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00:14 Okay. Alright folks. Hello, uh so um oh I sent an

00:31 yesterday uh and this morning but yesterday was about the midterm. Great,

00:37 you. Um So uh I mean I said in the email it was

00:43 just like you would on in the worth listed. Um Remember that obviously

00:49 covers basically all this stuff um points you saw him, but you

00:54 I'm black, all those, that's point that we're tackling you see on

00:58 . Um I didn't do the heavy I do at the end of the

01:04 where I, you know, figure , you know, I think the

01:08 are worth like the top whatever all that stuff, I didn't do

01:12 of that, but again, the , the great estimate is pretty gonna

01:16 within a point. So it's not it's gonna be like 10 points difference

01:21 anything, it's like one point cluster . Ok, it's enough information to

01:26 your decision, okay, in terms to drop for state Okay um the

01:36 thing. So um you can you do your own kind of uh speculation

01:45 go, okay what do I need this? Great. At the

01:48 just just put in 100 for exam and four, just add it

01:53 that gives you your your high that's max, okay then you can uh

02:00 you an idea of where you get write, so um okay uh what

02:07 ? So today tomorrow begins the you know, some of the unit

02:11 . So basically it's gonna cover all stuff we've been talking about. Uh

02:15 . 21 22 when it's relatively Um 79 10. So all that

02:23 of all of all those chapters will on the quiz. In fact um

02:29 have any questions like 24 questions I or something like that. Um Smart

02:36 is due on monday check 10. the schedule is open so the exam

02:43 next week from tomorrow. So you know, I'll be available if

02:50 turn off this hard next week or you want something other than that doesn't

02:53 your schedule, let me know. uh so today official 10 and uh

03:03 we're going to do a little bit little bit of the next year.

03:09 . So next year we really kind switchgear uh you know um and going

03:17 aspects of medical microbiology. So uh talk about the first the immune system

03:25 that system uh then happening is kind what they do in terms of getting

03:33 under hiding premiering system. And then end is like a collection of what

03:45 diseases or something like that. Uh probably haven't looked ahead that far ahead

03:50 but check for 26 right? Has bunch of different stuff. Different diseases

03:56 are covered. I picked a certain of. Okay so um I'll talk

04:03 about that next week. But you'll in chapter 23 notes there's like a

04:08 of pathogens. Okay. And it you what you need to know for

04:12 years of pathogens. Um and so has a box in there. It

04:19 here's what you need to know about it. Okay. Um so okay

04:23 I'll get more details about it next . Um I say the 26 stuff

04:30 is different diseases and pathogens is to organize that in a table.

04:36 Pathogens, diseases, disease diseases. causes features about it. Brand stain

04:44 morphology. Um Yeah. Yeah. . So there's even there's even a

04:50 table for kind of an idea how structure it. Of course you can

04:55 to your needs obviously. But but of us really just kind of laying

04:59 out like that and just memorize Okay, So hey like I said

05:05 mention this more than once uh next of weeks as we go through

05:10 Okay, that's kind of what they with the 26th of diseases.

05:15 Um okay so let's look at So this is like opera on the

05:27 gonna show you the little animation thing the trip off Iran. I know

05:31 continuation mechanism kind of kind of Um But the lack so again to

05:41 of get some context here. So in control. Okay um we're

05:48 at but I made this made me travel up with this slide here.

05:54 I made this slide you've got in of a smaller form but I there's

05:59 I left out and that's why I to do it again. So that

06:01 a dream control. Right? So um any any functions any living thing

06:08 this planet is doing right is doing A because the functioning of synthesis and

06:15 of thousands of proteins in that Okay. Um Those protein levels are

06:23 . They're controlled through multiple levels. . It's just all fitting the whole

06:29 dog right. DNA RNA protein. that's how you make a protein then

06:33 course how you control it. You the steps beforehand. Okay so um

06:40 so again it's about efficiency. Don't want to be doing stuff that

06:43 energy you know respond to whatever the is and do so by turning on

06:51 X. 1 to 4 whatever To to kind of act um or

06:57 to the stimulus. Right yourself do in response to usually hormones you produce

07:04 factors, things like that. Your respond to that and they respond by

07:09 turning on and turning off. Very . All right so levels of

07:14 So you can start D. A. Well look at that here

07:17 . So and there's really no no really just it's just you said you

07:25 referred to as the level of N. A. Okay so you

07:29 modify nuclear times. You can recombine of D. N. A.

