| 00:05 | All right. What is that? folks. Welcome. Let's uh |
|
| 00:34 | say sent this email out this So the same information you've been seeing |
|
| 00:42 | week biker quiz. Blackmore quiz opens africa passes. Okay. Um, |
|
| 00:57 | little cover, basically what we've been about since last week. So chapter |
|
| 01:03 | , Chapter 3, Part one mm . The three part 1 and chapter |
|
| 01:11 | how probably should get most of chapter , chapter three part one today. |
|
| 01:18 | And smart work. Do sunday turning are uploaded as you know, um |
|
| 01:25 | be uploaded again after today, but of course the for the first two |
|
| 01:32 | , but so the clock starts next . Okay. Um so the point |
|
| 01:37 | seeing now we're gonna will disappear. I guess Tuesday after last Tuesday once |
|
| 01:43 | next those begin loaded up because right the period just to see that they |
|
| 01:50 | is working in your secret points basically what the use of this is for |
|
| 01:54 | first couple of weeks. Okay, couple of things. The uh flipped |
|
| 02:02 | . So the class, um you the details of this illness, but |
|
| 02:06 | it really is, it's just your are the one preparing ahead of time |
|
| 02:11 | the for that particular material which in case, its natural growth growth growth |
|
| 02:19 | , growth media, um growth phases growth growth problems. So, |
|
| 02:27 | it's just one of the folders folder class folder and that will have um |
|
| 02:36 | video video, which covers that second parts uh this semester I put a |
|
| 02:42 | bit more into part one part. didn't videos from last semester so I |
|
| 02:46 | have an updated in terms of putting one thing content is the same, |
|
| 02:51 | just kind of spread out in one electorate and Like 15 minutes of another |
|
| 02:56 | . But it's all explained for Let's go to the end there isn't |
|
| 03:00 | a folder? Um The same Wonderful. I can just put them |
|
| 03:05 | there as well operative in there as . So it's all on one thing |
|
| 03:09 | you. Okay so I'm gonna do you know, however you do, |
|
| 03:14 | starting to read the book um what need for your coming here. I |
|
| 03:18 | read the relevant pages with Elektra video and take notes during the video |
|
| 03:24 | however you want to do it. your goal is to try to as |
|
| 03:27 | you can as best you can master material. Okay, so in |
|
| 03:32 | Oh a lot of thicker questions covering Chapter 4.1. Okay. And then |
|
| 03:42 | between, in between questions is you have slides that are kind of |
|
| 03:46 | Okay, that's kind of what to here is kind of what this |
|
| 03:49 | Blah Blah Blah. Some explanatory right? But it's heavily different questions |
|
| 03:55 | that material. To test your how did your study in battle in terms |
|
| 04:01 | trying to master that, that particular for that particular subject matter. Okay |
|
| 04:08 | that's what that's about. Um the again that's not until next thursday, |
|
| 04:15 | a week from today um let's see casa schedule. That's weird. Okay |
|
| 04:24 | so that opens next a week from . Okay. There were a week |
|
| 04:32 | tomorrow, so it wasn't until a away. Okay. But the schedule |
|
| 04:37 | opens a couple two weeks before the date. Okay. So the thing |
|
| 04:44 | just to make sure that you're registered casa, right? You have to |
|
| 04:48 | sure we are anyway, but if if you're not familiar with casa just |
|
| 04:54 | to the again everything's explained the Okay if you have any doubts, |
|
| 04:58 | but just go to the website and . I think you still have to |
|
| 05:02 | a finger stance and you have to in person. So the point is |
|
| 05:05 | all that done right soon arrived So you don't have any issues uh |
|
| 05:12 | for the exam because we have to it for a time, a time |
|
| 05:16 | , reserve a seat in order to the right, so uh over two |
|
| 05:25 | to you can sign up for Um I think that's all the administrative |
|
| 05:32 | . Any questions? Right? I think it's always if I'm not |
|
| 05:39 | like midnight so like at 12 AM Friday, is that right? Yeah |
|
| 05:47 | and furious. Um as I understand . So uh you know, I |
|
| 05:56 | it's like concert tickets in my you know first come first serve kind |
|
| 06:01 | thing. So um Okay so let's just briefly. So so again we're |
|
| 06:15 | uh Tuesday next Tuesday covering um which different. The structures of appropriate |
|
| 06:23 | Is it made of or the features functions etcetera? Um variations among different |
|
| 06:32 | types because no no one species is have all the different structures we're talking |
|
| 06:39 | be talking about but certainly they don't many of them but there's gonna be |
|
| 06:43 | variations. Some will have uh Granules or food storage Granules, other types |
|
| 06:50 | little inclusions. We call them somewhat house. Some won't. So there |
|
| 06:55 | be some variations of course. But uh we're gonna go through all of |
|
| 07:00 | out there. Okay. And so kind of didn't overview it at the |
|
| 07:04 | of last time and just kind of the bacterial cell or parks and then |
|
| 07:08 | go into some more, go into detail as we go through today and |
|
| 07:13 | . Um One thing to keep in back of your head the term violence |
|
| 07:18 | throughout last time. So those are features a a pathogenic microbe disease causing |
|
| 07:26 | would have that enables him to cause . I mentioned that friendly I pillai |
|
| 07:35 | . These are things that enable uh certainly non pathogens can have pillai and |
|
| 07:44 | through the pathogens without without those particular they don't cause disease. Like E |
|
| 07:49 | 0157. Always mentioned this in the of Chipotle right implicated a bunch of |
|
| 07:59 | the task three. There's a number outbreaks wanted to usually it's like lettuce |
|
| 08:03 | of some sort that chipotle uses that's tainted with E. Coli 0157. |
|
| 08:10 | that the real X. Factor for among a number of rooms factors for |
|
| 08:15 | one. It's uh appropriately is important attachment to the intestinal wall. |
|
| 08:22 | Uh huh. Less mutants that cause of that particular. So um yeah |
|
| 08:29 | really hammer on this particularly in the quarter of the course in the context |
|
| 08:34 | clinical microbiology but it doesn't hurt to about putting the back of your head |
|
| 08:42 | . The uh okay so the one I bring this up again when I |
|
| 08:47 | I hear the term western chemical nature what's going on beyond that cytoplasmic membrane |
|
| 08:56 | having to see variations of what can out there. There's something that have |
|
| 09:02 | the gram negative gram positive. So so um there's something I don't |
|
| 09:09 | that smart variations of it. So but collectively we say what's the cell |
|
| 09:15 | looked like and positive. Looking at gram negative. Something that's right so |
|
| 09:20 | that's what that refers to. Okay um all right so real quick this |
|
| 09:26 | kind of this is for the coli not most of these values are gonna |
|
| 09:32 | similar for most other bacteria there will some variations but this is looking in |
