
| 49:32 | motor memory and some of us are good at certain motor skills and motor |
|
| 49:38 | . And that also requires space in brain because space in the brain is |
|
| 49:44 | and how we learn is finite. time on this earth is finite. |
|
| 49:50 | very rare that you'll have the, know, world champion and swimming and |
|
| 49:54 | champion and running and bobsled all in person. I'm not saying it's not |
|
| 50:00 | . It's very rare. It's just have finite abilities. Also, very |
|
| 50:03 | to find a person who is an and a, you know, a |
|
| 50:08 | and an opera singer. At the time, it's like very rare even |
|
| 50:12 | different intellectual skills because the finite amount space we have anyway. So let's |
|
| 50:19 | continue on. P is how the is connected. Midbrain is sensor and |
|
| 50:26 | functions including eye movement, coordination of and auditory reflexes. So that's the |
|
| 50:31 | quadri of the superior in interior We'll come back to those also information |
|
| 50:38 | all over central nervous system and root cortex. So most of the inputs |
|
| 50:44 | I was telling you the auditory imps visual somatic sensory, they reach |
|
| 50:50 | but typically they all go through diencephalon the thalamus, hypothalamus is involved in |
|
| 51:00 | and voluntary bodily functions. It's also of neuro endocrine system which is involved |
|
| 51:07 | gland regulation and hormonal release. And of the visceral functions and cerebral hemispheres |
|
| 51:13 | cerebral cortex, which is different parts cerebral cortex, different functions and three |
|
| 51:20 | . And we will highlight and talk it and we talked about it |
|
| 51:23 | We learn about it more from the of basal ganglia, which is involved |
|
| 51:28 | motor command initiation and processing of some the motor information communications between motor cortex |
|
| 51:36 | basal ganglia, hippocampus, which we discussed semantic memory emotions, a part |
|
| 51:44 | the limbic system and amygdala, which uh kind of like a fear center |
|
| 51:51 | and and uh facial recognition center in in the brain. So these are |
|
| 51:58 | of the important nuclei. Now, general, even simple tasks. Once |
|
| 52:03 | learn simple tasks, like I procedural tasks, you think I'm just |
|
| 52:08 | hit this tennis ball and it involves lot of different parts of the |
|
| 52:14 | So the ball is coming at Your primary visual cortex is watching the |
|
| 52:20 | . The premotor cortex is trying to the commands together with uh basal |
|
| 52:28 | What command is gonna be my response this ball that I'm looking at flying |
|
| 52:33 | me, you'll have areas that are homeostasis in the motion like Amygdala in |
|
| 52:40 | two, hypothalamus motivation to hit a shot. Once the ball crossed over |
|
| 52:45 | net, you have motor pattern initiation recall from bosal gang basal ganglia, |
|
| 52:51 | command from the brain to the spinal to the muscles of the arms and |
|
| 52:58 | to move them around. Another thing cerebellum is responsible for is what is |
|
| 53:05 | proprioception. Where is my body, are my joints, muscles hand is |
|
| 53:11 | with respect to myself, with respect the tennis court and with respect to |
|
| 53:18 | loss of nature gravity. So, , once we initiate these motor commands |
|
| 53:26 | the motor cortex and basal ganglia, you send those motor commands, remember |
|
| 53:31 | contralateral, if still laterally, they be adjusted by cerebellum. So there's |
|
| 53:38 | lot of fine tuning and adjustment in cerebellum. But once the behavior is |
|
| 53:46 | , there can be many adjustments that dumped. I said specifically especially in |
|
| 53:52 | because in racket ball, I don't if any of you have played it |
|
| 53:57 | if you watched people play racquetball, have the ball that's rubber ball that |
|
| 54:03 | a lot of friction and you try bounce it off different walls, the |
|
| 54:08 | wall, the side walls and the wall. And it's very unpredictable depending |
|
| 54:13 | the spin of how that ball is to bounce off the wall. And |
|
| 54:18 | you may be prepared to hit the from the front and the ball bounces |
|
| 54:22 | you in a strange direction. You to turn around, adjust the movement |
|
| 54:26 | hit it with a back hand. that's gonna be the cerebellum, the |
|
| 54:30 | tuning of the movement. And then have a lot of the brace of |
|
| 54:36 | that are responsible for arousal, hydrate . That is all a part of |
|
| 54:42 | normally controlling. You're in this hitting up the tennis ball. So |
|
| 54:48 | different parts of the brain are involved these behaviors. So for example, |
|
| 54:54 | cortex here, it says area 17 19. So it shows you three |
|
| 54:59 | . So not a sensory cortex 312, these are all different areas |
