| 00:00 | green time. This is messed Mhm. Okay, thank God. |
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| 01:03 | . Okay folks, uh let's get here. Let's see. So Um |
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| 01:11 | are continuing with Chapter six today. So we're back kind of to to |
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| 01:19 | routine of blackboard quiz um every week at least a couple of weeks. |
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| 01:26 | me turn this up. Okay, what else? Smart work due next |
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| 01:34 | today we finish part one and then into part two, which is the |
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| 01:40 | cycles of viruses and then 13 part on thursday, we'll we'll get to |
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| 01:48 | , we'll get to at least the of that. And so that's kind |
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| 01:50 | one of those flip things. That be a bunch of questions. So |
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| 01:55 | , 13 and 14 is our track metabolism which can make some people running |
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| 02:03 | the doors, pulling their hair out I don't give the four level biochemistry |
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| 02:12 | um uh presentation of it. because as you start looking through |
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| 02:19 | if you haven't already likely haven't, when you do um you know, |
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| 02:25 | you know metabolism, if you recall bio one, okay, the bunches |
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| 02:31 | pathways and this and that. Um a way I do it that you |
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| 02:36 | I don't expect you to memorize every reaction every enzyme. That's just |
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| 02:40 | Um So but again, so I my point is don't be scared of |
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| 02:45 | when you start looking through it. you're if you're kind of already kind |
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| 02:48 | nervous about metabolism and that's all it's about chemistry and organic chemistry and blah |
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| 02:54 | blah. So I hopefully presented in way that is uh not, not |
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| 03:03 | okay. Help help us to say . Alright, so anyway, um |
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| 03:09 | about that. We'll start on We're starting that likely the half the |
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| 03:13 | half of thursday. So anyway, , uh what else? So we |
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| 03:19 | uh exam uh this last week. I meant to bring the stats, |
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| 03:25 | they'll be posted on black borders, folder called exam distribution or something like |
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| 03:31 | . Anyway, the average was like 69 69.11. Okay. Um So |
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| 03:41 | about, you know, I get exams range between 68 72 typically plus |
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| 03:48 | minus. Okay, so that's pretty within range. I'm not one of |
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| 03:54 | that says, oh, Design an so hard that the highest grades of |
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| 03:59 | or something, I think. I think you learn anything from that. |
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| 04:02 | , but there are those that like do that. Um um but not |
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| 04:07 | . So. Okay. Uh so syllabus, it tells you in there |
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| 04:17 | exams aren't curved, but final grades be curved. Okay, so final |
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| 04:22 | can be curved. Um And I , I want question I typically get |
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| 04:29 | , so is exam to the hardest the for exams? Um It's not |
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| 04:38 | . The way to answer is I'm making the exam to be hard. |
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| 04:43 | the nature of the material that can difficult for some. So yeah, |
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| 04:46 | gonna be heavy metabolism stuff, but mean I've seen everything. There's people |
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| 04:50 | don't do well in exam one do on exam to do great in exam |
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| 04:54 | great an exam too. So it it's very there's really no pattern to |
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| 04:58 | . So um yeah, if you a little bit of background already in |
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| 05:04 | , organic um it could help. mean it's not going to if you |
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| 05:09 | had that, don't worry about Okay. That's really the point. |
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| 05:12 | I'll like I said, I'm going present it to you in a way |
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| 05:14 | it's going to be as least painful possible. Okay. Um And the |
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| 05:20 | question. So the exam will be on casa for a brief window a |
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| 05:26 | of days this week. So that be likely thursday and friday. Um |
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| 05:32 | mentioned in my email I sent these out twice a week so I'll mention |
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| 05:36 | there but it will be available for to view on casa for a brief |
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| 05:41 | . So do look at it. anything, I look at it just |
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| 05:43 | make sure there's no blatant mistakes, could be just a question that I |
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| 05:47 | completely whatever. So even for that you just look at it. |
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| 05:51 | But certainly look there and there is answer key. Right because it's a |
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| 05:55 | of my own questions and everybody gets a collection of these and so I |
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| 06:00 | to have 390 answer keys. So look through, you know obviously |
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| 06:05 | know which ones you missed. Focus on those. You've already eliminated |
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| 06:09 | answer. So see among the three . If you can figure it |
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| 06:12 | obviously we have questions, let me . Okay. I would say have |
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| 06:18 | this point. Have a whether you well not so well in the middle |
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| 06:24 | amnesia. Okay. And so your now is exam two. Okay. |
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| 06:32 | and and put all your efforts into . Don't waste time worrying about what |
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| 06:37 | on exam one. Okay. Um I would say okay to do this |
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| 06:46 | the definition of insanity, they bring what the definition of insanity is doing |
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| 06:51 | same thing again. Alright. So you did what you did studying for |
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| 06:55 | , and then it gave you a right? I don't think you want |
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| 07:02 | do the same thing again. Not not to be funny, but |
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| 07:07 | mean, I don't I don't think want to do that. Okay. |
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| 07:10 | guaranteed guaranteed you will get the great again or worse. Okay. |