|
| 09:38 | of components of bacterial cells. So the informational molecules D. N. |
|
| 09:45 | . R. N. A. proteins. Um Right so I'm just |
|
| 09:50 | collectively comprised about a quarter of uh cell into in terms of total |
|
| 09:56 | Wait okay now in terms of component see water right. One of the |
|
| 10:02 | gonna be the most abundant obviously. because in any living thing water makes |
|
| 10:07 | the most uh of the components. so but right after that would be |
|
| 10:12 | proteins already D. N. A because that's what does the work have |
|
| 10:17 | seller or the thousands of proteins it um cell envelope so there it can |
|
| 10:24 | comprise that these variations Variations in cell structure um other things rounding out so |
|
| 10:34 | 5%. So of that 30 the water component. The last for many |
|
| 10:42 | are all kinds of organic inorganic calcium ions, potassium chloride et |
|
| 10:51 | Uh quality beans are molecules charged molecules different functions. Some buying two |
|
| 10:57 | N. A. Staying alive and other kind of self signaling functions. |
|
| 11:04 | But they are a common molecule in the and so we look at the |
|
| 11:11 | line um we can compare it to of caucus in the context of it's |
|
| 11:20 | of black cancer mature that makes up wall And for here it's any Colin |
|
| 11:27 | .8% of the cell wait staff has called gambits and more than twice as |
|
| 11:35 | as high as that. And why that be? Because staff is a |
|
| 11:49 | . Okay, now this stuff's on membrane structure. I'm not gonna spend |
|
| 11:55 | much time on because I had just before about the basic structure of |
|
| 11:59 | Right? The fluid mosaic model. fossil that could buy a layer that |
|
| 12:05 | of course is a universal uh type in all cells and bacteria are |
|
| 12:12 | But they do have um and you , again, it's also the by |
|
| 12:18 | fossil lipids, here's the core structures glycerol fatty acids are linked to it |
|
| 12:24 | uh bacteria. It's industrial vintages. . And then you handle phosphate as |
|
| 12:32 | of the structure and then some sort chemical group ahead group, it's |
|
| 12:36 | Okay, so basically fossil living And of course there's uh degree of |
|
| 12:43 | ability with water. Right? So have a hydrophobic portion fatty acids hydra |
|
| 12:48 | here to come together when the lipid layer. Okay, now it gives |
|
| 12:52 | membrane the functionality or the programs. ? Approximately 50 50 60 40 proteins |
|
| 13:01 | foster olympics. Okay, lots of as well gives the membranes function. |
|
| 13:05 | can be enzymes uh they can be type proteins uh make it on the |
|
| 13:13 | between cells a lot of different Okay, um now, what is |
|
| 13:19 | to appropriately membrane uh kind of analogous cholesterol in our membranes to kind of |
|
| 13:26 | uh get some integrity to the membrane it bacteria and other periods have popular |
|
| 13:35 | they're called similar in that steroid structure cholesterol is Okay, but popping noise |
|
| 13:41 | you need to prepare. It's kind but but serving the same function as |
|
| 13:45 | does in our brains. Okay. let's see. So looking at some |
|
| 13:53 | um let's say adaptations to certain You'll see some changes here in these |
|
| 14:00 | components. And archaea, archaea, of the files and some of those |
|
| 14:06 | be hyper thermal funds. Right? adaptions to uh high temperatures. |
|
| 14:12 | So either linkage, uh it is a little more stable than estrogen. |
|
| 14:18 | that serves you will see that in types in their membrane molecules. Uh |
|
| 14:26 | so therefore men are called had the of what's called a a turbine |
|
| 14:32 | Don't worry so much about it. they have a little bit different structure |
|
| 14:37 | than a fatty acid type fossil infrastructure these in these thermal filling types and |
|
| 14:44 | form uh So here's glycerol ether and will come together and form longer molecules |
|
| 14:52 | you see here. Okay. And can span 60 cars long in some |
|
| 14:57 | . Right. But the other thing noticing the structure they kind of they |
|
| 15:01 | packed together. Right. The hydrophobic occurring. Okay. Uh so you |
|
| 15:09 | up here in bacterial fossil lipids and acids. Very common that we |
|
| 15:13 | Right. And so you can have bonds to introduce a kink in the |
|
| 15:19 | . Right? Uh Not always whether system trans or just completely saturated. |
|
| 15:27 | saturated don't have double bonds on the saturated new uh bacteria and archaea can |
|
| 15:34 | the cyclic economy protein. This also to to kind of maintain the structure |
|
| 15:42 | the fox flip it and keep it of the strength. So it's kind |
|
| 15:46 | plain water molecule. The cycle program helps keep the change straight. |
|
| 15:52 | And so you can imagine you can configurations of these fatty acids where some |
|
| 15:58 | very straight, right? And packed ? And the demographic proportion of those |
|
| 16:04 | are right? Like the like the you see here the unsaturated and that |
|
| 16:12 | structurally changes the member. So the thing here is um and then in |
|
| 16:21 | want to be psychic structures as well . But the key here is uh |
|
| 16:29 | . So maintaining an optimal pork um lipids types like saturated chain unsaturated. |
|
| 16:43 | . Somebody had a little kink in ability to adjust the membrane if you |
|
| 16:47 | . Okay, the membrane fluidity. remembers the psychopathic membrane that keeps everything |
|
| 16:53 | . Right? Uh Foster lipids give that selective permeability. Right. Someone |
|
| 17:01 | , proteins you have more functions, ? That they will have specific |
|
| 17:07 | That Okay, But it's all about the membrane and optimal fluidity. |
|
| 17:15 | To make proteins happy and to not stuff just leave them to reach out |
|
| 17:20 | begin. Right? And all of all about getting a proportion ratio of |
|
| 17:28 | to unsaturated fatty acids in the bacterial . Okay. Now, what is |
|
| 17:37 | Kia down here, we're specifically talking these high temperature lines that we're having |
|
| 17:41 | very long uh ether molecules. They increase the length to make them longer |
|
| 17:50 | you have more hydrophobic interactions. And so this is all about annotation |
|
| 17:56 | . Yeah, higher temperature. But too, bacteria can be thermal files |
|
| 18:02 | they could be subject to the the of the right where they live, |
|
| 18:07 | ? Where temperatures can can flush. ? And so in response to |
|
| 18:13 | they'll adjust their membrane components ratios of um saturated unsaturated molecules all to keep |
|
| 18:21 | membrane happy and functioning, right? membrane is not just possible. It's |
|
| 18:26 | appropriate for everybody that has to be Okay. And so that's what this |
|
| 18:31 | is meant to address here. so here's the code of life. |
|
| 18:36 | uh it's also called rose it between and 39 740 Um optimal territory. |
|
| 18:47 | Here we're going at 32. Uh so it looks like that at |
|
| 18:53 | . Okay. And then you see proportion of saturated unsaturated there. You |