|
| 55:05 | we talked about that the different visual cortices, motor cortices are subdivided |
|
| 55:12 | These are all great labeling questions from exam um for different parts of the |
|
| 55:18 | and they appear in different uh kind presentations. So let's talk a little |
|
| 55:24 | about thalamus diencephalon. We talked about from all over central nervous system and |
|
| 55:31 | are on its way to the Goes into the thalamus thalamus for a |
|
| 55:37 | time was thought to be kind of like a relay station. So information |
|
| 55:41 | from the retina and this goes into nucleus called lateral genu nucleus. And |
|
| 55:47 | L G M of this laid it goes into the visual cortex. |
|
| 55:52 | people say, oh OK, thalamus kind of a passive retina to thalamus |
|
| 55:58 | to exhibit lobe is really far. we're gonna relay that information through the |
|
| 56:03 | . It's more of a passive properties the visual cortex that comes in into |
|
| 56:09 | information. Auditory information comes from the eventually goes into the menu nucleus. |
|
| 56:16 | thalamus is comprised of many different Each one of the nucleus is with |
|
| 56:21 | specific function. L G M is to vision M G M menu is |
|
| 56:29 | to hearing this metro posterolateral V P is dedicated to sensor motors amount of |
|
| 56:38 | information coming in here. OK. all of this information gets processed. |
|
| 56:44 | from L G N, it goes visual cortex, from M G |
|
| 56:47 | it goes to auditory cortex. From P L goes into some matter of |
|
| 56:52 | cortex. And we now know that is not a passive relay station. |
|
| 56:59 | is very much involved in gating of sensor information, auditory, visual, |
|
| 57:04 | sensor information and modulation of that information how cortex and how much cortex is |
|
| 57:12 | to see what is coming into the or here what is coming into the |
|
| 57:18 | surrounding these nuclear and thins. We this sheet of nuclei, nuclei. |
|
| 57:26 | , remember definition of collections of cells are responsible for the same or similar |
|
| 57:31 | . So that's why you have a , the vision of the nucleus for |
|
| 57:34 | the nucleus is the amount of information others. Now, here you have |
|
| 57:40 | very specific nucleus that is not for specific sense, but rather it's an |
|
| 57:48 | sheet. It's all inhibitory cells and particular nucleus that surrounds like a cover |
|
| 57:55 | of like a blanket. Then higher , it's pretty interesting from the circuit |
|
| 58:00 | the signal and perspective of the So that's the the thalamic reticular nucleus |
|
| 58:06 | reticular nucleus, which is sort of a mesh of inhibitory neurons that surrounds |
|
| 58:12 | thalamus hypothalamus, which is located underneath . Hypothalamus is involved in autonomic involuntary |
|
| 58:23 | functions, control and endocrine system and function. So, it's in part |
|
| 58:31 | in body temperature regulation in appetite, intake regulation, sexual activity, lactation |
|
| 58:41 | slow growth because it's it's tied with functioning such as hormonal functions for different |
|
| 58:49 | or the actual slow growth as you and develop. Uh So the neuro |
|
| 58:57 | system is a very complex system and , we probably need to have at |
|
| 59:02 | one or two courses on the neuro system to start understanding the complexity of |
|
| 59:07 | and how it functions and how hypothalamus influence hormone uh influenced hormone release. |
|
| 59:15 | , hypothalamus in a way has uh like a paracrine influence on the body |
|
| 59:22 | it influences the systemic hormonal release. has very loose blood brain barrier and |
|
| 59:29 | of that loose blood brain barrier, a great sensor for temperature. It's |
|
| 59:34 | great sensor for toxic things in the too because of this loose blood brain |
|
| 59:40 | . And finally, in diencephalon, also have a super cosmetic nucleus which |
|
| 59:47 | not shown here, but it would located right underneath the in here for |
|
| 59:51 | optic nerves and it's responsible for circadian or for your diurnal day and night |
|
| 60:03 | . Uh and it has a small input that it receives, but it's |
|
| 60:09 | part of the encephalon and it's basically biological master clock for your, for |
|
| 60:16 | wake and sleep state or rest Some other good structures here, I |
|
| 60:24 | ask you on the exam to identify gyrus corpus callosum hippocampus over here, |
|
| 60:34 | . Those are all great Questions and may have one or two labeling questions |
|
| 60:40 | this quiz on Friday also. So the way, the quizzes are open |
|
| 60:45 | you can register for them on It will be online, it's just |
|
| 60:48 | minutes and it will not be makeups this quiz. So you have to |
|
| 60:53 | it on Friday. Yes. And was thinking how you know how um |