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| 07:18 | do something different. Because what do got to lose? Right. We |
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| 07:22 | do well, the first time. case scenario, you just make the |
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| 07:27 | radio, but you can only be right? So change it up whatever |
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| 07:32 | did. Okay. Um You didn't ? Right? Bottom, did |
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| 07:39 | Mhm. No. Okay. All . So um So yeah, change |
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| 07:45 | up. Right. If you're in what to do. Look at day |
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| 07:50 | video lecture 8 23 22 I think called. Okay. There's like a |
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| 07:57 | minute segment, maybe more than halfway and I go into how to |
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| 08:03 | Okay, if you did well on exam or you you you're where you're |
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| 08:10 | , then proceed. Okay. As know, as you have been doing |
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| 08:16 | , maybe tweak a couple things. , so again, I'm here. |
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| 08:22 | you have questions help, what Okay, so, the other thing |
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| 08:27 | don't don't you know, don't don't in despair either. He didn't do |
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| 08:34 | . Okay. Like I said, amnesia. Say I didn't do |
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| 08:38 | effort, effort. I'll do better the exam to Okay, I'll show |
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| 08:44 | . Okay. Um Alright, so , I'm here to help. |
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| 08:51 | But again, don't despair. You'll overconfident. Okay. Um anyway, |
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| 08:57 | think, you know what I So, you have any help |
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| 09:01 | Just come see. Yeah. so, um let's get our heads |
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| 09:08 | into back into science. Okay, , viruses. Right, So, |
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| 09:15 | start with um just a little brief of what we've done to this |
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| 09:22 | Okay, viruses, so, here's little basically a summary of look at |
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| 09:28 | definition of the virus. Right. looked at the structure of virus variations |
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| 09:33 | that kind of a generic viral replication and ended with kind of the classification |
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| 09:42 | . Okay, so things to Right. Uh so remember the virus |
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| 09:49 | virus prime thyroid cry on its own shelf. Okay, viruses, those |
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| 09:56 | things are not viruses. Okay, may be virus like Okay, but |
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| 10:02 | not viruses viral load. Is your nucleic acid RNA prions infectious proteins. |
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| 10:13 | , so let's forget about those. now just focus on viruses viruses, |
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| 10:17 | . They have a structure. The basic structure. Right, is a |
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| 10:22 | coat capsule. Right? That surround genome genome can be multiple things, |
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| 10:27 | ? D N A R A single of double stranded. Um the shape |
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| 10:31 | the captain can be a filament this hypocritical. It can be a |
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| 10:37 | 20 sided shape. Okay, um can be um a symmetrical, |
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| 10:45 | Okay, the naked and enveloped Right, So does have an |
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| 10:49 | Doesn't not have an envelope. Um of course associated viral protein stuck |
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| 10:55 | there. Right. The uh like protein spikes. The um these are |
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| 11:02 | gonna be involved in recognition. And other functions. The And so |
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| 11:08 | can use all these criteria to identify virus. Okay, um we typically |
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| 11:14 | the genome type to classify um and kind of the route to get to |
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| 11:22 | the transcript, Right? Because if look at the cycle again real |
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| 11:27 | the you have to think of beginning end. There's one way to think |
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| 11:32 | it right here, here and then , Right, or here. The |
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| 11:40 | is infection ultimately the goal for that , if it's going to perpetuate itself |
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| 11:45 | to make lots of viruses. So what has to happen between that |
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| 11:50 | and then making all those viruses the we know, right? You got |
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| 11:53 | make proteins right to make copies of . Right. So that's what's going |
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| 11:58 | on in the middle here. now there's different variations, right? |
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| 12:03 | kinds of variations will see on how happens. But ultimately whatever viral type |
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| 12:08 | are this is has to at some be the endgame. Right? Make |
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| 12:12 | of operatives and that's going to entail genome because all these guys like to |
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| 12:17 | a genome in it and lots of because we're covering the thing and they |
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| 12:23 | coat. Right, captured. um and of course because viruses can't |
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| 12:28 | a lot of their own things, have to use the host to take |
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| 12:33 | different parts to do this. ribosomes, t RNA nucleotides etcetera. |
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| 12:38 | , now, where they can differ do they have their own memories? |
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| 12:42 | they have their own memories that is by what kind of virus are |
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| 12:47 | Are they D. N. A or the RNA virus? Right. |
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| 12:51 | there's that RNA dependent RNA polymerase Right. We'll talk more about that |
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| 12:55 | . So again. Um beginning and every virus is gonna do that recognize |
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| 13:03 | get in then make lots of Right? The middle part is what |
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| 13:08 | vary and we'll see some of those today. Okay, um and then |
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| 13:13 | is what we ended with last time this classification scheme. So I realized |
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| 13:18 | when you first see this, it's okay, so you kind of have |
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| 13:24 | it's really remember two things. Remember is the plus. Um R. |
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| 13:32 | . A. Okay. Is transcript can it can Rogers owns can plot |
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| 13:40 | on it and begin producing proteins. , not the case from minus |
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| 13:46 | Okay, minus has to be That's this is all about. Getting to |