|
| 18:59 | to 42. You're cranking up the . Yeah. Um And so |
|
| 19:04 | You called me remember and will adjust that. Okay. And so what |
|
| 19:09 | it look like throwing the adjustment? the most likely scenario? What what |
|
| 19:13 | it will do? In other we're gonna be a higher or lower |
|
| 19:17 | from saturated fatty acids. Ok. remember what what elevated temp will |
|
| 19:23 | Right, kinetic energy. Right. interesting got that real quick. Um |
|
| 19:36 | , again, it's all about keeping membrane happy, not letting stuff week |
|
| 19:39 | and week out. Right. And you know, just in the reporting |
|
| 19:45 | saturated unsaturated. Okay, So when gets hot, Okay, It's what |
|
| 19:51 | want to do one. Yeah. . So, remember that human, |
|
| 20:02 | at 32° here. Okay, then elevated temperature, the membrane will will |
|
| 20:12 | to come apart, like kinetic energy bouncing around. So it's going to |
|
| 20:19 | to do something to adjust and counteract . Okay, so uh let's see |
|
| 20:26 | we got. Okay. Oops. . Alright. Who chose? |
|
| 20:37 | Yes. Why don't you do Because I feel like when he it's |
|
| 20:45 | . Right? So you do So what was it going to? |
|
| 20:52 | need to have because changed to have spacing in between or you want |
|
| 21:03 | Yes. You want your answer is . It's hey, Okay, So |
|
| 21:11 | , this happens every single time. , so membrane is at 032. |
|
| 21:18 | it gets hot, these things are wanna we're gonna win a space. |
|
| 21:25 | tends to go that way. Because so you you gotta you want |
|
| 21:29 | those changes to straighten out because that's interactions that keep them together. |
|
| 21:36 | because temperatures to do this. Right stuff. Right. So it increased |
|
| 21:46 | proportion of saturated, like what's happening a Okay to keep that membrane |
|
| 21:54 | Right for the little front here here 42. Okay, getting hotter, |
|
| 22:06 | coming apart. Let's get it back , increase the level of saturation. |
|
| 22:12 | that's what increases the hydrophobic actions between change this. You'll have some of |
|
| 22:20 | . It's always a report. But you should it should have more |
|
| 22:25 | this, right? Because that's what keep it together. The elevated |
|
| 22:33 | If you're creating more of this at temp stuff coming in going out. |
|
| 22:41 | , I can't control it very So increased saturation. Well, hard |
|
| 22:47 | maintain that number now. What would want to to be be can happen |
|
| 22:52 | what conditions? Oh we're going once going down there freezing temperatures. Right |
|
| 23:00 | the absence occurred. Right then you actually freeze And so you want to |
|
| 23:05 | that by putting a few more cakes your chains unsaturated more. Okay, |
|
| 23:11 | about this. All of that. second thoughts, it's possibly changing. |
|
| 23:16 | , that's little bit it happens to extremes, you know, even what's |
|
| 23:21 | on like from 31 to 33 to and then saturates non saturation. |
|
| 23:28 | It's never really all just one of other of course, unless it's a |
|
| 23:33 | period of certain temple. Okay. many questions about that. Yeah. |
|
| 23:41 | ahead. Yeah. They always always reactions and they have they can synthesize |
|
| 23:50 | popular without the bonds. So you have, they grow so fast. |
|
| 23:56 | can bring us about fairly quickly. carry it so it's actually computed to |
|
| 24:07 | too. But they do but you ask the variety of things and not |
|
| 24:12 | not just introducing and but also increasing decreasing also affected. So that can |
|
| 24:22 | is what that's another thing. What multiple things going on increasing and |
|
| 24:29 | Not all influences. I will then hold together but not so much. |
|
| 24:36 | somebody else. Yeah the saturated was lacking double bonds so century ones are |
|
| 24:46 | ones that strength unsaturated have the beds trans. Uh This is this is |
|
| 24:55 | mailbox creating the spacing. Okay go . Is this particular change in saturated |
|
| 25:04 | unsaturated presence? Only change would like availability also triggered something like this. |
|
| 25:15 | Yeah question I'm gonna say it could other than temperature. So things like |
|
| 25:21 | concentrations can affect can affect can affect . So I'm sure there'll be some |
|
| 25:26 | of counteraction to that as well. yeah other things that can um affected |
|
| 25:32 | of the temperature for sure. But things like that uh that would change |
|
| 25:39 | charge on some of the polar groups can have an influence. So yeah |
|
| 25:42 | would I would say thank you not . Sure. Yeah. Yeah. |
|
| 25:48 | you say that the cholesterol or the noise also helps. Yeah they |
|
| 25:54 | They certainly contribute to that. They're gonna obviously being very hydrophobic. They're |
|
| 25:59 | help to pack those uh saturated fatty together as well. So certainly contribute |
|
| 26:05 | other. Yes. Yes. It will be a little bit of |
|
| 26:14 | defeated the more for me than a the patriot here as you get |
|
| 26:19 | Okay. Um yeah. And you , this isn't just unique to procure |
|
| 26:26 | either. I mean, if you yourself. Dude, this is |
|
| 26:31 | Any questions? Okay, So here's question. Just kind of meant to |
|
| 26:38 | a few birds at one stone here terms of concepts. Okay, so |
|
| 26:44 | aquatic bacteria maintains an intracellular sodium iron of 0.1 millimeter. You see the |
|
| 26:51 | drawn there inside the pond Uh pond sodium ions of .05 million Mueller. |
|
| 27:00 | . So substantially less. So evidently miners are entering the cell by mm |
|
| 27:08 | . But Okay. So this is of the again, um career itself |
|
| 27:15 | you know, any microbes, protozoa . How do you have in their |
|
| 27:20 | environment? I decided to, you , all kinds of conditions. Physical |
|
| 27:27 | um capture. No, of Other adjustments are made to to maintain |
|
| 27:35 | salvage concentrations. Okay. Because that fluctuate as well. Oh, mm |
|
| 27:52 | . Yeah. Okay. See um picked B. You're No, you're |
|
| 28:27 | . Why isn't active transport? The outside the diffusion requires some energy. |
|
| 28:43 | . Exactly. So it's all about this the concentration gradient, Right. |
|
| 28:50 | molecules diffuse freely without energy when they down the controversial. The tendency as |
|
| 28:59 | drawn here, the tendency is would for set your mind to go this |
|
| 29:04 | . Okay. But it's not it's that's because that's high low. So |
|
| 29:08 | but they're actually the seller is holding to them okay, are taking them |
|
| 29:12 | , in fact. Okay. And um and that's an important thing because |
|
| 29:19 | , it could be set up with the selling to selling needs to set |
|
| 29:22 | sets of braids are all passive, ? Or they would come in and |
|
| 29:27 | doesn't work out. Okay. So coming passively some don't don't have to |
|
| 29:33 | active transport. Okay. Um The so again the concentration breaking. |
|
| 29:41 | And so um making a concentration It is an important thing for all |
|