|
| 61:07 | we can have a background conversation that choose now. But if like the |
|
| 61:11 | comes up at the and how that name or some other speak for |
|
| 61:22 | you to go ahead and that conversation that very good question. So can |
|
| 61:32 | uh ignore uh the sensor stimuli and uh and and focus on a |
|
| 61:42 | that you want to focus on? can you block out the music and |
|
| 61:47 | noise and, and study or read or can you listen to the person |
|
| 61:53 | the cocktail party and ignore all the and the music and people dancing around |
|
| 61:59 | ? So yes, you can. it does partly happen by the gating |
|
| 62:04 | of the thalamus. But inevitably the communicates all of that information to the |
|
| 62:10 | . So cortex can overpower the but thalamus can gate that information cortex |
|
| 62:16 | help it gates too. So typical thalamic cortical interactions, but it doesn't |
|
| 62:23 | back to retina in the visual In some ways, it goes back |
|
| 62:29 | cochlea. You learn about the auditory . It's usually controlled at the level |
|
| 62:34 | both the thalamus and the cortex. yeah, that's a good way to |
|
| 62:37 | about it. How do you modulate gate the sensor information? How do |
|
| 62:41 | give priority to the visual thalamus over auditory? Thus, for example, |
|
| 62:48 | it's done both at the level of thalamus and at the level of thalamus |
|
| 62:52 | , the cortex and cortex communicating about thalamus and this particular nucleus which can |
|
| 63:00 | it's all inhibitory cells that can inhibit nuclei. And the thalamus cerebellum, |
|
| 63:06 | have the right and the left hemisphere the middle of the cerebellum, we |
|
| 63:10 | the Burmese. If we remove the , this is the cut, but |
|
| 63:14 | looking at the dorsal side here. . So we cut cerebellum and expose |
|
| 63:20 | p here. And we expose the quadri as a superior coli on both |
|
| 63:27 | and the inferior curricula part of the brain here. And this is the |
|
| 63:32 | sitting on top here. OK. we come to the cranial nerves. |
|
| 63:41 | we have 12 cranial nerves and those are the nerves that are responsible |
|
| 63:47 | uh sensory motor information from the head face. And we have 12 of |
|
| 63:56 | . So we have the first cranial is oh factory and it's not |
|
| 64:06 | It's not shown on here because there's olfactory ball but the first nerve is |
|
| 64:11 | . The second nerve is optic this is optic nerve. So you |
|
| 64:15 | two optic nerves with a crossover. called optic chiasma crossover. After the |
|
| 64:22 | , this fiber bundle becomes optic Ok. But this is cranial |
|
| 64:28 | two optic nerve on the left and right from either eye, oculomotor |
|
| 64:35 | three cochlea, four trigeminal five. can see that these nerves originate or |
|
| 64:44 | different parts of the brain stem, nerve, six, facial and intermediate |
|
| 64:51 | . Vestibulocochlear nerve is eight, glossier nine vagus nerve, which you already |
|
| 65:00 | is 10 cranial nerve. 10. you have the accessory nerves here lower |
|
| 65:07 | Malaga. Now your accessory nerve and nerve is in medulla too, accessory |
|
| 65:13 | 11 and hypoglossal nerve 12. And you have 12 cranial nerves. And |
|
| 65:20 | you are already looking and thinking about does it mean? Optic nerve is |
|
| 65:26 | . What do you think optic nerve it processes information from the eye? |
|
| 65:33 | information? What about ocular motor movement the eye muscles? Yeah. |
|
| 65:41 | If I said vestibular cochlea, ear and so cochlea is ear, |
|
| 65:50 | stimulus or vestibular apparatus. OK. vestibular cochlear nerve, then if I |
|
| 65:58 | uh trigeminal nerves, that doesn't say but it says something about what it |
|
| 66:05 | . Trigeminal three fiber bundles. So comprised of three segments. Trigeminal nerve |
|
| 66:15 | has the largest stock here, which can recognize easily. So if it |
|
| 66:20 | indicate the function. OK? Loss loss, loss of the tongue phal |
|
| 66:29 | it has to do something with the and the pharynx function here. |
|
| 66:34 | If it doesn't give away in the , what it does, it kind |
|
| 66:38 | gives away what it is. A branch nerve, trigeminal nerve. |
|
| 66:44 | Hang on to your question because I get through this next slide and, |
|
| 66:47 | maybe it will answer your question. now let's go into this diagram that |
|
| 66:54 | made for you guys and it's on uh plus lecture materials. So, |
|
| 67:03 | of all, if you go and to any graduate level, if you're |
|
| 67:08 | some field where you're working with the , with the central nervous system, |
|
| 67:14 | will have to know the cranial I'm gonna ask you to know several |
|
| 67:20 | them for this exam Because we already about some of them. So you |
|