07:33 we'll see now. Here's where we specific terms. Right so transcription

07:38 Right? Is about affecting RNA. function. Either you let it do

07:43 thing and transcribe or you don't. . But what people get confused about

07:49 transcription control things. They have the . RNA. Right. That's not

07:57 control. Okay, happens before Okay so um so this is the

08:06 I left out. I didn't I mention uh dang it. I did

08:14 Arnie stability but I didn't put the didn't put the term on it.

08:20 . So post transcription control. That's why I looked out. Alright

08:25 post transcription control comes after transcription. you have the main transport.

08:30 So you can affect stability in in ways um basically allowing to degrade.

08:38 ? Or I just have a shorter these kind of things. So that's

08:42 transcription um translation. Okay. That's . Right function. You gotta let

08:50 allows me to transcribe translate or Alright, so there's things that can

08:54 that and then last post translational protein. Right. So we started

09:00 D. N. A. Different of RNA. And protein.

09:04 Affect protein function that can be and can sometimes activate sometimes inactivated.

09:12 Um And there's you can degrade approach mechanisms that can allow that to

09:17 So any of these and all of can be um are used for any

09:24 gene control process. It can certainly more than one. Okay. And

09:32 usually does involve more than one. um so those are letters. Okay

09:38 you may see uh I'm pretty sure terms actually show up on like

09:44 Cat and D. Cat whatever the one is called. These professional

09:49 I think you'll see these terms. you may also see that that this

09:54 the post transcription all can actually be umbrella term that I think is sometimes

10:00 can be used in lieu of in of those two terms. So you

10:06 see that just heads up so you say can be like also the distinction

10:16 that you're gonna get more specific translational . It's a close transcription mechanism.

10:23 a translational it's I'm not gonna get crazy about it. Okay so but

10:27 just you may see that. So be aware of that. Okay.

10:31 for my purpose but for when you these terms again in the future.

10:36 Okay um uh Any questions about So let's let me go back uh

10:46 hear. Okay so Black opera. the main thing is you're right so

10:54 for high level so for both triple opera and trying to figure out what's

11:00 what goes on, how to work first thing to think about is or

11:06 to to know is the levels the of black toasted black front, high

11:13 low right present or not present, ? Trip to fan present or not

11:18 because that's what sets into motion. after that. Okay, so black

11:25 uh and then of course remembering inactive active professor and what that means.

11:30 . So presence of lactose. Remember have the other way here.

11:35 Both of them have another way. lactose and glucose. Right. So

11:41 lactose have no glucose. High level . Right? Because glucose influences cyclic

11:49 levels. Okay, so you have layer. What's remembering that and how

11:57 influences second mp. Okay, wants good post motorcycle game. The lots

12:05 second game. Okay. Um and lack of glucose allows the activator complex

12:15 form. Shooting on the promoter likes combined to a very technique and get

12:22 of expression. Okay. Um and of course lactose presence of lactose should

12:28 obvious. Right? Why do you this on and lactose in the

12:31 So if the inducer technically it's adult is the inducer right turns on repressor

12:38 it. No president can get the reform lots of expression. Okay,

12:46 trip opteron. Okay. Has um , you know, molecular bias and

12:54 happens right to the oppressor but in case it's to defend itself. So

12:59 the the remember the logic of both controls is kind of linked to the

13:07 , relative importance of each chaperone for is comparing the two best to have

13:14 trip opteron and lack of lactose opera chance of survival much better.

13:20 You're gonna need to make amino acids ? Uh you necessarily have to equal

13:25 . There's other things happen. so um so the trip off on

13:31 is let's kind of have it make fan and will kind of be the

13:38 of co repressor. Church fans It means it's not being used.

13:45 it down. Put the fan can into the repressor activated blocking expression.

13:54 . Fan is um uh not accumulating . That means it must be being

14:01 as fast as a teammate. There a need for demand. So um

14:08 in that scenario then the repressor is bound with co repressor, so it

14:13 inactive and expression took off on Okay, So then we have this

14:20 layer. All right. Which is trip this trip leader sequence and the

14:25 that. So, remember that you what you have um expression um uh

14:35 even in the scenario of this one , repression. Okay, even in

14:44 state there's I'll just throw out a number, you know, 11 in

14:51 million times. If you're not with camera taking a snapshot one in a

14:55 pictures, you may see that Professor off. Get a little bit of

15:00 , right? Because it's not irreversible , It can come off. It

15:04 comes off not very often. Unless unless trip to fan is

15:09 but the point is, you're gonna this transcript this leader sequence is a

15:15 of of any expression of that You're always gonna get that leader

15:22 The first thing that's made okay as of the control. Alright so remember

15:27 this trip E. Sitting here that's start of the structural genes. Okay

15:32 that's the junction point stuff is gonna with this attenuation mechanism here. That's

15:38 point of no return. Either Can keep going or if we get

15:43 up. Okay And so again which happens is all dependent on that versus

15:52 levels of tripped effect. However slowly that's what sets in motion.