| 29:47 | . Okay. Um the probably I'm you've gone through the whole actual potential |
|
| 29:55 | neurons and uh sort of a Right? That's all about concentration |
|
| 30:01 | Okay. And uh that those gradients about the generation of action potential. |
|
| 30:09 | ? And so um so a concentration can serve as a form of potential |
|
| 30:17 | . That's so can do something. . And they do as well. |
|
| 30:21 | , Okay, so this transporter system is active transport because we're we're pushing |
|
| 30:28 | up to the gradient, we're trying stuff it in to an area that |
|
| 30:32 | is high in sodium mines. And that's gonna take energy. |
|
| 30:37 | So it's like we have a was brilliant. Dave reference anybody know where |
|
| 30:43 | phone booth is. Okay. So it was weird to be a thing |
|
| 30:49 | the 50s uh like a college prank . I got stuff everybody in a |
|
| 30:54 | booth. Don't ask me why. so imagine a phone with a full |
|
| 30:57 | people trying to put more in. right. It's gonna take a lot |
|
| 31:00 | energy to do that. Okay, are going the other way. |
|
| 31:03 | so um anyway, so when we at transport of molecules, simple |
|
| 31:10 | So simple versus facilitated is basically um movement is down gradient, so it |
|
| 31:17 | require energy. Okay. In remember that a passive process, even |
|
| 31:23 | it doesn't require energy to move the and in fact will release energy. |
|
| 31:31 | . As a result, so things so the difference here is the obvious |
|
| 31:36 | . Things require help getting in to the membrane and some don't. |
|
| 31:41 | and it's all about the chemical nature the module, is it? How |
|
| 31:46 | polar or non polar isn't? So things like gasses, oxygen |
|
| 31:51 | 02. These things pretty much freely across the membrane watermarks. Modern molecules |
|
| 31:58 | actually diffuse, although under stress of stress so many too rapidly. Water |
|
| 32:08 | and it will have specific transport proteins it, but generally not as |
|
| 32:13 | but water monsters do pass across from freely because they're small, even though |
|
| 32:18 | are of course polar, they're small to do that. But things that |
|
| 32:22 | larger are more polar. Don't I'm getting through that hydrophobic membrane |
|
| 32:29 | Okay so they need help. That's facilitated transport is. So both of |
|
| 32:32 | processes the movement of the molecule is the gradient. Okay. The and |
|
| 32:40 | osmosis is reserved for a while. . So in terms of hyper tonic |
|
| 32:46 | time. Right? So these are correlate each other. So if a |
|
| 32:54 | is in hyper tonic solution surrounding the it's hyper tonic then obviously inside its |
|
| 33:03 | . Right H. Y. O. Right. And vice |
|
| 33:06 | Right. It's a hippo tonic solution you can assume inside the cell of |
|
| 33:12 | climb. So that's how they relate each other. So the key with |
|
| 33:15 | is that that water flow to the of high salt. Okay so a |
|
| 33:23 | viable bacteria and archaea that like to in super high salt. Water. |
|
| 33:30 | . 25% salt around them. Those are constantly fighting loss of what? |
|
| 33:40 | . And of course they've evolved adaptations counteract that because they do problem these |
|
| 33:46 | uh assault missions which of course is hyper tonic around them. Okay so |
|
| 33:52 | moves to the high salute side. . Um And so the terms also |
|
| 34:00 | porn's that's that specific transport that moves . Okay. Water constantly moves. |
|
| 34:07 | . But when it's a situation where did a rapid movement because of solar |
|
| 34:11 | stress then aqua porn's or formed in membrane bringing about much quicker movement. |
|
| 34:18 | So hyper tonic celery puree that refers is bacteria tend to uh maintain a |
|
| 34:28 | tonic interior. Okay. Which means hyper tonic security. Okay. Which |
|
| 34:35 | having slightly higher salt concentration inside hyper relative to the outside. Okay. |
|
| 34:42 | the reason for that is that the of water helps to maintain cell shape |
|
| 34:48 | . Okay. That combined with a a cell wall. Okay. Um |
|
| 34:55 | to help keep the shape of the . Okay. And integrity of the |
|
| 34:59 | mentioning again here in a second. uh but bacteria tend to do |
|
| 35:04 | Keep themselves slightly hyper tonic. The I upgraded so we just mentioned |
|
| 35:11 | ingredients are sources of potential energy. . And it's you learn anything |
|
| 35:18 | Is that bacteria? Our efficient. . Um And one of the ways |
|
| 35:27 | to whatever wherever they can conserve energy fact. And here's what mechanism where |
|
| 35:34 | can use an ion gradient to help do work for you in other |
|
| 35:39 | Right? So among bacteria and our is used to help movements for jell |
|
| 35:46 | to transport other molecules. Okay so is a source of energy to do |
|
| 35:52 | things. Okay. Not just make teepee which we'll learn. That's one |
|
| 35:56 | the main functions. We'll talk about next unit. But it has a |
|
| 36:00 | of other uses uh ion gradient in a proton gradient. Okay. Very |
|
| 36:07 | . Okay. And so what happens this is active transport. So you're |
|
| 36:12 | energy from being idolized from a So energy released from that is used |
|
| 36:18 | pump protons out. Right? So you've created a gradient and this out |
|
| 36:26 | represents a form of potential energy. can do something with that and create |
|
| 36:31 | with that. Right? Um That um Sorry. Um Okay. The |
|
| 36:45 | if they move down the gradient right other way, don't bring these |
|
| 36:50 | You can use a couple that with requirement processes. Right? And in |
|
| 36:54 | example it's sucrose transport. Okay, here's sucrose low outside, high inside |
|
| 37:03 | source. And as it does as come back across the cell membrane into |
|
| 37:12 | cell energy release. Can be used bring the sucrose in. Alright. |
|
| 37:17 | efficient than just having protocols popped out energy and then very consumed. Close |
|
| 37:24 | an extended https at the transport. eliminate that. And just use the |
|
| 37:30 | from the proton gradient to bring it . Okay. And so this is |
|
| 37:35 | called a Yeah, molecules going in same direction. We call that sim |
|
| 37:42 | . Okay. If they were going sucrose was going the other way, |
|
| 37:48 | would be anti porn. Just the of her growing up. Same work |
|
| 37:53 | . Okay. But he had a here that you have energy releasing process |
|
| 37:58 | being used to bread energy requiring process the harnessing that to bring it in |
|
| 38:04 | this case to close but just as foreshadowing. Right. Chapter Unit |
|
| 38:13 | When we talk about metabolism, uh talked heavily about a couple of energy |
|
| 38:19 | processes with energy required process occurs all time. Right? In one example |
|
| 38:28 | and proton gradients are used a lot do this kind of work. |
|
| 38:34 | Um Alright, so a couple of of transporters abc and translocation translocation in |
|
| 38:42 | is very common. And so is transporters among makarios. Um so abc |
|
| 38:50 | have a specific molecule lips that binds on you. Okay. And that's |