| 67:25 | know them because some of them are easy and others are most important for |
|
| 67:31 | for this course. And you'll thank about for it later. But so |
|
| 67:36 | of all, uh it, it a dark night of 1994 and we |
|
| 67:42 | sitting and studying for the uh anatomy neuroscience. And when I took this |
|
| 67:50 | , it was really awesome. It subdivided into the head and neck and |
|
| 67:55 | the body. So we took the and neck anatomy course. We had |
|
| 67:59 | study the cranial nerves and we had human cadaver. Our exam was to |
|
| 68:06 | the cranial nerves on the actual human body. So it would be like |
|
| 68:12 | little needle with a blue pen or or little uh tie uh like |
|
| 68:21 | like a line tied around some, nerve or something. You'd have to |
|
| 68:24 | what nerve it is or what ran nerve it is. And we were |
|
| 68:28 | having a hard time remembering the order these nerves. Which one is |
|
| 68:32 | which one is 47 and so So, we came up with a |
|
| 68:37 | and our mnemonic was bugs bunny oh, oh, oh, to |
|
| 68:43 | and feel very green vegetables. so, oh, oh. |
|
| 68:50 | First nervous olfactory optic oculomotor, by way, you can come up with |
|
| 68:54 | own pneumonic. This, this silly has stuck with me since, since |
|
| 68:59 | early nineties and it hasn't left my . So, maybe it will do |
|
| 69:04 | same for you. Uh, oh. Oh. Oh, olfactory |
|
| 69:10 | ocular motor. I want you to all three of these. Why? |
|
| 69:15 | is number one, it's smell and gonna study smell optic. Number |
|
| 69:22 | it's very important. We're gonna study visual system. We study the optic |
|
| 69:27 | . Ocular motor is number three. I want you to know it because |
|
| 69:31 | tells you what it does for two . It moves the eye and it's |
|
| 69:35 | motor nerve. I also want you know Triamino five, which is the |
|
| 69:42 | , most prominent three branch nerve. I want you to know the |
|
| 69:48 | which is eight and the vagus which is 10. I want you |
|
| 69:53 | know the vestibular cochlea because we're gonna the auditory system. And I want |
|
| 69:58 | to know the vagus nerve because that's we stimulated when he discovered acetylcholine and |
|
| 70:05 | frog hearts, cranial nerve, 10 nerve, which runs most extensively into |
|
| 70:10 | viser into the body spatially and innervates heart to a large extent. So |
|
| 70:17 | is how we remembered where the first O olfactory o optic 00 motor t |
|
| 70:24 | , te trigeminal a abducens f facial vestibulocochlear g ground glacial V Vegas accessory |
|
| 70:33 | pa. So you can have your way, you know, you can |
|
| 70:38 | the nerves like all up, try up with something else, you |
|
| 70:46 | And then some of these green hill are sensory s some of them are |
|
| 70:52 | and and some of them are capable having both functions. They are sensory |
|
| 70:58 | motor. What does that mean? and motor with a sensory sensory |
|
| 71:04 | So touching sensory component processes, the of the self face, motor component |
|
| 71:13 | the phase. OK, contracts the and moves the muscles. So then |
|
| 71:18 | had another pneumonic. It said money says so, so much |
|
| 71:23 | But my brother says bugs bunny makes greedy, little rabbit. So, |
|
| 71:33 | so much money. In this s sensory. So first nerve is |
|
| 71:39 | , second, nervous sensory, third motor, fourth is motor trigeminal is |
|
| 71:46 | , it has sensory motor components, , both sensory, both both motor |
|
| 71:55 | . OK. So this is a again that, that I used to |
|
| 72:00 | . And I'm gonna ask you only what are they? 612358 and |
|
| 72:09 | you should know what these nerves You should be able to identify optic |
|
| 72:16 | , chiasma track very easily. This love will remember it. You should |
|
| 72:22 | able to identify the tri nerve because the largest, it's just, |
|
| 72:27 | it's staring at you and the largest located on the policy. So uh |
|
| 72:38 | for these six nerves, you should which one is sensor in motor. |
|
| 72:42 | that's easy because sensory sensory factory optic sensors, ocular motor motor, that's |
|
| 72:51 | I said. I want you to that because it says the function of |
|
| 72:54 | nerve, not only what it but it is a motor, it's |
|
| 72:57 | a sensor action both and then eight sensory and then 10 is both again |
|
| 73:05 | the uh Vegas news. All So we'll end here today and you |
|
| 73:11 | be responsible for all of the material covered up up until now for your |
|
| 73:17 | on Friday. Yes. Sorry. longer than like, you know, |
|
| 73:24 | a very uh it's a, it's, it's a, it's a |
|
| 73:32 | question. It, it, it to what extent uh, yeah, |
|
| 73:37 | would be because it's, uh, has a lot of sensory nerve endings |
|
| 73:41 | the face. Yeah. Yes. . |
|