15:56 And okay so um it's all about positioning. So let me just go

16:06 there. Okay let's just look at . Mhm. And action. Okay

16:13 there's your there's your opera on. . We got our uh um trip

16:26 regulatory protein. Then we have promoter hears the leader sequence right here and

16:33 is the attenuation loop. Then we'll once you make the transcript.

16:37 So here is this is the these structural genes. D. D.

16:41 . B. A. You So here let's start regulatory region.

16:48 it's gonna be a little slow um genes blah blah blah. Makes a

16:56 . Call this histrionic message that Uh then the enzymes to produce trip

17:02 fan. Okay then t the guys here but I'm eating them. Alright

17:14 there's your professor. Okay so we the what's called the repressor which is

17:20 unbound form there's a trip co Okay um continue. And so the

17:34 binds. Now that's an active oppressor the whole overpressure. Okay and

17:45 And now it's a physical block keeping transcribe. Okay um Okay uh Now

18:00 one that you know that very small and you do get some expression you'll

18:04 the leader sequence for me. Okay that's the first thing that you see

18:10 you can get the structural genes. it's gonna be attenuation mechanism. So

18:15 needs to limit something to stop Okay so here's the transcript in

18:22 Alright. M. RNA. These those reasons that can complementary base pair

18:27 each other. And so so so the numbers here do not refer to

18:36 an order right refers to regions of transcript that will uh just identifying the

18:44 of the of the transcript as all that regions that will ultimately can base

18:50 with other homologous regions but that's what numbers refer to. Okay so um

18:58 again it's just it's just a UGC . Okay so 123 and four.

19:05 And this is all you throw you these naked RNA. S into a

19:12 . The one that actually forms most the time. Is the 23?

19:16 likely because it has a greater proportion Um a base pairs um less energy

19:29 form them. Okay so um so like I said if you have the

19:35 buffer you look at them which which are gonna see forming. It's gonna

19:39 be two and three right? Uh the preferred? But then the performance

19:44 . Right? So small percentage will in the 3412. But the point

19:48 we're gonna influence what forms by rival leaving along the transcript. Okay so

19:56 let's continue this. Okay so. and so the positioning is dependent on

20:09 levels of levels of in the So remember always thinking that first level

20:14 whatever that is brings about the next . Okay? Um So see if

20:22 can fast forward a little bit. so uh we have the those elements

20:32 a um trip trip uh code ons ? We also have a stock code

20:42 that occurs uh at this position. ? And here and so that right

20:51 . It's really these The trip cordons really the the work in concert so

20:59 speak with the trip 11. Trip phantoms in the set. And that

21:04 to tr tr N. A. so um you don't have lots of

21:12 you have lots of trip dependent. those charged tr you'll have less of

21:18 if you don't have a lot of the cell. Right? So it's

21:23 uncharged. Right? So charged uncharged relates to the itself. Right?

21:29 that dictates where it stops the bible here or here and it influences what

21:35 form. So like I said, all starts with the levels of and

21:39 that that then proceeds to the next , which is the next thing,

21:42 next thing, the next thing being or uncharged, which are more

21:47 that influences what rhymes and stops. then determines which performs and that then

21:53 expression or no expression. Right. one follows the other. Okay,

22:01 um All right, so in this high triple camera, but I have

22:06 of charge with the fan tr NH . So as it ripens on translates

22:14 sometimes some translates. Well, first . Okay, survives up. And

22:21 it's gonna go right through the strip and there's lots of charged tR

22:23 A. S. Because we have levels of So we'll go to the

22:27 stopping point here and that means the regions that one and two are being

22:33 by this friday. So three and free to free to move and they're

22:37 close to this climb rates, you knock it off. Right? And

22:41 so before it gets into the structural and look at the fan. It's

22:49 stall there and so let's back up a second. Right? Okay,

23:05 let me pause it here. so it's Donald's here and then the

23:14 platforms. Okay, They labeled it have that's the 23, you can

23:18 that proximity is much farther away from car accelerates that's moving ahead transcribing.