|
| 38:57 | binding protein is specific for its particular carrying protein if you will, which |
|
| 39:03 | this portion. So they fit together saw you too specific for that particular |
|
| 39:10 | . And you have abc transporters for acids, different sugars, et |
|
| 39:16 | Um uh and again, we're looking an active transport process here. Um |
|
| 39:22 | transportation. So this is a way again, uh molecules in without having |
|
| 39:29 | spend energy. Okay. And what relies on is the fact that molecules |
|
| 39:36 | independent of each other. Okay, uh same kind of mechanism to different |
|
| 39:42 | . So glucose um binds to the and comes in But it's immediately |
|
| 39:51 | Okay, In this case the glucose phosphate. Okay, so the um |
|
| 39:59 | it weren't modified. Right? In words just came as glucose. And |
|
| 40:02 | stayed in the glucose inside itself. even if it were high on the |
|
| 40:08 | , low on the inside. So you had Uh 10 outside and |
|
| 40:14 | . Right. And but the glucose became modified, saved glucose when it |
|
| 40:18 | in then coming in until what five five is using that example. And |
|
| 40:26 | that we know further that change going . But because of being modified |
|
| 40:30 | six phosphate, it keeps coming in long as it happened. Okay. |
|
| 40:35 | uh smart way you're doing the same with mannitol. Same principle. |
|
| 40:39 | So uh very common in terms of transport bacteria. This kind of |
|
| 40:46 | Okay? Um Okay then membrane permanent acid basis. So this is more |
|
| 40:55 | what can be an issue for. we go. Okay. Um So |
|
| 41:02 | acid, weak bases. So this be like acetic acid perhaps. |
|
| 41:07 | So remember that these are only partially dissolved. Okay. And the uh |
|
| 41:20 | we see it's kind of too generic on the left is the weak |
|
| 41:24 | The other one is a weak So in contrast to a strong acid |
|
| 41:28 | hcl um goes all to nothing but and chloride ions. Right? There's |
|
| 41:39 | there's no H C. L. this form left in solutions. All |
|
| 41:44 | in florida. That's a major a acid. Okay. But it only |
|
| 41:49 | associates if it's a weak acid or . Right? So you're always gonna |
|
| 41:53 | You'll have all three species present in solution or all of these presents |
|
| 42:00 | Okay. And so what happens is neutral form which is the weak acid |
|
| 42:09 | . That's the point of that small , small science, they can diffuse |
|
| 42:14 | the membrane then on the other side they can associate that's where your changes |
|
| 42:22 | sell Okay. Whether acidic or Okay. And uh so these are |
|
| 42:29 | that bacteria have to counteract right, the ph gets to hire loans internally |
|
| 42:35 | because that can affect protein function and get your mount to the set and |
|
| 42:41 | we will have things like buffers and primary buffering and most of them think |
|
| 42:47 | cells are medium assets act as buffers counteract the ph ph change. Um |
|
| 42:54 | so, you know, that's surprisingly what this can create is what's called |
|
| 42:59 | we'll talk about this in Chapter What's called a bacterial static effect, |
|
| 43:04 | growth. Right, so a lot your food preservatives are actually this kind |
|
| 43:11 | gasses with bases like citric acid is common. Different foods and it helps |
|
| 43:16 | um uh cataract spoilage food, uh para amino benzoate acid pama. |
|
| 43:24 | see that a lot of different foods this effective, you know, him |
|
| 43:29 | growth. So um now, any questions at this point? |
|
| 43:40 | Through typically through buffers but in living cells buffers for us are typically amino |
|
| 43:47 | and so that's how they kind of the nudity. Huh? The acidity |
|
| 43:52 | it gets too basic. Yeah, weak acid. Yeah. In |
|
| 44:04 | That's correct. Right. Right. could be like ammonia mine or something |
|
| 44:08 | that. Yeah. Right. Um . The so here on out it's |
|
| 44:16 | cell wall or sell so just take stab at this now. This is |
|
| 44:24 | gonna I'm not gonna mention the I just want you to kind of |
|
| 44:29 | let me just redo that whole so I just just answer the best |
|
| 44:34 | your ability. Okay. That will on. It will reappear again. |
|
| 44:40 | , down the brother will look good we'll answer it again. Right. |
|
| 44:51 | , we'll touch on all of these this next section. Lab stuff. |
|
| 45:21 | stuff. I have to keep checking the disaster happened. I haven't Everything's |
|
| 45:27 | . Nothing blew up. Okay. right, let me count down the |
|
| 45:35 | 10 nine eight yeah. 65 for . Okay, deep. So f |
|
| 45:55 | was the consensus remember that have 26% that. All right, let's move |
|
| 46:03 | . Uh Okay. Alright. There's different variations that we'll see. |
|
| 46:10 | may not even have a cell wall all. Okay. Many do So |
|
| 46:15 | you look at bacteria versus archaea with Kia really have to sell water |
|
| 46:22 | It's more kind of 50 50 50 60 40 amount archeo species with bacterial |
|
| 46:31 | . It's moreover, I think. been been dumped. Okay. And |
|
| 46:36 | that have kept of light hands can grand positive and negative and can be |
|
| 46:41 | things as well. See Okay the that don't have a cell wall all |
|
| 46:46 | similar small. I think it's only general problem of bacteria that actually have |
|
| 46:52 | have a cell wall. Um So so so all the s layer will |
|
| 46:59 | mention the outer membrane that we see gram negatives. Uh Micro bacteria are |
|
| 47:04 | ones that have cut the light hand they actually have a lot more other |
|
| 47:08 | that make up their envelope. And we'll see the nature of the |
|
| 47:14 | cell envelope. They have effects in of how they grow, how they |
|
| 47:20 | on a on a plate for Um But you know two terms because |
|
| 47:25 | actually might see this on one of professional terms. Okay firm acute and |
|
| 47:31 | bacteria. Okay and so um these of gram stain. So grandpa zits |
|
| 47:39 | locked into the group called. It's taxonomic group. Okay uh So so |
|
| 47:46 | staphylococcus is a classic grand closet. grand negatives are lumped into the program |
|
| 47:52 | which is pretty varied. Okay. Not that similar. You know the |
|
| 47:59 | grand seriously staph and bacillus or not similar but nonetheless they have the same |
|
| 48:06 | reaction. Okay so why the big the big deal about grandpa and gram |
|
| 48:10 | because this was staying that's been around 1910 or 05 or something like that |
|
| 48:18 | it still has utility to this I mean it's how you you |
|
| 48:22 | in terms of identification, it's how kind of broadly group split bacteria into |
|
| 48:29 | groups. But again, it's a that number that don't stand with this |
|
| 48:34 | . But it is it can be point of where you begin in terms |
|
| 48:37 | identification. Okay, diagnostically it can the important um if you have a |
|
| 48:47 | had a script and script throat and it um you look for grand positive |
|
| 48:54 | peroxide enchantments. Okay. Um stds gonorrhea diplo cox it like little bees |
|