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| 13:52 | two at this point and the yellow ones are all the plus form. |
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| 13:57 | . Getting to that point. because that's how it's going to make |
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| 14:03 | proteins. Again, up here. , we're gonna do that. We're |
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| 14:10 | make lots of viruses need to be to get to that point obviously. |
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| 14:13 | , so becoming on the viral Right. They'll have different routes to |
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| 14:17 | there. Okay, again, when we get to RNA viruses, |
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| 14:22 | that's that's the one that's the most problematic for trying to grasp that. |
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| 14:29 | so we'll visit that here in a bit. Okay, we'll go through |
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| 14:34 | these RNA viruses do. Your group 345. Okay. And then the |
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| 14:40 | is kind of its own thing. , um anyway, if you're still |
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| 14:46 | of fuzzy on this. When we wait a few slides and I'll try |
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| 14:51 | unbox it. Okay. But that's what it is. So remembering that |
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| 14:56 | and what it's what its role Okay. But then also that in |
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| 15:01 | for RNA viruses is remember that all protein bubbles are gonna have genomes stuffed |
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| 15:10 | . You're gonna make lots of copies genome. So if you're an RNA |
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| 15:15 | , if you're a plus, ultimately got to have some way to make |
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| 15:18 | of RNA is your gene. That's your genome. Right? If you're |
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| 15:23 | minus you gotta make lots of copies that. Okay. So that's how |
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| 15:27 | can complicate things when you try to what's going on here. But I'll |
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| 15:31 | to fix that when we get get there in a few slides. |
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| 15:36 | But what it really boils back to concept here. This is what's coming |
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| 15:40 | . Gonna make lots of viruses coming then. You gotta do this stuff |
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| 15:43 | the middle. Okay. That's and they vary how they do that, |
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| 15:48 | ? But what's varying is kind of going on in between. Okay. |
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| 15:53 | may not be crystal clear yet, we'll get there. Okay. Any |
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| 15:58 | at this point. Okay. present. Yes and no, |
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| 16:16 | Because it depends on the viral That's me. I hope it's not |
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| 16:21 | . You can keep answering questions when get to we get there. |
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| 16:26 | so let's uh I know I there's slides that have to do with viral |
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| 16:32 | . I'm still putting it off. think it's best just to wait until |
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| 16:34 | very end because then we will have through bacterial viruses. Animal viruses I |
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| 16:39 | probably make more sense. And once get just put at the very end |
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| 16:43 | so that we'll get to that on . Anyway this table don't memorize this |
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| 16:50 | . Okay. Um I just put in here just to kind of show |
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| 16:54 | the groups. Okay. Representative types so the ones you're that a lot |
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| 17:00 | human diseases are caused by it's really group, the RNA groups. |
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| 17:07 | Um you can see here the minus group is uh rabies virus, |
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| 17:15 | mumps, flu Ebola. Uh these hemorrhagic type viruses that are really |
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| 17:22 | The plus our group includes uh those endemic here in this part of the |
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| 17:28 | . West Nile endemic here and then Western Louisiana and eastern texas including Houston |
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| 17:39 | , mosquito born, yellow fever. fever as well. Um If you've |
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| 17:44 | in the airport recently may I think may have signs up coming from south |
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| 17:49 | . You make these signs of dengue . Be aware of blah blah. |
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| 17:55 | Also covid in here as well. and Plus RNA virus. So um |
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| 18:00 | lots of things that we're familiar with a disease standpoint are in this RNA |
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| 18:05 | . Okay. But certainly some that D. N. A. Uh |
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| 18:10 | human papilloma virus among others. Herpes that causes the fever blisters and |
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| 18:16 | Okay and then retroviruses and of course own unique group. The HIV is |
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| 18:23 | one of the most familiar with. then this one is kind of an |
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| 18:28 | group. So they have um N. A. Genome but they |
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| 18:37 | . N. A. They don't the DNA template to make D. |
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| 18:41 | . A. Like we do for . Okay they're templates used to make |
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| 18:47 | . Then they have this particular type reverse reverse transcriptase that copies that back |
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| 18:52 | D. N. A. Okay that's how they operate. So they |
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| 18:56 | copy DNA to DNA and RNA. RNA back to DNA. So a |
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| 19:00 | bit different. They called the pair retroviruses. The one really only one |
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| 19:05 | stands out here in terms of human is the hepatitis hepatitis B, liver |
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| 19:12 | disease. Um Okay so again this just for illustrative purposes and just to |
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| 19:21 | out the different human disease types that that are found. So let's uh |
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| 19:27 | at one last thing. Alright so viruses. So again Don't you don't |
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| 19:32 | to familiarize with all the data that's on here. But that that large |
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| 19:37 | um ensure your book even talked about but the relatively recent discovery maybe 10 |
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| 19:44 | or so ago. Um and so big we mean a micron or |
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| 19:50 | Right so most viruses are gonna be the Micron size limit. Um 20-2020 |
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| 19:58 | too. Um 20.20 nanometers. 20 sized point oh two microns to about |
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| 20:10 | micron range of most viruses? These guys that exceed that of course. |