23:25 so no interference and so that um continue to um transcribe. Okay.

23:40 come on. All right. It's we go. So so you can

23:48 and we get the structural genes Okay. But again all predicated on

23:54 of tryptophan. That's what kind of starts everything. There's a higher low

23:59 you have different outcomes. Okay. Any question about that? So you

24:05 at the animation helps. Uh There's one for the lactose opera and also

24:11 it's in you can access it through . Okay. Um Let's see back

24:18 here. Okay. All right. So we want these last control

24:25 Just examples of other other levels of . Okay. Um And so we

24:34 went through these earlier. So just that. Um And then okay then

24:42 got a question. Okay. Question what? So the question is which

24:54 which which is what? Okay counting . This is gonna show up

25:45 It's gonna be one of those before after thing. So um we'll see

25:49 we do the first time. Then happens the second time? Alright.

26:00 for 532. Okay. Right crying . B. C. Okay let's

26:18 . We'll see it again. Alright, the first of these examples

26:24 stringent stringent response. Okay. Um just saw in the continuation mechanism how

26:36 cute adjacent trip um protons can cause home to stall if the levels of

26:46 um tr tr N. A. . Our love. Alright. Um

26:54 if a if the soldier starved nutrient , which means they can't produce

27:01 They're lacking amino acids and stuff, you'll get this response. And so

27:07 it's about uh kind of a survival uh response if you will. Okay

27:15 poor nutrient conditions. Okay. So course in that mode. But they

27:20 want to do is a survivor. how you're gonna do that? Well

27:23 got to conserve resources. Okay so gonna stop, you wanna stop expression

27:30 op bronze involved in replication because you're you're gonna really you don't want to

27:36 replicated and subsidizing lots of proteins. gonna waste energy. Right? So

27:41 gonna divert resources away from that to energy. Okay. And so we

27:47 induce this. So this molecule tetra wanna scene. Okay, it's kind

27:53 the your book calls it uh an alarm. Okay. Um Like an

28:01 bell, so to speak, kind thing. So it sets in motion

28:04 number of different um uh events and of those is um to affect our

28:15 and to shut down transcription of like third of the genes themselves again involved

28:21 things like replication protein synthesis, making rivals on these kind of things to

28:27 energy. Okay so um the that's what it is again kind of a

28:35 response to furniture conditions conserve energy. things will get better when nutrients appear

28:41 what have you or to to then this stress? Okay. It's kind

28:45 an energy conservation mechanism here. In times of stress. Okay.

28:52 so that's that's essentially it. Okay it's it's a common response among all

28:59 types. Um And archaea. Oh I should have mentioned obviously forgot

29:05 um the activity that occurs to the . Okay check for a right this

29:13 here is based on a protein that associated with the rivals on. Alright

29:19 it's called R. E. A. L. A. And

29:24 um when arrivals installs it kind of this catalytic activity in this associated

29:30 And that activity is to take A . P. And G.

29:33 P. To form this. So um associated enzyme that does this but

29:43 as active foreign advisers almost stalling. basically means it's kind of sitting there

29:47 not that that is the action that this activity. Okay. Um

29:56 The DNA rearrangements. Okay so this it's gonna be so phase variation is

30:02 we'll see um mentioned again in the of disease because a number of pathogens

30:10 can carry this out as a strategy so we'll learn uh talking about the

30:16 system and how can we get around is to be hit. Right so

30:23 hidden from your immune system and occur about the question is what how does

30:30 pathogen enters your body? What makes visible to good night? Um What

30:43 this what would make that happen visible your body in this society envelope?

30:56 need help viral factors. More christmas your is an envelope. What

31:11 It is almost the right track because capacity this is nearby. And I'm

31:18 inside. I'm gonna apologize infection. that those two projectors are um let's

31:29 a system. What are you gonna on me then receptors was on my

31:38 stuff out here. Right. Uh envelope uh certain but it was a

31:45 positive. Maybe kept a light hand here. Uh have an outer

31:51 Yes. Right. Uh virus of can have viral proteins like spikes and

31:58 . Right, stuff up. february uh capsule. All right.

32:05 are all things that are visible. ? Those are two big eyeballs.