| 49:05 | . Okay. Um if you have same kind of in cerebrospinal fluid. |
|
| 49:14 | , that's meningitis. Typical. so there are certain uh for certain |
|
| 49:19 | diseases that can be diagnostic uh to the grandstanding morphology and depending on where |
|
| 49:25 | sample and the patients coming from, that can give you a pretty idea |
|
| 49:28 | what it maybe you're dealing with. . But nonetheless, so uh the |
|
| 49:35 | wall in general of course, is , I don't think of it as |
|
| 49:41 | a brick wall in the movie because not it's it's flexible. Okay. |
|
| 49:47 | it certainly does provide integrity to the protection, but it is it is |
|
| 49:51 | porous. Okay, you have the to kind of the two. Um |
|
| 49:58 | kind of the selected barrier of the . Not not the cell wall so |
|
| 50:02 | correct, but um Okay, So we have kind of analogous to |
|
| 50:10 | D. N. A. Right talk about the sugar, phosphate |
|
| 50:14 | Right? And everything the type of of past. So this is a |
|
| 50:20 | backbone of the glucosamine. And moronic dc. There. Okay. And |
|
| 50:28 | are linkages in between uh what we cross bridges. Okay, so the |
|
| 50:34 | pepper look like, can it kind gives it away? It's part protein |
|
| 50:37 | part sugar. Okay. Probably mostly . But there are the linkages are |
|
| 50:44 | linkages. Okay now uh so this obviously this would be a so we'll |
|
| 50:53 | like around a rod shaped cells can curly or something. Okay synthesized as |
|
| 51:00 | continuous strand. Okay, around the . And um but again back to |
|
| 51:07 | osmotic pressure. Right? So it to keep itself um slightly hyper tonic |
|
| 51:13 | comes in and then it presses that against the cell wall. Alright, |
|
| 51:17 | that's so collectively this all helps to the shape of the center. |
|
| 51:22 | maintain the shape of the cell so structurally. Okay, the linkages. |
|
| 51:30 | , so the amino acids you see uh Alani glycemic acid, di amino |
|
| 51:39 | unique is a little bit different amino . It's not like one of the |
|
| 51:42 | 20 amino acids. You only see in this Pepsi with left hand structure |
|
| 51:47 | it can vary this this these amino in this peptide can vary from species |
|
| 51:52 | species. There's some that have all same in terms of their in their |
|
| 51:58 | amino acids. But it can vary . But this is this is a |
|
| 52:02 | common sequence but there can be The linkage here you see between the |
|
| 52:09 | acid Okay, residues are coming together link up. Okay. And so |
|
| 52:16 | occurs like this at the Alan nine ? But then the terminal align the |
|
| 52:22 | one exits. Right. It gets off. Now you have the complete |
|
| 52:27 | bridge. Okay so the the cross is important. So you see the |
|
| 52:33 | up here again. So you have sugars coral and bonded together. So |
|
| 52:40 | then the cross bridges and that's critically . Without those cross bridges you lose |
|
| 52:47 | becomes too flexible. And so the remember the psychopathic membranes underneath there. |
|
| 52:54 | so we will begin to bulge Okay and can gradually lice and that's |
|
| 53:00 | effect of interfering with the cross Okay. And that's what the number |
|
| 53:06 | an inbox do penicillin, methicillin, interfere with different aspects of of the |
|
| 53:13 | wall synthesis. Right? Kind of acts on on the cross bridging specifically |
|
| 53:18 | cross bridging. And so the cell bulges through and license and the cell |
|
| 53:23 | . Okay. Um Vanco Myerson has little bit different action. It's um |
|
| 53:32 | it will bind to reality by into terminal Mallonee. Okay so it will |
|
| 53:39 | in here. Okay V for my my son by their. And now |
|
| 53:48 | enzyme that brings about the cross vision buy. Right? So they can |
|
| 53:52 | cross version that way. Okay. , of course we're all familiar with |
|
| 53:58 | bacteria that are resistant to these So with penicillin is basically buys penicillin |
|
| 54:05 | break to the park destroyed. That's what does Vancouver business is a |
|
| 54:12 | different. So bacteria that are resistant that will. So basically, we're |
|
| 54:19 | showing you how Bank of my son . What would be probably obvious logical |
|
| 54:23 | as to what a resistant type might like. But what what would it |
|
| 54:28 | ? So and again, right with there and resistant types obviously don't. |
|
| 54:36 | has no effect on them. And they have a mutation that does |
|
| 54:41 | Okay, doesn't destroy banker Myerson. does something else. Any idea. |
|
| 54:50 | hmm. The landing site by doing ? Yeah. Right. So we |
|
| 54:59 | a mutation that would put a different sitting down. I think I've read |
|
| 55:06 | uh they accepted lactic acid has been to intensive alley. So the bank |
|
| 55:11 | doesn't recognize that. And so I no effect on it. Um and |
|
| 55:17 | binding still occurs because it's it's it's the terminal it's it's the link. |
|
| 55:23 | sorry. The bonding occurs here at molecule before this terminal one. |
|
| 55:30 | But there are molecules that can be there that will allow itself to make |
|
| 55:35 | wall but not but be have no with the bank bank of mine is |
|
| 55:39 | . Okay. And And so like said, there's a there's a bunch |
|
| 55:43 | different antibiotics that had this as a . So there's there's multiple enzymes involved |
|
| 55:49 | synthesizing. So wall and those are potential targets, right? Because uh |
|
| 55:55 | I'm obviously live antibiotics and found them that work on different aspects of brain |
|
| 56:01 | wall synthesis. But of course it's war between them and us right to |
|
| 56:05 | evolve. And uh and so we not only try to look for new |
|
| 56:10 | , but that's that list is getting but but to chemically modify what we |
|
| 56:16 | have to hopefully have a little bit the bacteria cannot yet respond to |
|
| 56:23 | Okay. Yeah. Work mm Well, it's all about so there |
|
| 56:30 | be like any, you know uh all Koreans would be involved. There |
|
| 56:36 | be in the population education already That be able to counteract. There's kind |
|
| 56:42 | many four basic ways of resistance. either a galaxy and then sign that |
|
| 56:51 | just totally destroy the enzyme altogether. is alter the target, which is |
|
| 56:57 | the resistance resistance to Bank of that alternative target. Another way is |
|
| 57:03 | uh invitation in a existing transport pump then is specific from the antibiotic and |
|
| 57:11 | it out. Okay, that's another . So, um so first in |
|
| 57:18 | important. Mhm. I figure out that time. Well, number |
|
| 57:28 | because they grow so fast. that's that's what evolution is all |
|
| 57:32 | Like you can grow fast and produce quickly lost and then you can you |
|
| 57:37 | get the potential is there? But but again it's not the The antibiotic |
|
| 57:44 | is not creating change okay because in competition is already you know knowing how |
|
| 57:51 | bacteria grow, giving a single you know 1% of them we signed |
|
| 57:56 | different genetic or just becomes spontaneous mutation it grows back. Right? So |
|