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| 20:15 | uh can have because they're larger have bigger genomes. Can even have remnants |
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| 20:23 | like have some ribosomes have some RNA. So they can make some |
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| 20:29 | of their uh well partially make some the peptides but they still rely on |
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| 20:35 | host for for the other other R. N. A. |
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| 20:39 | And things like that. But they they might represent likely some kind of |
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| 20:44 | between what cell has lost someone's function speculating. Okay, but that's what |
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| 20:53 | appears like. And so of course of even even rudimentary metabolism to a |
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| 21:01 | , right? Don't don't think of as of course like a periodic |
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| 21:04 | But again just represents you know that know, if anything life isn't all |
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| 21:10 | in a nice neat boxes is always be things that are outliers to |
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| 21:16 | Okay. And so it gets even when in this one down here, |
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| 21:21 | uh called mama virus for some Okay um and this is there's even |
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| 21:29 | virus that infects that virus were called viral fage. That's really strange. |
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| 21:37 | ? So for that to be the virus affecting other virus. Well then |
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| 21:42 | this this thing must have some host it needs that can only get from |
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| 21:50 | particular host virus. So it can weird. Right, so this is |
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| 21:55 | first instance of this I've seen. um any questions. Okay so again |
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| 22:02 | of just the weird outlier group. many of these are things that infect |
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| 22:08 | like protozoan allergy things like that. Which makes sense if you're a big |
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| 22:14 | and you're likely going to infect a big set. Right, It's not |
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| 22:17 | affect bacterial cells. Okay. So now transition into different life |
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| 22:26 | We're gonna start first with bacterial Okay. And I think before we |
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| 22:36 | any questions everybody the the host range trope is um rope is um is |
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| 22:48 | to a bunch of different hosts or . Right. The type of cells |
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| 22:56 | infect within one host trumpism is a host and a number of cells and |
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| 23:01 | in that host host ranges. How how many different host types can the |
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| 23:07 | infect? Think rabies. Okay so okay so again we've kind of gone |
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| 23:14 | this already. So real quick. it's kind of a generic um viral |
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| 23:19 | cycle. We're gonna we're gonna start viruses and going animal viruses. And |
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| 23:25 | there's gonna be variations of each of steps. So we have just in |
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| 23:29 | most basic going step wise we have recognition attachment. Of course that's where |
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| 23:35 | begins and ends. So it's all the viral surface proteins. Host surface |
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| 23:43 | . Okay um genome entry. Obviously the genome in let's make copies and |
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| 23:49 | eventually transcribe translate and so um uh anything here entire. So, we'll |
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| 23:58 | that in some cases the entire virus enter. In some cases it doesn't |
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| 24:03 | rule, bacterial viruses do not enter cell only the genome does. |
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| 24:09 | Um So this is an assembly. course, it's taking over the cell |
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| 24:13 | make a factory virus producing factory. the term uh very in and virus |
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| 24:23 | . Right. So one is not from the other from me. Um |
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| 24:32 | there's different as there's many different ways a virus to enter a cell, |
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| 24:37 | on the type. There's also different you can exit to sell. |
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| 24:41 | And uh we'll see variations there Okay, so I think we are |
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| 24:49 | , we have started with a Okay, so this is about |
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| 24:56 | Okay. And their life cycle. lipstick based cycle means something specific. |
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| 25:06 | , if you looked ahead, um little and then there's Okay then you |
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| 25:13 | you say it out loud. Um said listen jenny, maybe she may |
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| 25:22 | may not be right. Okay, you can point that's not part of |
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| 25:28 | life cycle of electric bacterial virus. , pause for a second. All |
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| 26:28 | , counting down 3 2 one. . Alright, um if you answered |
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| 26:40 | You are correct. Okay, so the choices here are D. |
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| 26:52 | In time. So uh let it . So like age in gold areas |
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| 26:59 | the cell. Okay, Ultimately in viral infection, the host ultimately will |
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| 27:07 | . Okay. Usually, but for , they pretty much stepped on the |
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| 27:13 | pedal. That's there. They're playing right just to take over the |
|
| 27:17 | Making lots of stage and burst burst cell and get out and infect more |
|
| 27:24 | . Right? So that certainly uh is transcribed resulting of course a is |
|
| 27:30 | . Be typically analytic cycle. The is going to succumb quickly, especially |
|
| 27:37 | bacterial viruses. It happens fairly Uh Certainly many copies of asian they're |
|
| 27:43 | . That's making making genomes as a of any bio cycle. Okay. |
|
| 27:49 | are known as as um virulent virulent . Okay temperate or the lice |
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| 27:57 | A genic types uh entire bacterial viruses a rule only gets in everything else |
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| 28:05 | outside typically. Okay. Um and uh so with so we look at |
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| 28:12 | bacterial virus cycle first because it is complicated because remember that they're infecting a |
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| 28:19 | carry out cell less complication in terms versus you carry out cell and um |
|
| 28:28 | I mean the principles of the infection are going to be similar but there |
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| 28:33 | some differences. And so the t the pages are kind of the class |
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| 28:37 | our little page. Okay, so end game there is attached to get |
|
| 28:43 | genome in and this is where this the many or fate had this weird |
|
| 28:49 | of structure to them. Um They to capture with the genome. They |