32:11 ? And I'm patching inside of those , looking at what that's what's

32:16 That's that's what So how do you it? Right, capsule is actually

32:20 way to hide it for the capital open. Right. So remember the

32:25 we use for these kind of things here. And so um uh so

32:33 you cover them up, well, can cover them up. Well,

32:36 you can express a different version of out here. Right? So your

32:43 can zero in on. Okay, is an energon. Right. And

32:48 gonna mount a response that. But then bacteria can switch it up

32:55 ? Next generation maybe is expressing a version of what's out here.

33:00 And your body can't respond that It takes time to identify it,

33:06 identify and respond. Okay. And um so that's a that's a

33:14 Do that all the time trying to that in different ways. Right.

33:20 right, I can sell of course immune system. Okay. Others can

33:26 this. Right? This this term immune avoidance. Okay. Is what

33:32 just described is so the the parts peripheral parts of pathogen or many fell

33:42 that's what's missing. Right? So least can comprise various types of

33:47 Right? And so if you change up right? Or cover them up

33:54 that's avoiding it allows them to avoid system. Alright. Um At least

34:00 I mean none of these things are or there's a limit to it I

34:04 but you have to remember how fast things can grow. Right? So

34:09 a little bit of time, Is enough to have them multiply.

34:13 so whatever thing, so a lot you know buying time buying time that

34:20 a strategy you use three music And the strategy of pathogen uses right

34:25 avoidance buys them time to grow. you have fever here is a way

34:31 slow down. Micro grows and that your system time to catch up.

34:37 ? So it kind of goes both . Okay, so uh so this

34:43 is looking at salmonella uh seminal enteric . Is a common foodborne pathogen.

34:50 And so we're looking at its and um it has and so this this

35:02 is predicated on having multiple variations of specific and this in this case it's

35:11 . The protein making up the there are different variations of that.

35:16 one has to be be B. C. Okay, so F.

35:23 . J. Is a protein. the structure you see here is so

35:31 keep it simple here. So here's here's the sound minimum. Okay,

35:36 for you and so you can have with what's called it A.

35:42 F. L. J. We're gonna have F. L.

35:47 . C. Right, we made of one type or the other type

35:53 . So the uh gene structure So here is uh F.

35:58 J. B. Okay right F. L. J.

36:03 Both independent of each other. each has its own promoter here

36:12 In addition F. L. B. B for john has in

36:19 this regulatory protein. Okay, this is part of it. You don't

36:25 that associated with C. Over You just see the gene for

36:31 Okay. And so um a a expressing ethology baby will look like this

36:38 part of the transcript is to also the repressor. And the repressor blocks

36:44 of the seat. So that that is gonna be is gonna have

36:51 Okay. Um That his progeny uh have as well. Okay. Um

36:59 the control element is over here. . It's here and it's not it

37:06 . Uh And the promoter is part that. The promoter for the

37:10 B. Because john is part of . Okay. So what happens is

37:16 there is a recombination event and this in a certain frequency. Okay?

37:23 Maybe one in 10,000 1000 I think depending on the particular species. And

37:34 the same kind of mechanism works in other pathogens for different engines,

37:38 And they all kind of different ways recombination but it's a spontaneous event.

37:43 . And so when it happens the recombination gene, Okay. The

37:50 I. N. Um basically clips and rearrange it basically turns it

37:57 Okay. And so what you see that the the promoter which was racist

38:08 was right here right, right. has now been flipped. Now it's

38:16 this way and not even part of jean anymore. Right? This is

38:24 FL. F. L. B. Not see a. Right

38:35 . And so it's off because the not even there anymore. It's been

38:39 segment's been cut out and flipped. so now it's so basically you can

38:43 the expression at the level of N. A. We're just taking

38:46 DNA segment cutting out re combining it now the promoter is no longer from

38:52 gene expression. So this this is the at the level of D.

38:56 . A. Is the control. so um now the and so when

39:04 happens of course then you express the form of that. And in this

39:12 the Magellan C. So now the of form will have C.

39:18 And so now you know now where the affecting type was a. It

39:25 A. Um and your body recognized and I'm sorry B. B.

39:34 it not mount a response. Now of a sudden introducing this other these

39:40 they haven't see for your body goes see it right because it's not immediate

39:45 recognize and respond. And so that's it can avoid those those can avoid

39:50 immune system for a period of And uh of course whether or not

39:56 found out they're multiplying multiplying, you potentially increasing the infection. Okay so

40:03 kind of the advantage of this in of the perspective of the pathogen.