| 58:01 | that sub population maybe something that's already a variation that makes it resistant. |
|
| 58:07 | that's where it starts. That's withdraw . Right? And so um so |
|
| 58:13 | when if that member is that say one cell is resistant in that population |
|
| 58:20 | it will preferentially grow prepared to its mental population. And then that's how |
|
| 58:26 | takes hold. Yeah that's the important is making is that. And understandably |
|
| 58:32 | saying ok well it's the antibiotic or . That's that is the thing causing |
|
| 58:37 | not right that the presence of them who's not listening to grow more that's |
|
| 58:43 | that's what that's the concept. Questions exactly. So so it's when |
|
| 58:51 | were used haphazardly right that they're out and now because there there are those |
|
| 58:57 | are resistant we'll grow more. Alright then you can spread that to |
|
| 59:04 | Um Okay so synthesis of pepper like okay here with me and so we're |
|
| 59:12 | talk about M. R. B. In the part two of |
|
| 59:15 | material. It's kind of what's it's the equivalent of a bacterial side of |
|
| 59:21 | . So you know in ourselves we a very extensive side of skeletons. |
|
| 59:25 | , properly going through ourselves the bacteria have a set of skeleton not as |
|
| 59:33 | or complex as ours. One of components of that is involved in cell |
|
| 59:40 | synthesis. And there's a differentiation between shaped cells and round of toxoid |
|
| 59:48 | Okay but this part of it is same right? This part of the |
|
| 59:53 | is the same. What's different? this part? Okay and in a |
|
| 59:57 | shaped cell? Okay. It'll have M. R. E. |
|
| 60:02 | Baylor skeletal element throughout the length of cell. And on each of the |
|
| 60:09 | that's kind of a scaffold where the the soul since it's making parts are |
|
| 60:13 | top of it guiding it. And so petra glycogen is synthesized as |
|
| 60:20 | strand, continuous strand. Okay and it will in a rod shaped cell |
|
| 60:26 | form from different starting points along the of skeleton and then connect up uh |
|
| 60:33 | a circular set sell similar thing but only one one scaffold if you will |
|
| 60:40 | set of skeletal development in the middle the cell around which the sentences |
|
| 60:45 | Okay um The uh So here you kind of some different examples rod shaped |
|
| 60:52 | ah circular cell. Uh Then you some of our called that that differentiate |
|
| 61:00 | terms of Synthesis occurring at one pole the other. Okay as in these |
|
| 61:06 | , you see it occurring here um and that type of soul. Since |
|
| 61:11 | leads to the cells that kind of these non uniform morphology is kind of |
|
| 61:18 | or somewhat um uniform morphology is just the way they grow more and one |
|
| 61:24 | in the other. It kind of them some weird shapes and things. |
|
| 61:26 | talk more about that next time but there are some variations. But the |
|
| 61:32 | the thing is is that when when cell wall synthesis broken? The most |
|
| 61:40 | most active? Most of it's going during when? Yes, so direct |
|
| 61:49 | between cell grows and the degree of . Uh So synthesis. Okay. |
|
| 61:58 | bacteria Yeah they grow like crazy but aren't there aren't necessarily always growing like |
|
| 62:03 | . Okay and so the level of synthesis correlates to how fast it |
|
| 62:09 | Exactly so little or none. If just kind of states that are doing |
|
| 62:12 | . Not growing at all to high the third exponential growth. Keep that |
|
| 62:19 | the back of your head. We'll to a clicker question coming up. |
|
| 62:24 | so cell wall synthesis versus growth. um Okay so there's your classic gram |
|
| 62:32 | gram positive. Okay grandpa sails of , forgot gram negative pink. |
|
| 62:38 | Alright so side by side is actually obvious in terms of Yeah but they're |
|
| 62:45 | different, different looking. Okay so with the get your brains uh and |
|
| 62:55 | really differentiate that. So, in grand negative, there's multiple layers. |
|
| 63:00 | ? So we intend to use the but but they're the same thing when |
|
| 63:04 | get a possible negative. It's the . Okay, the deposit doesn't have |
|
| 63:10 | those layers. Right? It has cell membrane. Dennis has a |
|
| 63:13 | Alright. Uh as we see so, here's the Grand positive. |
|
| 63:18 | ? Very thick peptidoglycan. Tycho acids kind of like and if you're familiar |
|
| 63:25 | the construction, but rebar it's like and cement, right, helps reinforce |
|
| 63:30 | cement. This helps reinforce the electric hand cell wall having these strands of |
|
| 63:37 | gasses going through them. Okay. beyond that, you have a gram |
|
| 63:43 | negative. There's not there's really not else for grandpa. That's it. |
|
| 63:48 | negative is more complex to see the of peptidoglycan is much less. All |
|
| 63:54 | . But you do have a an , that kind of curve in |
|
| 63:58 | Okay. Um talk more about that . The gram negative has um the |
|
| 64:07 | bits sell law connected to an outer through these little proteins. You see |
|
| 64:17 | ? Um And so the um I remember the outer membrane of course is |
|
| 64:25 | lipid nature. Right? What they LPS lippo policy Sacha. Right, |
|
| 64:30 | this is a carbohydrate. These long , there's of course a lipid |
|
| 64:36 | as they say, Liberal Party Saccharine . Right. Um obviously much different |
|
| 64:42 | the grand positive. Okay the of they're gonna be in the outer |
|
| 64:49 | There'll be proteins that help bring solute in like it's pouring. Okay, |
|
| 64:56 | also notice that in the outer membrane halves of the other membrane so this |
|
| 65:06 | this you can look much different. the two halves of the er membrane |
|
| 65:12 | different because the other half calves molecules don't see on the internet, like |
|
| 65:16 | big part of the GOP s lay here. Okay um so look just |
|
| 65:25 | on the Grand positive for a I really don't think that's the last |
|
| 65:31 | as much to it as there is . So type of assets don't need |
|
| 65:36 | worry about the structure of the Taiko . I just put it in there |
|
| 65:39 | to show you what these things look . But again they span the wind |
|
| 65:45 | you will on the wall and I to help reinforce it because there is |
|
| 65:50 | could be several layers of this so kind of need some help along with |
|
| 65:53 | cross bridging the S layer is um issue with studying the escalator is cells |
|
| 66:04 | are in culture on a plate tend lose it after a while. |
|
| 66:10 | it's kind of like a neck of covering the cell. Um poorest but |
|
| 66:19 | is some evidence to suggest it may sunday and adhesion for some selves adhering |
|
| 66:26 | the surface or other selves and may some role in virulence factor. |
|
| 66:33 | it's kind of some evidence but but because the complication of consistently studying because |
|
| 66:41 | loses in culture has been kind of . But they certainly have got an |
|
| 66:46 | ray group electron micro graphs of what looks like if you see here. |
|
| 66:50 | there is some evidence to suggest that species that have these that there may |