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| 28:53 | have this portion here called a I think these are tail fibers. |
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| 28:58 | so the ends of these will be specific receptors on the cell surface. |
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| 29:03 | then this actually compresses like a Okay. And so that pressure actually |
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| 29:09 | what allows the genome to enter the the cytoplasm. Okay. And so |
|
| 29:16 | basically you have like uh empty protein , so to speak outside the |
|
| 29:22 | They call these um ghosts when they've their home. And they're just like |
|
| 29:27 | protein shell on the outside. They them ghosts for that reason. Uh |
|
| 29:33 | of course are aren't infectious at that because there was no genome into the |
|
| 29:37 | gotten inside the cell. Okay. listen, genic phase by less a |
|
| 29:43 | by contrast. So temperate means you of go to be kind of, |
|
| 29:49 | can change temperate, you can be one time and it can be mad |
|
| 29:54 | next time. Right? And so Alexa genic fade when it's food changes |
|
| 29:59 | being mad. All right, that the cell and breaks out. |
|
| 30:03 | so let's eugenic fage can go through cycles. Misogyny and lighting cycle. |
|
| 30:10 | both opponent. Okay. Um And look at that here in a |
|
| 30:16 | So integration in the chromosome. So something we'll see among different viral |
|
| 30:22 | bacterial and animal viruses, they that part of the cycle. Once they |
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| 30:28 | the cell is genome goes to the and inserts itself. Okay. And |
|
| 30:35 | in that state. In with bacterial we call it misogyny or profane |
|
| 30:43 | Okay. In animal viruses we call a pro virus state. Okay, |
|
| 30:48 | both are very similar. It's a viral genome inserting the chromosome. |
|
| 30:53 | And in that state the host cell not negatively affected. It's just doing |
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| 31:00 | thing right? It just has this of viral DNA insurgents chromosome is not |
|
| 31:05 | affecting its health. Okay. Um so but ultimately if the fate is |
|
| 31:11 | to produce lots of viruses, it's have to come out of that |
|
| 31:15 | Okay, so this is a little different type of strategy these guys have |
|
| 31:20 | to um lighting page. Okay, like I don't have that. |
|
| 31:24 | They in fact make viruses kill cell . Okay, that's all they |
|
| 31:31 | but less so ginny has other cycle there. Okay, so let's look |
|
| 31:37 | that. And so what determines whether stage stays in if it's one of |
|
| 31:44 | types stay in that mode of just genome in the in the chromosome or |
|
| 31:51 | ? All depends on environmental factors. . And so here I basically talk |
|
| 31:59 | both. Right. And so um whether you're little page or temperate |
|
| 32:04 | you're going to of course recognize your attached and then insert your genome. |
|
| 32:11 | , now if you're a lighted page only gonna go this far. Okay |
|
| 32:17 | um hold on, yep. Change . Sorry. Okay, testing |
|
| 32:37 | Okay, come on. There we . Alright so um if you let |
|
| 32:42 | fade you're just gonna be doing This right here. Okay so step one |
|
| 32:51 | up here a second. All right step one you see the genome outside |
|
| 32:56 | chromosome of course and then enzymes being proteins being produced proteins. Uh some |
|
| 33:05 | these involved degradation of the host So you see the this is the |
|
| 33:09 | chromosome. You don't see it And the following pictures because being basically |
|
| 33:14 | uh nucleotides being used by the virus to make its own genome copies. |
|
| 33:20 | so these viral bacterial viruses we're talking are all D. N. A |
|
| 33:26 | . Okay and D. N. . Is what's of course itself. |
|
| 33:30 | so the then of course it was by um synthesis of viral proteins, |
|
| 33:38 | of viral genomes assembly. Okay. final release. Right? So very |
|
| 33:47 | faith will have a list. So I'm they have with them and the |
|
| 33:52 | line breaks cell wall apart. And it will of course um burst the |
|
| 33:57 | because it could even be just the numbers viruses in the cell just completely |
|
| 34:03 | the cell because you can get a . So here 205 100 is a |
|
| 34:07 | . Okay Purcell. Okay so in I've seen like an E. Coli |
|
| 34:14 | right in a test tube it'll have cloudiness turbidity indicating lots of cells. |
|
| 34:19 | got a drop of of of age it And um within 30 minutes or |
|
| 34:27 | the liquid becomes like water and all material at the bottom of the tube |
|
| 34:32 | of course represents dead cells and parts dead cells at the bottom. |
|
| 34:37 | So it happens very quickly. Okay obviously these cells can go on and |
|
| 34:42 | other hosts and continue the cycle and very quickly they can obliterate a |
|
| 34:51 | Okay? Um now let's see. so again this is what you see |
|
| 34:59 | the screen here is all you're gonna in the light fade. Right your |
|
| 35:04 | genic fage. You have this as component plus this what you're about to |
|
| 35:10 | . Okay so here the genome of virus inserts into the chromosome. So |
|
| 35:18 | shows up as like a purple purple of the genome. That's right |
|
| 35:24 | Okay and basically as I said it's just unaffected hosting. Just divide and |
|
| 35:30 | as it normally would. And so course as it does that there's a |
|
| 35:35 | of the genome. Pro virus profane me, which one of the resulting |
|
| 35:41 | of subsequent generations? They all have copy of this of this pro |
|
| 35:46 | Okay, so basically building up the of cells from this point onward where |
|
| 35:53 | cell contains a copy of that profits fades genome. Okay and so um |
|
| 36:01 | can imagine you know it's like a time bomb. Right. And so |
|
| 36:06 | have to have the cue that says let's everybody get out of the state |
|
| 36:10 | let's start doing the lighting cycle, ? So it's not just one cell |
|
| 36:15 | it, it can be a million doing it right, if the population |
|
| 36:18 | at that point where it says let's to lighting cycle, okay, because |
|
| 36:22 | has to do that in order to know, make make new page, |
|
| 36:27 | , it's not making new page in cells, right? It's just along |
|
| 36:31 | genome is along for the ride in host genome. Okay, It's gonna |
|
| 36:36 | to do this life cycle in order make the actual viral particles right? |
|
| 36:40 | again each one of these cells are of doing that. Okay, so |
|
| 36:46 | all about the health of the Okay, so okay um before I |
|
| 36:55 | to my questions, any questions at point? Okay I think it's barely |
|
| 37:02 | but let's uh look at this Okay perfect, where's my question? |
|
| 37:10 | on, oh I forgot. Okay we got here's our it's going back |
|
| 37:17 | the cycle here. Okay, it's be a cue that tells it to |
|
| 37:20 | that. And so here's the question um would the presence of abundant nutrients |
|
| 37:33 | misogyny or promote the lighting cycle? is a clicker question, don't blurt |
|
| 37:39 | the answer yet, so with having ton of nutrients around you think that |
|
| 37:48 | that would maintain misogyny or promote let's to lighting cycle, Okay, okay |
|
| 38:35 | down from 10 mm All right, see what we got here? Only |
|
| 38:53 | 50 yep. Okay. Alright um uh going to the lighting cycle. |
|
| 39:10 | know happy. Yeah. So why you say that? Yeah, so |
|
| 39:14 | said b it was your choice right . Why is that you're right on |
|
| 39:36 | on track. So gentleman said what's name? I'm sorry Emmanuel said is |
|
| 39:45 | . So he said that All this is a frame it this way |
|
| 39:51 | in abundant nutrients. Okay are you have lots of cells at that point |
|
| 40:00 | to less nutrients after four? We about growth. Right, so we |
|
| 40:06 | lots of nutrients. Right, that's promote lots of cell growth here. |
|
| 40:11 | and what does the virus need means cells. All right, so um |
|
| 40:20 | the promoting a leading cycle would likely the better strategy because greater likelihood that |
|
| 40:30 | will be able to perpetuate themselves. . So they promote someone, there's |
|
| 40:34 | of selves then and again remember that when this happens when they begin to |
|
| 40:42 | out and go into cycle not every they don't do it once in |
|
| 40:48 | It'll happen at a rate like most but nonetheless there will be um and |
|
| 40:55 | course they're gonna be aren't affected with I'm only focusing on those. Remember |