40:08 so i it's gonna be a little redundant but it's kind of showing you

40:13 more close up here the process. again here is the the two genes

40:21 the promoter, right? And we're the C. Gene. Then we

40:28 a flip flop uh to there and is now over here. Okay and

40:42 from the structural genes. And so that's the mechanism. So but there

40:49 another thing to think about and that's . Okay, so so we have

40:59 we have uh I'm calling it One B. Or A. So

41:04 . One H. Two you have cells. Uh If you can may

41:09 see it. But this one is is colored blue a blue Magellan.

41:17 one's red, right? Um so point is two different two different components

41:25 different. So if you have an or the infecting bacteria coming into you

41:33 5050. Okay. Will long term strategy really work for the affecting

41:41 Is that the way to do Yes or no, but have greater

41:48 . That's your success. Be Yes or no. Okay, counting

42:37 543. Okay. 50 50. right. Alright. Um Who

42:52 Yes. Happy. Did another Yes. He's out there. Everybody

43:02 . Yeah. Yeah, he's out . Yes. Yes. Very confident

43:12 . Yes. Why you say Alright. Who did not guess as

43:19 called? 20000%. Right, We get out. So why anybody orders

43:32 ? If I mess it up. is it? Um I didn't

43:42 No. Okay, very simple. them as far as you have been

43:59 then be able to survive a little correct. Yes, that's correct.

44:06 for that logic. So, so you go happening goes in 50 50

44:15 like if that's all that happens on two forms then it's like playing poker

44:21 turn your hand up and showing all cards, right? So you're still

44:24 , here's what I got right? then you find that a very successful

44:29 magic. Okay. So um so basically showing everything has got to the

44:35 and you can respond to both of engine forms, right? So

44:42 some of these will uh you know be some time until I recognize.

44:47 so they'll be able to you know somewhat but eventually they're both gonna be

44:52 out recognized and done away with. , so better to come in with

44:59 population having the majority of one type the end in fact. And then

45:05 proportion of those will you know, switch to the other form the

45:10 Then that's when the little grow. proliferate and be some time before the

45:15 finds them out. So it's better go in with the majority of one

45:18 of the other. And there are there types that will they will have

45:26 67 or eight forms of an engine they can cycle through one and two

45:30 three and 45 and six and 78 forms different forms of the same.

45:35 the uh the meningitis bacteria can do . Okay. Um Is that any

45:44 about that? So the correct answer the correct answer is b Let me

45:53 one more time he's playing. So won't work 5050 all the cards on

46:00 table folks, you can see what got. Alright, so the book

46:06 be wiped out and we'll take care it. You're showing everything out,

46:11 go with 90% or whatever Jordan with one hand form, the other one

46:17 the pocket, hasn't shown it Right goes in the body. The

46:22 get whacked out, right? But few of them mutated into the

46:27 But having the variation to switch the form. Now the Carter show Body

46:33 responded instantaneously. Has to take some to recognize it's fine, it's

46:38 What was it doing that time? rose across construction, bad for

46:42 So 50 50 going in bad Okay. Any questions about any

46:52 Yeah, so um signal factor Okay, so uh this there's a

47:03 of examples there might just pick So a single factor is a natural

47:08 kind of users control because of course what helps find and promote. So

47:16 single factors is is a uh is of course a natural thing to do

47:22 done in different ways. And so this is an example of a temperature

47:29 of influencing expression but doing so through transcript. Okay, so this um

47:40 is involved in kind of a stress . It's called heat shock. Um

47:45 heat of course can the nature protein cause them to unfold and be not

47:52 . Um And so the signal factor this response turns on different genes that

48:01 proteins that will help in this time high heat, elevated temp.

48:06 so under normal say ambient growth conditions you can hear 30 degrees.

48:15 It forms a transcript forms okay, the signal factor. Um But it's

48:22 this um form here. So it a secondary structure you see there and

48:28 hiding. So remember the translation requires to be visible to the bible combined

48:38 then translate. Okay, that secondary covers that up. Okay, so

48:43 this at this temp lower temp, not able to be translated.

48:48 a little bit of it kind of and you get a little bit of

48:53 . Okay so you have these proteins D N. A. J.

49:00 . K. These have a couple effects. One is to kind of

49:06 um unnecessary proteins. Okay, some these things get tagged, there's a

49:11 system for that to get rid of unwanted uh miss malformed proteins.