|
| 66:55 | some features like adherence violence in some . It's sad. Okay. Um |
|
| 67:02 | for the gram positive, that's it's it's it's it's hallmark. It's that |
|
| 67:07 | peptidoglycan layer and the presence of those colic acids. Those aren't in gram |
|
| 67:12 | gram negative. Don't have psychotic Okay. Because they have a very |
|
| 67:17 | type of like hand layer, they need it. Okay. And so |
|
| 67:23 | the really the focus for the gram is in that outer membrane. |
|
| 67:29 | so because that extra layer we basically the space between the two members in |
|
| 67:36 | out. We call it the plasma . Okay, on the outer membrane |
|
| 67:43 | got this complex of sugars and This LPS layer um it's long repeating |
|
| 67:52 | chain called the old policy Sacha ride underneath it uh this lipid a |
|
| 68:00 | Okay, so this this is really characterizes that LPS we call it. |
|
| 68:08 | . Um the the outer membrane can pose some issues in terms of what |
|
| 68:18 | come in. Right? So antibiotics have when you test antibiotics or any |
|
| 68:24 | kind of chemical agent. Disaffected, have you. You always test gram |
|
| 68:30 | gram negative because they're gonna behave And it has to do with that |
|
| 68:34 | membrane will be resistant to certain types antibiotics coming in. Certain chemicals coming |
|
| 68:39 | . Okay. Where there will be susceptible as a grand positive. |
|
| 68:45 | Um and penicillin is one of those it doesn't easily get into the gram |
|
| 68:51 | . So they tend not to be susceptible to them as as a grand |
|
| 68:55 | would be uh you have to use types of antibiotics. Um Program |
|
| 69:01 | Typically the okay so again inside a thin layer of black man. Do |
|
| 69:11 | have this cross linking here? There's a pep type and then you |
|
| 69:17 | the little protein. So this is unique to the gram negative. You |
|
| 69:23 | see the liberal protein on the gram . Right? It's it's a mechanism |
|
| 69:26 | help hold it hold itself all in in the gram negative. Okay um |
|
| 69:34 | so let me I'm gonna come back that. No you're not. I'm |
|
| 69:38 | do it now. Okay so this Uh huh. It brings about a |
|
| 69:45 | x one of the features of the name. The point of this. |
|
| 69:49 | so the patient has septicemia infection which it's that's a bad infection when it's |
|
| 69:55 | . It's in the blood travels about bodies in the blood. A couple |
|
| 70:04 | the patient experiences fever and neurology and prime accident which inhibits cell wall |
|
| 70:12 | It was provided to stop the infection worst. However, it only works |
|
| 70:18 | a few hours because the symptoms continued . Mhm. Additional testing confirmed that |
|
| 70:24 | Prime maximum was effective. So it well. Did anybody initially work? |
|
| 70:28 | then it didn't work to confirm that didn't work by testing in culture and |
|
| 70:37 | uh but when he had a different I play mixing B then the patient |
|
| 70:42 | . Uh huh. So the key is a couple of things Grand negative |
|
| 70:51 | the scenic and um the fact that pilot mixing work because plenty mixing combines |
|
| 71:07 | has an end endo toxin. so a thing with the gram negative |
|
| 71:13 | the endo toxin effect and that's part the grand negative outer membrane. |
|
| 71:19 | so the club's yellow venogram negative was to prime action but the Prime axinn |
|
| 71:26 | it. Alright then we're supposed Right? But including the sell it |
|
| 71:32 | the cell. Right. I mean of sell basically everything comes out and |
|
| 71:36 | apart. All right. It's a of stuff that falls apart from the |
|
| 71:40 | negative. Is that how the window released? Alright. And supply mix |
|
| 71:47 | be actually combine that and that's what the effect. So the antitoxin is |
|
| 71:53 | of the LPS player specifically this lipid material. Okay, right here and |
|
| 72:01 | only released when they sell license and you release endo toxin and well, |
|
| 72:07 | does that? No toxic effect? , and the toxic effect over stimulates |
|
| 72:12 | immune system. The immune system detects and goes, oh this is this |
|
| 72:17 | an infectious agent. We need to what we do when we have this |
|
| 72:21 | of inflammatory response was don't worry don't worry about so much. |
|
| 72:25 | we'll talk about it in uniform. the bottom line is over all of |
|
| 72:31 | new system and but it's only really worst danger. That's why I said |
|
| 72:37 | was a key because this effect is its worst when it's traveling throughout the |
|
| 72:43 | kill it 20 agents stuff and release toxin, then it can travel throughout |
|
| 72:49 | whole mind and all your immune Selves can theoretically respond to it. |
|
| 72:54 | that body wide effect is too You typically go into shock and canned |
|
| 72:59 | can be fatal. If the infection localized, right, then this effect |
|
| 73:06 | as dangerous not to worry about that . Right? Like that cut on |
|
| 73:10 | finger or whatever. Right? And it remains a localized infection. But |
|
| 73:14 | it gets set to see nick and , then already themselves can be ready |
|
| 73:20 | respond to it and that's too You can't handle it. Okay. |
|
| 73:25 | , so grand, native infections are have to be aware of those in |
|
| 73:30 | context of endo toxin. But really aware of it when if it |
|
| 73:33 | septicemia gets because of local infection can something travels from that area and gets |
|
| 73:40 | your blood. Okay then it's then super dangerous. Okay, so lipid |
|
| 73:45 | material so there's there's a structure to . So you can see the um |
|
| 73:51 | sugar linkage here here. To the policy, correct? Okay, so |
|
| 73:58 | use the term. Oh and For example, he called i. |
|
| 74:03 | . n 57. So later on talk next time about eight engines. |
|
| 74:10 | the problem. So there is a . Um and and so to blame |
|
| 74:19 | 40 years ago we realized that this could those are the immune response. |
|
| 74:26 | we've we've come up with ways to genealogical tests to identify it right to |
|
| 74:32 | antibodies to particular o antigens and use to identify certain bacterial types. |
|
| 74:38 | Owen H engines are really sounds like coli is your salmon villas and closely |
|
| 74:45 | types, your enteric bacteria. And used it as a way to identify |
|
| 74:51 | uh an infectious agent in in these using the O. And H. |
|
| 74:57 | . Yeah, the ferocity of the membrane is porous but there certainly are |
|
| 75:03 | specific protein transport proteins in there to allow certain molecules to come in uh |
|
| 75:10 | to be the outer membrane tends to more non specific and more specifically get |
|
| 75:15 | the intermingling. Okay, um para so it's really that's the kind of |
|
| 75:22 | , right? That's where the cell is at the grand name between the |
|
| 75:26 | membrane, we call it. Para plasm. Para pandemic space. |
|
| 75:32 | Um, that sink. Oh You guys have a lap there's a |
|
| 75:39 | . Any questions? Yes. correct. Yeah. Good morning. |
|
| 75:55 | . Just come up after after next , |
|