|
| 41:00 | our population of where these lambda are , you know not every single cell |
|
| 41:06 | infected but a good portion are okay but is everybody right, infected and |
|
| 41:15 | cells are growing right? There can lots of hosts around and that's the |
|
| 41:18 | to let's get out of this and because now they can be sure of |
|
| 41:22 | lots of hosts around to infect and can make more of themselves. |
|
| 41:27 | If it were starvation right then the goes well it's probably not a good |
|
| 41:34 | to induce the lighting cycle because we're gonna have anybody to infect. All |
|
| 41:40 | so um and we don't go into . But the the pro fage that's |
|
| 41:47 | the genome there are proteins that it's transcribing translating into and those proteins kind |
|
| 41:57 | gauge the the nutrient the health of cells so to speak. There's different |
|
| 42:02 | that that can be done monitoring maybe T. P A. D. |
|
| 42:06 | ratios is one way but there are to monitor that and that's what the |
|
| 42:11 | is doing. Kind of the sense state of the state of the health |
|
| 42:14 | the cells and kind of then adjusting on that. Okay. Does that |
|
| 42:21 | sense? And I think I'm crazy thinking it was crazy. Mhm. |
|
| 42:28 | . But that's the strategy but um questions. Okay. Yeah. |
|
| 42:41 | Well this this happens this happens in guts. So um immune response from |
|
| 42:59 | in terms of body. Well these are in our guts. We really |
|
| 43:04 | don't affect our health. They affect health of the bacteria affecting your gut |
|
| 43:10 | they kind of they kind of they a balance really of bacteria in our |
|
| 43:15 | . And so yeah. Yeah something that. Yeah. So certainly after |
|
| 43:20 | had a meal um that's when the cycle is actively going on. Many |
|
| 43:27 | in your gut because you just eat lot of food and that's of course |
|
| 43:31 | they rely on. And I think they've done studies where they've seen the |
|
| 43:37 | of fage output from this when it in like cycle in the gut and |
|
| 43:42 | see a correlation between the human We've eaten a meal. This is |
|
| 43:46 | active compared to in between meals it's life. So ginny. So so |
|
| 43:52 | play a part in this too. course. Yeah. Um Okay. |
|
| 43:58 | let's see. Alright so M. . So this is the so we've |
|
| 44:04 | in terms of bacterial page cycles. got three. Okay. Light cycle |
|
| 44:12 | . And this Okay so M. is a is a type that will |
|
| 44:22 | the cell. Okay. It does it does not N. O. |
|
| 44:27 | . Form form a profane so it integrate its genome. Okay. It |
|
| 44:32 | out in the cytoplasm. Okay and um in doing so it directs let |
|
| 44:39 | get this out. It directs the . Okay in this state. Okay |
|
| 44:47 | directs the synthesis of viral proteins. right so you go through the replication |
|
| 44:53 | right, copy genome. Um transcribe viral proteins using host components. |
|
| 45:00 | so here you see M 13 getting of the cell. So what you |
|
| 45:05 | is that the the host cell Is not dying. So, you |
|
| 45:16 | subsequent generations. Right. So here's M13 and and it produces viral progeny |
|
| 45:23 | a low rate. Okay. At low rate. So what it means |
|
| 45:30 | and so this uh this it was continuum in terms of bio production impact |
|
| 45:37 | the host. Very bad for the . Lots of virus produced. Of |
|
| 45:43 | , lighting cycle. Right. The cell will die. It can be |
|
| 45:48 | go to misogyny host cell is perfectly . No problems at all. |
|
| 45:53 | It could be like this. Because because the viral the M 13 |
|
| 46:01 | is copying its genome and making It is taking resources away from the |
|
| 46:08 | . So, it's not like zero on the host. Of course there |
|
| 46:11 | impact. So, the impact is the host cell kind of grows |
|
| 46:15 | Okay. It's not optimal. Obviously got this parasite inside using it to |
|
| 46:21 | stuff. Okay. But for the itself it could be worse. |
|
| 46:26 | It could be this guy could be it so rapidly that it just kills |
|
| 46:31 | cell right? Like cycle. But not doing it is doing it at |
|
| 46:33 | low rate. Okay. So it's of and the cell can limp along |
|
| 46:39 | that kind of state. Okay, gonna see the same kind of thing |
|
| 46:42 | with animals animal viruses too. So so the question is so it's about |
|
| 46:49 | strategy versus what we saw was say lighting change. Okay so what House |
|
| 46:56 | . 13 Benefit compared to like a ? Okay you read you read you |
|
| 47:02 | to slide before I make we'll always you always has a host. |
|
| 47:08 | So you see it's uh it's just of coming out of the cell, |
|
| 47:12 | cell's intact so every generation there's always cells around. Okay um granted it's |
|
| 47:19 | gonna be growing at the same rate it's kind of limping along but nonetheless |
|
| 47:23 | have hosts and M. 13 is a thing that makes lots of viruses |
|
| 47:27 | a time anyway so it's kind of all in sync with each other to |
|
| 47:31 | . Okay so you know just a uh in terms of the viral life |
|
| 47:37 | here. Um Okay so the question that, yeah bacteria pages just a |
|
| 47:47 | excitable page and it runs out of to infect. Does it active or |
|
| 47:53 | it die? I think like any depends on it just becomes inactive becomes |
|
| 48:02 | of there now how long it can in that state and be infectious? |
|
| 48:07 | some varies. Um But generally the because you think okay life is affected |
|
| 48:24 | a lot of age then why aren't right, host evolves too? So |
|
| 48:32 | get changes in the receptors or whatever proteins are that the virus binds to |
|
| 48:37 | the virus can't infect as not at . It's gonna be back and |
|
| 48:42 | So it's at least from the viewpoint everybody. Right so yeah so good |
|
| 48:53 | . Um bacterial host defenses. Okay so common and we have this well |
|
| 49:01 | gene resistance Right? We just a occurs that slightly tweaks the protein or |
|
| 49:08 | the component on the surface is that virus binds to write changes slightly and |
|
| 49:14 | no longer combined. Well not at and makes it less infectious. Okay |
|
| 49:23 | bacteria and archaea are have these restriction and you're familiar familiarity with that is |
|
| 49:32 | when you if you've gone through the discussion of the common in Vienna and |
|
| 49:38 | engineering molecules. This is where you them because restriction enzymes that's what they |
|
| 49:43 | . They cut D. N. . Okay you know because of |
|
| 49:51 | But but you know their their use course in nature for the bacterium is |
|
| 49:55 | way to defend against viral infections. they're fiction nucleus would clear the viral |
|
| 50:00 | . N. A. Of course the life cycle. But bacteria are |
|
| 50:05 | so their DNA is of course protected they can modify too soon. Can |
|
| 50:10 | nucleotides. Okay so they can put groups methyl groups on say the |
|
| 50:20 | Okay and this is actually the restriction and so but host D. |
|
| 50:26 | A. Is protected okay for that because violent D. N. |
|
| 50:31 | Is not gonna be not gonna be . Okay so that's gonna be susceptible |
|
| 50:34 | the enzyme. So um now the recent discovery is this crisp or you |
|
| 50:41 | have heard about in your if not your own you've taken they teach us |
|
| 50:46 | genetics of course and some other But the crisper the context being likely |
|
| 50:53 | the the the fixing of human genes this system to fix mutated human genes |
|
| 51:02 | different types of genetic diseases. Okay that system of course is what was |
|
| 51:08 | in bacteria. So they call it quote bacterial immune system. Okay and |
|
| 51:15 | refer to it that way because as learn later this semester your immune system |
|
| 51:21 | a memory to it. Right? have your adaptive immune system which is |
|
| 51:25 | antibodies and cells involved in that have memory. Right? That's what vaccination |
|
| 51:31 | all about. Your vaccine. Your remembers that. So if you're infected |
|
| 51:36 | in the future that same antigen you very quickly. So it's the memory |
|
| 51:42 | . That's kind of the comparison Okay so um so crisper stands for |
|
| 51:50 | which I'm not going to I'm going say only once and then just say |
|
| 51:54 | after that clustered regularly. Inter spaced panoramic repeat. Okay way too |
|
| 52:03 | So what it basically is. Here's viral infection. Okay so again bacterial |
|
| 52:10 | fage infecting okay here is its genome into the cell and uh it can |
|
| 52:19 | this uh what's called a C. . S. Or cast protein. |
|