49:17 they're part of that system. So kind of single factor at 30

49:21 The signal Hs form it gets it's rid of it shouldn't really be operating

49:26 degrees. So it mostly is not but again a little bit Gets through

49:33 gets translated but your system takes the takes care of. Okay. And

49:39 um now it tends to get elevated right then that's enough to exposed the

49:49 find on that transcript. And so that happens you get lots of sigma

49:56 for me. Alright, the super for this response. And so that

50:01 to lots of production of these three . Okay. And others.

50:09 And so they're kind of, the function here is to bind to

50:13 They're called chaperone proteins that have to bind to them and help them maintain

50:20 normal tertiary structure. Okay, um critical for maintaining their right protein shape

50:29 structure is all about its function So these chaperone proteins help to do

50:36 especially if it gets hot elevated and the proteins want to come apart and

50:44 the chaperone proteins help people get. the stress response is about after we

50:51 the stickup factor at town uh making transcript translatable right by straightening it

50:59 so to speak. Right in this here. Now the Robinson bunny side

51:04 visible. Private combine and produce sigma that turns on the heat shock genes

51:10 then work with proteins to keep them up. They don't they maintain their

51:14 . Okay, so it's kind of this is about to uh heat stress

51:18 cause proteins in part of teenager. keep them together as best we

51:23 Now this I mean it can only coli can withstand 42 C for a

51:29 . There is a limit but at it will extend its lifetime by having

51:34 response and you know maybe we can it down and return tomorrow but but

51:39 point is you can survive for a of time by by this mechanism.

51:44 so um so again it's working on the form the transcript is there its

51:50 a folded or unfolded and it unfolds elevated it can be translated. Okay

51:58 any questions about that? Okay so regulatory. Okay um the uh these

52:12 common control elements and uh almost many forms if not all and they a

52:27 protein to be part of control. So you're just the RNA itself.

52:32 a control alert. Okay and so these occur between genes. Okay and

52:42 for example here is staff or the of pathogen like many bacterial viral pathogens

52:50 have kind of expressed genes at different of early on in the in the

52:58 cycle in the middle or the Because as in fact there's different functions

53:03 different part part of the infection. early middle late. Anyway they control

53:09 uh oftentimes to these RNA molecules. with staff it's RNA three and again

53:16 can fold up in these loops and target is one of these transcripts that

53:24 a protein early on the infection that longer needs. And so what happens

53:29 so S d remember that's that shindou sequence ribosomes binding site. Okay and

53:39 it's all this complementary base pairing. you see the R. N.

53:46 . Three right here. Okay that to this part of our doing so

53:52 covers up the the ribosome binding site well as the star code on.

53:59 you don't get a translation. So it's affecting his own ability to

54:04 . Okay. It can also also well uh bring about the degradation by

54:13 activating RNA. Three in the Okay so United case has gotten really

54:20 and don't express it. Um And these are used in various ways.

54:25 is what this slide here is meant show. Um So we have examples

54:33 both. Uh here's our small RNA it will bind to our combining

54:39 For example like we just saw blocking or do the opposite sometimes they can

54:46 can block something they can promote Yes you breathe. Okay. Is

54:55 it? Um So we have uh in this case we're blocking translation in

55:01 case harry Lucas formed in the transcript itself blocking translation. So then this

55:09 S RNA comes into buying into But then now can promote transit certainly

55:15 both depending on the system as a RNA genes. And the genes is

55:20 okay because instability um causing uh degradation this case or preventing. Right?

55:30 this example is working kind of both parking on gene type and the small

55:36 . Okay same here um again affecting , deviating repression bonding after professor and

55:46 translation. So the point is that things are working multiple ways. Both

55:52 repressing or stopping translation or expression. it could be um you probably have

56:05 variation depending on what specific wants something this. Something like um this for

56:14 uh it's degrading that would probably be transcription expecting uh stability. Like you

56:21 it's um it's doing something like this blocking that would be translation. So

56:29 can you can kind of depend on specific mechanisms occur. So again translational

56:35 affecting function which is this is certainly uh here. Okay. Or it

56:41 affect stability which is certainly doing Okay. And that would be translational

56:47 versus post transcription control. Okay. so yeah kind of a case by

56:54 thing. Okay. Um All right regulatory RNA. So it kind of

57:02 is small RNA which are between genes RNA are within a gene so it's

57:12 the genes and controls. Okay. so there's actually a surprisingly large number