| 52:24 | I'm gonna flip to the next slide the same picture it just comes up |
|
| 52:28 | at a time. Okay. So our infection. Okay. And this |
|
| 52:34 | protein short for cascade protein because it in motion this cascade of events. |
|
| 52:41 | it binds to that viral genome and it cleaves it and takes out a |
|
| 52:48 | of it. Ok so um that so this is kind of where the |
|
| 52:54 | aspect comes in now. Okay. it's gonna hold on to that. |
|
| 52:58 | and think of it as a book it's gonna put it on the shelf |
|
| 53:04 | stay there. All right, so shelf is the genome. Okay. |
|
| 53:07 | so it collects these books if you or these memories of prior viral |
|
| 53:14 | Memories stored as segments of these previous infections, segments of the genome of |
|
| 53:21 | viruses. Okay. And it collects in this region called the CRISPR |
|
| 53:26 | Right so these are all segments of it will vary depending on how many |
|
| 53:32 | things been infected. Right? But are gonna be that's a viral infection |
|
| 53:37 | the past. That's another one. one. Another one. Um And |
|
| 53:42 | because they've taken a piece of the and put it in there as a |
|
| 53:46 | to remember it if it comes around . Okay so so um the so |
|
| 53:56 | it can do right it can then this region of D. N. |
|
| 54:01 | . Making a transcript right now we're have making copies of all these spacers |
|
| 54:08 | think of these memories of previous viral and then cleans them up into smaller |
|
| 54:17 | we called CRISPR RNA. Right here our cascade protein. It's involved in |
|
| 54:25 | and this then will look to see one of these segments. If this |
|
| 54:31 | infects say down the road again the virus. Okay will win these segments |
|
| 54:40 | up. Okay. Um and so will so presumably will it will bind |
|
| 54:52 | it doesn't actually it doesn't actually show binding this thing. Will this complex |
|
| 54:56 | bind to the viral genome and then binding brings about the cleavage the cleavage |
|
| 55:04 | the viral genome. Um Otherwise inactivated translation. Perhaps um one of one |
|
| 55:11 | both of those mechanisms will occur but you're shutting down the viral infection at |
|
| 55:16 | point. Okay so again it's it's collection of these spacers that represent represent |
|
| 55:24 | viral infections and so if one of matches for one that's currently affecting it |
|
| 55:29 | good to go rights protected. It be it won't be killed by or |
|
| 55:34 | . Okay um And so in terms effect on humans how how humans use |
|
| 55:41 | is of course we can engineer these and we can make these specific targets |
|
| 55:48 | human genes. Right and then there's editing function that allows you to to |
|
| 55:54 | repair the mistake. So genetic disease typically a a mutation and so if |
|
| 56:02 | can alter the switch back and make to the right then we fix the |
|
| 56:09 | . The gene was only fixed the disease so actively on that I |
|
| 56:16 | Oh there's anything in the pipeline in of this disease. There was a |
|
| 56:21 | that are maybe it's um cystic fibrosis think maybe. Anyway. So. |
|
| 56:30 | . And Okay. Uh So yeah very active area of research is working |
|
| 56:36 | these on human diseases. But origins are bacterial. Okay. Any |
|
| 56:42 | about that? Okay. Alright. Okay question. So we're gonna transition |
|
| 56:50 | into animal viruses. Okay, so take a look at this here. |
|
| 56:58 | type of life cycle an animal virus is mostly determined by what? Okay |
|
| 57:07 | think that will be an easy Let's see. So again as we |
|
| 57:26 | and viruses. So I'm gonna get little more complicated simply because we're now |
|
| 57:31 | with the eukaryotic cell and all of structures and so it's gonna be more |
|
| 57:37 | with ammo virus infections. As you'll . And again as I said probably |
|
| 57:48 | gonna be RNA viruses that may be are the ones that will cause the |
|
| 57:53 | problems. But again, just cigarette terms of what I mentioned before. |
|
| 57:58 | plus RNA and etcetera. Okay. right let's count down Shane. Yeah |
|
| 58:15 | gonna be genome form. Right? RNA or DNA uh it just |
|
| 58:23 | there's always gonna be outliers of both . Um But you'll see how the |
|
| 58:29 | type will influence kind of where it in the eukaryotic cell. Okay, |
|
| 58:35 | um All right. So we talked before about trumpism. So remember that's |
|
| 58:42 | virus is inside of you. What the potentially different cell types that can |
|
| 58:48 | ? Okay. And what they look ? And so uh you know, |
|
| 58:52 | a big deal. Right, recognize what's on the surface. And |
|
| 58:57 | for cold virus, it's this um called I cam uh These are on |
|
| 59:04 | respiratory cells helping adhering cells to each uh kind of what virus look |
|
| 59:11 | Each one has its own unique thing it looks for. Um the river |
|
| 59:18 | be broad or narrow we've mentioned Um And so the form of the |
|
| 59:24 | . Alright, DNA viruses utilize host machinery. Um Where is the DNA |
|
| 59:30 | most likely to go once in a compared to RNA virus? Where is |
|
| 59:35 | ? DNA virus likely to go nucleus why the nucleus? What specific part |
|
| 59:47 | the machinery? Well, I think one. So DNA virus has |
|
| 59:53 | n. a. Yes. Is be the nucleus. Right. So |
|
| 59:59 | that's remember uh cell cycle. So when your cells divide uh the |
|
| 60:06 | replication is the longest part of Right. It's all occurring in the |
|
| 60:10 | because that's where DNA polymerase is So DNA viruses that lack and they're |
|
| 60:16 | to the nucleus. Okay. For reason. Okay. Um and also |
|
| 60:22 | some issues for viruses. Um If virus is dependent on a if a |
|
| 60:31 | virus is one that has does not DNA polymerase and it goes to the |
|
| 60:36 | for that reason to use DNA polymerase copy its genome. Um It can |
|
| 60:42 | an issue if the cell is a , remember, your cells can be |
|
| 60:47 | different states. Growth states, It can be like what's it |
|
| 60:52 | G zero G zero state. They're kind of stuck in kind of |
|
| 60:59 | non growing state. Right? Made growing state that will impact kind of |
|
| 61:08 | state of the D. N. virus. Okay. Um well that's |
|
| 61:12 | example. We'll talk about the HPV is that way? Okay. RNA |
|
| 61:18 | remember this RNA dependent RNA polymerase, . D. R. P. |
|
| 61:23 | , so they typically stay in the effects. There's no need to go |
|
| 61:29 | nucleus. They don't need a DNA . They don't have the DNA |
|
| 61:32 | Okay, so they can pretty much their stuff outside the nucleus. |
|
| 61:37 | But um the uh the uh but differences, there's variations, right? |
|
| 61:45 | the flu virus is an RNA virus yet it does go to the nucleus |
|
| 61:50 | part of its life cycle. Ah there's other DNA viruses that uh |
|
| 61:59 | have to go to nucleus because they their own lee. And so there |
|
| 62:02 | gonna be some exceptions but the rule that DNA viruses typically go to |
|
| 62:07 | And if you don't you're kind of anomaly similarly with RNA viruses. Okay |
|
| 62:13 | um so remember that they are independent . So our R. N. |
|
| 62:18 | . S. Are not copied into RNA molecules. Right? Our |
|
| 62:25 | N. A. Is right, copy our DNA. And RNA. |
|
| 62:28 | part of the whole information flow of in ourselves. Um but we don't |
|
| 62:37 | our RNA. The RNA. We just make we just transcribe more |
|
| 62:41 | . Okay if we need more but they have a genome of RNA. |
|
| 62:45 | have to do it that way. so that's gonna be a viral |
|
| 62:48 | Okay of course retroviruses are their own that so RNA to DNA to RNA |
|
| 62:55 | protein. So they have their own transcriptase. Okay, so uh entry |
|
| 63:03 | the virus. So this is where can get vary from a bacterial |
|
| 63:08 | bacterial virus doesn't really have to deal this. Okay, because only the |
|
| 63:12 | goes in but with animal viruses they have different ways to get into the |
|
| 63:17 | . Right, so typical is to fuse with the cell membrane. |
|
| 63:24 | so enveloped viruses. Alright can do . Others can enter as a |
|
| 63:30 | Okay and so here is. And whatever the process is whether it's 12 |
|
| 63:37 | three it's all called uncoated. it's uncoated getting genome free inside the |
|
| 63:44 | however it does it. Okay and the measles virus which is an RNA |
|
| 63:50 | . Um So of course they exploit on the cell surface. And in |
|
| 63:57 | case we're fusing right with the cell and then releasing the caps it into |
|
| 64:04 | genome which doesn't get digested by cell releasing the genome. Um So receptor |
|
| 64:13 | in those psychosis. So if you thinking bio one we talk about cholesterol |
|
| 64:20 | . And so cholesterol uptake occurs by process. But certainly viruses can exploit |
|
| 64:25 | same process. So binding again can vesicles formation in the ozone. |
|
| 64:32 | But then we'll fuse with lice ozone typical. And then the digestive organ |
|
| 64:38 | will break down the capsule and release genome. Okay, so then there's |
|
| 64:47 | encoding process occurring. So both of one and two here occurring at the |
|
| 64:53 | of the the outer the outer cytoplasmic . This last one is occurring at |
|
| 64:59 | nuclear membrane. So then the virus a is a herpes virus. It's |
|
| 65:05 | goes to the nucleus DNA virus that to the nucleus. Okay. And |
|
| 65:08 | the process occurs where you will form endo zone that then travels so the |
|
| 65:14 | virus is entering the cell goes to and that's where the encoding occurs. |
|
| 65:19 | so um so the uh all three depending on uh certainly the genome |
|
| 65:30 | Right, So DNA virus going this , these are both RNA viruses. |
|
| 65:35 | um now the assembly process so So remember in eukaryotic cells. |
|
| 65:45 | The endo plastic particular um uh the apparatus. These can often be involved |
|
| 65:54 | viral life cycles is where the virus of course to carry a protein |
|
| 65:59 | Um Using post components obviously the gold can involved as well to transport viral |
|
| 66:07 | to the surface as you see So an enveloped virus will do. |
|
| 66:13 | components can be synthesized and put in golgi and they go in vesicles to |
|
| 66:18 | surface fuse with the membrane. So now you see the little red |
|
| 66:23 | things are the viral proteins that have synthesized previously. And so this thing |
|
| 66:30 | it exits, it's this budding So this thing will basically wrap around |
|
| 66:37 | . Okay. And gains the envelope it exits. Okay, that's what |
|
| 66:42 | call budding. Sometimes. I think analogy term is shedding shedding virus I |
|
| 66:48 | is is also used the same Okay. And so the other point |
|
| 66:54 | is that this can happen, viral can occur at a low rate and |
|
| 67:02 | virus host cell can remain intact. cell can be put on maybe not |
|
| 67:08 | as fast as it would normally Certainly be healthy and viable. But |
|
| 67:14 | viruses are butting off at a low . Okay. Or shedding virus if |
|
| 67:19 | will. Okay, so um so again you'll see very you can ramp |
|
| 67:29 | viral production. Maybe make it occur faster and overwhelm the cell. Okay |
|
| 67:35 | even listening it in some cases all on the viral type. So um |
|
| 67:43 | , okay so these viruses again again rule of thumb as I just mentioned |
|
| 67:49 | can be types that don't always follow rules but for most viruses they follow |
|
| 67:54 | rules um RNA viruses will do their outside the nucleus. Most will they |
|
| 68:01 | there are variations for a few. and so in um looking at an |
|
| 68:09 | of DNA virus, the human papilloma um it's a also an S. |
|
| 68:17 | . D. As well. Can cause of course terrible cancer |
|
| 68:22 | young women and but there is a for it. Effective vaccine. Um |
|
| 68:30 | this is one of those as mentioned that's tied to uh the the cell |
|
| 68:40 | of this of its host. Okay these in fact um uh epithelial |
|
| 68:46 | Okay and um epithelial cells see the of basal cells are the undifferentiated |
|
| 68:55 | Okay the non replicating form. The original sites. So this could |
|
| 69:02 | a your skin for example carrot insights the full developed replicating form and we |
|
| 69:10 | know that we said tons of skin right every day we have a thick |
|
| 69:14 | of epithelial tissue comprising our skin. layers of tough topic gets left |
|
| 69:21 | Right and you have growth underneath. skin you know skin tissue represents cell |
|
| 69:27 | that are actively growing compared to other tissues in the body and so |
|
| 69:33 | Right? Depending on the state of host where it's at in this stage |
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| 69:38 | behave differently. Okay. So it's also a type that can be a |
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| 69:45 | . N. A virus. And viruses can be prone to type that |
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| 69:51 | certain chromosome into the host genome. . And they are a type that |
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| 69:55 | do that most likely to do that basal cells. Okay. Where it's |
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| 70:00 | of just hanging out and not they kind of insert into the chromosome |
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| 70:04 | insert in the part of the chromosome you know, is part of normal |
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| 70:10 | . Uh Then that's where you can cancerous cell types. Right? Because |
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| 70:14 | all know cancer cells are uncontrolled Right? So depending on where they |
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| 70:20 | , that can be the case. . Um now the as basal cells |
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| 70:28 | the original sites. Right. These then more actively replicating. Okay. |
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| 70:34 | why why aren't why isn't the papilloma reproducing really in basal cells where as |
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| 70:46 | Carolina sites they are. You see Syrians shedding lots of virus from Carolina |
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| 70:54 | . So why are Carolina sites so in that HPV can actively be formed |
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| 71:00 | exit but not in basal cells. is the component that's going to be |
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| 71:11 | abundant in the original site than a cell that HPV would need no DNA |
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| 71:19 | , it's more DNA polymerase an actively cell because it's copying its own |
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| 71:25 | N. A. It's actually growing that's in the HPV grab them right |
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| 71:29 | use it so in the basal so not really growing. No cell division |
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| 71:35 | on very little and so unless not any comes around to use so hence |
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| 71:42 | can replicate much more. So as cell differentiates into Carolina sites and more |
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| 71:47 | growing cell cell form. Okay and um again here's the basics of HPV |
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| 71:57 | representative of a DNA virus. Okay encoding occurring at the nucleus um using |
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| 72:05 | RNA and DNA primaries. Okay are ready for transcription of course. Remember |
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| 72:12 | transports have to go outside the nucleus translated on into plastic particular. Um |
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| 72:18 | not shown here but you know the can certainly be involved in the process |
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| 72:23 | um it's not uncommon also you see that you have translation of proteins occurring |
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| 72:29 | as it has to be but then into the nucleus and assembly of particles |
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| 72:34 | in the nucleus. Cause that's where genomes are being produced to insert them |
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| 72:39 | the assembling particles, assembled particles. so yeah so it can be stuff |
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| 72:45 | stuff happening outside and it comes back and then put it together. That's |
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| 72:50 | for a DNA virus. Okay um questions so um that's a good place |
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| 73:01 | stop start with RNA viruses next Okay thanks folks. Okay it's |
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| 73:41 | Oh it'll be probably tomorrow. Yeah yeah Because the final end up being |
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| 74:07 | around the 72 3 |
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