57:17 these um any cola alone 1000 different are controlled this way. That's like

57:30 little less than a third co ops are controlled this way. Um And

57:35 again the efficiency we're just producing an . N. A. As

57:39 We don't need to make a protein and I scratch this out because that's

57:43 wrong. So you see stop It doesn't do that. Right because

57:47 transcripts already made. Right? That's we're making. So scratch that out

57:52 your notes. But it does prevent can trigger degradation. Um So so

57:58 kind of put it in this form . So what we got is remember

58:03 a protein coding gene. Right? strand the strand. Right? This

58:09 the D. N. A. of DNA. And here is within

58:14 be an anti sense RNA gene. . Plus strings. Okay. And

58:22 the and so of course and I put these new baptizing just just for

58:28 . That's all right. But this gonna be complementary to that. And

58:32 here's our minus strand. Right? in the normal course of transcription

58:38 We're going to transcribe the template right produce a copy of dissent string that

58:45 the coding information. Right? So the A. Right. And so

58:50 it's transcribing this gene whatever this gene but this this is just a small

58:56 inside it. Okay so we're expressing copying the uh the template of the

59:03 . Okay and so this will be sort of gene that is the protein

59:07 functions Okay have to control the expression the gene. You can then copy

59:15 clustered. Okay so remember here in transcription we copy the minus strand of

59:26 anti sense minus strand to make A R. N. A. Which

59:30 identical copy of this. Which is you do in transcription. The transcribing

59:35 gene. Right? And so if wanna control expression then we can manipulate

59:41 M. R. N. Okay bye creating the anti sense RNA

59:48 . Right so now we're not copying we're not copying the minus strand.

59:53 copying the plus strength. Okay we're copy the plus strength. That's gonna

59:58 this anti sense. Are it's a strength. Okay so uh so just

60:06 orientation here so here's plus right and copy that into a minus right here

60:13 the plus sent strand. And we that by copying this minus antisense

60:19 Okay so what happens as a result this is that this is complementary to

60:26 ? M. R. N. . So you see perfect base pairing

60:31 it binds this is likely covering up binding site um blocking translation. Maybe

60:39 facilitates innovation transcript but in any case expression can stop. Okay so this

60:49 sense RNA. G. Inside of junior controls. Okay um Any questions

60:59 of so uh thing here is just remember that the are an aging inside

61:06 it. We copy that plus strained make the anti sense form as complementary

61:13 the plus M. R. And that's what affects expression that um

61:20 it's pretty efficient. Okay not having evolve regulatory genes in a sense.

61:27 talked about earlier protein oppressor and all stuff. It's just making it much

61:33 simpler. Uh Our product that controls . So eliminating a number of steps

61:40 do okay for efficiency standpoint. Very good time. Um So let's be

61:52 let's not revisit uh the correct answer the question was supposed to pop up

61:58 that was me. Okay we have smattering of response on this one.

62:03 the control that is you know it's a kind of controlling events, so

62:12 speak. Um The the end result are we gonna have transcribe or

62:19 So that that is transcription control? . Uh So even though you're seeing

62:26 on times affecting things in a situation is a lot of transit. In

62:31 it's just it's positioning determines whether or can transcribe. So that is transcript

62:37 control uh stranger response as well because we're affecting the ability of arrays to

62:46 another different genes. So that's that's . Um he chucked So he had

62:52 right, reformed the factor transcript And it was kind of temperature that

63:00 whether you were translated not. So so whether it was in the

63:07 the folder for form we're dealing with with a control at the level of

63:12 transcript, right of the main And that's post transcription uh translational

63:20 So anti sense RNA is um as just heard it could it could sit

63:25 a transcript block translation but it could when we talk about our days in

63:32 scenarios it stops translation by arrivals and some cases if that degrade degradation.

63:39 ? So so that can alter what you call translational control is the effective

63:45 post transcription if you affect stability. fact. So any sense Candy?

63:55 about translational control but they can also about close transcription. So both both

64:02 uh but he has written is In fact I think it's false.

64:09 figuration is really control the level of . N. A. Level at

64:13 level of D. N. Okay. Um Doing the combination in

64:18 . Um Alright. Any questions about ? Okay. Um Alright so that's

64:27 10 summary. So finishing at Um No that's a good place to

64:34 . Okay so we'll start doing four . Yeah. I have a question

65:03 the unknown project like on the paper

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